Student characteristics and knowledge on ODL concepts at first registration: A case study from OUSL

Statistical analyses

Structured component

The results of the structured component of the questionnaire describe the socio-economic characteristics of BSc first registrants of OUSL.

The highest educational qualification of parents or any other family member of most registrants was found to be (ca. 84 percent) below G.C.E. (A/L). This implies that the majority of parents are middle class employees. Further, the permanent residences of the new registrant to the BSc degree are mainly rural or semi-urban (74.4 percent). The monthly mean household income in year 2012 of Sri Lankan people was recognized as Urban (USD471), rural (USD291), estate sector (USD220), respectively (Department of Census and Statistics, 2013). Result of the study show that the majority of students registered for the BSc degree program in 2013/2014 academic year belong to the low income category. That is, the total monthly family income is less than SLR30,000/-(USD208) for 68.8 percent (Figure 1). The government policy of Sri Lanka after independence in 1948 was to provide free school and university education. However, after 2010 this policy was changed somewhat to allow recognized private sector and international universities to established and award degrees at a fee for those who wished to obtain them. Charges of such institutes are comparatively high. Thus, attraction of lower income categories to OUSL would be due to the affordable and easy payment scheme provided by OUSL (total Ca. SLR150,000.00 for 108 credits for the BSc degree). Similar results were seen in the Bangladesh Open University, where 58.3 percent of the learners belonged to the lower-middle-income group population (Anwarul et al., 2010).

Most of the students that registered for the BSc degree are unmarried (92 percent), employed (53 percent) (Figure 2) and belong to the late adolescent (48 percent age 18-22, 92 percent below 27 years) age category. The age at graduation of students of OUSL in 1996 showed that the majority of BSc graduates were less than 30 years (76 percent), Bachelor of Engineering Technology (BTech) graduates 31-41 years and that 58 percent of LLB (law) graduates ranged from 31-71 (Senarathne et al., 2001). As such it is clear that BSc graduates have been comparatively young even in the past. However, in the Open University of UK, the majority of undergraduates were aged between 31 and 60 and the average age was 43 years (Feinstein et al., 2007). However, a study carried out in 1997 in Sri Lanka (Jayathilake et al., 1997), to recognize characteristic features of OUSL students in comparison with conventional university students proved different. Our study in 2013 results in similar findings for students’ characteristics but attraction of employed students to OUSL has increased compared to 1997. This is a good indication from the ODL concept point of view. However, one has to bear in mind that now there are more private universities. Some of these provide part time-based education; hence the competition faced by OUSL is higher. If the BSc program of OUSL continues to attract a majority of lower middle class or low income groups into the system, it will affect the students’ intra-social interactions as well as the sustainability of the institution in the long run. Thus, the administration of the university should attempt to attract clients of other social strata as well. Most employment opportunities in Sri Lanka belong to the private sector and usually they consider the social strata, school, etc. of the candidate. If the OUSL is recognized as a university which caters mostly to low income social strata, it will affect the employability of OUSL, BSc graduates in the long run. In addition, retaining learners has always been an ongoing challenge for ODL institutions worldwide (Fozdar et al., 2006; Bandarage, 2016). According to OUSL statistics, 15 percent ±7 of new registrants of BSc program dropout without starting the academic activities as “Non-starters” (Bandarage, 2016). The student dropout rate has been high (ca.50 percent) in first and second years of BTech. study programs at OUSL (Dadigamuwa and Senanayake, 2012). It appears that a considerable percentage of undergraduates of OUSL give up their degree program without completion. One reason for this could be the “poor socio-economical background” of BSc undergraduates.

Open ended component

The primary purpose of this component of the questionnaire was to evaluate the existing knowledge on “ODL concepts” of BSc undergraduates of OUSL at initial registration. The open ended part consisted of four questions as: what is the teaching-learning process of OUSL; the main instructional media adapted by OUSL; the role of a teacher of OUSL; the role of a student of OUSL. The responses provided by students for each of these questions are tabulated from Tables I-IV, respectively.

