All Journals (past 7 Days)

Investigation of Butt Joint Failure Modes in Sofa Frame (Assembly Automation, Volume 29, Issue 4)

Mr. Vipulkumar Ishvarbhai Patel — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - This paper presents a study to investigate the static behavior of different type of butt joints for application in a timber sofa furniture frame. In timber sofa structure, butt joints are commonly used between plywood and hardwood members but they are normally designed without any regard to the effect of grain directions of the wood members on the joint strength. The focus of the study is to look at the effect of grain directions on the wooden member properties and on the strength of the butt joint in order to understand the failure mode to establish a more durable and effective sofa butt joint than the one normally used by the manufacturers.Design/methodology/approach - Experiment tests are conducted to determine the mechanical properties of joint members, the maximum load carrying capacity of the butt joints and the types of the failure in the joints in relation to different grain orientations under transverse loading conditions. Plywood and hardwood members were used in construction of the joint tests. Four types of butt joints were constructed with different condition of grain orientation, glue and screw used in the joint members. The specimens were tested by fixing the plywood member and applying a transverse load to the hardwood member to simulate the conditions in the sofa frame. Findings - Result shows that butt joint with vertical grain orientation and joined with two screws and glue had the maximum load carrying capacity compared to the other three cases and compared to the current joint type used in the existing sofa frame design. Originality/value - The paper is of value to furniture manufacturing industry, in which furniture members and joints are usually over-designed without regard to grain orientations or applying sound engineering techniques.

An expert system for automatic design-for-assembly. (Assembly Automation, Volume 29, Issue 4)

Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - A Multi Expert System is presented that can provide designers with suggestions for improvement. The Multi Expert System can analyse a design and provide designers with ideas for changes to designs at an early stage in order to improve assembly later in the manufacturing process. Design/methodology/approach - The whole system consists of four expert systems: Computer Aided Design (CAD) Expert, Automated Assembly Expert, Manual Assembly Expert and Design Analysis Expert. The Design Analysis Expert includes a sub-system to collate the information from the Assembly Experts and to provide costs and advice.Findings - The approach and the systems can reduce manufacturing costs and lead times.Research limitations/implications - A knowledge-based reckoning approach to design-for-assembly automation is used. The approach and systems can reduce manufacturing-costs and lead-times. The system can estimate assembly-time and cost for manual or automatic assembly and select suitable assembly techniques.Practical implications - The system can estimate assembly time and cost for manual or automatic assembly and select a suitable assembly technique.Originality/value - The new system models assembly, product and process design using a natural approach for capturing intelligence. The new approach categorised automated assembly and manual assembly into separate individual experts. Intelligence and knowledge from each was captured and embedded within the individual expert that represented the process. This approach enabled greater flexibility and made the sub-systems easier to modify, upgrade, extend and reuse.

Sensor placement strategy for fixture variation diagnosis of compliant sheet metal assembly process (Assembly Automation, Volume 29, Issue 4)

Prof. Sun Jin, Dr. Kuigang Yu, Prof. Xinmin Lai, Dr. Yinhua Liu — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - Fixture variations are the main sources for complex automotive body dimensional failures. An effective measurement strategy can help exactly and timely diagnose these fixture variations. Research on sensor placement strategy of compliant sheet metal assembly process is not much stated formerly. This paper focuses this.Design/methodology/approach - The impact principle of fixture variations is analyzed to set up the relationship between the assembly variation and fixture variations applying the Method of Influence Coefficients (MIC) and the Effective Independence (EI) method is used to find the optimal sensor positions based on the impact principle analysis of fixture variations.Findings - The obtained fixture variation sensitivity matrix describes the influence of fixture variations to compliant sheet metal assembly variation and can be used for diagnosing fixture variations. The EI method can effectively solve the optimal sensor positions for compliant sheet metal assembly by a case demonstration.Originality/value - The proposed method can solve the sensor placement of on-line assembly station for diagnosing fixture variations. It takes the compliant characteristics of sheet metal parts into account and the sensor information has much greater diagnosability than that from applying other methods.

Effectiveness of Epoxy Staking of Fasteners in Aerospace Applications (Assembly Automation, Volume 29, Issue 4)

Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - Purpose – The effectiveness of locking or staking of fasteners with epoxy material systems to prevent loss of preload in aerospace environments was investigated. Design/methodology/approach - Design/methodology/approach – A quantitative experimental method was adopted to evaluate epoxy material systems for staking of fastener assemblies subjected to varying dynamic and thermal loads. A statistical design of experiments was employed to probe specific design parameters. Findings - Findings – Results show that epoxy application can provide satisfactory fastener locking under a variety of service conditions. It was found that: (i) Epon 828 epoxy provides superior fastener locking compared to 3M Scotch-Weld Epoxy 2216, (ii) Epoxy application around screw threads is more effective than application around screw head, and (iii) Abrading the plate surfaces with 180 grit SiC paper is not an effective or useful surface preparation technique.Research limitations/implications - Research limitations – The work was limited to two commercial epoxy material systems and does not consider important qualitative considerations for industrial use such as cure time and viscosity.Practical implications - Practical implications – This and future work may form the basis of new standards for epoxy staking in the global aerospace industry.Originality/value - Originality/value – To the authors’ knowledge, this is one of very few original experimental studies of fastener staking available in the open literature.

Disassembly processes with disassembly matrices and effects of operations (Assembly Automation, Volume 29, Issue 4)

Prof. Yuan Mao Huang, Mr. Yu-Chung Liao — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - The purpose of this study is to enhance the method developed by previous researchers. In addition to use the combined interference matrix, the combined connection matrix and the combined contact matrix of product components, the disassembly sequence matrix and the combined instability matrix with platform to evaluate instability of sub-assemblies are built, and effects of changes of sub-assembly disassembly directions or tools and the effect of gravity are considered to obtain the best disassembly sequence for a product with many components. A computer program is generated and results of two cases are compared with those of the available studies.Design/methodology/approach - The methodology includes the combined interference matrix, the combined contact matrix and the combined connection matrix of components for a product. The combined instability matrix of sub-assemblies, changes of sub-assembly disassembly direction or tools, and the effect of gravity during operation are considered. The binary number system is used to simplify relations among components of a product.Findings - This methodology enhances the existing method and software is generated. Results of two cases are compared and show the same optimum disassembly processes as those obtained from other researchers. Research limitations/implications - all matrices are defined by the directions of x, y and z with three axes are perpendicular to each other. The computer program generated can not be used for a product with components that must be disassembled in the directions different from the axes.Practical implications - Two cases are used to investigate feasibility of the proposed methodology with the computer program generated. The first one is an electric drill, and the second one is a flash lighter.Originality/value - The methodology is feasible for study of disassembly processes of products. The software generated can be used to obtain the optimum disassembly process of products.

The fast-moving world of MEMS technology (Assembly Automation, Volume 29, Issue 4)

Mr. Robert Bogue — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - This article aims to provide a technical review of silicon MEMS technology and its applications. Design/methodology/approach - Following an introduction, this article describes silicon MEMS fabrication and assembly techniques, considers a selection of commercially important products and their applications and concludes with a brief review of power MEMS research. Findings - This shows that silicon MEMS fabrication technology is derived from techniques used in semiconductor manufacture and has yielded a diverse and ever-growing range of sensors, actuators and other miniaturised devices that find applications in a multitude of industries. Originality/value - This article provides a detailed, technical review of MEMS technology and its applications.

Measuring the assembly quality from the operator mistake view: A case study (Assembly Automation, Volume 29, Issue 4)

Mr. Lei Liu, Prof. Qiang Su, Mr. Shengjie Lai — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - This paper is focused on the assembly quality of copier products, specifically, concentrating on the prediction of the operator induced assembly defect.Design/methodology/approach - Based on the Shibata model, the design-based assembly complexity is redesigned. And the Sony Standard Time is replaced by the Fuji Xerox Standard Time in the calculation of the process-based assembly complexity. Furthermore, different correlation functions are attempted and comparatively studied in the regression analysis. Thereby, a new defect rate prediction model is proposed and validated with three copier assembly cases.Findings - The new proposed model is much more accurate and stable in the human induced assembly defect prediction in copier production.Practical implications - The proposed model can be used to ensure the assembly quality by removing potential defects at the structure and process design stages. Meanwhile, with this model, the interactions between the engineers and designers can be more effective.Originality/value - This paper presents a novel assembly defect rate prediction model for copier assembly quality management.

Precision Assembly Systems for Medical Devices (Assembly Automation, Volume 29, Issue 4)

Dr. Christine Connolly — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - To describe the approach and technology of various companies making automated assembly equipment for medical devices.Design/methodology/approach - The structure of the medical device assembly market is introduced, and the expertise and applications of a small company working in the intermediate production market is described. The modular approach of Mikron Assembly Technology is examined in detail. Finally, a company making machines for very high-volume medical device assembly is considered.Findings - The development of new medical-device products is dependent on many stages of verification and validation, providing niches for assembly machinery builders of very different sizes. Reliability and precision of assembly is vital for the correct operation of the products throughout their lifetime. Testing and inspection stations form an integral part of many assembly lines, to provide a high degree of process security and traceability. Originality/value - Reveals the nature of the medical device market and shows how three different sized assembly machinery manufacturers operate in the sector.

Pneumatic Modules for Automatic Applications (Assembly Automation, Volume 29, Issue 4)

Dr. Christine Connolly — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - To explore pneumatic components and the applications they address.Design/methodology/approach - The extensive range of pneumatic grippers and actuators from various manufacturers is presented. An example of an end-user pneumatic handling solution is given. Applications are then examined in plastics, mortise lock manufacture, and food and pharmaceutical industries.Findings - Pneumatic components are long lasting and reliable, giving tens of millions of operational cycles. Gimatic makes modular components that are particularly attractive for direct use by end users. Festo is already introducing a range of pneumatic products complying with the EU safety directive to be introduced in December 2009. Originality/value - Illustrates the versatility and reliability of pneumatic elements in automatic assembly operations.

RFID Technology in Product/Part Tracking During the Whole Life Cycle (Assembly Automation, Volume 29, Issue 4)

Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - To present a new way for identification of products/parts and their tracking during the whole life cycle, from the manufacture and assembly phase to the disassembly phase.Design/methodology/approach - RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) technology is applied on a chosen product, an In-Mould Labelling (IML) robot.Findings - This paper discusses a case study that highlights the use of RFID as automatic identification technology, especially in the processes of assembly/disassembly of the IML robot. The application can be expanded onto any kind of product, with the exception of some life cycle phases that are specific for a particular product.Practical implications - The paper gives an example of how RFID technology can actually be realized in the case of the IML robot to improve the quality of tracking its main components.Originality/value - The users have the possibilities to access and analyze information about the products/parts during their cycle.

Grameen Bank's social performance disclosure: Responding to a negative assessment by Wall Street Journal in late 2001 (Asian Review of Accounting, Volume 17, Issue 2)

Muhammad Azizul Islam, Martin Reginald Mathews — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The aim of this paper is to establish a linkage between negative global media news towards Grameen Bank (GB), the largest microfinance organisation in the developing world, and the extent and type of annual report social performance disclosures by GB, over the nine-year period 1997-2005. Design/methodology/approach – Content analysis instruments are utilised to analyse GB annual report social disclosure. Findings – The study finds that GB's community poverty alleviation disclosures account for the highest proportion of total social disclosures in the period 1997-2005. The results of this study are particularly significant in relation to poverty alleviation – the issue attracting severe criticism from the Wall Street Journal (WSJ?) late in 2001. The community poverty alleviation disclosures by GB are significantly greater over the four years following the negative news in the WSJ than in the four years before. The results suggest that GB responds to a negative media story or legitimacy threatening news via annual report social disclosures in an attempt to re-establish its legitimacy. Originality/value – This paper contributes to the literature because in the past there has been no research published linking global media attention to the social disclosure practices of major organisations in developing countries.

Investigating audit quality among Big 4 Malaysian firms (Asian Review of Accounting, Volume 17, Issue 2)

Tyrone M. Carlin, Nigel Finch, Nur Hidayah Laili — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to contemplate the degree to which technical expertise in Malaysian Big 4 auditing practice survives periods of material regulatory inflexion sufficiently to underpin quality financial reporting outcomes. Design/methodology/approach – The adoption of IAS in Malaysia in 2006 introduced a highly technical standard (financial reporting standards – FRS 136) which impacted not only preparers but also auditors of financial statements. This transition period represents a unique opportunity to interrogate the content of financial statements drawn up under new and complex standards, with a view to gaining insight into the quality of oversight offered by the audit profession. Findings – Contrary to the view within the extant literature that there is homogeneity in audit quality among Big 4 firms, this paper reports substantial cross-sectional variation among the sample of Big 4 Malaysian audit firms and reports on distinctly poor compliance levels. Research limitations/implications – The research focuses on compliance with various requirements under FRS 136 – Impairment of Assets among a sample of first-time adaptors drawn from the FTSE Bursa Malaysia Index whose 2006 financial accounts have been audited by a Big 4 auditor. Practical implications – The results raise questions about audit quality among the sample firms and the robustness of regulatory oversight institutions operating within Malaysia. Originality/value – This research illustrates a novel approach to examining the issue of audit quality by introducing a compliance quality approach focusing on note-form disclosures.

Exporting the RAE: adoption of similar practices in Australia and New Zealand (Asian Review of Accounting, Volume 17, Issue 2)

M.R. Mathews, Alan Sangster — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide a comparative description of performance evaluation schemes in the UK, Australia and New Zealand. Design/methodology/approach – The main content of the paper is a description of the Research Assessment Exercise (RAE) followed by an analysis of the structure and intent of operation. This is followed by an examination of three Australasian systems, the Research Quality Framework (RQF) (abandoned before implementation), the Excellence in Research in Australia (ERA) (yet to be provided in detail), and the NZ Performance Based Research Fund (PBRF) (operated twice over a period of six years). Findings – The final section attempts to discern whether traces of the RAE can be seen in the Australasian systems and also considers the attributes of each attempt to measure performance. Originality/value – This paper presents a description of both the RAE, the RQF/ERA and the PBRF, followed by an analysis of the structure and intent of the latter two and a comparison of these evaluation systems.

Deconstructing local government performance and infrastructure measurement (Asian Review of Accounting, Volume 17, Issue 2)

Robyn Pilcher — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – This paper revisits the debate regarding myriad measurement bases and begins a new discussion within a public sector environment. It does this by considering the under-researched technical aspect of measurement within Neely et al.'s measures design template framework. Design/methodology/approach – Using the full population from Australia's largest state, New South Wales (NSW), the annual reports of all local councils were analysed over a seven-year period. In addition, interviews were conducted with a sample of councils representing all geographical areas of the state. Findings – Under the auspices of the modified Neely et al.'s measures design template, additivity problems associated with valuing infrastructure, property, plant and equipment (IPPE) were found to result in the production of unreliable performance indicators – in this case, the capital expenditure ratio (CER). Research limitations/implications – The limitations include the research using an untested model; local councils in only one Australian state and one performance indicator analysed. Future research will examine the behavioural aspects of local councils as a result of being judged on an inappropriate indicator. Originality/value – This paper considers two research issues – the imposition of private sector ideas to public sector entities and problems associated with combining myriad measurement bases to produce performance indicators used for decision making in local government. By introducing the CER as an exemplar within Neely et al.' measures design template, problems associated with combining myriad measurement bases to produce performance indicators used for decision-making provide an unique insight into local government reporting.

Students' perceptions of accounting profession: work value approach (Asian Review of Accounting, Volume 17, Issue 2)

Eleni Germanou, Trevor Hassall, Yanni Tournas — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – This purpose of this paper is to introduce a new theoretical framework in order to examine similarities and differences between accounting major Malaysian and English students. It concerns attributes and outcomes associated with the accounting profession, and the relationship between students' perceptions and intentions to pursue an accounting career. Design/methodology/approach – A survey research approach has been adopted to investigate students' perceptions regarding the accounting profession. The data for this study are collected via questionnaires completed by Malaysian exchange students visiting a university in England and students of a major university in England. The results of the questionnaire are then quantitatively analyzed. Findings – The results indicate that both groups hold positive perceptions of the accounting profession and there is a significant correlation between students' perceptions and their intention to pursue a career in the profession. The study also identifies that Malaysian and English students hold differing perceptions concerning the accounting profession's attributes and outcomes. Originality/value – This is one of the first accounting education papers using the work value theory to investigate perceptions regarding the accounting profession by Malaysian students of Chinese ethnicity and compare these perceptions with the perceptions of students of a major university in England of English ethnicity.

The influence of business process management and some other CSFs on successful ERP implementation (Business Process Management Journal, Volume 15, Issue 4)

Damijan Žabjek, Andrej Kovacic, Mojca Indihar Štemberger — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – Enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems have become imperative for companies in order to be competitive in a turbulent and highly competitive business environment. Unfortunately, the success rate of ERP implementations is very low, which was cited in many researches and a majority of authors have reported up to 90 percent failure rate. Therefore, new empirical studies are more than necessary to validate companies' contributions to the increase of the success rate of ERP implementation, which was the primary reason for this investigation. The main goal of this paper is to stress the impact of business process management (BPM) and some other critical success factors (CSFs) on successful ERP implementations. Design/methodology/approach – The paper details an empirical investigation combined with a confirmatory approach using structural equation modeling. Findings – The hypotheses confirm the impact of top management support, change management, and BPM on successful ERP implementation. These factors have a positive impact on successful ERP implementation and should be treated as very important in ERP systems implementation projects. The results also support the importance of top management perception (MP): if they consider BPM as a basis of business change, this contributes to a strong and positive influence on successful ERP implementation. Research limitations/implications – Other CSFs, also required for successful ERP implementations are not covered in this paper. The sample of companies used in this study is limited only to one country, and the aspect of chief information officers (CIOs) should not be omitted either, because other CIOs might have answered the questionnaire in a different way. Practical implications – Companies should treat BPM as a basis of business change and therefore increase its usage in order to increase a possibility for a successful ERP implementation. Although the ERP implementation is not the most efficient per se, its effectiveness on business performance can be greater. Originality/value – Contributions of the paper are important for both practitioners and researchers. The paper will provide a very few specific factors and findings which are useful for companies when planning to implement ERP systems, and should not be omitted. From theoretical standpoints the most CSFs in ERP implementations can be combined, which are dispersed in the literature, and thus facilitate or somehow even stimulate other researchers in further investigations of those factors, which are still not defined enough or investigated.

Event-based conceptual modeling (Business Process Management Journal, Volume 15, Issue 4)

Lars Bækgaard — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of the paper is to obtain insight into, and provide practical advice for, event-based conceptual modeling. Design/methodology/approach – The paper analyzes a set of event concepts and uses the results to formulate a conceptual event model that is used to identify guidelines for creation of dynamic process models and static information models. Findings – The paper characterizes events as short-duration processes that have participants, consequences, and properties, and that may be modeled in terms of information structures. The conceptual event model is used to characterize a variety of event concepts and it is used to illustrate how events can be used to integrate dynamic modeling of processes and static modeling of information structures. Originality/value – The results are unique in the sense that no other general event concept has been used to unify a similar broad variety of seemingly incompatible event concepts. The general event concept can be used to improve dynamic and static modeling.

Project types of business process management: Towards a scenario structure to enable situational method engineering for business process management (Business Process Management Journal, Volume 15, Issue 4)

Tobias Bucher, Robert Winter — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore project types (PTs) of business process management (BPM). PTs are a key concept to describe development situations in situational method engineering (SME). SME acts on the assumption that generic methods need to be adapted to the specifics of the development situation in which they are to be applied. Design/methodology/approach – The paper draws on results from an empirical analysis directed at the identification of design factors of and realization approaches to BPM. It extends an earlier study through the inclusion of new data points that allow for the derivation and characterization of PTs. To this end, multivariate data analysis techniques such as regression analysis, factor analysis, and cluster analysis are applied. Albeit inherently behavioral, the research described in the paper constitutes an important foundation for subsequent design research (DR) activities, in particular for the engineering of situational methods. Findings – The analysis suggests that there are three major and two minor PTs that characterize development situations of BPM. The common ground of the three major PTs is that they are characterized by a common target state, in this paper denoted as individualist realization approach to BPM. When compared to other realization approaches, this approach is characterized by high maturity and high customization requirements for process management. Research limitations/implications – The gain in insight into the PTs of BPM is particularly useful for the engineering of situational methods aimed at the implementation and advancement of process-oriented management within real-world organizations. However, there are some research limitations/implications for further research: the empirical results are derived from a relatively small data set. The PTs identified in the present contribution therefore need further validation. In order to complete the proposed scenario structure for BPM, a taxonomy of complementary context types needs to be identified, too. Practical implications – Many methods to support BPM or particular aspects thereof have been proposed and discussed. A major shortcoming of most of these methods is that they claim to be of universal validity. SME acts on the idea that there is no “one-size-fits-all” method. Instead, generic methods need to be adapted to the specifics of the development situation in which they are to be applied. The proposed PTs represent a starting point to enable the engineering of situation methods for BPM. Originality/value – The research results of this paper are useful for the construction of methods in the field of BPM which can be adapted to specific development situations.

Selecting the best strategic practices for business process redesign (Business Process Management Journal, Volume 15, Issue 4)

Payam Hanafizadeh, Morteza Moosakhani, Javad Bakhshi — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present a methodology which defines best strategic practices for business process redesign (BPR). Design/methodology/approach – A total of 29 best practices are studied and evaluated from the literature. The philosophy of TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) method is applied in recognizing the alignment of best practices with the organization strategy. The indicators of cost, time, quality and flexibility are used as the criteria to measure the degree of alignment of best practices with organization strategy. The proposed method is tested in a case study of the registration process at a university. Findings – The recent investment failures in BPR projects show that the relation between best practices and organization strategies should be highly considered. It is indicated that process redesign can meet organization strategies through recognizing and implementing best strategic practices. Research limitations/implications – Considering the fact that pundits working in the field of BPR are not accessible, the previous published findings and results have been used in this research. Practical implications – Owing to the limitations on budget and time, organizations are able to consider only those best practices which play a critical vote in helping them to achieve their goals. Best strategic practices list provides managers and business analysts with a precious resource in BPR projects. Originality/value – This paper presents a new methodology for introducing best strategic practices for BPR. A strategic best practice is a new term in the BPR literature.

