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Globalization and women’s and girls’ health in 192 UN-member countries: Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women

Deniz Gevrek (Department of Decision Sciences and Economics, Texas A&M University–Corpus Christi, Texas, USA)
Karen Middleton (Department of Management and Marketing, Texas A&M University–Corpus Christi, Texas, USA)

International Journal of Social Economics

ISSN: 0306-8293

Article publication date: 11 July 2016

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Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between the ratification of the United Nations’ (UN’s) Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) and women’s and girls’ health outcomes using a unique longitudinal data set of 192 UN-member countries that encompasses the years from 1980 to 2011.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors focus on the impact of CEDAW ratification, number of reports submitted after ratification, years passed since ratification, and the dynamic impact of CEDAW ratification by utilizing ordinary least squares (OLS) and panel fixed effects methods. The study investigates the following women’s and girls’ health outcomes: total fertility rate, adolescent fertility rate, infant mortality rate, maternal mortality ratio, neonatal mortality rate, female life expectancy at birth (FLEB), and female to male life expectancy at birth.

Findings

The OLS and panel country and year fixed effects models provide evidence that the impact of CEDAW ratification on women’s and girls’ health outcomes varies by global regions. While the authors find no significant gains in health outcomes in European and North-American countries, the countries in the Northern Africa, sub-Saharan Africa, Southern Africa, Caribbean and Central America, South America, Middle-East, Eastern Asia, and Oceania regions experienced the biggest gains from CEDAW ratification, exhibiting reductions in total fertility, adolescent fertility, infant mortality, maternal mortality, and neonatal mortality while also showing improvements in FLEB. The results provide evidence that both early commitment to CEDAW as measured by the total number of years of engagement after the UN’s 1980 ratification and the timely submission of mandatory CEDAW reports have positive impacts on women’ and girls’ health outcomes. Several sensitivity tests confirm the robustness of main findings.

Originality/value

This study is the first comprehensive attempt to explore the multifaceted relationships between CEDAW ratification and female health outcomes. The study significantly expands on the methods of earlier research and presents novel methods and findings on the relationship between CEDAW ratification and women’s health outcomes. The findings suggest that the impact of CEDAW ratification significantly depends on the country’s region. Furthermore, stronger engagement with CEDAW (as indicated by the total number of years following country ratification) and the submission of the required CEDAW reports (as outlined in the Convention’s guidelines) have positive impacts on women’s and girls’ health outcomes.

Keywords

Acknowledgements

The authors are very grateful to Z. Eylem Gevrek for her continued support and the attendees of Faculty Seminar Series at the TAMU-CC and SAM Conference for their invaluable comments.

Citation

Gevrek, D. and Middleton, K. (2016), "Globalization and women’s and girls’ health in 192 UN-member countries: Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women", International Journal of Social Economics, Vol. 43 No. 7, pp. 692-721. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-07-2014-0139

Publisher

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Emerald Group Publishing Limited

Copyright © 2016, Emerald Group Publishing Limited

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