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Journal cover: Emerald Management Reviews

Emerald Management Reviews

ISSN: 1474-6085
Online from: 1988

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Zombie lending and depressed restructuring in Japan


Document Information:
Title:Zombie lending and depressed restructuring in Japan
Author(s):Caballero R J, Hoshi T, Kashyap A K
Journal:American Economic Review, Dec 2008, Volume: 98 Issue: 5 pp.1943-1977 (35 pages)
Issn:0002-8282
Keywords: Bad Debts, Banks, Competition, Economic Growth, Japan, Productivity
Article type:Research paper
Reference:38AE789 (Permanent URL)
Abstract: Purpose - To identify the effect of continuing to lend to insolvent firms on Japanese economic growth. Design/approach/methodology - Cites prior work by Hoshi (2000) explaining why banks rolled over bad loans rather than risk their capital ratios by calling them in; and that these loans locked up 15% of assets. Measures 120 zombies between 1990 and 2004, then models their effects in a creative destruction model, where the levels of reconstruction are negatively related to the zombie firms' size, as they crowd out healthy firms in their industry. Graphs their share of five industries year by year. Includes total factor productivity (TFP), and job creation data, in regression analyses.

Findings - Finds that the presence of zombies in an industry slows both job destruction and creation processes; and they lower industry TFP while preventing market entry. Notes productivity growth in upturns is weakened by the presence of zombies, reflected in the growing gap between manufacturing and nonmanufacturing productivity. Notes nonzombies are crowded out and their investment and employment growth are hampered.

Research limitations/implications - Likens the Japanese experience to that of ex-Soviet economies, and proposes studies of the practical regulatory measures that should follow.

Originality/value - Presents a rich analysis of how not to handle a credit crunch.



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