Business process integration, automation, and optimization in ERP: Integrated approach using enhanced process models (Business Process Management Journal, Volume 15, Issue 4)

Premaratne Samaranayake — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to propose an integrated approach to process integration, automation, and optimization through enhanced business process models. Design/methodology/approach – The approach is based on a framework of process integration for functional applications, automation for business workflows, and additional functionalities for process optimization. The proposed approach is illustrated using enhanced process models over business integration, automation, and optimization with data elements, structures, and organizational elements. The standard sales order process cycle, quotation approval process, and production order cycle are chosen for illustrating process integration, automation, and optimization, respectively. Findings – The proposed approach combines applications and workflows using integrated process/data models and forms a foundation for business process optimization. It is shown that the integrated approach can improve existing business processes in enterprise resource planning (ERP), beyond business process re-engineering (BPR) principles, once enhanced business process models are implemented. This approach eliminates need for a hierarchical representation of business processes and highlights the flexibility and visibility of business process implementation in ERP system environment. Research limitations/implications – Although process integration, automation, and optimization are illustrated using selected business process examples, it requires generalization of these enhancements over entire business blueprint of ERP system. Thus, one key limitation of this research is that it is not generalized for the entire business blueprint of ERP. This also requires changes to data structures beyond current relational data in many ERP systems. Originality/value – This research provides an integrated approach to business process modeling beyond traditional functional and workflow applications by eliminating hierarchical nature of process and data elements.

Managers' and end-users' concerns on innovation implementation: A case of an ERP implementation in China (Business Process Management Journal, Volume 15, Issue 4)

Frank Lin, C.E. Tapie Rohm — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to understand whether differences also exist between managers and end-users regarding critical success factors (CSFs) of enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems implementation in China as well as among the counterparts in US and Chinese companies. Design/methodology/approach – A pharmaceutical company in China that implemented an ERP system recently, similar to the one identified in Amoako-Gyampah's study, is identified for this paper. A field survey accompanied by interview was used to collect data on seven CSFs that have been identified in the literature on technology acceptance and diffusion and that are consistent with Amoako-Gyampah's study for comparison purposes. Findings – The results of this paper confirm the results of Amoako-Gyampah's study, which demonstrates that significant differences of seven CSFs of the implementation of ERP systems do exist in the perception of managers and end-users. It further shows that both managers and end-users of Chinese companies rate all seven factors lower than do their US counterparts. The understanding of these differences reveals the current stage of the progress of ERP implementation in China, namely that ERP implementation is not perceived as positively by Chinese managers and end-users as it is by their counterparts in the USA Research limitations/implications – For researchers, this paper provides a foundation for further investigation of the reasons for such differences among different groups and individuals as well as different cultures. Practical implications – Understanding the differences that exist in the perceptions of different groups within an organization and the nature of these differences can help implementers develop appropriate change management mechanisms – such as training, communication, and others – to improve the chances of successful ERP implementation. Originality/value – This paper confirms the previous CSFs research findings in a Chinese pharmaceutical company setting that there are significant differences of CSFs in ERP implementation between managers and end-users. It further compares the differences of these CSFs with their US counterparts.

Business process modeling with information integrity (Business Process Management Journal, Volume 15, Issue 4)

Reema Khurana, Vijay V. Mandke — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – This paper aims to discuss the idea that businesses, for survival in the market, need a competitive edge. This edge can be achieved by focusing on business processes as informational work (IW) systems rather than physical work systems and then to focus on achieving information integrity. In order to achieve this aim the strategy should be to model a business process to achieve both operational and goal integrity. An analytical framework for the same is to be described. Design/methodology/approach – The paper uses an analytical approach. First a literature survey is conducted to find out whether the business process models being followed currently are sufficient to give a competitive edge to business. Subsequently, the information integrity approach is introduced and a framework is suggested to model the business processes. Findings – The main findings of the paper are that the current business processes which are physical in nature need to be perceived as information oriented processes. Moreover, these IW systems need to process information with integrity. The paper explains the concept of information integrity in a detailed way by covering all aspects of the same, namely identification of business process as a multistage information system, explanation of information as a function of recipient, suggesting a structure of a good business process model, identifying the criticality of information integrity for business competitive advantage and listing the emerging information integrity requirements. Originality/value – The paper adds value because it analytically puts forth the complete check list of activities for business process modeling with information integrity.

Revisiting learning outcomes from market led ICT outsourcing (Business Process Management Journal, Volume 15, Issue 4)

Bhaskar Choudhuri, Stuart Maguire, Udechukwu Ojiako — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – Today's global business is heavily dependent on information and communication technology (ICT). The reality for most organisations is that the rate of technology change has been extremely fast. To cope with these changes, some organisations are committing a large amount of resources. Such challenges make it difficult for some companies to invest in ICT, resulting in a need to re-think their business models. One such approach which has proved popular over the last few years is to outsource ICT. However, not all ICT outsourcing projects have been totally successful. The paper aims to explore various constructs in ICT outsourcing. Design/methodology/approach – The aim is achieved by conducting studies on 11 ICT outsourcing projects within the service sector. Findings – In future, customers will be looking for value-added services while focusing less on outsourcing as a cost-cutting exercise. There is also an added pressure on the customers and vendors to ensure that the original business case to justify outsourcing is robust. Research limitations/implications – The research is conducted with a limited sample of ICT outsourcing projects. For this reason, many of the conclusions in this paper are generalisations. Further research will need to be conducted in order for the lessons that emerge to be applicable across a wider business perspective. Originality/value – The paper takes a longer term perspective on the interface between customers and vendors in outsourcing projects. However, globally, this sector is very fluid and it is crucial that organisations understand the complexity of the relationships. This paper does not specifically seek to add to the existing body of knowledge on ICT outsourcing, but rather it serves as an opportunity to reflect on the full complexity of ICT outsourcing.

Involving British line managers in HRM in a small non-profit work organisation (Employee Relations, Volume 31, Issue 4)

William Hunter, Douglas Renwick — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The paper seeks to detail the formal and informal aspects of involving line managers in human resource management (HRM). Design/method/approach – The investigation was conducted by interviewing line managers at one work organisation. Findings – Formally, line managers state that they accept their HR roles, are competent in HRM, and have time/support to do it effectively, but informally do not place much reliance on written HR policies, revealing a degree of “loose coupling” between the formal/informal elements of their involvement in HRM. Research limitations/implications – Future research could ascertain if the findings herein on the formal and informal development of managers by their seniors and peers in HRM are common to other work organisations. Limitations are that this is a single case relying on qualitative data, meaning issues of generalisability of findings arise. Practical implications – It may be of benefit to discover to what extent the informal internal networks line managers use to make decisions in HRM occur in other work organisations. Originality/value – The paper contributes to the existing knowledge by providing empirical data on the formal and informal aspects of involving line managers in HRM in an under-researched context (a small British non-profit organisation without a HR function), which adds to the literature on actual line management practices in HRM.

Call centres, quality of work life and HRM practices: An in-house/outsourced comparison (Employee Relations, Volume 31, Issue 4)

Julia Connell, Zeenobiyah Hannif — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The paper seeks to determine whether and how the quality of working life (QWL) varies between call centres (CCs) in the in-house/outsourced, public and private sectors and the implications of these findings on human resource management (HRM). Design/methodology/approach – This paper reports on findings derived through empirical qualitative case study research in two Australian CCs: Govtcall, an in-house, public-sector CC, and Salesplus, an outsourced, private-sector CC. Quality of work life outcomes are determined through in-depth interviews with CSOs, supervisors and managers, where a comparative approach is utilised. Findings – The in-house, public-sector CC Govtcall emerges as being inferior in terms of job content, working hours and managerial/supervisory style and strategies. Conversely, Salesplus features a management model that is more akin to what would be expected in a CC operating under a professional service model. Research limitations/implications – The sample size was limited to two CCs; thus, the findings may not be representative of the wider CC context. Practical implications – A productivity orientation and employee focus are not a mutually exclusive phenomenon. Union presence and public-sector status do not guarantee better working conditions and higher QWL. Managerial styles and strategies have a significant impact on QWL in the CC context. Originality/value – QWL is an under-researched area where CCs are concerned. Similarly, much of the existing CC research is based on the private sector, despite the public sector emerging as a large user of CC operations.

Development of transnational collective bargaining in Europe (Employee Relations, Volume 31, Issue 4)

John Gennard — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this editorial is to examine the development of transnational collective bargaining at the company level in Europe Design/methodology/approach – This editorial outlines the levels at which bargaining takes place in the European Union, the EU Commission proposals for a procedure for transnational collective bargaining, the procedures agreed by the EMF and UNI-Europa Graphical for the negotiation of company-wide transnational agreements, and the content of some existing transnational company-wide agreements. Findings – The existence of company-wide transnational agreements demonstrates that European industry federations can provide added value to multinational companies by providing effective procedures within which transnational company agreements can be concluded. They also demonstrate that the negotiation of such agreements requires substantial resources and cannot be done without the assistance of the EWC. The existing transnational collective agreements in the metal trades show that European trade union organisations have to be determined to follow procedure, provide a trade union answer to EWC bargaining and that national based unions are unlikely to be able to negotiate with European level corporate management. Above all, existing transnational company collective agreements show that the EMF procedure for the negotiation of such agreements is effective, credible and workable. Originality/value – The editorial offers insights into the process and procedures involved in negotiating company-wide transnational agreements.

On leaving the nunnery: management in trade unions (Employee Relations, Volume 31, Issue 4)

Michael Dempsey, Chris Brewster — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore trade union management, using data from four major unions. Managers and management have generally been absent from trade union discourse but unions are substantial organisations that need good management. The paper seeks to understand the extent to which senior trade union officials accept managerial roles and to discuss the significance of this. Design/methodology/approach – The paper draws on 56 interviews with senior trade union managers using a case study approach. Findings – The paper concludes that management is consciously understood and implemented by trade union leaders who take their managerial roles and achieving the goals of the members seriously. It suggests that this is likely to affect the dynamics of the relationships between the various actors in trade union democracy. Research limitations/implications – Evidence is gained from trade union managers themselves. Further research needs to focus both on the managed and on the lay members to whom managers are accountable. Originality/value – This paper begins to fill a lacuna in the literature examining the way unions operate by concentrating on managers and management rather than on administration.

Evaluating the prevalence of “envelope wages” in Europe (Employee Relations, Volume 31, Issue 4)

Colin C. Williams — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – This paper aims to evaluate the prevalence in Europe of a so far little discussed wage practice in which employers pay their declared employees two wages, one declared and the other an undeclared (“envelope”) wage. Design/methodology/approach – To evaluate the pervasiveness of envelope wages in Europe, a 2007 Eurobarometer survey on undeclared work is reported involving 26,659 face-to-face interviews which included a section on whether employees are paid an additional envelope wage by their declared employer. Findings – The finding is that one in 20 employees receive some of their wage from their employer as an undeclared “envelope wage” and on average this amounts to two-fifths of their wage packet. This payment arrangement, however, is more prevalent in some businesses, places and populations than others. Smaller businesses and construction firms are more likely to pay envelope wages. Men, younger persons and the lower paid are more likely to receive such wages. And geographically, envelope wages are more common in East-Central Europe, where such payments are more likely to be for regular employment hours, whilst in Continental Europe and Nordic countries envelope wages are less common and received more for overtime or extra work conducted. Practical implications – Through an evaluation of its prevalence, this paper displays the need for action to tackle this illegitimate wage practice and briefly reviews a range of policy options and measures. Originality/value – This is the first extensive evaluation of the commonality of envelope wages in Europe.

The impact of organisational change on public sector employees implementing the UK Government's “Back to work” programme (Employee Relations, Volume 31, Issue 4)

Kay Greasley, Paul Watson, Shilpa Patel — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – This paper aims to examine the impact of organisational change on public sector employees utilising the implementation of the UK Government's “Back to work” programme (BTW) as a case study example. The paper seeks to explore the employee response to the changes they experience as a result of this new initiative. Design/methodology/approach – A qualitative approach was adopted for this study, employing in-depth interviews across the UK. The interview strategy sought to focus on the individual experiences and perceptions of those involved in the operation of the programme. Findings – The findings highlight how the interviewees face organisational change as part of their everyday life, with the pace of change increasing and becoming more radical. Many of these organisational changes are related to the introduction of new initiatives that require amendments to existing working practices. It was found that a lack of permanency and constant switching of initiatives, imposed by central government, could result in cynical attitudes towards a new initiative as interviewees await the newer, bigger and brighter programme. Practical implications – The study indicates that when a new initiative is introduced this involves change which impacts on employees and there needs to be a management response to this challenge to ensure that initiatives are successful. Notably there needs to be a move from quick fix, early-win outcomes as new programmes take time and effort. Originality/value – The paper presents empirical evidence of the impact of change as a result of a new initiative involving public sector employees. It demonstrates how the political context driving new initiatives like the BTW programme affects employees on the “shopfloor” and emphasises the need for management to respond to this challenge.

From normative to tacit knowledge: CVs analysis in personnel selection (Employee Relations, Volume 31, Issue 4)

Maria Teresa Vieira Campos Proença, Eva Teresa Valente Dias de Oliveira — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – This study aims to investigate decision-making processes and to identify factors which influence managers in the selection of job applicants' CVs and how these factors differ from the firm's recruitment and selection policy. Design/methodology/approach – Twenty-four semi-structured interviews were conducted among HR managers or similar staff members responsible for recruiting and selection in small, medium, and large-sized Portuguese firms. The interview comprised two parts: description of the selection policies that they used followed by a CV assessment game to understand decisions regarding the acceptance of a specific candidate. Findings – Interviewees' narratives are similar, describing a step-by-step process based on the firm's explicit policy and the model of a prediction of the job candidates' future performance based on subjective criteria. Research limitations/implications – Possibly, the results described are related to the research methodology – more specifically the use of a fictional set of CVs where the decisions made do not have any consequences. At the same time, managers are more relaxed when playing the “CV game” and tend to adopt more genuine and usual behaviours. Practical implications – The paper calls for an integrative practice in CV analysis combining both the structured and rational dimension and the informal dimension (tacit knowledge, emotion and intuition). Originality/value – The paper stresses the paradoxical behaviour of practitioners. On the one hand, the “good” of rational procedures is part of their rhetoric; on the other hand, the use of emotion and intuition is revealed in their practices.

Foresight and Anticipatory Governance (foresight, Volume 11, Issue 4)

Prof. Leon Fuerth — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - The objective was to lay a theoretical basis for discussion of the ways by which organized foresight can be employed in the service of pro-poor objectives. This is in line with the fundamental mandate of the Rockefeller Foundation, dating from its establishment.Design/methodology/approach - My objective was to capture concepts that I have been developing and teaching under the heading of "Forward Engagement." Forward Engagement is a particular approach to anticipatory governance, drawing upon complexity theory for assessment of issues requiring government policy; network theory for proposed reforms to legacy systems of governance to enable them to manage complexity under conditions of accelerating change; and cybernetic theory to propose feedback systems to allow ongoing measurement of the performance of policies against expectations. For more detail, visit www.forwardengagement.org.Findings - This paper uses the methods as identified above to sketch out some core elements of a system for anticipatory governance.Originality/value - In addition to the primary findings of Forward Engagement (see website), this paper argues that foresight and anticipatory concepts can play a vital role, not only for governance in the United States, but for governance in developing countries: perhaps even more so, because such countries have narrower margins for response to significant changes of circumstance.

Conclusion: "Foresight for Smart Globalization" Synthesis Statement and Recommendations (foresight, Volume 11, Issue 4)

Dr. Clement Bezold, Ms. Claudia Juech, Mr. Evan Michelson — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - This paper concludes this special edition on the topic of pro-poor foresight.Design/methodology/approach - Draft synthesis statement and selected recommendations to emerge from the "Foresight for Smart Globalization" workshop.Findings - There is a need for change at all levels of governance to address the challenges of global poverty, and efforts are needed to foster and improve national foresight capacities.Originality/value - Adding poverty as an explicit dimension of existing and future foresight activities is a key component of fostering pro-poor decision-making.

The Future of Science & Technology and Pro-Poor Applications (foresight, Volume 11, Issue 4)

Dr. Nares Damrongchai, Mr. Evan Michelson — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - This paper highlights the overall lack of focus of existing foresight analysis concerning the future of science and technology on the issue of poverty. The paper looks to re-orient the technology foresight community to adopting an explicit pro-poor perspective when considering future developments in science and technology (S&T).Design/methodology/approach - The paper presents a general overview of existing technology foresight studies from organizations located in the North America, Europe, and Asia. By describing the key points made in a selection of foresight studies, the paper emphasizes the conceptual links between forward-looking analysis related to S&T and poverty-related issues.Findings - The paper reaches two main conclusions about the role of S&T foresight and development. The first point is that the foresight research community needs to interact more closely with the development community in order to enhance the value of the findings in each field to the other. Second, the pressing matter of poverty alleviation requires that the foresight community should come together and create a sense of urgency in issues that have long term implications but need immediate action and attention.Research limitations/implications - This paper is limited to an approach that provides an overview of existing work in technology foresight. While no such review could be comprehensive, this paper provides examples of technology foresight analysis from a range of geographies, sectors, and perspectives to help mitigate this gap.Practical implications - The argument suggests that technology foresight practitioners should make issues of poverty an explicit topic or category of analysis in future technology foresight activities. Including poverty issues in future scenario activities would go a long way to closing this gap.Originality/value - This paper synthesizes ideas from a variety of forward-looking studies addressing the future of science and technology and identifies the need to could include poverty as a dimension for analysis in future studies. In addition, the paper provides an introduction to technology foresight work being conducted in Asia by the APEC Center for Technology Foresight.

Looking Ahead: Energy, Climate Change and Pro-Poor Responses (foresight, Volume 11, Issue 4)

Dr. Teresa Malyshev — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - This paper presents pro-poor solutions for addressing the crippling impacts of current global energy use on the world’s poorest people. In the absence of new policies, global trends in energy supply and consumption are unsustainable all around. Today, roughly 2.6 billion people use fuelwood, charcoal, agricultural waste and animal dung to meet most of their daily energy needs for cooking and heating. There are 1.6 billion people in the world without electricity, equal to over a quarter of the world population.Design/methodology/approach - This paper lays out scenarios for global energy demand and greenhouse-gas emissions and highlights the impact of these trends on developing countries. Based largely on publications and research from the International Energy Agency, it shows that better targeted subsidies, capacity building, integrated policy approaches and improvements in data collection can help to alleviate the impacts of current energy use on health and the environment.Findings - Decisive action is needed to expand energy access and to arrest the potential impacts of climate change in poor countries. It is demonstrated here that investments in programs that are tailored to promoting development and addressing climate change simultaneously can be successfully deployed.Practical implications - Originality/value - There is an urgent need for policymakers in rich and poor countries to join together and tackle the global energy and climate challenges, and, as this paper shows, pro-poor foresight is needed to ensure that these challenges are met in an equitable and sustainable way.

Foresight for Smart Globalization (foresight, Volume 11, Issue 4)

Mr. David Jhirad, Ms. Claudia Juech, Mr. Evan Michelson — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - This paper presents the concept of smart globalization and identifies links with the Rockefeller Foundation’s philanthropic activities in a number of areas, including health, climate change, urbanization, economic insecurities, and basic survival needs.Design/methodology/approach - Addresses how a new conceptualization of globalization intersects with the field of foresight by describing the Rockefeller Foundation’s approach to addressing complex issues of human development.Findings - This paper concludes that a forward looking research component is a valuable organizational structure that can add value by tracking and monitoring current and emerging trends relevant to the Foundation’s strategic framework, operational initiatives, and areas of work.Practical implications - This paper suggests a closer interaction of foresight and development experts and practitioners by suggesting that individuals in both disciplines need to work more closely together to coherently address the multitude, interlocking global challenges of the 21st Century.Originality/value - It introduces the notion of "smart globalization" to the foresight community and details how this mindset has influenced and directed the ongoing work of the Rockefeller Foundation.

Prospects for Economic Governance: Resilient Pro-Poor Growth (foresight, Volume 11, Issue 4)

Prof. William M. Lyakurwa — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - To discuss the potential of the present drivers of economic governance, trade and investment, and to also envision their intersections and cross-cutting impacts on poverty and human development.Design/methodology/approach - General review is employed to highlight scenarios shaping Africa’s economic governance; the magnitude of their impact on pro-poor growth, potential responses are identified to address African vulnerabilities to poor governance and alternative dimensions to achievable equitable future are recommended for implementing those measures as a way forward.Findings - The paper observes that changes to the policy environment should include reform in Africa’s governance and policy processes by supporting participation by a variety of actors including the poor rural farmers and women among others.Research limitations/implications - A broader literature review to support some of the recommended alternative dimensions.Practical implications - The existing economic governance structure in Africa does not include stakeholders. Changes to the policy environment should include reform in Africa’s economic governance and policy processes by supporting participation by a variety of actors including the poor rural actors (farmers and women) among other underrepresented groups.Originality/value - Using foresight and futures in discussing alternative scenarios for economic governance as relatives to poverty reductions and human development.