The responses for the “nature of teaching-learning process of OUSL” clearly show that students have sufficient knowledge on this concept. For example, they have recognized that the teaching-learning process as an open distance system (51.97 percent), self-study system (12.06 percent), flexible learning (5.04 percent), and students centered (4.16 percent), respectively (Table I). Only, a very low amount of response frequencies (1.53 percent) were allocated as “OUSL is conducting formal lectures” similar to a conventional setup.

Aluwihare and De Silva (2016) state that about 86 percent BTech undergraduates of OUSL did not show sufficient knowledge on the open and distant teaching-learning process and concepts. Further, this was found to be a contributory factor in prolonging the time duration taken for completing the degree. However, result of this study has recognized that in contrast BSc new registrant of OUSL have sufficient knowledge on ODL concepts(Table I). Efficient counseling and orientations programs can be recommended for those who show poor perception of the ODL teaching-learning process.

Generally, the OUSL uses printed material as instruction media and to a lesser extent electronic aids as supplementary material. More response frequencies (45.7 percent) clearly highlight the existing condition in relation to the instructional material. The latest statistics issued by the Telecommunication Regulatory Commission of Sri Lanka show that active internet users have increased up to more than 5 million and the number of mobile broadband connections has doubled each year from 2009 to 2015 (Internet usage of Sri Lanka, 2016). The computer literacy of the younger generation (aged 15-29) in Sri Lanka is quite high. Of the 18-24 age group 65 percent could manage basic functions of the computer as opposed to the 25-29 year olds where only 43 percent demonstrated knowledge in computer usage (De Silva et al., 2013). We found that more than 92 percent of the BSc undergraduates registered for OUSL are below 27 years age, and as such should be computer literate. In addition, responses for the open ended part of the questionnaire recognized the main instruction media of OUSL as “purely internet” (9.73 percent) or a “mixture of internet and other electronic or printed material” (35.26 percent) (Table II). The answer may indicate their subconscious preference to use electronic media including the internet as instructional media. In this context OUSL is still not on par with the use of technology by the younger generation. Hence, this study recommends the increase of online teaching–learning processes for BSc undergraduate of OUSL.

Responses to the “role of the teacher at OUSL” can be summarized into six categories (Table III). The majority of response frequencies correctly recognized the role of an ODL teacher as “a helper”; a “good counselor,” a “facilitator” or “an adviser” (56.9 percent).But quite a large frequency percentage (37.5 percent) of responses recognized the role of an ODL teacher to be similar to the role played by a conventional “teacher” or did not respond to the question.

Most of BSc undergraduates of OUSL are comparatively young and below 27 years of age. After facing the highly competitive G.C.E. (A/L) examination, most do not gain the opportunity of entering a conventional state university. From among those who are eligible for university education, it is actually only 28.87 percent that qualify to enroll at conventional state universities in biological science discipline and only 38.12 percent in physical science in the year 2012 (UGC-Sri Lanka, 2016). The majority of students, who perform relatively well at G.C.E. (A/L) do not get the opportunity to enter state universities, due to the limitation of resources and state higher education institutes in the country. Further, 38.05 percent of students, did not qualifying for university/tertiary education based on G.C.E. (A/L) 2012 results (Department of Examination, 2016). This clearly shows that the larger percentage of students either do not qualify G.C.E. (A/L) exam or even if qualified do not get the opportunity to gain (state) university entrance. These students either select suitable middle class employment or directly enter for further studies at private institutes or OUSL. Even those who are employed may select higher education at OUSL.