Motivational factors in a push-pull theory of entrepreneurship (Gender in Management: An International Journal, Volume 24, Issue 5)

Jodyanne Kirkwood — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – Entrepreneurial motivations are often defined as fitting into “push” or “pull” categories. To date, research has focused on the factors motivating men and women separately. What is missing from this research is an analysis of the comparative differences in these motivators of men and women, and an exploration of what this means in terms of push-pull theory. This paper aims to contribute by applying the existing theory on push and pull factors; and using a gender comparative approach to explore the nature of potential gender differences within entrepreneurial motivations. Design/methodology/approach – This exploratory study uses a gender comparative approach in semi-structured, face-to-face interviews with 75 entrepreneurs (28 women and 47 men). Findings – Findings suggest that both women and men appeared similarly motivated by a combination of push and pull factors. Three gender differences were found in the incidence of motivations: women were more influenced by a desire for independence; women considered their children as motivators more so than did men; men were influenced more by job dissatisfaction than were women. The discussion focuses on analysing the nature of gender differences rather than merely their incidence. Research limitations/implications – A number of further research directions and questions are posed as a way of extending the knowledge in this area. Implications for managers and entrepreneurs are also presented. Originality/value – Contributes to push-pull theory by offering a gender comparative approach to advance theory.

The boardroom gender paradox (Gender in Management: An International Journal, Volume 24, Issue 5)

Sinikka Pesonen, Janne Tienari, Sinikka Vanhala — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to contribute to research on gender and corporate boards of directors by focusing on how female board professionals construct particular notions of accessing and succeeding in boards. Design/methodology/approach – A discursive perspective is offered, based on conceiving gender as something that is “done” in social interaction. In the spirit of critical discourse analysis, the talk of female board professionals, produced in interviews in the Finnish context, is analyzed in-depth. Findings – Two discourses are located in the talk of female board professionals: the discourse of competence and the discourse of gender. It is argued that the discourses constitute a boardroom gender paradox, which is characterized by several contradictory elements. By conceptualizing and illustrating this paradox, the study scrutinizes the elusive ideal of women's large-scale entry into corporate boards. Research limitations/implications – Future studies should make use of the insights developed, and apply them to cross-societal comparative research. Practical implications – For corporate decision-makers, the findings suggest a rethinking of how “competence” is defined and applied. Originality/value – Paradox has rarely been addressed in the literature on gender and corporate boards. Understanding how the women interviewed (re)construct a boardroom gender paradox offers a unique contribution to the literature.

Job insecurity and motivation among women in Nigerian consolidated banks (Gender in Management: An International Journal, Volume 24, Issue 5)

Catherine Chovwen, Emilia Ivensor — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the predictors of perceived job insecurity and motivation among 286 female participants in merged and acquired banks in two capital cities of South West Nigeria. Design/methodology/approach – The participants in this survey were accidentally sampled for convenience of participants and ease of administration because of the tight work schedule. Data collected were analysed using regression and t-test statistics. Findings – The results of the research indicated joint significant influence of job characteristics and organizational justice in women's perceived threat of job loss and motivation. Specifically, organizational justice (procedural justice) exerted a strong influence on the dependent variables for women in both acquired and merged banks. Research limitations/implications – Use of accidental sampling is a limitation. Further, studies should adopt other sampling techniques that may capture a significant sample of the population. Practical implications – These findings implied that unless changes are managed in structured, systematic and constructively in ways perceived by women to be fair, organizations will remain far from realizing the benefits of restructuring and downsizing. Originality/value – The paper offers insight into job insecurity and motivation among women in the context of Nigerian consolidated banks.

Gender diversity in expatriation: evaluating theoretical perspectives (Gender in Management: An International Journal, Volume 24, Issue 5)

Susan Shortland — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the range of theoretical underpinning used to explain women's participation as expatriates with a view to identifying the most promising theoretical lenses for future research. Design/methodology/approach – Drawing upon theoretical explanations in the “women in management” and “women expatriates” literature, four main theoretical domains are identified that are used to understand and explain their continuing low representation as expatriates: women's choices, assignee characteristics, social and societal norms and institutional aspects. Key theories within each domain are evaluated to suggest a future theoretical research framework. Findings – The most promising theoretical explanation of women's low participation as expatriates is identified as being linked to gender stereotyping reinforced within an isomorphic institutional framework. Research limitations/implications – Research into women's inroads into management and into expatriation has generated considerable volumes of theorising in the literature. Thus, only representative examples have been selected here. In terms of future research, gender, identity and sex role theories potentially provide the most promising theoretical lenses set within the institutional framework of organisational policy and practice. Practical implications – Organisational approaches to international assignment policy/practice supporting female corporate expatriation are mediated by how diversity and equal opportunities policies are embedded within policy implementation. Originality/value – There is little evidence to date of an accepted theoretical framework to test hypotheses relating to women's participation as expatriates. This paper evaluates the options and presents those with the most promise for generating an agreed and accepted framework for future female expatriate research.

Environmental measures for hotels' environmental management systems: ISO 14001 (International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, Volume 21, Issue 5)

Wilco W. Chan — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – Implementation of environmental management systems (EMS) in hotels is gaining popularity world-wide. ISO 14001, which is the only certifying document in the ISO 14000 series, provides guidelines to set up an EMS. However, there is a paucity of information about the actual environmental measures implemented in ISO 14001 certified hotels. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to identify and generalize the environmental measures undertaken by studied hotels and to evaluate the performance of these environmental measures. Design/methodology/approach – Three case studies were carried out to identify the green measures undertaken in ISO 14001-certified hotels. Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected and analyzed. Then, regression analysis was conducted to examine the relationship between monthly utilities input (electricity, gas, fuel oil and water) and activity parameters. Findings – A total of 113 measures were identified, nearly half of which concern energy conservation. Results of multiple regression showed that R2 for different utilities varied. The explanatory power of equation was strong for electricity consumption, moderate for fuel gas consumption, and weak for both gas and water consumption. Practical implications – The identified measures provide hoteliers with a thorough picture about the actual environmental works involved in this internationally recognized EMS. Hotel operators and owners can use these measures as a reference either for applying EMS certification or for developing their own EMS. Originality/value – The paper, which was based on operational experiences from existing hotels, was a collaborative work between hospitality industry practitioners and educators. The paper is also the first of its kind to unveil the comprehensive environmental measures undertaken in city hotels with ISO 14001 certification.

Perceptions of job quality in the tourism industry: The views of recent graduates of a university's tourism management programme (International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, Volume 21, Issue 5)

Adam Weaver — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore how recent graduates of a university's tourism management programme in New Zealand perceive job quality in the tourism industry. Design/methodology/approach – Semi-structured interviews are used to examine graduates' assessments of the quality of their current jobs. These assessments are informed by their personal expectations and experiences. Understanding job quality requires an approach that takes into account both economic and non-economic variables. Findings – The interviews indicate the importance of job content and its compatibility with interests and preferences. Graduates associate job quality with opportunities to consume tourism products, assist tourists, acquire valued knowledge, confront challenges, and perform meaningful work. The quality of a job is influenced by the types of tasks graduates are required to undertake. However, graduates also consider a job's ability to provide access to a better job in the future. Research limitations/implications – Although graduates were able to share their views in an in-depth fashion through the interviews, the size of the sample prevents the author from determining whether the interviews uncover sweeping trends or the experiences of only a small group of individuals. Originality/value – The study incorporates the voices of university graduates into the study of job quality in the tourism industry. An important determinant of job quality revealed through this research is the extent to which graduates receive intrinsic rewards from their jobs. Even though the findings of the study diverge from the view that jobs in the tourism industry are mainly of poor quality, a number of graduates would still prefer to see some improvement in the quality of their jobs.

Determinants of capital structure: evidence from Turkish lodging companies (International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, Volume 21, Issue 5)

Erdinc Karadeniz, Serkan Yilmaz Kandir, Mehmet Balcilar, Yildirim Beyazit Onal — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the factors affecting capital structure decisions of Istanbul Stock Exchange (ISE) lodging companies. Design/methodology/approach – A model based on the trade-off and pecking order theories is specified and implications of both theories are empirically tested. The model is estimated using a dynamic panel data approach for five ISE companies for the period of 1994-2006. Findings – The findings suggest that effective tax rates, tangibility of assets, and return on assets are related negatively to the debt ratio, while free cash flow, non-debt tax shields, growth opportunities, net commercial credit position, and firm size do not appear to be related to the debt ratio. Although the findings partially support the pecking order theory, neither the trade-off nor the pecking order theory exactly seem to explain the capital structure of Turkish lodging companies. Research limitations/implications – The data used in this paper are limited to five companies traded in the ISE, since the data on other companies are not available. A more detailed analysis would use data for other companies in the industry. Practical implications – The findings of the study clearly demonstrate the importance of capital structure decisions for financial sources. Originality/value – Although the capital structure theory is extensively examined in the finance literature, there are fewer studies covering the tourism industry, particularly Turkey. The paper establishes the determinants of the capital structure of Turkish lodging companies. The research findings should help managers to make optimal capital structure decisions.

The product innovation process of quick-service restaurant chains (International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, Volume 21, Issue 5)

Michael C. Ottenbacher, Robert J. Harrington — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – This paper aims to outline the innovation process activities described by quick-service restaurant (QSR) managers and to compare it with an earlier QSR process model and with those used in other food service settings. Design/methodology/approach – Six semi-structured interviews with QSR chain executives in the USA were conducted to better understand the underlying factors and dimensions that describe successful innovation process practices. Findings – For new QSR menu innovations, the development teams follow a structured approach to reduce the likelihood of failure due to issues such as poor consumer demand or implementation. QSR screen new food innovations approximately five times during the development process. Furthermore, today's QSR innovation process integrates more sophisticated market research technology and a post-audit is carried out after the new food concept has been launched. In comparison with studies of Michelin-starred chefs QSR development teams use an approach that is much more explicitly structured as a whole due to the larger scale roll-out as well as greater cross-functional and regional differences to consider in the QSR setting. Research limitations/implications – The study was conducted in only one country and on a small sample. Based on an analysis of the findings, the innovation development process of QSR can be broken down into 13 main steps. Compared with earlier hospitality innovation studies, the process in this setting includes multiple screenings for high-risk innovations, and greater emphasis on operational and training issues. Originality/value – The study expands the scope of hospitality innovation research and the findings have important implications not only for QSR settings but also for other restaurant segments, and for other hospitality service endeavours.

How technological innovations extend services outreach to customers: The changing shape of hospitality services taxonomy (International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, Volume 21, Issue 5)

Maryam Khan, Mahmood A. Khan — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – This paper seeks to deal with an exploratory analysis of the impact of technological innovations on the extent of outreach of hospitality services to customers. Design/methodology/approach – After a review of several hospitality services, two factors were selected to assess their outreach to customers: location of service provider; and direct or indirect service delivery mode. Findings – Placing these factors on different axes, cells were created to distinguish innovative features of these services. It became apparent that, as the technological innovations develop, new categories of services are emerging. These categories were placed into six different cells identifying services based on their innovative characteristics. When the proximity of the service provider to the customer is less, the range of services involves: service and style improvements; service-line extensions; and major service innovations. With the increase in distance between service provider and customer, service processes become prominent and involve: process improvements; process-line extensions; and major process innovations. With the advancement of technology, services move from direct to indirect delivery mode in both service and service process innovations. In order to illustrate the assumptions, examples of services and technology used are provided. Research limitations/implications – Recommendations are provided for utilizing technology for enhancing services based on the location of their target markets. This is an exploratory analysis of the current situation, which will rapidly change with technological developments. Practical implications – Findings led to the recommendations for service innovations, location of desired markets, and providing services to customers at near and far locations. Service providers and marketers can benefit by utilizing innovative technology suitable for reaching their selected target customers. Originality/value – The work is a first step in studying services, technology use, and outreach to customers. Identifying service categories will help service marketers in locating their target market and providing services to customers using developing technology.

Drivers of job satisfaction as related to work performance in Macao casino hotels: An investigation based on employee survey (International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, Volume 21, Issue 5)

Zheng Gu, Ricardo Chi Sen Siu — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – This paper sets out to examine the relationship between work performance and job satisfaction in Macao's casino hotels and to attempt to determine how job satisfaction may be enhanced to improve work performance. Design/methodology/approach – A survey was conducted among Macao casino hotels' employees to collect data on work performance and job satisfaction. Coefficients of correlations were computed to determine the relationship between the two. Job satisfaction drivers were identified through backward stepwise regression analysis. Findings – Mediocre interpersonal skills are the major weakness of the labor force and job satisfaction is significantly correlated with job performance. Training opportunities, salaries and benefits, and support from colleagues and superiors are significant drivers of job satisfaction. Research limitations/implications – The paper used convenience sampling and the survey was not exhaustive to include all possible job satisfaction drivers. Also, social desirability bias may exist in the employee survey. Future research should use probability sampling, if possible, and include more potential job satisfaction variables to find out how employee job satisfaction may be maximized. Furthermore, a study based on customer survey is desired for examining Macao casino workforce performance. While the findings are applicable to Macao casino hotels, they do provide evidence from the gaming industry to support the theory on job satisfaction drivers. The findings may also carry important implications for gaming jurisdictions with low incomes such as those in East Europe and Southeast Asia. Practical implications – The study provides an assessment of the Macao casino hotel workers' performance and job satisfaction and offers useful insights on how work performance and job satisfaction may be improved. On-the-job training is proposed for the industry to boost job satisfaction and work performance. Originality/value – Labor force performance has been a concern for the Macao gaming industry but has been thinly researched. The paper identifies problems in work performance as related to job satisfaction and proposes solutions. The identified solutions should help improve job satisfaction and workforce performance for Macao casino hotels.

Analyzing the usability of travel web sites in Hainan, China: The perspectives of e-buyers and e-lookers (International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, Volume 21, Issue 5)

Rob Law, Catherine Cheung, Tao Hu — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – This study sets out to investigate the perceptions of e-buyers and e-lookers in Hainan, China on usability performance of China-based travel web sites, an emerging sector of the tourism industry in China. Design/methodology/approach – Data collection was conducted in Hainan, a province in Southern China, in December 2007. A structured questionnaire was used to collect the views of users on different usability dimensions and attributes on China-based travel web sites. Findings – Empirical findings indicated that respondents who only viewed China-based travel web sites had an average usability performance. More importantly, there was no significant difference between e-buyers and e-lookers. Research limitations/implications – The major limitations of the study are the non-random selection of respondents and that the respondents were from one province in China. Originality/value – With the views of 489 respondents, research findings should provide an overview for tourism practitioners to allocate their limited resources on e-business development appropriately.

Alternative models framing UK independent hoteliers' adoption of technology (International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, Volume 21, Issue 5)

Wai Mun Lim — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – While there is a plethora of literature examining the antecedents affecting technology adoption decision, there have been limited investigations into the various stages of technologies adoption by hoteliers. This paper aims to examine two established theoretical paradigms jointly, facilitating an understanding of not only the antecedents affecting technology adoption but also the hoteliers' intensity of technology adoption. Design/methodology/approach – The development of Davis's Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) will be explored, from its adaptation of the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) to the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB). Following which, Roger's Diffusion of Innovation will be discussed and whether the concepts should jointly be explored so as to provide a more comprehensive elucidation of hoteliers' internet technologies adoption decisions. Findings – The literature has corroborated that the TAM is effective in evaluating the concept of the user's perception of technology use by including the construct of internet applications' usefulness regardless of innovation intensity. Owing to the perpetual proliferation of internet technologies, the investigation of hoteliers' propensity to adopt internet technologies could be enhanced with the inclusion of the various levels of internet applications that are adopted. Rogers' diffusion of innovation paradigm helps to address this problem. Practical implications – The concepts discussed here could help practitioners to become more aware of the factors that drive their internet technologies adoption. Academics could advance the paper's discussion of internet technologies adoption to other sectors of the tourism and hospitality industry. Originality/value – The paper provides insight into the use of broader theories in understanding tourism and hospitality management phenomena. It is expected that academics would develop the discussed concepts further in order to create a wider awareness of how the industry responds to internet technologies at various stages.

The design and implementation of an audit study of intensive care data in Australia and New Zealand: a pilot study (International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance, Volume 22, Issue 6)

Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - A pilot study was designed to trial an audit process to investigate and describe the completeness and reliability of the data collected in the ANZICS Adult Patient Database (APD).Design/methodology/approach - A database was created to audit 50 records per site to determine the degree of correctness. The audited records were randomly selected from the calendar year 2004 and 4 sites participated in the pilot audit study. Forty one data elements were assessed for data quality, being those elements required for APACHE II scoring system.Findings - The results showed that the audit was feasible; missing audit data was an unplanned problem; the analysis was complicated due to the way the APACHE calculations are performed and that 50 records per site was too time-consuming. Initial results suggest particular fields were shown to be more prone to error and this will be further examined in the full audit study. From this pilot study, the audit database has been modified to ensure streamlined capture of data and comparison reports between the original and audited data.Research limitations/implications - Practical implications - The audit study is feasible to conduct throughout Australia and New Zealand; however, the number of records audited per site will be reduced to 25 for logistic reasons.Originality/value - This is the first audit study of intensive care data within the ANZICS APD and demonstrates how to determine the data quality in a large database containing individual patient records. This is an important process as the data held within the APD is used for quality assurance and outcome measurement in intensive care.

Does daily nurses’ staffing matches ward workload variability? three hospitals experience (International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance, Volume 22, Issue 6)

Dr. Uri Gabbay, Mr. Michael Bukchin — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - Nurses’ shortage and healthcare resource burden enforcing appropriate manpower utilization. The paper aims on a methodology and ongoing monitoring to evaluate whether daily nursing staffing meets ward workload needs in a given resources.Design/methodology/approach - We evaluated workload, nurse attendance and daily nurse’s workload capacity in 3 hospitals underwent efficiency intervention. We used statistic process control (SPC) methodology to evaluate intra ward nurse’s workload capacity day to day variations. SPC is a statistical based method for process monitoring that used charts with predefined target measure and control limits. Standardization was performed to enable inter ward analysis by converting ward specific crude measures to ward specific relative measures by dividing observed/expected (which is the monthly based daily average). We defined two charts; acceptable and tolerable daily nurse’s workload intensity (control limits of 90-110% and 80-120% respectively). Appropriate staffing indicators were defined by exceeding predefined rates of days within acceptable and tolerable limits (50% and 80% respectively). Findings - 42% of the overall days comply within acceptable control limits and 71% within tolerable control limits. Appropriate staffing indicators met only by 33% of wards regarding acceptable nurse’s workload intensity and only by 45% regarding tolerable respectively. Research limitations/implications - Our work did not differ nursing type as it utilized crude nurse attendance and it did not take into account patient severity as it utilize crude patient occupancy. Our methodology using double SPC charts and staffing appropriateness indicators definitions may be debated. Practical implications - The rates of wards that met appropriate staffing indicators prove our methodology feasibility. The higher rates of wards that not met appropriate staffing indicators prove the importance and the need for process evaluations and monitoring. The methods we presented for monitoring daily staffing appropriateness are simple to implement either for intra ward day to day variation by using nurse’s workload capacity SPC charts, and for inter ward evaluation using standardized measure of nurse’s workload intensity. The real challenge will be in developing planning systems and implementing correction interventions such as dynamic and flexible daily staffing that will face difficulties and barriers.Originality/value - This paper fulfils the need for manpower utilization evaluation. We presented a simple methodology utilizing available data for daily staffing appropriateness evaluation which is easy to implement and operate. The methodology of SPC enable intra ward evaluation, while the standardization by converting crude into relative measures enables inter ward analysis. The definitions of appropriateness staffing indicators enable performance evaluation. Our study is original in utilizing SPC develop simple standardization method and applying simple statistical tools. Our methodology is not limited to utilized crude measures as we had presented but rather may utilize weighted workload measures such as nursing acuity or weighted nurses’ type.

What do websites tell us about Quality management in Belgian Hospitals? (International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance, Volume 22, Issue 6)

Dr. Gauthier R Desuter, Mrs. Valerie Dujeu, Mr. hugues michel — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - Purpose – Following the launching of the "Patient Quality and Safety Contract" by the Belgian Federal Authorities, authors placed Belgian hospital websites under scrutiny. This study is aimed to assess the presence of some sort of quality management strategy within Belgian Acute Care Hospital digital external communications. Design/methodology/approach - Method - Digital communications were assessed thanks to a pre-established grid focusing on direct quality improvement testimonies, like the presence of a quality manager, a quality committee, a specific strategy, etc.Findings - Findings - Authors come up with two hypotheses to explain the poor results: (i) structured quality improvement exists in organizations but senior managers don’t feel the need to transparently communicate the subject; and (ii) quality improvement does not exist in a sufficiently structured way to allow open communication.Practical implications - Originality/value - Value - Underlines the urgent need for Belgian healthcare executives to be aware of structured quality management strategy’s importance and be eager to openly communicate the strategy.

Relationship between Stress and Performance in a Japanese Nursing Organization (International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance, Volume 22, Issue 6)

Mr. Hiromasa Ida — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - The article aims to describe the relationship between job stress factor, coping ability and performance among Japanese nurses.Design/methodology/approach - Health risk and organization environment as job stress factors, Sense of Coherence as stress coping ability and medical risk indicator and sick absence days as performance, were used to investigate the relationship between stress and performance. Length of professional experience was included in the investigation.Findings - The present study suggests a possibility that enriching nurses?f professional experiences contributes to reducing medical risk. There is also a possibility that raising Sense of Coherence and improving organization environment contribute to reducing sickness absence.Research limitations/implications - A cross-sectional study of nurses in a single institution was used. In order to generalize the study?fs results, it will be necessary to conduct multi-institutional longitudinal studies.Originality/value - The present study shows key factors affecting medical risk and sickness absence that lead to a reduction in nursing performance.

ASIAN INDIAN PHYSICIAN’S EXPERIENCE WITH MANAGED CARE ORGANIZATIONS (International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance, Volume 22, Issue 6)

Dr. Ranjita Misra, Dr. Arvind Modawal, Dr. Bhagaban Panigrahy — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - To determine ethnic Asian-Indian physician experience of managed care organizations (MCO) and their satisfaction with medical practice in the United States by age, gender, region of practice in the US.Design/methodology/approach - A random (nationwide) mail survey of 254 physicians who are members of American Association of Physicians of Indian Origin (AAPI), during the period 1998 to 2000. The information on MCO was categorized into physician satisfaction; rating of plan for quality of care; limitations in delivery of care to the enrollees; difficulties, if any, in acquisition and maintenance of managed care contracts; and financial impact. Findings - Physicians in solo and group practice relied heavily on patients enrolled in MCO. Physicians in solo, and group-based practices reported acquisition and termination of contracts, and limitations on providing care to patients was more serious problem than did physicians in staff-model HMO and hospital /clinic based practices. Physician satisfaction was not significantly related to board certification, type of practice, region of practice, and participation in MCO. However, practices participating in MCO had the highest number of board certificated physicians. Research limitations/implications - Low response rate (37%); data collected through survey questionnaire.Practical implications - This paper has implications for ethnic minority physician’s capability to get managed care contracts. Originality/value - This is the first national study of Asian Indian physicians and their experience with managed care organization. Asian-Indian physicians are over-represented in the medical profession and hence this paper will be of special interest to those working and dealing with managed care organization/patients.

Patients’ views on quality of care and attitudes towards visiting the same provider again (International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance, Volume 22, Issue 6)

Prof. Bodil Wilde-Larsson, Prof. Gerry Larsson — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - To explore the relationship between patients’ quality of care experiences and their attitudes towards visiting the same health care provider again. Design/methodology/approach - All patients who visited one of the 121 primary health care centres (public health care) in a Swedish region between January and March 2005, who were 16 years or older and capable of communicating, were invited to participate. Responses were obtained from 22,170 patients (75% response rate). Patients evaluated care quality using the "Quality from the Patient’s Perspective" (QPP; modified short version) questionnaire. Potentially confounding variables such as age, sex, educational level and self-reported health condition were also assessed. Data were analysed through logistic regression analysis using both individual- and organisational- level (primary health care centres’) data. Findings - Approximately ten per cent reported various degrees of hesitation about continuing to visit the same care provider. Favourable quality of care evaluations made a statistically significant contribution to the odds of reporting no hesitation about visiting the same primary health care centre again. Organisational-level data were less clear. Research limitations/implications - No data are available on actual hesitation and avoidance later in time when a new need for care arises. Similarly, there were no data on the availability of alternative care providers, which, particularly in rural areas, may be limited or non-existent. Practical implications - The main theoretical conclusion is that patients’ quality of care experiences appear to have an effect on outcome variables like hesitation about continuing to visit the same care provider. This kind of care-proximal aspect may serve as a link to more distal outcomes such as general health status and deserve further research attention. A practical recommendation is the use theory-based instruments when monitoring patients’ opinions on care and follow-up of the results on later visits.Originality/value - Patients’ care experiences appear to have an effect on post-care-episode attitudes (and possibly behaviours). It is suggested that effects on care-proximal aspects, such as hesitation about visiting the same provider again, could be an important link to more distal phenomena such as general health status.

Multi-response robust screening in quality construction blue-printing (International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management, Volume 26, Issue 6)

George J. Besseris — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The aim of this paper is to circumvent the multi-distribution effects and small sample constraints that may arise in unreplicated-saturated fractional factorial designs during construction blueprint screening. Design/methodology/approach – A simple additive ranking scheme is devised based on converting the responses of interest to rank variables regardless of the nature of each response and the optimization direction that may be issued for each of them. Collapsing all ranked responses to a single rank response, appropriately referred to as “Super-Ranking”, allows simultaneous optimization for all factor settings considered. Research limitations/implications – The Super-Rank response is treated by Wilcoxon's rank sum test or Mann-Whitney's test, aiming to establish possible factor-setting differences by exploring their statistical significance. An optimal value for each response is predicted. Practical implications – It is stressed, by example, that the model may handle simultaneously any number of quality characteristics. A case study based on a real geotechnical engineering project is used to illustrate how this method may be applied for optimizing simultaneously three quality characteristics that belong to each of the three possible cases, i.e. “nominal-is-best”, “larger-is-better”, and “smaller-is-better” respectively. For this reason, a screening set of experiments is performed on a professional CAD/CAE software package making use of an L8(27) orthogonal array where all seven factor columns are saturated by group excavation controls. Originality/value – The statistical nature of this method is discussed in comparison with results produced by the desirability method for the case of exhausted degrees of freedom for the error. The case study itself is a unique paradigm from the area of construction operations management.

The effect of gauge measurement capability on MCp and its statistical properties (International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management, Volume 26, Issue 6)

Davood Shishebori, Ali Zeinal Hamadani — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The aim of this paper is to consider the effect of gauge measurement capability on the multivariate process capability index (MCp). Design/methodology/approach – With respect to measurement capability, the paper investigates the statistical properties of the estimated MCp and considers the effect of gauge measurement capability on the lower confidence bound, hypothesis testing, critical value and power of testing for MCp at the mentioned state. Findings – The results show that gauge measurement capabilities will notably change the results of estimating and testing the process capability index. Originality/value – The research would help quality experts to determine whether their processes meet the required capability, and to make more reliable decisions.

Customer-orientated Six Sigma in call centre performance measurement (International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management, Volume 26, Issue 6)

Rodney McAdam, John Davies, Bill Keogh, Anthony Finnegan — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The aim of this paper is to explore the role of Six Sigma performance measurement at both strategic and operational levels within call centres where the definition of Six Sigma is widened to include systems thinking constructs. Design/methodology/approach – A two-phase methodology is used involving two call centre cases within a call centre group. Phase 1 establishes the need for Six Sigma customer-based measures in addition to internal performance measures and phase 2 studies the implementation of this wider set of Six Sigma performance measures. Findings – The development and application of Six Sigma performance measures that cover both strategic and operational performance measures lead to a more sustainable approach to business improvement, rather than traditional call centre internal performance measures which may be misleading for the overall performance of the call centre. Research limitations/implications – The development of the strategic and operational, or double, DMAIC approach offers opportunities for developing wider applications in service contexts using customer-orientated performance measures. Practical implications – If call centres rely solely on internal performance measures, a misleading picture of call centre performance may be obtained. There is a need to apply Six Sigma to cover both strategic and operational performance measures. Originality/value – A combined strategic and operational approach to Six Sigma has been developed which enables service-based organisations (call centres) to develop sustainable business improvement.

Effect of individual components on system's reliability: A case of web-based US Federal Highway Administration project recommendation and approval software (International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management, Volume 26, Issue 6)

Mark R. Chandler, M. Affan Badar — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of individual components' reliability on a system's reliability. The system refers to the Financial Management Information System (FMIS), the US Federal Highway Administration's (FHWA) web-based project approval and tracking software. Its components are 61 project information fields. Design/methodology/approach – The analysis would view each highway project-funding request as an activity with cycle-dependent performance for which success probability can be calculated as Reliability, R. The reliability analysis of the 61 FMIS fields results in a series system with Rsys the “estimated reliability” of finding “true” values in all 61 information fields during one highway-related project funding authorization review. Findings – Of an estimated 200 projects approved, there was previously estimated a 50 percent to 80 percent unreliability rate, while the study found an unreliability rate of approximately 80 percent. Research limitations/implications – Owing to the nature of federal government software, data can be very difficult to acquire in this working environment, but a simple calculation was relatively successful in confirming the “estimated reliability” of finding “true” values and showing how the reliability could dramatically decrease. Originality/value – The paper contributes to the applicability of reliability analysis to project approval software, showing the progression from estimated data to bounding the estimate using reliability theory.

Continuous improvement: role of organisational learning mechanisms (International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management, Volume 26, Issue 6)

Judy Oliver — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this study is to explore the use of the performance measurement system as an organizational learning mechanism to support continuous improvement. Design/methodology/approach – The paper reports the results of a survey of Australian organizations certified to quality standard ISO 9000. Findings – For those respondents who consider their organization's quality program to be successful, the findings indicate that such organizations have embedded quality into the culture of the organization, and have developed performance measurement systems as an organizational learning mechanism to support the continuous improvement initiatives. Practical implications – The paper highlights the need for management to ensure that the organization's management control systems are structured to support continuous improvement initiatives. Originality/value – The paper explores the links between continuous improvement and organizational learning.

Applying DEA to enhance assessment capability of FMEA (International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management, Volume 26, Issue 6)

Dong-Shang Chang, Kuo-Lung Paul Sun — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this study is to propose a state-of-the-art new approach to enhance FMEA assessment capabilities. Design/methodology/approach – Through data envelopment analysis (DEA) technique and its extension, the proposed approach evolves the current rankings for failure modes by exclusively investigating SOD in lieu of RPN and to furnish improving scales for SOD. Findings – Through an illustrative example the proposed approach supports the proposition that DEA can not only complement traditional FMEA for improving assessment capability but also, especially, provide corrective information regarding the failure factors – severity, occurrence and detection. Further application of DEA Stratification also reveals that this methodology is useful for managing resource allocation and risk management. Practical implications – It is shown that the proposed approach enables manager/designers to prevent system or product failures at an early stage of design. Moreover, the approach is able to provide managerial insight of SOD more effectively than justifying the efforts on RPN alone. Projection of each SOD is determined to help managers examine the scale of efforts. Finally, the stratification analysis offers the economical allocation of failure modes with respect to the incurred costs and the efficiency. Originality/value – The paper proposes a unique new approach, robust, structured and useful in practice, for failure analysis. The methodology, within a firmed methodology, overcomes some of the largely known shortfalls of traditional FMEA: it takes into account multiple criteria and restricted weighted; and it analyses the failure modes' ranking considering not only the direct impacts of failure indices, but also the contribution of these indices.

Christian mutual funds, codes of ethics and corporate illegalities (International Journal of Social Economics, Volume 36, Issue 9)

Michel Dion — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to assess the compatibility between the religious investing criteria of some Christian mutual funds and the “ Interfaith Center for Corporate Responsibility” (ICCR) shareholder resolutions about corporate unethical/illegal practices. Design/methodology/approach – Among all ICCR 2007-2008 shareholder resolutions, the paper analyze unethical practices that could lead to corporate illegalities for business corporations that are included in the portfolios of Christian mutual funds. It will determines to what extent such companies have codes of ethics that clearly explained the expected behaviour from their employees, managers, or directors about given ethical issues: sexual orientation discrimination, conflicts of interest on the board and slave labour in the supply chain. Findings – About the issue of slave labour in the supply chain, managers of Christian mutual funds could not invoke ignorance since in the code of ethics of one company, there is no provision dealing with slave labour. Concerning conflicts of interest on the board, managers of Christian mutual funds could not identify potential risks related to those companies, since the problem is the applicability of their codes of ethics. Finally, companies have very different ways to address or not the issue of sexual orientation discrimination in their codes of ethics. Originality/value – The originality of the paper is twofold: first to compare companies Christian mutual funds are investing in (on the basis of Christian selection criteria) and companies for which there are ICCR resolutions (the aim of such resolutions is to change some questionable or unethical aspect of a given business corporation), and second to see to what extent corporate codes of ethics are written in a way to reduce or increase the potentiality of ethical conflicts.

Mass motorization in China (International Journal of Social Economics, Volume 36, Issue 9)

Weert Canzler, Andreas Knie — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to give an answer to the questions whether China can make the quantum leap in automotive technology from engines that burn fossil-fuel to those that do not and whether China will take an “alternative Asian path of development.” Design/methodology/approach – This paper is based on a sociological approach to prove potential technical innovations reflecting the social conditions of radical innovations like post-fossil mobility concepts. Findings – Innovations like a post-fossil car concept consist of more than new technical infrastructures and mere imitations, they require decentralized spaces for incubation and experimentation. Translated into conditions governing the policy milieu, that need means that potential promoters of innovations need fundamental political freedoms, equality before the law, legal certainty, and the advancement and protection of personal rights vis-à-vis the state. In a sociological perspective, China needs social modernization in the sense of differentiation, individualization, and internalization of external constraints. Research limitations/implications – This paper reflects the opportunities and restrictions of radical change in car technology in china. It does not give evidence for the future of conventional mass motorization as the continuance of the state of the art in car technologies. Practical implications – This paper implies – as a practical consequence – that the established car industry in the triad is furthermore responsible for progress in car and motor concepts being more energy efficient and less dependent from oil. Originality/value – The original contribution of this paper is that it connects the technical debate on the future of cars and their drive system with the discussion of social and political terms of collective capacity of radical innovations.

Economic reforms and social justice in India (International Journal of Social Economics, Volume 36, Issue 9)

Kalpana C. Satija — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to specify some historical and current issue regarding this subject. Like, what has been the relative importance attached to the different aspects of policy; what has been the pace and progress of reform process. Design/methodology/approach – The paper begins with a short discussion of the background of the study and overview of post-independence economic policy. Hence it is a descriptive study that it finds some data from government site. This paper is thought to provide more reliable information about above impacts for policy makers and State and Central Government. Findings – The paper specifically focuses upon economic reforms and social justice in India, issues relating to the progress of economic reforms, need of reforms for human face. More generally, the paper suggests that government should make relatively limited use of key performance Indicators for economic reforms and have high-level participation rates benchmarking for social justice exercises. Research limitations/implications – Some implications are the timing of the various policies and, more importantly, their sequencing and the relative importance attached to the different aspects of policy, in as much as domestic priorities relating to the provision of education, health and employment, globalization of the economy. Practical implications – The paper can help to promote administrative, managerial, and financial support for economic reforms and social justice in India and emphasis the responsibility to the state and central to enlarge reforms opportunities and encourage economic development. Originality/value – Indian Government decides to accelerate the rate of economic growth and to speed up industrialization, to develop heavy industries, to reduce disparities in income and wealth through economic reforms and social justice.

Policy in the knowledge economy social network: a social capital redux (International Journal of Social Economics, Volume 36, Issue 9)

Prateek Goorha — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to suggest how enabling policy should be focused in a knowledge economy by developing the concept of a knowledge economy social network (KESN). Design/methodology/approach – The paper employs an interdisciplinary approach in developing the KESN by drawing on concepts and methodology from economics, political science and social network theory. Findings – The KESN's social capital is defined. As such, maintaining accountability, increasing cohesion and connections among knowledge actors are suggested as relevant guidelines for policy in the KESN. Research limitations/implications – The knowledge economy should ideally be seen as having unique needs compared to the traditional economy in devising policy. Practical implications – The paper suggests using the KESN as a basis for devising policy for a knowledge economy. Originality/value – The paper uses an interdisciplinary approach to studying the knowledge economy and introduces the KESN.

Do incentives, complexity and the demand for leisure explain caesarean-section deliveries? (International Journal of Social Economics, Volume 36, Issue 9)

Joan Costa i Font — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to understand the determinants of quality in obstetric care and particularly why caesarean sections (CS) are experiencing unprecedented increases in developed societies. Design/methodology/approach – The paper exploits a population-based database containing records on the determinants of CS to study the effects of hospital complexity and private financing and controlling for clinical and social determinants. The data refer to the entire population deliveries data from year 2003 as collected by the Catalan Health Service (Conjunt Mínim de Base de Dades). This paper employs multivariate statistical analysis and it distinguishes between total, programmed and non-programmed deliveries. Findings – Privately financed hospitals and hospital complexity are significant determinants of the probability of a CS. Overall, the paper finds significant clinical variability between public and private hospitals. The significance of mother's age suggests that the delay in the motherhood is more likely to increase the probability of a CS in public hospital deliveries while it is not the case of private hospitals. It finds that demand for leisure and capacity explains CS in public hospitals but not in private hospitals. Practical implications – Quality of care is influenced by reimbursement mechanism along with provider complexity, which suggests that there is scope for improvement in providers pay per intervention. Originality/value – The nature of the data and methods.

World Society, Family Planning Programs, and the Health of Children (International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, Volume 29, Issue 7)

Prof. Wade T. Roberts — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - Drawing on world society and policy analysis literatures, this study examines the uneven diffusion of family planning programs in the developing world and the subsequent consequences for child health. The study begins by assessing the effect of world society ties on countries’ commitment to and capacity for family planning programs. It then examines the impact such programs have on child health inputs and survival. Design/methodology/approach - This paper uses a cross-national, quantitative study design on a sample of less developed countries.Findings - Countries’ world society embeddedness is a robust predictor of their institutional commitment to and capacity for family planning programs. Such program efforts are also shown to have a significant impact on child survival rates, mediated by reduced fertility and higher rates of childhood immunization. Research limitations/implications - Future research should further explore the way in which such programs contribute to and/or serve as a foundation for health infrastructure in developing countries.Practical implications - This study points to the child health benefits associated with building capacity in family planning programs. Practitioners should take care to appropriately adapt global policy models to local needs and circumstances while allowing local control. Originality/value - This paper contributes to a growing body of literature on the role of world society (INGO) networks in spreading development policies and programs in the developing world. Going one step further, it assesses the actual impact of one such policy program on children’s health.

Civil Society as a contested field of meanings (International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, Volume 29, Issue 9)

Dr. Sandrine Roginsky, Dr. Sally Shortall — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - During recent years, the concept of civil society, particularly global civil society, has come to the fore in both academia and policy circles. A key component of recent theoretical and policy research is the attempt to do international comparative research on the meaning of civil society.The purpose of this article is to argue that the language and the terminology used to describe the agents of civil society are reflective of cultural and historical contexts of societies, have distinct meanings and cannot be used interchangeably. Design/methodology/approach - In different national contexts, the key agents of civil society are referred to differently; nonprofit sector, voluntary and community sector, third sector and social economy. In comparative studies, scholars often list these concepts to indicate that they recognise that the agents of civil society are referred to differently in different societies. The article offers a socio-historical analysis of each concept.We conclude that teasing out the differences, as well as the similarities, between the nonprofit sector, voluntary and community sector, third sector and social economy, is crucial to robust comparative research on civil society. Findings - This article exposes a number of limitations of each of the terminologies used to describe civil society. They all present a much more limiting notion of civil society than that proposed by the founding fathers. None seem to capture the range of civil associations in any society. Yet, assumptions are made that the terminologies used have similar meanings rather than attempting to clarify and define exactly what is being written or described. This is exacerbated by the interchangeable usage of nonprofit/ third sector/ community and voluntary sector/ social economy. In order to progress beyond culturally specific understandings of civil society, it is necessary to examine the terminology used and how it emanates from a specific cultural and political context. Having a clear understanding of the language used and what it signifies is crucial to robust cross-national comparative research. Originality/value - This article examines context specific understandings of civil society and the terminology used to define it; a question not previously addressed. It is hoped that this article will generate much needed further debate on cross-national meanings of civil society.

The opinions of Finnish physicians on social security system (International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, Volume 29, Issue 7)

Mr. Arttu Saarinen — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - Opinions towards social security reflect the interests and ideologies that individuals have. The earlier population based opinion studies of the welfare state can be utilised when we are creating a theoretical background for examining the physicians' opinions but also physician specific indicators are needed. This article analyses physicians’ opinions on social security. Opinions are compared to those of citizen-level groups. Design/methodology/approach - The 2000 working age physicians’ random survey sample was picked from the register of the Finnish Medical Association (n=1092, response rate 54,6 %). The data was analysed using frequencies and multinomial logistic regression analysis. Findings - Compared to all other citizen-level groups the physicians think that the level of social security is too high. Physicians want to target cuts somewhere else than social or health services. Female physicians support higher social security. Young doctors and specialists think more often that social security is too high. Left-wing political orientation is the clearest predictor of all opinions. Originality/value - The results are important because physicians are big and powerful occupational group in the welfare state. The opinions of physicians towards the social security have been not studied in countries with large social security systems or countries where physicians are mainly public sector employees.

Ethical Climate in Nonprofit Organisations: A Comparative Study (International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, Volume 29, Issue 7)

Dr. Rosario Laratta — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - Purpose - By looking within one group of nonprofits this study shows how perceptions of ethical climate may differ in the nonprofit sector, both within and between separate country contexts. Design/methodology/approach - Design - Executive directors in two groups of Social Services nonprofits in UK and Japan were surveyed, and several subsequently interviewed, in accordance with the Ethical Climate Scale developed by Agarwal and Molloy (1999).Findings - Findings - We found that perceptions of the ethical climate types relating to ?eindependence?f and ?elaw and codes?f were polarized, with executive directors in UK being more likely to base moral decisions on the evaluation of rights, values, or principles than on public opinion. In Japan, however, such decisions were predominantly focused on how they would impact on others, both within and outside the organization, in the context of personal responsibility to society and the maintenance of social order.Practical implications - Practical implications - Social Service nonprofits nowadays occupy a major role in the delivery of services which the State used to provide alone. It has therefore become essential for governments to be able to assess the internal culture of nonprofits in order to determine their trustworthiness and reliability, and the best yardstick for this is ethical climate. This research will help state and local government policy makers towards a better understanding of their contractors.Originality/value - Originality - The originality of this study lies primarily in the fact that it was the first time that this type of research had compared similar nonprofit organizations in different countries.

"Exploring the Moral Dimension of Wicked Problems" (International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, Volume 29, Issue 9)

Dr. Mark N. Wexler — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - Purpose: This paper explores the relevance for sociologically-minded planners and policy analysts of the neglected moral dimension of wicked problems.Design/methodology/approach - Design: A review of the literature on the wicked--tame problem distinction reveals three critical deficiencies: a fixed-focus on dynamic-complexity; a neglect of the applied knowledge market and the assumption that wicked problems, in time, are, in time tamable. These deficiencies, in light of the call to dialogue and participation in working through wicked problems, result in four interrelated normative problems Findings - Findings: These normative problems are the: 1) responsibility nexus; 2) risk of false assurance; 3) politics of urgency; and 4) claimto be on the knowledge frontier.Practical implications - Practical implications: Addressing these normative problems in working with wicked problems requires less marketing of the silver bullet elements of the solution and more attention to that portion of the wicked problem which still requires attention.Originality/value - Originality: This is the first work to return to Churchman's (1967) call to policy analyst, planners and designers to take the moral dimensions of wicked problems in hand when working with intractable network-based problems requiring ongoing client/user participation.