Our study results shows that, 48 percent of new registrants are between the ages 18 and 22; and therefore, fresh school leavers. The role played by secondary school teachers would still be fresh in the minds of new registrants. Hence they prefer close contact with teachers. Basically, ODL students are physically isolated. However, psychologically, adolescent students prefer and need emotional contact with teachers or their peers. Situations such as these make students distressed or in the long run even give up the study program. It has been identified that 64 percent of BSc undergraduate of OUSL are psychologically distressed (Kuruppuarachchi et al., 2012a,  b). This could be due to physical isolation or problems faced during adjustment to the ODL system of OUSL or both. Therefore it is recommended that appropriate orientation and counseling programs be conducted during initial registration time (of BSc undergraduates) are strengthened to overcome these issues. The major components of the teaching-learning process of the ODL system are course development and delivery. During course development, more attention is given to develop knowledge or for the cognitive development of the students. The course delivery part of the ODL system therefore, should mainly consider the development of skills, attitudes and values. In the long run the teaching-learning process of OUSL should be reformed to fulfill student’s psychological needs, in addition to the knowledge-based domains. Hence, course delivery components such as practical, day schools, and other extracurricular work should be reformed to provide more interaction between teachers and students as well as among students. For example, peer interaction sessions, active learning, cooperative learning or group learning techniques can be strengthened to develop soft skills and values and enhance social interaction to eliminate the social isolation of adolescent BSc undergraduates of OUSL.

According to the Sri Lanka Qualification Framework (2015), 12 learning outcomes should be achieved by any undergraduate of a Sri Lankan University. This includes only 25 percent for knowledge-based domains and the remaining 75 percent are mainly targeted toward attitude and skills development. Hence, OUSL too has to reform its teaching-learning process to include more attitude and skills development while maintaining its identity as an ODL institute.

The responses on “The role of OUSL students” could be summarized into eight categories. The relevant response frequencies are displayed in Table IV. Results showed that mainly response category number 1 (36.7 percent), 4 (6.38 percent), 7 (3.19 percent) and 8 (1.32 percent) (total 47.59 percent) represent clear ODL concepts on the “role of an ODL student.” However, the responses of students indicate that the majority (52.1 percent) did not have a clear idea of this concept.

Central to Carl Rogers’ personality theory (Rogers, 1959) is the notion of self or self-concept. This is defined as “the organized, consistent set of perceptions and beliefs about oneself.” The self is the humanistic term for who we really are as a person. According to Carl Rogers, the main duty even of a counselor is to help the client understand “himself.” As such the students should be helped to get a more clear perception of their responsibility and role in the ODL system. Students should be made to realize that their success in the ODL setup is clearly dependant on their own efforts, and even more so that in a conventional University setup.

The Sri Lankan school education system is mainly knowledge oriented. The G.C.E. (A/L) science discipline is a highly competitive and exam-oriented teaching-learning process. A “spoon feeding system” has been developed by A/L teachers as well as private tutors. This maybe reflected in the BSc undergraduates’ inability to clearly recognize ones’ role and responsibility as an ODL student. The new teaching-learning process, the physically isolated nature of the ODL system along with other problems faced during adjustment to the new system would seriously affected the new registrant to the OUSL.

ODL students are more likely to have insecurities about learning. New registrant are particularly vulnerable, as they struggle to establish study habits, time management and maintain motivation. The adjustment difficulties, financial difficulties, limited access to resources, and conflict between education and family life or work place, etc., could lead to further insecurities (Owens et al., 2009).

Due to these reasons, the academic and administrative structure of OUSL, especially in the Faculty of Natural Sciences should not be restricted to the “conventional ODL concepts and methodologies.” It should be flexible, to promote students’ interactive sessions, peer learning, group learning, active learning or collaborative learning systems which can be include into course delivery. In addition, the BSc undergraduate should be trained to recognize “self-concepts” and “self-learning concepts” during the time of initial registration by strengthening fruitful orientation and counseling programs. In addition to the limited existing on-campus orientation and academic counseling programs for new registrants in the Faculty of Natural Sciences, it has recently (2014) introduced “Peer-Assisted Study Sessions”. These are conducted with the help of existing and newly graduated OUSL students as young mentors. This will help students to developed social and academic interactions and share experiences gained by past students (Bandarage et al., 2015). Unfortunately, students’ participation in such academic support work has not been encouraging. Hence, new methodologies need to be developed to improve attitudes and social skills of OUSL, BSc undergraduates by way of introducing group assignments, presentations and case studies, etc. which are considered as a component of the continuous assessments.