Global Ageing in Comparative Perspective: A Critical Discussion (International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, Volume 29, Issue 7)

Dr. JL Powell, Prof. Ian G. Cook — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - The aims of this paper are to summarise the rapid expansion in the proportion of the elderly across the globe, and to highlight the main factors causing this. Specific areas of the globe will be focused on in more detail before the authors discuss some of the key challenges and consequences of global aging for global society.Design/methodology/approach - The paper is a literature review of major trends and implications of populational aging across the globe.Findings - As a consequence of the global demographics of aging, societies are being confronted with profound issues relating to illness and health care, access to housing and economic resources including pension provision. We have witnessed an unprecedented stretching of the human life span. This ageing of the global population is without parallel in human history. If these demographic trends continue to escalate by 2050 the number of older people globally will exceed the number of young for the first time since formal records began raising questions of the power of the nation state in the context of global aging, and of the changing nature of the global society that is emerging.Originality/value - This is an original paper at reviewing the major populational trends across Americas, Asia, Europe and Africa. The implications of demographic change are grounded in context of global changes that highlights social, economic and political implications of global ageing.

Perceptions of adolescents' adulthood entry and sexual initiation in Nordic countries (International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, Volume 29, Issue 7)

Dr. Pekka Räsänen — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - The article examines public opinions about the timing of adolescents' adulthood entrance and sexual debut in four Nordic countries. The research questions concern the appropriate ages when young people become adults and when young people are old enough to engage in sexual activities.Design/methodology/approach - The data utilised are derived from the Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, and Finnish sections of the third European Social Survey (N=7,078) conducted in 2006. By comparing the ages reported for boys and girls, the article focuses on the disparities of responses between population groups.Findings - The results reveal that there are notable differences in the appropriate ages reported for girls and boys. There is also variation in the responses by country. However, socio-demographic information can predict respondents' opinions only partially.Research limitations/implications - The analysis is based on cross-sectional data. Subjective measures are used as the dependent and independent variables.Originality/value - The results reveal interesting tensions in the Nordic welfare societies regarding people's perceptions of adulthood entrance. It is discussed to what degree the observations regarding the appropriate timing of adulthood entry and coital initiation may underline culturally defined stereotypes between sexes.

From the ‘Most Fateful’ to the ‘Most Fatal’ Social Force? Conservatism and Democracy Reconsidered (International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, Volume 29, Issue 7)

Prof. Milan Zafirovski — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - The essay reconsiders the impact of conservatism on political liberty and liberal democracy in contemporary society. It applies Weber’s description of capitalism as the "most fateful" social force in modern society to analyzing conservatism in relation to political liberty and liberal democracy. The essay posits and finds that conservatism primarily (with secondary variations) negatively impacts political liberty and so modern liberal democracy. Alternatively, it argues and shows that conservatism almost invariably generates political repression and elimination or subversion of liberal democracy and society. It concludes that conservatism, especially in America, becomes from the "most fateful" to the "most fatal" social force on the account of its adverse impact on political liberty and democracy. Design/methodology/approach - The essay aims to contribute to a better understanding of conservatism and its essentially destructive effects on political liberties and liberal democracy in contemporary society. Findings - The essay finds that conservatism, especially in America, becomes from the "most fateful" to the "most fatal" social force on the account of its adverse impact on political liberty and democracy. Originality/value - The essay posits and finds that conservatism primarily (with secondary variations) negatively impacts political liberty and so modern liberal democracy. Alternatively, it argues and shows that conservatism almost invariably generates political repression and elimination or subversion of liberal democracy and society.

Back to Bourgeois? French Social Policy and the Idea of Solidarity (International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, Volume 29, Issue 9)

Dr. Daniel Beland — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - This article contributes to the growing literature on the policy impact of ideas and related cultural and discursive processes by exploring the historical embeddedness of the idea of solidarity in French social policy debates. Design/methodology/approach - This article adopts a qualitative, historical approach that traces the development of—and the relationship between—policy ideas and social programs over time.Findings - First, exploring the work of reformer and politician Léon Bourgeois, the article investigates the emergence of this concept in 19th and early 20th century France. Second, analyzing the work of centrist scholar and intellectual Pierre Rosanvallon, the article studies the French debate on solidarity and welfare state reform in the late 1980s and 1990s. Originality/value - At the broadest level, this article shows that contemporary social policy debates are grounded in long-term historical as well as cultural processes and repertoires. Policy ideas that acquire the status of culturally-resonant "keywords" can have a long history, and tracing their development is necessary to illuminate the role of ideas in contemporary social policy change.

Ethnic minorities, retirement planning and Personal Accounts (International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, Volume 29, Issue 9)

Dr. Orla Mary Gough, Mr. Rod Hick — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - This paper examines issues relating to public and private pensions for individuals from some of the major ethnic minority groups in the United Kingdom.Design/methodology/approach - The paper draws on data from in-depth interviews and focus groups with sixty-four respondents from the six largest ethnic minority groups in the UK as well as from a white British control group. Findings - The research found that a belief in the need for retirement planning was held by respondents of all backgrounds, that there was a widespread view that state pension should be increased to a more adequate level, and concern amongst some respondents that they would be unable to receive retirement income from pension schemes if they were to retire in another country.Research limitations/implications - The limitations of the research largely concern the limited sample of respondents (n=64), the use of English in all interviews and significant reliance on the internet in order to contact potential respondents.Practical implications - It is suggested that more widespread information about retirement planning is needed in minority ethnic media and that in promoting the forthcoming scheme of Personal Accounts, the government should make clear the extent to which the scheme will allow members to receive retirement income in another country, for those who choose to retire abroad.Originality/value - The paper contributes new information about attitudes to the forthcoming scheme of Personal Accounts, and explores retirement strategies of ethnic minority individuals in the UK.

Low-Income Families: Experiences and Responses to Consumer Exclusion (International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, Volume 29, Issue 9)

Dr. Kathy Hamilton — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - This paper focuses on low-income families who are excluded from consumer culture. It explores their experiences and responses to material deprivation, social deprivation and stigmatization. Design/methodology/approach - Given the need for identification and calculation of exclusion thresholds to be supplemented by the voice of the excluded themselves, the study is based on qualitative analysis of 30 in-depth interviews with low-income families who encounter consumption constraints in the marketplace. Findings - While the harsh realities of consumer exclusion cannot be denied, findings also present a more positive outlook as excluded consumers can achieve empowerment through employment of stigma management strategies, creative consumer coping and rejection of the stigmatising regime.Research limitations/implications - Research is based only on families with children under the age of 18; future research on older people and exclusion would prove a useful comparison. Practical implications - The research raises a number of important policy issues in relation to social barriers to inclusion and the role of marketing in contributing to consumer exclusion. Originality/value - Social policy studies surrounding social exclusion in terms of separation from mainstream society tend to focus on employment. This paper highlights that a social exclusion discourse can also provide a useful perspective to investigate exclusion in relation to consumerism.

Rational Volunteering: A Benefit-Cost Approach (International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, Volume 29, Issue 9)

Ms. Young-joo Lee, Dr. Jeffrey L. Brudney — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - This study examines how the perceived benefits and costs of volunteering affect participation. Based on this rational choice approach, the research tests a multivariate model of the determinants of volunteering. Design/methodology/approach - The data-base for the empirical analysis is the 2005 Americans’ Time Use Survey. To estimate the model of participation in volunteer activity, this research uses the complementary log-log technique.Findings - The findings support the central hypothesis that participation in volunteering decreases as the opportunity cost of volunteer activity increases. In addition, participation in volunteering increases as people perceive themselves as more embedded in their communities, thus suggesting that rational individuals make strategic assessments in their decisions to volunteer based on the level of trust in the exchange relationship. Research limitations/implications - The findings suggest that policies that promote a sense of embeddedness in the community, as well as those that link the workplace and volunteer opportunities, would help motivate rational individuals to volunteer. In-depth interviews to ascertain people’s motivations to volunteer would be useful to supplement the findings.Practical implications - The findings suggest that policies that promote a sense of embeddedness in the community, as well as those that link the workplace and volunteer opportunities, would help motivate rational individuals to volunteer.Originality/value - This study contributes to the understanding of volunteer behavior as a rational choice in an exchange relationship. Based on these findings, this research argues that policies that promote a sense of community embeddedbess as well as those that link the workplace and volunteer opportunities, help motivate rational individuals to volunteer.

Does Economic Growth Enhance Life Satisfaction? The Case of Germany (International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, Volume 29, Issue 7)

Mr. Björn Frank, Prof. Takao Enkawa — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - This study examines whether economic growth enhances life satisfaction. It provides a conceptual solution to the heavily debated Easterlin paradox which states that aggregate income positively relates to life satisfaction in one-time international comparisons but not in longitudinal analyses. First empirical results are presented for Germany.Design/methodology/approach - The present study uses path analysis to capture not only direct but also mediated effects of economic growth on life satisfaction.Findings - Economic growth does enhance life satisfaction over time. The effect is not direct but mediated via consumer confidence, customer satisfaction, income satisfaction, health satisfaction, and job satisfaction. Modeled by consumer confidence, adaptive expectations reduce this effect but cannot entirely compensate for it, as suggested by literature. In addition to this negative compensatory effect which is mediated by customer satisfaction, consumer confidence has a positive direct influence on life satisfaction.Research limitations/implications - Since the history of aggregate customer satisfaction measurement is still young, our empirical analysis should be seen as pioneer work. Future research on the Easterlin paradox should utilize future data, model mediated relationships and time lags, and integrate customer satisfaction and consumer confidence.Practical implications - Economic growth strategies are successful in raising life satisfaction. Governments should not only pay attention to quantitative but also to qualitative growth. Collective optimism can improve life satisfaction.Originality/value - This study contributes to solving the Easterlin paradox. Unlike the extant literature on the Easterlin paradox, this study integrates national customer satisfaction and consumer confidence into a sociologic model and explicitly accounts for mediated effects. National customer satisfaction is used to model qualitative aspects of economic growth.

DIALECTICS IN SOCIO-SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY: ISLAM CONTRA OCCIDENT (International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, Volume 29, Issue 9)

Prof. Masudul Alam Choudhury — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - To explain dialectics as an epistemological idea in Islam contrasting to the Occident relating to socio-scientific inquiryDesign/methodology/approach - conceptual approach including review of literature, philosophy of science, and mathematical explanations of Islamic concepts in the light of unity of divine knowledge as the groundwork of dialectical explanation of socio-scientific phenomenaFindings - Islamic dialectical methodology is contrary to the one discussed in the literature by virtue of the epistemology of unity of knowledge in the latter and conflict-power dynamics of disequilibrium systems in the former.Research limitations/implications - data limitations by virtue of the paper being a conceptual onePractical implications - shown in tyerms of socio-sconomic development in Islamic epistemological perspectiveOriginality/value - original paper to the extent that nothing along this line has been published in the academic outlets

EXPLAINING WHY THE NON-COMMODIFIED SPHERE OF MUTUAL AID IS SO PERVASIVE IN THE ADVANCED ECONOMIES: SOME CASE STUDY EVIDENCE FROM AN ENGLISH CITY (International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, Volume 29, Issue 9)

Dr. Richard White — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - Using new empirical data from the UK focused on mutual aid and reciprocity, the paper offers robust challenges to the logic and dominance of the commodification thesis. In finding mutual aid to be a significant coping strategy to get household tasks completed, in both affluent and deprived communities, the paper address the important question as to "why" mutual aid is so pervasive. Using qualitative insights as to 'why' respondents engaged in mutual aid and reciprocity a considered response to this question, revolving around the instinctive and social nature of reciprocity, is made. Design/methodology/approach - The research draws on previous Household Work Practice Studies, which have been influential in exploring the geographies of community self help. An in-depth semi-structured questionnaire which adapts and develops previous successful approaches focused on mutual aid and volunteering was employed across 100 households in two neighbouring wards in Leicester. Findings - The research found that the non-commodified sphere of mutual aid was employed as a central coping strategy within the two communities investigated. The suggestion is that the extent of mutual aid in both deprived neighbourhoods and affluent neighbourhoods has been underestimated in previous research. However, the strength of the methodology resides with its understanding of the rationales being participation in mutual aid. This suggests that the natural and instinctive nature of reciprocity, and the social role that mutual aid plays within kin and non-kin relations, helps explain its pervasiveness in the advanced economies. Research limitations/implications - The methodology and methods were designed to explicitly harnessing a deep qualitative understanding of the relationship and attitudes that households adopt toward their informal coping strategies, and mutual aid in particular. Thus though this approach has uncovered rich qualitative data to inform the key arguments, the quantitative findings must be treated as speculative rather than conclusive. Practical implications - In undermining the commodification thesis, the paper concludes that alternate and better approaches toward harnessing 'the economic' in society must be pursued by policy makers. Crucially economic policy which promotes co-operation over competition within society should be seen as earning the qualification of 'advanced' economic practice. Originality/value - This is the first paper which explicitly looks at the pervasive nature of mutual aid within the advanced economies, using primary data from Leicester. The value is seen in on three levels: first, the original arguments made which highlight the pervasiveness of this informal coping strategy; second, the manner with which these contemporary insights are then contextualised with reference to the wider literature; third, the way in which this research adds to the calls to fundamentally re-think our dominant attitudes (and policies) toward the commodified and non-commodified spheres of work in the advanced economies.

The wear behavior of mild steel under vertical vibration (Industrial Lubrication and Tribology, Volume 61, Issue 6)

Dr. Mohammad Asaduzzaman Chowdhury, Dr. Md. Maksud Helali — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - The present paper investigates experimentally the effect of external vertical vibration on wear property of mild steel. To do so, a pin-on-disc apparatus having facility of vibrating the test samples at vertical direction was designed and fabricated. The experimental setup has the facility to vary the amplitudes and frequencies of vibration while velocity of vibration is kept constant. During experiment the frequency and amplitude of vibration were varied from 0 to 500 Hz and 0 to 200 µm, respectively. Results show that the wear rate decreases with the increase of amplitude and frequency of vibration for mild steel. These results are analyzed by dimensional analysis to correlate the wear rate with sliding velocity, normal load, frequency and amplitude of vibration. The experimental results are also compared with those available in literature and simple physical explanations are provided.Design/methodology/approach - Experimental and Dimensional AnalysisFindings - Considering the lack of correlation between wear rate and other vibration related operating parameters, the present research was started to find out suitable correlation and a way of reducing wear rate by applying known frequency and amplitude of vibration at a particular direction. Practical implications - It is expected that the applications of these results will contribute to the improvement of different concerned mechanical systems. Originality/value - It can be used for design related purposes

Oils quality and performance analysis of vehicle’s engines using radial basis neural networks (Industrial Lubrication and Tribology, Volume 61, Issue 6)

Prof. SAHIN YILDIRIM — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - To improve the application of neural networks on vehicle engine system for fault detecting and analysing engine’s oilsDesign/methodology/approach - Three types of neural network are employed to find exact neural network predictor of vehicle engine’s oil performance and quality. Nevertheless, two types oil are analysed for predicting performance in the engine. These oils are used oil and unused oil. In experimental work two accelerometers are located at the bottom of the car engine to measure related vibrations for analysing oil quality of both cases.Findings - The result of both computer simulation and experimental work show that the radial basis neural network predictor gives good performance at adapting different cases.Research limitations/implications - The results of the proposed neural network analyser follow desired results of the vehicle engine’s vibration variation. However, this kind of neural network schemes could be used to analyse oil quality of the car in experimental applications.Practical implications - As theoretical and practical study is evaluated together, it is hoped that oil analysers and interested researchers will obtain significant results in this application area.Originality/value - This paper is consisted of original contribution on vehicle’s oil quality analysis using a proposed artificial neural network. On the other hand, it should be helpful for vehicles industry applications of oil quality analysis and fault detection.

Path Planning with Hybrid Grid Representation of Rough Terrain (Industrial Robot: An International Journal, Volume 36, Issue 5)

Dr. Jiajun Gu, Prof. Qixin Cao — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - Path planning approaches based on conventional occupancy grid maps is problematic in off-road environment because impassible areas include not only obstacles but also landscapes like ramps and pits. The purpose of this paper is to develop a path planning method in a hybrid grid map, which aims to provide a better solution for outdoor navigation.Design/methodology/approach - A hybrid vision system (HVS) which consists of one stereo vision and one omnidirectional vision is adopted to provide environmental information for 2.5D grid and 2D grid mapping, respectively. An improved planning method originated from conventional D* based search algorithm is proposed for more efficient navigation in such hybrid grid maps.Findings - It is confirmed by simulations and experiments that the path planning in the hybrid grid map is more efficient than that in conventional grid maps. Furthermore, it helps to guarantee a safe exploration for field and planetary robots.Originality/value - This paper proposes path planning approach in a hybrid grid map representing unstructured environment. The map consists of two different grid representations with diverse resolutions and structures, named 2.5D and 2D grids. The navigation process is expected to become efficient by reducing the replanning times and track length.

Motion Planning for Omni-directional Mobile Robots Based on Anisotropy and Artificial Potential Field Method (Industrial Robot: An International Journal, Volume 36, Issue 5)

Dr. Chuntao Leng, Prof. Qixin Cao — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - This paper aims to propose a suitable motion planning for omni-directional mobile robots (OMR) by taking into account the motion characteristics.Design/methodology/approach - Based on the kinematic and dynamic constraints, the maximum velocity, maximum acceleration and energy consumption of the OMR moving in different directions are analyzed, and the anisotropy of the OMR is presented. In order to obtain the optimal motion, the path that the robot can take in order to avoid the obstacle safely and reach the goal in a shorter path is deduced. According to the novel concept of Anisotropic-Function, the motion direction derived from traditional artificial potential field (tAPF) is regulated.Findings - A combination of the Anisotropic-Function and tAPF method produces high-speed, highly stable and efficient motion when compared to the tAPF. Simulations and experiments have proven the validity and effectiveness of this method.Research limitations/implications - The practical factors, such as friction, were not considered during our computations for energy consumption. Typical problems of APF, for e.g. local minima, are not addressed here. In our future research we will deal with these issues.Practical implications - The proposed motion planning is applicable for any kind of OMR, which can fully exhibit the advantages of OMRs.Originality/value - The novel concept of an Anisotropic-Function is proposed to indicate the quality of motion in different directions, which can make for a very favorable trade-off between time-optimality, stability and efficiency. Different motion effects can be obtained in the same direction with different weights denoted by the Anisotropic-Function, i.e. different trade-offs can be achieved by varying the weights.

Effective assimilation of intra-technology spillover as a key to sustainable functionality: Comparative analysis of copying machine development in Canon and Ricoh (Journal of Advances in Management Research, Volume 6, Issue 1)

Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – A virtuous cycle between effective utilization of external resources and functionality development can be constructed. Given that the timely emergence of new functionality in an efficient way is crucial to a firm's competitive strategy in an era of mega-competition, construction of such a virtuous cycle is a key element with regard to a firm's technopreneurial strategy. The purpose of this paper is to identify a trigger for such a virtuous cycle. Design/methodology/approach – Empirical comparative analysis taking copying machines development trajectories in Canon and Ricoh and the patent data analysis were conducted. Findings – Cumulative learning from preceding relevant technology development is found to stimulate intra-technology spillover. Timely intra-technology spillover from preceding innovation plays a triggering role. Practical implications – Attempting a broad and comprehensive learning exercise should be strongly encouraged for the effective utilization of external resources for innovation. Fruitful effects of learning should be pursued to the hybrid management of technology fusing indigenous strength and the effects of the comprehensive learning. Originality/value – Aiming at identifying the trigger emerging a virtuous cycle between effective utilization of external resources and functionality development, core technologies instilled in the copying machines just short of the emergence of functionality development were investigated. In order to anticipate thorough capturing of all dimensions of color technologies utilized for the emergence of new functionality development through indigenous development as well as utilization of externally developed technologies, F-term retrieval of patent registration data was attempted.

Transfer climate in end-user computing: The influence of trainee characteristics and supervisory support (Journal of Advances in Management Research, Volume 6, Issue 1)

Nalini Govindarajulu — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – Although end-user computing (EUC) training has received significant attention among academics and practitioners, the effective transfer of trained EUC skills is a relatively neglected issue. Analysis of factors affecting the EUC transfer process will aid in understanding and improving training transfer. Hence, the purpose of this paper is to underscore key trainee characteristics and facets of the work environment that influence EUC training transfer. Design/methodology/approach – The theoretical framework includes prior computer experience, computer anxiety, computer self-efficacy, pre-training motivation and perceived job utility as significant trainee factors influencing the EUC transfer process. In addition, the model includes supervisory support as an important constituent of the EUC transfer process. Findings – The model highlights the mediating roles of computer self-efficacy and pre-training motivation in predicting motivation to transfer. In addition, it points out that several factors work simultaneously to influence motivation to transfer EUC training. Practical implications – Supervisory support in the pre- and post-training environment is extremely crucial in determining EUC training success. Specifically, supervisors should be able to communicate to employees the purpose and importance of training, the relevance of computer training to their jobs and the outcomes expected. Originality/value – This paper contributes to the literature by emphasizing the importance of supervisory support and individual characteristics in predicting motivation to transfer.

Prediction of quality performance using artificial neural networks: Evidence from Indian construction projects (Journal of Advances in Management Research, Volume 6, Issue 1)

K.N. Jha, C.T. Chockalingam — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to enable construction project team members to understand the factors that they must closely monitor to complete projects with a desired quality and also to predict quality performance during the course of a project. With quality being one of the prime concerns of clients in their construction projects, there is a definite need to monitor its performance. Design/methodology/approach – The study discussed here is an extension of past research in which 55 project performance attributes were identified based on expert's opinion and literature survey which after analysis resulted in 20 factors (11 success and nine failure). The results of the second stage questionnaire survey conducted have been used to develop the quality performance prediction model based on artificial neural networks (ANN). Findings – The analyses of the responses led to the conclusion that factors such as project manager's competence, monitoring and feedback by project participants, commitment of all project participants, good coordination between project participants and availability of trained resources significantly affect the quality performance criterion. The best prediction model was found to be a 5-5-1 feed forward neural network based on back propagation algorithm with a mean absolute percentage deviation (MAPD) of 8.044 percent. Practical implications – Project professionals can concentrate on certain factors instead of handling all the factors at the same time to achieve the desired quality performance. Also the study may be helpful for the project manager and his/her team to predict the quality performance of the project during its course. Originality/value – The present study resulted in a model to predict the quality performance based on the factors identified as critical using ANN. With the control of the identified critical factors and usage of the prediction model, the desired quality performance can be achieved in construction projects.

Analysis of interaction among the enablers of agility in supply chain (Journal of Advances in Management Research, Volume 6, Issue 1)

V.C. Pandey, Suresh Garg — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify the key supply chain variables, on which the practitioner should focus, to make supply chains of manufacturing enterprises more agile. Further, these variables are structured to determine their interactive behavior. Design/methodology/approach – An interpretive structural modeling (ISM)-based approach has been employed to model the agility variables of supply chains. These variables have been categorized into five levels based on their driving power and dependence. Findings – The paper identifies various enablers used by researchers and practitioners for flexibility, integration and responsiveness to customers needs. ISM is used to establish mutual relationships among these enablers and to prepare a hierarchy-based model. Practical implications – The index of enablers, based on driving power and dependency provides useful insights to supply chain managers in identifying strategic variables having high driving power and effective use of these can help in achieving the corporate goals. Originality/value – By presenting enablers in the form of hierarchy using ISM and ranking them into various driving power and dependent categories, this paper is an attempt to develop insights related to agile supply chains in the Indian context.

Cluster-based diffusion: aggregate and disaggregate level modeling (Journal of Advances in Management Research, Volume 6, Issue 1)

Yogendra Kumar, Runa Sarkar, Sanjeev Swami — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present a modeling approach for aggregate and disaggregate level models for cluster-based diffusion of a new technology. The aggregate approach refers to the diffusion modeling of a product at the overall population level, while the disaggregate approach refers to the diffusion process at the individual entity level. Design/methodology/approach – The pattern of diffusion of a new technology in a representative two-cluster situation is studied. In the aggregate level modeling, a diffusion model is developed in which potential adopters of both clusters learn about the new technology from each other. This is done by a Lotka-Volterra type of dynamical system of equations. Then, to focus on relatively micro-level phenomena, such as different propensities of imitation and innovation of firms within a cluster, an agent-based disaggregate model for cluster-based diffusion of technology is proposed. In these disaggregate models, the effects of heterogeneity and the inter-cluster and intra-cluster distances between the agents are captured. Findings – The results highlight two major points: first, both aggregate and disaggregate models are in agreement with each other, and second, both of the models exhibit a form similar to the Bass model. Thus, consistent with the general theme of why the Bass model fits without decision variables, it is found that the Bass model, when extended appropriately, can be expected to work well also in the cluster-based technology diffusion situation. Practical implications – This modeling approach can be applied to the modeling of those situations in which heterogeneous industrial units are present in geographical clusters. It can also be applied in the related contexts such as diffusion of practices (e.g. quality certifications) within a multi-divisional organization or across various networked clusters. Originality/value – For a homogenous population, the Bass model has been used extensively to predict the sales of newly introduced consumer durables. In comparison, little attention has been given to the modeling of the technology adoption by the industrial units present in disparate groups, called clusters. The major contribution of this paper is to propose a framework for cluster-based diffusion of technological products, and then to present an analysis of that framework using two different methodologies.

Comparative study of production outsourcing models (Journal of Advances in Management Research, Volume 6, Issue 1)

R.P. Mohanty, D. Mishra, T. Mishra — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to study the various modalities of production outsourcing service and compare three different models, namely: standard accounting, theory of constraints (TOC) and linear programming (LP) enhancement of TOC. Design/methodology/approach – This is a diagnostic study concerned with accurately describing the characteristics of outsourcing phenomenon and defining clearly the objective function and the associated constraints. The optimization models have been constructed and analyzed in a real-life situation by collecting data with sufficient precision. Findings – This paper brings out distinctively different options for outsourcing services and compares the results with the findings available in literature. The significant finding is that it is an imperative to evaluate the outsourcing approaches from a situational perspective governed by internal and external constraints imposed by competitive forces. Research limitations/implications – This research does not embrace the sensitivity of various cost parameters as well as the fuzziness of the dynamics of competition. Practical implications – The models and the analyses would facilitate systemic decision support to production, procurement and marketing managers engaged in the competitive value chain. For successful outsourcing, the business goals must be validated with financial justification. Outsourcing is not only carried out in cases of non-availability of resources internally, or to meet the peak demand, but also it helps in cash infusion, reduction in operating costs and restructuring of resources. Originality/value – Manufacturing organizations should not only implement outsourcing in an ad hoc manner but should try to innovate on different outsourcing practices and should make attempts to study and analyze methods that are better and the best to attain competitive advantage.

An audit of the content and quality in briefs for Swedish healthcare spaces (Journal of Facilities Management, Volume 7, Issue 3)

Marie Elf, Inga Malmqvist — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – Initial briefs (programs) were examined in order to obtain an overview of current practice in documenting the briefing process for new health care buildings in Sweden. Design/methodology/approach – An audit instrument was developed and used to examine briefs for the content and quality of information and to determine whether and to what extent the information was comprehensive and patient-oriented. Findings – The results indicate that few strategic briefs make use of evidence to support their statements. Moreover, few briefs had an explicitly patient-focused goal for the project or measurable outcomes. Originality/value – This new audit approach can be applied in various organisations and over time to improve the briefing process and create clearer goals and guidelines.

Facilities management: factors influencing the role of Nigerian estate surveyors (Journal of Facilities Management, Volume 7, Issue 3)

Yewande Adewunmi, Cyril Ajayi, Olusegun Ogunba — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The paper examined the factors influencing the role of estate surveyors in facilities management (FM). Design/methodology/approach – The study administered questionnaires on 247 practicing estate surveyors within Lagos metropolis, Nigeria in 2006. These were selected through alphabetic systematic sampling of estate surveyors from the list of financial members with designations (2004/2005) of the Lagos state branch of Nigerian Institution of Estate Surveyors and Valuers. The survey achieved a total response rate of 85 percent. Statistical tools employed in analyzing data were relative importance indices and factor analysis. Findings – The findings suggest that training in FM and type of business of the organisation managed by the estate surveyor were significant factors that influence surveyors' participation in areas of core competence in FM. Research limitations/implications – Owing to time constraints, authors have only studied one location. No urban area can be representative of all cities in the country. Nevertheless, the results of the study should at least apply to the majority because most of the estate surveyors in Nigeria are based in Lagos. Originality/value – The paper introduces an empirical approach to the discussion on role of estate surveyors in FM in Nigeria.

Emergency preparedness and disaster recovery in the US post 9/11 (Journal of Facilities Management, Volume 7, Issue 3)

Victoria Hardy, Kathy O. Roper, Suzanne Kennedy — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to determine how facility managers currently plan for emergencies and disaster recovery. Although preparation and drills have been demonstrated to improve lifesaving and business recovery capabilities, many organisations still do not have these plans. The scope of unpreparedness and reasons for lack of preparation were key issues, along with preferred methods to gain support for setting up plans. Design/methodology/approach – Online surveys sent to members of facility management (FM) groups within the USA were utilised. Qualified FM professionals made them relevant survey groups. Findings – With 78 percent of respondents responsible for their organisation's emergency preparedness planning, only 87 percent in 2007 and 92 percent in 2008 actually have these plans in place. Reasons for lack of plans included “other priorities taking precedence” and “lack of personnel to address the issue”. Provision of sample or boilerplate templates could result in improved performance. Research limitations/implications – US FM professionals were surveyed. Results in non-US locations may provide different information; locations with strong mandates for emergency/disaster plans would be expected to have better results. Industry types were not identified in this initial research data; however, future research could help to align specific industries' needs. Practical implications – Despite 11 September and other tragedies, many organisations are still delaying or not understanding the importance of emergency/disaster recovery plans for their employees and business continuity. Originality/value – Direct feedback from FM professionals was utilised to understand emergency preparedness/disaster recovery planning. This is the first survey to report details of the many organisations still lacking these critical plans.

Measuring employee satisfaction in new offices – the WODI toolkit (Journal of Facilities Management, Volume 7, Issue 3)

Maartje Maarleveld, Leentje Volker, Theo J.M. van der Voordt — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present a toolkit to measure employee satisfaction and perceived labour productivity as affected by different workplace strategies. The toolkit is being illustrated by a case study of the Dutch Revenue Service. Design/methodology/approach – The toolkit has been developed by a review of literature and tools for data-collection. The toolkit has been tested and explored further in a number of case studies. Findings – The toolkit includes a working environment diagnostic tool for an indicative or diagnostic evaluation, a list of key performance indicators that can be used for benchmarking purposes, and a space utilization monitor to measure the occupancy of workplaces. Data collected with the tool provides organizations with a clear picture of user experience of the working environment on its own, in comparison to other organizations and in comparison to the goals of the organization. Employees are also asked to rank the issues in order of importance to overall satisfaction and perceived productivity. Research limitations/implications – The modules on economic added value and costs to explore the facility costs effects of different office concepts have not been tested yet. Practical implications – The toolkit and the data from case studies can be used by managers to support decision making on interventions with regard to the organizations' accommodation policy, re-designing or adaptation of the present building, or moving to another building. Scientifically, the data from case studies and cross case analyses can be used to explore and test hypotheses about the best possible fit between people, processes and place. Originality/value – Although a number of data collection tools have been developed earlier, the strength of the present toolkit is its integral approach and is applicability to both traditional and innovative offices.

Risk management system implemented at the US Army Medical Command (Journal of Facilities Management, Volume 7, Issue 3)

Jacob Kashiwagi, Kenneth Sullivan, Dean T. Kashiwagi — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – To describe the implementation of the Performance Information Risk Management System (PIRMS) to indefinite delivery indefinite quantity (IDIQ) general contractors in the US Army Medical Command (MEDCOM) 26 sites, 150 projects/year, and $250m/year maintenance and repair construction program. Design/methodology/approach – To test the hypothesis that facility owner management, control, and decision making is a source of risk, and that the transfer of risk and control to the contractors will minimise the risk. Findings – Include minimising construction management by 33 percent, motivated contractors to regulate their own contracts, minimised unresolved issues by 50 percent, minimised contractor generated change orders by 20 percent, and moving from doing quality control to quality assurance. Research limitations/implications – The authors see no constraints in the implementation of PIRMS in other organisations. This paper reflects the perceptions of the Arizona State University research team, and publicly available test results, and not the views or policy of the USA Medical Command. Originality/value – Includes the use of dominant performance/risk information from the contractor's weekly risk reports to create accurate performance and risk information on all ongoing projects, the IDIQ contractors, and on the client's/buyer's personnel. Risk information is being used to streamline a large organisation's organisational structure, minimising decision making and transactions, and transferring risk and control to the party who can minimise the technical risk.

Effectiveness of economic cooperation between the EU and the ACP countries (Journal of International Trade Law and Policy, Volume 8, Issue 2)

Ayse Evrensel — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – Since the First Yaoundé Convention (1963-1969), the European Union (EU) has been implementing its development policy in the African, Caribbean, and Pacific (ACP) countries. The purpose of this paper is to focus on the trade and financial flows between the EU and the ACP countries and attempt to empirically evaluate the effectiveness of the EU's development policy during the pre-Cotonou era (1970-2000). Design/methodology/approach – Extensive trade, governance, and external financing data are gathered about 79 ACP countries during the period 1970-2004. Using the index of standardized trade performance, diversification indices, and regression analysis, the effectiveness of trade preferences and financial assistance in the ACP countries is quantified. Findings – The results indicate that the preferential trade arrangements between the EU and the ACP countries had neither substantially increased the ACP countries' exports to the EU nor diversified these countries' export structure. Additionally, even though the ACP countries received substantial external financing, these countries continued suffering from the lack of development-enhancing political and judicial institutions. The empirical results suggest that governance characteristics such as higher corruption and lower democratic accountability have adversely affected the ACP countries' growth rates. Research limitations/implications – This paper focuses on the effectiveness of the economic cooperation between the EU and the ACP countries during the pre-Cotonou era. The Cotonou agreement that went into effect in 2000 has changed the EU's approach to the ACP countries significantly. However, the recent nature of this agreement imposes restrictions on data availability, which forces us to exclude the Cotonou era from most of our empirical evaluation. Practical implications – The empirical results of the paper demonstrate the relevance of governance-related factors or institutions in developing countries. Neither preferential trade nor financial assistance seems to enhance the growth performance of these countries if they lack political transparency and accountability. Originality/value – This paper provides empirical evidence that the change in the EU's approach to its economic partnership with the ACP countries is warranted. Because the empirical results suggest that the pre-Cotonou economic cooperation between the EU and the ACP countries did not contribute to the ACP countries' economic growth, the EU's decision of shifting the focus from trade preferences to governance-related issues in the ACP countries can be viewed as justified.

The effectiveness of the Dispute Settlement Body of the World Trade Organization (Journal of International Trade Law and Policy, Volume 8, Issue 2)

Marcelo D. Varella — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyse the performance of the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) of World Trade Organization (WTO) performance, between 1995 and 2007, as well as to discuss the main proposals for its improvement. Design/methodology/approach – First, the paper presents the legal predictability of the system; compliance with its procedural stipulations in regard to its proposed timeframes; and the participation of different groups of States within this system. The timeframes are compared with those that really happened. Thus, there is an analysis of the effectiveness of its decisions and the necessity to induce compliance and retaliation. Finally, the main proposals to change the system are discussed. Findings – It is concluded that most of legal procedures are accomplished as previewed by DSB, but the system itself is highly dependent of the action of States, who need time to negotiate. It is also possible to conclude that there is a high level of effectiveness and States prefer to respect the decisions of DSB and maintain the legitimacy of the system as a whole than keep advantages in specific matters. Originality/value – When the WTO was founded, there was an effort to generate a system guided by legal rules. The DSB has made efforts to maintain a high level of legal preciosity. However, it is clear that this system is still very limited by the traditional method of negotiation among States. The implementation of a rule-oriented system contributes to greater democratization of access to justice and, of course, in a limited way, the principle of sovereign equality of States. Finally, the majority of proposed changes attempt to apply the logic of domestic courts to an international body, assuming a level of organization of the international community as a whole that still does not exist. Others proposals suggest increasing the politicization of the system, which is also not appropriate.

Building on the Canadian approach to resolve the stalemate on the trade and environment agenda in the World Trade Organization (Journal of International Trade Law and Policy, Volume 8, Issue 2)

Teshager Dagne — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyze the competing views on the link between trade and environment in the World Trade Organization (WTO), and come up with a proposal that better clarifies the scope of legality of environmentally motivated unilateral trade measures in the multilateral trading system. Design/methodology/approach – The paper adopts a doctrinal approach to legal research in providing an exegesis on the various efforts towards the integration of trade and environment in the WTO framework. Findings – Employing the theory of transnational social justice as its analytical tool, the paper suggests that a state contemplating the use of environmentally motivated unilateral trade measures first extend positive measures to the communities in other states that are affected by the purported measure. Accordingly, it argues that unilateral trade measures are allowed in the system only as a last resort and only if their application runs congruent to the values and objectives recognized by the system. Originality/value – It is hoped that the discussion and proposition in this paper will contribute to the discourse on the clarification of the status of environmentally motivated unilateral trade measures in the WTO.

Philosophical basis of the legal theory underlying international commercial arbitration in the Middle East region (Journal of International Trade Law and Policy, Volume 8, Issue 2)

Muhammad Abu Sadah — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to focus on the regional perceptions of the Middle East region in relation to international commercial arbitration and show how these perceptions influence the attempts to harmonise the modern international law in the Middle East region. Design/methodology/approach – Legal positivism as a general philosophy, mainly influenced by John Austin, is used as an analytical tool in order to identify the general trends from Western and Middle East cultural perspectives that relate to international commercial arbitration. Findings – The paper shows how the Middle East region has different social and legal values between the West and the Middle East region in respect to the primarily three general and important features of the law – namely, normative, institutionalised, and coercive. Positivism legal theory shows that such success in the context of western European commercial law is inappropriate in the Middle East where different cultural norms make its wholesale and unqualified transferability problematic, notwithstanding its acceptance in highly generalised terms. Practical implications – The paper generates a proposition that reforms are more likely to succeed if adjustments to the cultural environment are made. Thus, it supports the argument that regional values can add to the global activities of the harmonisation process of international commercial arbitration law. Originality/value – The paper provides a clear understanding of the guidelines for the reform and development of Middle East international commercial arbitration. Legal culture should be taken into consideration if a successful reform is to be achieved.

Trade in financial services in developing countries: a case of the Bangladesh financial sector (Journal of International Trade Law and Policy, Volume 8, Issue 2)

Mohammad Masudur Rahman, Laila Arjuman Ara — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the opportunities and challenging prospects for liberalizing financial services in various ways under the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), in view of Bangladesh's interests and concerns. Design/methodology/approach – Different tabular and graphical approaches and critical investigation are conducted to analyze the impact of financial liberalization to explore challenges and opportunities of liberalizing financial sector under GATS framework. Findings – This paper finds that although Bangladesh does not make any commitment under GATS, the rate of liberalization in the financial sector has been quite rapid. As one of the least developed countries (LDCs), Bangladesh should have the flexibility to make commitments as well. From the present status of financial sector liberalization, this paper recommends that Bangladesh should adopt commitments because any non-commitment sends the wrong signal to the global market and may reduce foreign direct investment. Practical implications – The recommendation of this paper is very practical for trade policy for liberalizing financial sector in Bangladesh as well as other developing countries which already made great liberalization of this sector but did not make any commitments under GATS. Originality/value – This paper is the first attempt to analyze the financial sector liberalization under GATS framework in the LDCs particularly in Bangladesh financial sector.

Using the I-MARKOR scale to identify market-oriented individuals in the financial services sector (Journal of Services Marketing, Volume 23, Issue 4)

Francine K. Schlosser, Rod B. McNaughton — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – Extant studies of the market orientation of service firms rarely consider the contribution of individual employees to the realization of this orientation. Existing scales that measure market orientation reveal the perceptions of a key informant about the dominant orientation within the firm. These scales do not measure the willingness of employees to act in a market-oriented way. This paper aims to report the development of a multi-dimensional scale of individual market-oriented behavior. Design/methodology/approach – The scale development process included identification of items from focus groups with employees of a major Canadian financial services firm and the market orientation literature. A pretest with marketing practitioners and academics helped to purify and reduce the number of items. Finally, a sample of North American financial services employees responded to the items in a web-based questionnaire. Findings – Confirmatory factor analysis of the responses confirmed the presence of a single latent construct with three dimensions: information acquisition, information sharing and strategic response, measured by 20 items. Research limitations/implications – Although scale validation included both qualitative and quantitative tests that triangulated the opinions of multiple stakeholders in the service delivery chain, future research must also test the predictive validity of this scale. Practical implications – Such research is important to increase understanding of how service organizations foster market orientation. The I-MARKOR augments the organizational scorecard approach with individual level measurement. Originality/value – The scale provides a method to assess differences between individuals within an organization, enabling empirical research on differences between departments, roles, training and other characteristics that may influence the extent to which an individual performs market-oriented behaviors.

An empirical investigation of relationship development in professional business services (Journal of Services Marketing, Volume 23, Issue 4)

Kalipso M. Karantinou, Margaret K. Hogg — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – Relationship development is presented as an optimal strategy across all sectors of economic activity, although relationships, and their appropriateness, vary by industry sector. In order to contribute to academic and managerial understanding of relationships in professional business services, this study aims to investigate the characteristics of relationship development in management consultancy. Design/methodology/approach – Data collection involved semi-structured interviews with both consultants and clients and employed a multilevel perspective for the investigation of relationships. Findings – The findings provide a more nuanced reading of relationships and relationship development. First, a distinction between within-project and between-projects relationships and the important strategic implications which flow from these two different types of relationships are identified. Second, a distinction between relationship-seekers and relationship-switchers, and the resource allocation decisions associated with managing these two different client groups are identified. Research limitations/implications – This is an exploratory study based on a qualitative methodology and thus no claims are made about generalizability. The study primarily aimed to achieve a theoretical generalization. The emerging conceptualizations could be extended to and tested by other cases in future studies. Practical implications – The study has implications for managers because of the insights it offers into the mechanisms for relationship development; the strategic value of relationships; what the clients have to say about relationships; and the elements that characterize successful long-term relationships. Originality/value – The study contributes to relationship management theory within services marketing by offering a more refined understanding of company-client relationships, compared with the more generic interpretations of relationships which often characterize studies of relationship management.

Information search for home, medical, and financial services by mature consumers (Journal of Services Marketing, Volume 23, Issue 4)

Suzanne Altobello Nasco, Dena Hale — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the information search behaviors of mature consumers (age 55 and older) for new service purchases across several contexts. Design/methodology/approach – Almost 200 mature consumers in the Midwestern USA were surveyed regarding new home, medical, or financial service purchases made within the past 12 months. Questions regarding information search, importance of different information sources, satisfaction with the service decision, and demographics were collected. Findings – Mature consumers consulted few information sources for service decisions, irrespective of context. Service context did affect the number of service providers considered; significantly fewer providers were considered for medical and financial services than for home services. Information search was negatively related to age, but unrelated to service outcome satisfaction and responsibility for the decision. Research limitations/implications – No comparison was made between the search behavior of older and younger consumers. Although the breadth of information search was examined, the depth of search within each type of information source was not. As a descriptive study, it was not possible to address why such little external search was conducted. A convenience sample was used. Practical implications – Mature consumers conducted more external search for less-involved service contexts (e.g. home services) than for those more-involved (e.g. medical and financial services). Companies are beginning to realize the value of maintaining relationships with mature consumers; the results may suggest ways to improve those relationships with mature consumers by detailing the service decision process. Additionally, public policy interventions or education programs based on the work might help mature consumers to learn better service decision strategies. Originality/value – A large range of ages was sampled in the study (respondents ranged from 55 to 93) and multiple responses were obtained from some participants across several service contexts, allowing for a within-subjects design of the survey. It was then possible to explore the effect of context on the number of service providers considered and the number of external information sources consulted prior to purchase.

Developing inventories for satisfaction and Likert scales in a service environment (Journal of Services Marketing, Volume 23, Issue 4)

Karin Braunsberger, Roger Gates — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to produce up-to-date inventories for satisfaction and Likert scales that contain commonly used scale point descriptors and their respective mean scale values and standard deviations. Design/methodology/approach – All data were collected online using the SSI Survey Spot Panel. This panel is national (USA) in scope. Thirty-nine satisfaction items and 19 agreement items were tested on a random sample consisting of individuals 21-65 years old. Findings – The mean value and the standard deviation were calculated for each of these descriptors. Even though only six of the items that had been tested by Jones and Thurstone (1955) were included in the list of satisfaction scale descriptors, the semantic meanings of those six have changed very little over the years. Research limitations/implications – One limitation might be that scale point descriptor inventories developed within the context of health insurance might not be valid in other service contexts. Practical implications – Since the present study focuses on Likert and satisfaction scales which are frequently used in service environments, the major contribution of this study is to provide services marketers with quantitative measurement of the meanings of commonly used scale point descriptors. This permits the development of successive and/or equal interval scales and thus aids in the analyses of data sets. It will thus help service marketers to develop questionnaires that more accurately reflect actual consumer satisfaction and opinions. Originality/value – The development of up-to-date inventories for satisfaction and Likert scales.

Services marketing in a cross-cultural environment: the case of Egypt (Journal of Services Marketing, Volume 23, Issue 4)

Akmal S. Hyder, Maria Fregidou-Malama — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this study is to analyze how adaptation/standardization, trust and network development are achieved when marketing services in a culturally distant country through handling the problems of intangibility and heterogeneity. Design/methodology/approach – Qualitative data are collected in the form of unstructured interviews and direct observation to conduct a single case study on Gamma Knife. Findings – Adaptation/standardization plays the central role in internationalization of services marketing. For service development and quality maintenance, values and ideas of the foreign company dominate the adaptation (i.e. standardization), while market-related adaptation is carried out in response to local culture and practices. Research limitations/implications – The research is based on a single case. Future research can involve similar in-depth study examining how internationalization of services works in culturally distant countries, the results of which can be compared with the current study. Practical implications – In international services marketing, in addition to meeting formal and official requirements, managers must concentrate on building trust and informal contacts. Originality/value – The research uses an empirical illustration to provide a model on internationalization of services marketing based on adaptation/standardization, trust and network, to overcome intangibility- and heterogeneity-related difficulties.

How to handle PR disasters? An examination of the impact of communication response type and failure attributions on consumer perceptions (Journal of Services Marketing, Volume 23, Issue 4)

Anna S. Mattila — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – Trust in corporate governance is at an all time low due to well-documented corporate scandals such as Enron, Martha Stewart and excessive CEO compensation practices, to mention but a few. Yet relatively little is known about how companies can repair trust once a trust violation has occurred. Recent research in crisis communication management suggests that an appropriate response depends on the situation or type of crisis. This study seeks to investigate the role of violation type (intentional harm v. harm due to external cause) and communication response (apology v. denial) on consumer trust, attitudes towards the service provider and behavioral intent. Design/methodology/approach – A 2 (violation type: intentional harm v. external cause) × 2 (communication response: apology v. denial) between-subjects design was employed. Alleged price gouging by a Louisiana hotel in the aftermath of Katrina served as the study context. Subjects were asked to read a hypothetical newspaper article in which the trust violation was framed as being either intentional (The General Manager (GM) intentionally increased room rates by 60 percent following the hurricane) or caused by a computer malfunction (the revenue management program automatically hiked up the prices due to increased demand). The GM was then reported either to deny the allegation or to admit responsibility and to apologize for the incident. Findings – The results of this experimental study indicate that denials are ineffective in consumer settings and that publicly apologizing for the event can somewhat mitigate the negative impact of PR disasters. Offering a causal explanation for the event is also important in order to avoid highly damaging intentional harm attributions. Originality/value – Two streams of literature, crisis communication management and trust repair, are combined to help managers develop effective PR strategies.

Pansystems-based fuzzy systems relations and clustering (Kybernetes, Volume 38, Issue 6)

Minglan Sheng — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – Melting universality, quantification and relative computability into a meta-synthesis, pansystems theory develops an investigation on W-fuzziness and 0*-fuzziness connected with generalized conceptions such as derivative, equation, variational principle and OR. The purpose of this paper is to unify various mathematical structures, fuzziness categories, definitions of systems are unified within a general framework. Design/methodology/approach – The paper includes topics: pansystems approach to fuzzy systems and relations, pansystems variational principle and Zadeh's extension principle, pansystems clustering and its fuzzy embodiment, pansystems topology and approximation to fuzziness, relative unification of fuzziness and roughness. Findings – Zadeh extension principle about fuzziness transmission can be considered as a specific model of pansystems extremum principle, and so the more modes can be developed. Based on them a further investigation is present on pansystems clustering, which is a W-fuzzy clustering, an extension or sublation of traditional one and fuzzy one. Originality/value – Pansystems clustering embodies mutuality of many logoi of different subbraches with classification-styled OR, including related interpromotions of the principles among knowledge rediscovery, data mining, mathematical reasoning and the investigations of fuzzy systems. W-fuzziness and 0*-fuzziness realize a relative unification for many logoi and principles.

Migrating personality theories Part 1: creating agentic trait psychology? (Kybernetes, Volume 38, Issue 6)

Maurice Yolles — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – Pluralities of personality schemas reside across different Maruyama universes suggesting incommensurability and isolation. Schemas may migrate across Maruyama universes given appropriate means. As illustration, the Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) schema for personality temperament is migrated into a sociocognitive schema through the intermediary of knowledge cybernetics (KC). MBTI is a type approach that operates with polar opposites; however, conceptually there is no reason for it not to be associated with a trait space. Supposing that MBTI has traits at some horizon of meaning, then since traits are responsible for the creation of enduring states, sociocognitive explanations should be able to explain the stable states consistent with a variation of the McCrae and Costa proposition. As a result this paper aims to formulate for the first time a link between the MBTI type schema, a trait space, and a capacity for sociocultural descriptions. Design/methodology/approach – The paper uses the meta-framework of KC, part of the relevantial universe identified by Maruyama, to formulate a representation of MBTI. This also appears to be the first serious use of the Maruyama universe concept, and the first time that MBTI has been explored from a relevantial perspective. A consequence is the possible development of a more sophisticated trait theory that is capable of providing more complex information about personality. Findings – The findings indicate that a more complex form of type theory is possible than has been provided by MBTI. Research limitations/implications – This paper is limited to the investigation of MBTI. However, it offers a generic approach that can be applied to other solitary theories like MBTI. It also postulates a trait basis for the MBTI type approach. Practical implications – The paper leads to the possibility of improved explanatory power for a type theory than is currently possible. Originality/value – The paper adopts for the first time a relevantial meta-framework approach to explore a development of MBTI. It has value to those researchers who may wish to explore the potential of more complex forms of type personality theory than are currently available.

On various neutrosophic topologies (Kybernetes, Volume 38, Issue 6)

Francisco Gallego Lupiáñez — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – Recently, F. Smarandache generalized the Atanassov's intuitionistic fuzzy sets (IFSs) and other kinds of sets to neutrosophic sets (NSs) and also defined various notions of neutrosophic topologies on the non-standard interval. One can expect some relation between the intuitionistic fuzzy topology (IFT) on an IFS and neutrosophic topologies on the non-standard interval. The purpose of this paper is to show that this is false. Design/methodology/approach – The possible relations between the intuitionistic fuzzzy topology and neutrosophic topologies are studied. Findings – Relations on IFT and neutrosophic topologies. Research limitations/implications – Clearly, the paper is confined to IFSs and NSs. Practical implications – The main applications are in the mathematical field. Originality/value – The paper shows original results on fuzzy sets and topology.

New results on the approximate solution of the non-linear partial derivative equation system of corona-electrostatic separation (Kybernetes, Volume 38, Issue 5)

Armand Caron — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to add precisions to a method, to demonstrate the convergence, to explain time and memory space complexities and new simulated results on a non-linear partial derivative equation system governing corona-electrostatic electric field for granular mixture separation. Design/methodology/approach – The method converts the non-linear partial derivative system into an iterative system of linear equations. Using the well-known finite difference approximation, a numerical solution is computed very quickly. Findings – The paper gives the truncated error and the approximation error to conclude to the convergence. Originality/value – The paper shows the fast numerical solution leads to confidence in the numerical approximations for the comprehension of the phenomenon. Extends the corona-electrostatic electric field for granular mixture separation to new geometries easily.

Extracting order from chaos (Kybernetes, Volume 38, Issue 6)

Joseph Sherif, Ram Singhania — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to advance research that portrays chaos in number theory. Classical and quantum physics, and lately pure mathematics and system that exhibit deductive inference produced randomness and unpredictability over time. Design/methodology/approach – This paper discusses the fact that in raising numbers to higher powers, it is noticed that the scale of intensities of order and tidiness is very poor and chaos occurs mainly when numbers are raised to even powers. When numbers are raised to odd powers, the chaos is obtained still, but was able to extract order from this chaos strangely enough. Findings – Linear relationships if left to themselves long enough will eventually produce disorderly chaotic and inconsistent results. Chaos are being found where the order was thought to be found. But then, looking more closely, unexplained order is being found in what looked like chaos. Practical implications – The results of this research may be applied to develop algorithms for random number generation and also for developing encryption algorithms for routers security and privacy. Originality/value – The paper tackles one of the most unexplained phenomena where scientists are findings chaos where they thought they would find order.

Electron microscopy pictures, mathematical model and approximate solution of the surface potential (Kybernetes, Volume 38, Issue 5)

Claude Gagnadre, Armand Caron, Hervé Guézénoc, Yves Grohens — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to compare a picture obtained by means of electron microscopy, resulting from the interaction of an electron beam with the material surface, and the numerical mapping of the material surface potentials. This new method has been successfully applied to a composite material and will be checked to describe other complex materials. Design/methodology/approach – This surface potential function is calculated by a numerical approximation of Laplace's equation with three variables reduced to two variables by using the continuity assumptions on the potential. Findings – The results are particularly satisfactory and allow future developments in electron microscopy picture analysis to be forecasted. Originality/value – This paper demonstrates new approximated operator of the surface potential with good accordance between experimental and calculated values.

Self-referencing as socio-scientific methodology in contrasting paradigms (Kybernetes, Volume 38, Issue 6)

Masudul Alam Choudhury, S.I. Zaman — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to critique Gödel's and Tarski's axiomatic approach in their theorems of incompleteness of the arithmetical system. Design/methodology/approach – Mathematical theory of self-referencing is contrasted and an original contribution made by an extension of the same theorem beyond Godel and Tarski, showing how the Islamic epistemology contributes to establishing new thought in mathematical logic with unity of the divine law. Findings – The paper finds that behind the critique of the axioms of provability and non-provability, decidability and undecidability, lies the morally valid episteme of all socio-scientific systems and that this is as true of social systems as it is of the hard-core sciences. Research limitations/implications – The paper has the potential for extension to applications, which has not been included. Originality/value – The paper contributes to new and original thinking in the area of mathematical logic of self-referencing theorem in the framework of unity of the divine law as the episteme of “everything”.

Resolution of industrial problems by a simple and universal new method (Kybernetes, Volume 38, Issue 5)

Yves Cherruault — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to describe a general method for solving all problems arising in industrial processes and more generally in operational research. Design/methodology/approach – The paper's aim is to present a new method based on a-dense curves first developed at the beginning of the 1980s by Yves Cherruault and Arthur Guillez. This technique allows to solve all problems of operational research in a simple way. For instance, industrial problems leading to optimization or optimal control problems can be easily and precisely solved by this very general technique. The main idea consists in expressing n variables by means of a single one. Findings – This new method, based on “alpha-dense curves” allows to express n variables in function of a single variable. One of the most important applications is related to global optimization. Multivariable optimization problems can be quickly and easily solved, even for great numbers of variables and for integer or boolean variables. Every problem (linear or nonlinear) coming from operational research or from industry becomes simple to solve in a very short time on micro-calculators. Originality/value – This method is deduced from the original works of Yves Cherruault et al. of MEDIMAT laboratory. The reducing transformations were initiated at the beginning of the 1980s by Yves Cherruault and Arthur Guillez. Then they were generalized by the notion of a-dense curves. A lot of applications were derived covering entirely the operational research and a part of functional analysis.

Global optimization in integer or mixed variables and applications to industrial problems (Kybernetes, Volume 38, Issue 5)

Jean Claude Mazza — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to describe some applications of a universal method to industrial problems. Design/methodology/approach – This method, called Alienor, is based on a-dense curves, allowing to fill a space Rn and to express n variables by means of a single variable. Findings – Using this method, any industrial problem leading to a cost function (linear or not) becomes easily and quickly resolved, even when integer or mixed variables are to be considered. Originality/value – The paper is of value in showing how a-dense curves allow the solving of most problems of operational research by using classical softwares.

Diffusion of extended structures I polymers (Kybernetes, Volume 38, Issue 5)

Bernard Gaveau — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to describe the diffusive motion of a polymer. Design/methodology/approach – The paper describes the Fokker-Planck equation for the probability distribution of the positions of the monomers and the stochastic equation for their positions (in the large friction limit). The average position is studied for a free polymer ring or an attached ring, respectively. Findings – It is found that this motion is subdiffusive: at time t, the average position of the polymer is of order t1/4 rather than t1/2. Originality/value – The paper is of value in showing that it is wrong to consider a polymer as a particle of large mass, owing to the fact the polymer has an internal structure.

Characterizing Cantorian sets by entropy-like quantities (Kybernetes, Volume 38, Issue 6)

Konstantinos Karamanos — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to discuss the recognizability of Cantorian stochastic automata by generalized entropy-like qualities. Design/methodology/approach – The paper gives a necessary entropy condition, valid for all sequences on the alphabet {0, 1} read by lumping and generated by a Cantorian stochastic automaton. Findings – The paper finds that, on this basis, once can determine that a given sequence is not generated by Cantorian stochastic automata and reconstruct the automaton when the sequence is generated by a Cantorian stochastic automaton. Originality/value – This paper derives a new diagnostic for Cantorian stochastic automata, which could find a direct application to biology, where there is a recent claim that the coding regions of chromosomes form Cantor sets.

Solving integral equations of the first kind by decomposition method (Kybernetes, Volume 38, Issue 5)

Ngarkodje Ngarasta — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to find methods for solving linear or non-linear integral equations. The decomposition method may be applied, but a difficulty arises when it is applied to integral equations of the first kind which are not in canonical form. This paper aims to describe some techniques to obtain canonical form of Adomian decomposition method (ADM) for solving integral equations of the first kind. Design/methodology/approach – Among various numerical methods for solving integral equations, the ADM has shown a good skill for determining the solutions as polynomial series forms. In this paper, some methods based on regularization, derivation or substitution techniques are presented to permit the application of ADM to integral equations of the first kind. Findings – By using the three proposed methods the decomposition method can then be easily used to solve integral equations of the first kind. The three methods allow to obtain the canonical form and a solution to find using the ADM. Research limitations/implications – The three methods provide the solution by the application of the decomposition method of George Adomian as extended by other researchers. All are efficient: the derivation and substitution techniques giving interesting results for linear and non-linear equations of Volterra type; the regularization technique is also efficient for the equations of Fredholm type, but difficulties could arise from the calculations of the required series. Practical implications – The research provides three efficient methods for solving integral equations of first kind. Originality/value – The three methods illustrate the powerful use of the decomposition techniques pioneered by Adomian and a result of their applications may be applied for solving of functional equations of any kind. This paper shows some methods for applying the Adomian techniques to integral equations of the first kind.

Web mining technologies for customer and marketing surveys (Kybernetes, Volume 38, Issue 6)

Richard S. Segall, Qingyu Zhang — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the usefulness and results of applying web mining as extensions of data mining. Design/methodology/approach – Web mining is performed using three selected software to databases related to customer survey, marketing campaign data, and web site usage. The three selected software are PolyAnalyst® of Megaputer Intelligence, Inc., SPSS Clementine®, and ClickTracks by Web Analytics. Findings – This paper discusses and compares the web mining technologies used by the selected software as applied to text, web, and click stream data. Research limitations/implications – The limitations include the availability of databases and software to perform the web mining. The implications include that this methodology can be extended to other databases. Practical implications – The methodology used in this paper could be representative of that used for managers to manage their relationships with customers, their marketing campaigns, and their web site activities. Originality/value – PolyAnalyst is applied to analyze text data of actual written hotel comments. SPSS Clementine is applied to customer web data collected in response to several different marketing campaigns, including age, gender, and income. ClickTracks is applied to click-stream data for Bob's Fruit web site to generate click fraud report, search report with revenues, pay-per-click, and search keywords for all visitors.

Requisite variety: more on Gaia (Kybernetes, Volume 38, Issue 6)

Alex M. Andrew — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to mention a set of suggestions for analysing the current financial crisis, but with reservations about the usefulness of one based on Ashby's principle of requisite variety. The reservations are supported by reference to a mechanism of chemotaxis in bacteria. A recent publication concerning the Gaia hypothesis and global warming is reviewed. Design/methodology/approach – The aim is to review developments on the internet, especially those of general cybernetic interest. Findings – The significance of complexity, in government and management, is not disputed, but doubts are expressed about validity of laws that are purported to treat it quantitatively. A pessimistic view of world future is due to James Lovelock, the originator of the Gaia hypothesis, though there is some reason to believe he is more hopeful than is suggested in an interview. Practical implications – The reservations about Ashby's treatment of complexity are essentially theoretical and do not negate findings based on its robust and imprecise application. Lovelock indicates a means of saving the Earth from disastrous climate change but has little hope that it will be implemented. Originality/value – It is hoped this is a valuable periodic review.

A Taylor expansion approach using Faà di Bruno's formula for solving nonlinear integral equations of the second and third kind (Kybernetes, Volume 38, Issue 5)

Feyed Ben Zitoun, Yves Cherruault — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present a method for solving nonlinear integral equations of the second and third kind. Design/methodology/approach – The method converts the nonlinear integral equation into a system of nonlinear equations. By solving the system, the solution can be determined. Comparing the methodology with some known techniques shows that the present approach is simple, easy to use, and highly accurate. Findings – The proposed technique allows the authors to obtain an approximate solution in a series form. Test problems are given to illustrate the pertinent features of the method. The accuracy of the numerical results indicates that the technique is efficient and well-suited for solving nonlinear integral equations. Originality/value – The present approach provides a reliable technique that avoids the difficulties and massive computational work if compared with the traditional techniques and does not require discretization in order to find solutions to the given problems.

A new algorithm for solving nonlinear boundary value problems (Kybernetes, Volume 38, Issue 5)

Feyed Ben Zitoun, Yves Cherruault — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present a new algorithm for solving nonlinear boundary value problems (BVPs). Design/methodology/approach – The method converts the nonlinear BVP into a system of nonlinear equations. By solving the system, the solution can be determined. Comparing the methodology with some known techniques shows that the present approach is simple, easy to use and highly accurate. Findings – The proposed technique allows us to obtain an approximate solution in a series form which satisfies all the given conditions. Test problems are given to illustrate the pertinent features of the method. The accuracy of the numerical results indicates that the technique is efficient and well suited for solving nonlinear differential equations with initial and boundary conditions. Originality/value – The paper provides a reliable technique which avoids the tedious work needed by classical techniques and existing numerical methods and does not require discretization in order to find the solutions of the given problems.

Alienor method to solve multi-objective linear programming (MOLP) (Kybernetes, Volume 38, Issue 5)

Mahamat Maimos, Yves Cherruault, Balira O. Konfe, Ange-gar S. Nkokolo Massamba — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present an efficient algorithm to solve multi-objective linear programming (MOLP) problem. Design/methodology/approach – This new approach consists to convert the constrained multicriteria problem into an unconstrained global optimization problem. Then, the Alienor method coupled to the optimization preserving operators* (OPO*) technique is used to solve the transformed problem. Findings – A determinist algorithm for solving general MOLP problem contributes to research in the decision-makers area. Research limitations/implications – Some improvements could probably be obtained. In future work, other scalarized functions will be used and this algorithm's complexity will be studied. Practical implications – The new algorithm can be advantageously compared with other methods To illustrate this new approach, an example is studied. Originality/value – A new algorithm is given which guarantees all efficient solutions are easily obtained in most cases.

Modelling and mathematical studies of neuronal NO-synthase: NO versus NA theory (Kybernetes, Volume 38, Issue 5)

Saïd Guellal, Alain Meulemans, Salim Khelifa — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present modelling and mathematical studies of neuronal NO-synthase and discuss the case for nitric oxide (NO) versus nitroso-arginine (NA) theory. Design/methodology/approach – Introduces recent studies, NO studied models and the experimental model before considering the diffusion-reaction model. Enzymatic kinetics and an analysis of systems and the NA diffusion equations in mice cortex are given. Numerical results are featured. Findings – Based on these studies, both a bio-mathematical and physiological conclusions are given. The way to protect the brain was to inhibit the NO-synthase of the neurons during a stroke. Originality/value – The paper is of value, particularly as stroke is the second leading cause of mortality worldwide and the most common cause of dementia in western countries. In Europe, each year, over 1,200,000 people experience a stroke.

Stability of the linearization method in compartmental analysis (Kybernetes, Volume 38, Issue 5)

Belkhaled Hebri, Salim Khelifa, Yves Cherruault — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to prove that under sufficient conditions the linearization method used for identifying a nonlinear bicompartmental system is stable. Design/methodology/approach – The problem of identifying a nonlinear compartmental system appears as badly stated a priori. In fact the problem is not to identify the general behavior law of exchange between compartments, but to assume these laws known such as in Michaelis-Menten systems or in polynomial compartmental systems with coefficients that need to be identified. It has been proved previously that with a linearization method an approximation can be obtained to the identification of these nonlinear systems. To validate this method, a stability study is necessary. Findings – Sufficient conditions are established for the evolution law of a nonlinear bicompartmental system under which the linearization method is stable, and an upper bound is given on the approximation error – with an application, in the last section to the case of an open Michaelis-Menten system. Originality/value – The paper is of value in establishing sufficient conditions about the evolution law of a nonlinear system in order to show that this method is stable and to give an upper bound on the approximation error.

Quantum computing, Wikis (Kybernetes, Volume 38, Issue 5)

Alex M. Andrew — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to review some applications of supercomputers, with the observation that a readily available PlayStation can rival supercomputers of a decade ago. Applications to ocean modelling and to examination of possibilities for quantum computing are discussed. Also discussed are the meaning of the term Wiki, and uses of Wikis in language learning. Design/methodology/approach – The aim is to review developments on the internet, especially those of general cybernetic interest. Findings – Supercomputers have valuable applications in biological modelling, medical record keeping and climatic studies and there is particular interest in their use to explore possibilities of quantum computing which may be the key to more powerful machines of the future. The value of Wikis is not confined to the Wikipedia. Practical implications – PlayStations are likely to be taken seriously as programmable computers in certain areas. Possibilities for a new generation of quantum computers are discussed, as is also the use of Wikis in language learning. Originality/value – It is hoped this is a valuable periodic review.

The role of sociocybernetics in understanding world futures (Kybernetes, Volume 38, Issue 6)

Bernard Scott — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to set out some ideas about how sociocybernetics can contribute to understanding possible world futures. A central concept in cybernetics is “governance”, the art of steersmanship. As conceived by Ashby, Beer and others, this art is concerned with the management of variety. How do we face the challenge of managing all the variety that makes up “possible world futures”? Design/methodology/approach – The paper uses the distinction between first and second order cybernetics as a way of bringing order to the wide variety of disciplinary studies that are relevant for the understanding of possible world futures. Findings – Sociocybernetics is concerned with applying theories and methods from cybernetics and the systems sciences to the social sciences by offering concepts and tools for addressing problems holistically and globally. With its distinction between first order studies of observed systems and the second order study of observing systems, sociocybernetics provides a unifying epistemological and methodological conceptual framework. Within this framework, sociocybernetics accommodates a wealth of specialisms in the social sciences, ranging, for example, from the drivers and effects of technological development to sustainability to justice. The shared framework facilitates communication between social science specialisms and also between the social sciences, the natural sciences and the applied, technological sciences. Originality/value – The paper will be of interest to anyone keen to see how ideas from cybernetics and the systems sciences can facilitate interdisciplinary approaches to the understanding of complex social systems.

Global optimization by V-dense curves in topological vector spaces (Kybernetes, Volume 38, Issue 5)

Gaspar Mora — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to solve a global optimization problem raised from industry, named the M-problem, posed in the space L1 of Lebesgue measurable functions of integrable absolute value. Design/methodology/approach – The paper introduces the new concept of V-dense curve (VDC), a generalization of that of a-dense curve, to densify subsets of topological vector spaces not necessarily metrisable. It is proved that the feasible set of the M-problem, namely the subset D of L1 of all probability functions, is densifiable by VDC provided that L1 to be endowed with the weak topology. Findings – It is proved that the M-problem, consisting of finding a probability function f of D associated to the mean life of an electronic devise that minimizes the expectation defined by a certain functional on L1, is not a well-posed problem in D. Nevertheless, by virtue of the compactness, the M-problem has solution on each weak VDC in D for arbitrary weak 0-neighbourhood V, which allows to find an approximate probability function with arbitrary precision. Originality/value – The paper has designed, by means of the VDC-method, a convergent algorithm to find approximate solutions in ill-posed global optimization problems when the feasible set is contained in a non-metrisable topological vector space.

On the new numerical solution of corona-electrostatic electric field model with inductive electrostatic electrode for the industrial separation of granular mixture (Kybernetes, Volume 38, Issue 5)

Armand Caron — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to study the industrial separation of granular mixture by approximation of combined corona-electrostatic electric field with feeder and inductive electrostatic electrode. Design/methodology/approach – The original numerical method developed in Caron's Kybernetes paper is used and extended to an industrial construction. The method gives a mathematical model of an industrial process and converts the non-linear partial derivative system into an iterative system of linear equations. Using the well-known finite difference approximation, a numerical solution is computed very quickly. Findings – In order to really obtain a computer-aided numerical solution, it is necessary to define a really manageable approximation method. The new simulation results are detailed and show better results for the steady state in time processing and finally, to imagine improvements of the industrial processes. Originality/value – The paper shows the fast numerical solution, which leads to confidence in the numerical approximations to imagine improvements of the industrial processes easily.

Using multi-criteria decision aid to rank and select co-branding partners: From a brand personality perspective (Kybernetes, Volume 38, Issue 6)

Wei-Lun Chang — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to utilize the big five models of brand personality concept to explore potential co-branding partners by employing the multi-attribute utility theory (MAUT) to estimate and rank utilities for possible partners from the big five models. Design/methodology/approach – Design science, an artifact of proof-of-concept system is used for deciding co-branding partners. Findings – The present study attempts to demonstrate the proof-of-concept of the proposed MAUT-based decision model for a company in determining a beneficial and supportive co-branding partner. Practical implications – This paper aims to provide clues for industries in terms of providing a MAUT-based decision-making approach and a strategic information system. Examples from the telecommunication industry also demonstrate the feasibility of the approach. Originality/value – The proposed decision-making method: provides clues for ranking and selection of co-branding partners; explores the brand personality of the potential partners primitively; utilizes the MAUT approach to estimate utilities of the partners; and furnishes a roadmap for brand alliance research.

Global research and development: some new initiatives (Kybernetes, Volume 38, Issue 6)

B.H. Rudall, C.J.H. Mann — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – This paper aims to review current research and developments with particular reference to some global initiatives. Design/methodology/approach – A general review and survey of selected research and development topics is given, and studies of some new projects and programmes discussed. Findings – Illustrates the multi- and trans-disciplinary natures of studies in cybernetics, systems and management science, with a view to further research and development activity. Practical implications – The choice of reviews provides an awareness of current trends in these areas of endeavour. Originality/value – The reviews are selected from a global database and give a studied-assessment of current research and development initiatives.

Soft systems and research (Kybernetes, Volume 38, Issue 6)

Frank Stowell — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – This paper is written in response to the question “What developments are taking place in systems?” as a contribution to the November 2006 Cybernetics Conference. The paper is based upon the assumption that what is meant by the question relates to research in an area of systems known as soft systems. Design/methodology/approach – The paper begins with clarification about “Systems” and then the reader is taken on a personal journey through what are considered to be important contributions to soft systems research. The account includes reference to philosophical treatise on aspects relevant to some of the difficulties facing subjective research and some outcomes from research germane to the development of these ideas. Findings – The paper recounts lessons learnt from the practice about the nature of undertaking soft systems research and whilst acknowledging that this research continues suggests that because of these soft systems has an intellectual and practical foundation. Originality/value – Systems has become more contemplative about the nature of the world and how each one makes sense of it. Systems thinking and practice is no longer based solely on biological models but has a greater emphasis placed upon understanding and learning. Systems thinking now makes explicit that what comprises the whole is subjective but rigorous. The paper is of value to soft systems researchers and practitioners especially those who are attempting research/practice in which the clients are encouraged to participate in the process of learning.

Concurrent processing of mixed-integer non-linear programming problems (Kybernetes, Volume 38, Issue 6)

Ralf Östermark — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – To discuss a new parallel algorithmic platform (minlp_machine) for complex mixed-integer non-linear programming (MINLP) problems. Design/methodology/approach – The platform combines features from classical non-linear optimization methodology with novel innovations in computational techniques. The system constructs discrete search zones around noninteger discrete-valued variables at local solutions, which simplifies the local optimization problems and reduces the search process significantly. In complicated problems fast feasibility restoration may be achieved through concentrated Hessians. The system is programmed in strict ANSI C and can be run either stand alone or as a support library for other programs. File I/O is designed to recognize possible usage in both single and parallel processor environments. The system has been tested on Alpha, Sun and Linux mainframes and parallel IBM and Cray XT4 supercomputer environments. The constrained problem can, for example, be solved through a sequence of first order Taylor approximations of the non-linear constraints and feasibility restoration utilizing Hessian information of the Lagrangian of the MINLP problem, or by invoking a nonlinear solver like SQP directly in the branch and bound tree. minlp_machine( ) has been tested as a support library to genetic hybrid algorithm (GHA). The GHA(minlp_machine) platform can be used to accelerate the performance of any linear or non-linear node solver. The paper introduces a novel multicomputer partitioning of the discrete search space of genuine MINLP-problems. Findings – The system is successfully tested on a small sample of representative MINLP problems. The paper demonstrates that – through concurrent nonlinear branch and bound search – minlp_machine( ) outperforms some recent competing approaches with respect to the number of nodes in the branch and bound tree. Through parallel processing, the computational complexity of the local optimization problems is reduced considerably, an important aspect for practical applications. Originality/value – This paper shows that binary-valued MINLP-problems will reduce to a vector of ordinary non-linear programming on a suitably sized mesh. Correspondingly, INLP- and ILP-problems will require no quasi-Newton steps or simplex iterations on a compatible mesh.

Farsi Lexical Analysis and Stop Word List (Library Hi Tech, Volume 27, Issue 3)

Dr. Mohammad reza Davarpanah — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - In the paper , we purpose an aggregated methodology for construction of the stop word list in Farsi language and generate a generic farsi stop word list. Design/methodology/approach - The stop word list is extracted based on : syntactic classes, domain dependent, corpus statistic and expert judgments. Some of the main challenges that arise in the farsi automatic text processing were outlined as well. Findings - Results from the techniques are aggregated and a general Farsi stop word list containing 927 words is generated. Practical implications - The created stop word list can affect the efficiency and effectiveness of retrieval and indexing process in Farsi information retrieval system, moreover, it can play an important role during Farsi text segmentation. Originality/value - Our stop word extraction algorithm is a promising technique; it could be applied into other languages that they have ambiguities in automatic text segmentation.

Libraries and Immersive Learning Environments Unite in Second Life (Library Hi Tech, Volume 27, Issue 3)

Ms. Valerie Hill, Dr. Hyuk-Jin Lee — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - Purpose To explore the current impact of virtual worlds on librarianship and identify significant gains in a new mode of information delivery and immersive learning. Design/methodology/approach - Design/methodology/approach Through exploratory research and observation, the prospective study addresses a very new trend in information delivery and technology within library services. Findings - Findings Provides evidence of global collaboration among information scientists, significant contributions to library collections, and potential for educational opportunities through immersive learning environments. Research limitations/implications - Research limitations/implications A small number of librarians are participating in virtual world librarianship in relation to the profession, due to the mode being a very new one. Future research should include studying the needs of library patrons and information seeking behaviors in virtual worlds along with accessibility, security and sustainability. Practical implications - Practical implications The study implies many educational opportunities and potential for information organization, information delivery, multimedia, and immersive learning on a global scale. Originality/value - Originality/value This study presents significant evidence that virtual worlds have provided a new medium of information delivery and educational opportunities that librarians are currently embracing and sharing with other fields, including medicine, art, science, and education.

Evolution of Electronic Resources Support: Is Virtual Reference the Answer? (Library Hi Tech, Volume 27, Issue 3)

Ms. Taryn Resnick, Mr. Dennis T. Clark — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - Supporting access to electronic resources can be a challenge for librarians. In a previous article, we discussed the implementation of a two-tiered Electronic Resources (ER) HelpDesk service. While an improvement, that service existed in parallel with the library's Virtual Reference (VR) service, requiring separate staff and expertise. After considerable discussion and exploration, it became apparent that the needs of ER support could be met, with some modification, within the VR service. This paper describes the further evolution of electronic resources access support at Texas A&M University Libraries with recommendations for incorporating ER support into a VR service.Design/methodology/approach - A project at the Texas A&M University Libraries sought to utilize an existing VR service, staffed by reference librarians and staff, to expand and improve handling and resolving ER access problems.Findings - VR software is effective for managing an electronic access problemsreporting system. Integrating ER support into VR more broadly and equitably distributes responsibility for access and supports improved service for patrons and increased transparency and functionality for staff who respond to electronic resources access problems.Research limitations/implications - Not applicable.Practical implications - Virtual Reference and electronic resources staff can merge similar responsibilities for better service to patrons.Originality/value - This article offers experience-based guidance on utilizing VR technology and staff to effectively address and resolve electronic resource access problems. Our research suggests that there has not been another report of the use of integrating electronic resource problem reporting into virtual reference services.

A Simple Data Grid using the Inferno Operating System (Library Hi Tech, Volume 27, Issue 3)

Mr. Brian Hancock — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the efficacy of using the Inferno Operating System to set up a simple data grid. Design/methodology/approach - Demonstrates the set up and concepts of a simple data grid using the Inferno Operating System.Findings - The research finds that a secure but simple data grid can be set up to access documents wherever they may be.Research limitations/implications - The Inferno data grid allows researchers to work on projects from wherever they might be. Not only can they transfer data from many machines but can run programs on a local machine on files on remote machines.Practical implications - The data grid makes it very simple to move files from many machines and execute commands as if the user was using one Virtual machine.Originality/value - There is no need to use complex systems to set up a data grid, it can be done easily without much overhead.

Wiki to the Rescue: creating a more dynamic intranet (Library Hi Tech, Volume 27, Issue 3)

Ms. Ellie Dworak, Mr. Keven Jeffery — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - This article describes a project to convert a library intranet from HTML format to Wiki software and presents evidence of the success of this project.Design/methodology/approach - The authors conducted a pre- and post-survey of intranet users. Findings - Use of the intranet increased after the transition to a Wiki. Updating did not increase, but was more evenly spread amongst departments rather than being concentrated among technical staff. Research limitations/implications - Practical implications - Wiki software is an excellent choice for a library intranet because it allows for easy editing and shared responsibility. Originality/value - There are few articles written that assess the merits of Wiki software. This article establishes an ongoing discussion of which new web technologies have the most utility in a library setting.

Implementing instant messaging in four university libraries (Library Hi Tech, Volume 27, Issue 3)

Ms. Charlotte Clements — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - This paper reports on a project to implement a virtual reference service for the Library Consortium of New Zealand (LCoNZ) consortium. The project is fully described and the desirability of instant messaging as a reference tool in a university library is discussed. Design/methodology/approach - The process of choosing the most appropriate software and implementing the service are outlined and discussed in the context of recent findings about similar services in academic libraries. Current software options are compared and ease of implementation is highlighted.Findings - Because of the rapid development in social networking software and use, open source software was chosen as the most appropriate option. The overarching principle needs to include a focus on enhancing the learning experience.Practical implications - The lead library was able to implement the service with a minimum of systems support.Originality/value - This paper examines the implementation of an instant messaging reference service in the context of online learning and student learning experience. It discusses reasons why university libraries need to keep forging online opportunities for meeting their customers’ needs.

Public libraries: Places creating social capital? (Library Hi Tech, Volume 27, Issue 3)

Dr. Andreas Vårheim — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - This paper shows why studies of public libraries regarding their possible contribution in creating social capital is important for social capital research in general, and is important for library practice in particular.Design/methodology/approach - Building on the latest theoretical developments and empirical findings of social capital research, the role of the public library as a potential creator of social capital is discussed. Findings from both quantitative and qualitative empirical research are discussed, and also the need for further studies is presented.Findings - The paper reports quantitative macro-level results concerning whether public library expenditure can contribute in explaining social trust patterns in the OECD countries. However, to be able to ascertain this, numerous qualitative studies revealing the mechanisms actually generating generalized trust are needed. Preliminary qualitative interviews suggest that this approach can prove fruitful. Research limitations/implications - The implications for further research into public libraries and the building of generalized trust are twofold: One the one hand, more specific research questions on the role libraries can be asked regarding accommodating diversity and increasing trust among diverse groups , e.g., immigrants. On the other hand, the suitability of the public library for investigating these questions makes the results relevant for social capital research in general. Practical implications - The library profession points to the importance of libraries for social capital and maintain that libraries have been overlooked in this matter. Strong sentiments like this should be ideal for implementation of research based library policies, strategies and activities for creating social capital.Originality/value - What is new in this research is that studies of public libraries may contribute in resolving the impasse within contemporary social capital research where neither institutional nor societal perspectives seem to be able to verify how social capital is created. Also the perspectives on social capital are new to library research, and can contribute positively to library research and to library practice.

To Tag or Not To Tag (Library Hi Tech, Volume 27, Issue 3)

Ms. Marliese Thomas, Ms. Dana M. Caudle, Miss Cecilia M. Schmitz — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - To provide a quantitative analysis of the extent to which folksonomies replicate the Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH) to see if folksonomies would successfully complement cataloger-supplied subject headings in library catalogs.Design/methodology/approach - The paper compares social tags and LC subject headings for ten books from various library-related applications including next generation OPACs and LibraryThing by ranking tags and subject headings using scales modified from research by Golder and Huberman, Voorbij, and Kipp.Findings - Social tagging does indeed augment LCSH by providing additional access to resources.Research limitations/implications - Several of our applications lacked tags for the books we chose in our study. Tags are primarily taken from LibraryThing.Practical implications - A hybrid catalog combining both LCSH and a folksonomy would result in richer metadata and be stronger than the sum of its parts, giving patrons the best of both worlds in terms of access to materials.Originality/value - This paper supplies quantitative support for the use of folksonomies in a library’s catalog. The data also supports many of the previous theories proposed in literature about folksonomies and social tagging.

Libraries without borders: navigating towards global understanding – a personal perspective on IFLA's 74th General Conference and Council in Quebec, Canada (Library Hi Tech News, Volume 26, Issue 3/4)

Rose B. Okiy — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to report on the 74th General Conference and Council Meeting of the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA), which took place on August 10-14, 2008 in Quebec, Canada. Design/methodology/approach – This is a descriptive report. Findings – The conference discussed libraries without borders: navigating towards global understanding. Originality/value – Will be of interest to library and information professionals.

Balancing outreach and privacy in Facebook: five guiding decision points (Library Hi Tech News, Volume 26, Issue 3/4)

Peter Fernandez — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to highlight five decision points intended to serve as guideposts for librarians attempting to conceptualize their own efforts within Facebook. Design/methodology/approach – Facebook has tendencies and restrictions that can be troubling for librarians committed to a certain conception of privacy. Each decision point highlighted in this paper is an opportunity to consider the implications of a particular decision in light of the privacy concerns created by Facebook. Rather than attempting to be exhaustive, it is an attempt to give a broad overview of the places that librarians should focus their attention. Findings – Each of the five decision points is discussed and the implications considered. Originality/value – It is hoped that the decision points discussed in this paper serve as a starting point for dealing with social networking privacy issues.

Research into open access science publishing (Library Hi Tech News, Volume 26, Issue 3/4)

Joseph Welfare Irivwieri — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of some issues and controversies surrounding arguments for research into open access. Design/methodology/approach – The paper begins with a brief investigation of some background on library, research into open access, questions and then considers three major public definitions of open access, types of open access journals currently available, history of open access, reasons for open access, public and advocacy, criticism of open access, publishing in an open access journal, users, research funders, and universities, libraries and librarians. Findings – As a matter of fact, the scholarly community is not yet completely aware of the potential of the open access web, both as a network of communication and a cradle for new tools for research practice. Research limitations/implications – Open access is a simple concept, but a complex one to achieve in reality. Originality/value – The way open access is viewed, either as a source of information or as a medium, affects the great multitude of players and interests involved.

National Seminar on Open Access on Textual and Multimedia Content: Bridging the Digital Divide: brief report (Library Hi Tech News, Volume 26, Issue 3/4)

Pawan Kumar Gupta, Jagdish Arora — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to report on a national seminar held at the India Habitat Centre, New Delhi, on 29-30 January 2009. Design/methodology/approach – This is a descriptive report. Findings – The national seminar focused on open access of textual and multimedia content looking at collaboration between two inter-university centres of the University Grants Commission (UGC), INFLIBNET (Information and Library Network) Center in Ahmedabad and the Center for Educational Communication (CEC) in New Delhi. Originality/value – It will be of interest to the library and information professionals especially to the media professionals across the country. It may also be helpful to the professionals of the Asian countries at some extend. A detailed version of this report published in the seminar website and it may also appear in the forthcoming INFLIBNET newsletter for the INFLIBNET members.

Indian Library Association (ILA) annual conference report (Library Hi Tech News, Volume 26, Issue 3/4)

N.K. Swain, Satish Kumar — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to report on the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Indian Library Association (ILA) held during December 13-16, 2008 in Hyderabad. Design/methodology/approach – This is a descriptive report. Findings – The meeting discussed “Developing library and information resources and services in the internet era”, comprising “Public library as a community information centre/knowledge centre”, “Legislation for libraries in the internet era”, “Library 2.0 and Web 2.0”, “Collection/resource development policies”, “Management and evaluation of collection”, “Print and digital publications issues”, “Knowledge management and knowledge society” and “Open sources”. Originality/value – Will be of interest to library and information professionals.

SMS library reference service options (Library Hi Tech News, Volume 26, Issue 3/4)

Beth Stahr — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to review the usefulness of short message service (SMS) or text-messaging for library reference service. Design/methodology/approach – The different technological approaches to SMS reference service are described and compared. Findings – The advantages and disadvantages of each approach are provided. Research limitations/implications – Because these technologies are still evolving, this report is merely a first effort at describing the different service methods in a single review. Practical implications – This paper is intended to be helpful to any library considering providing a text message reference service. It should help the library identify which approach will best suit the culture of that library. Originality/value – This is an overall look at different available technologies, which will be helpful to any library contemplating adding an SMS reference service.

Sociability and social interaction on social networking websites (Library Review, Volume 58, Issue 6)

Andrew Keenan, Ali Shiri — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – Social websites have become a major medium for social interaction. From Facebook to MySpace to emergent sites like Twitter, social websites are increasing exponentially in user numbers and unique visits every day. How do these websites encourage sociability? What features or design practices enable users to socialize with other users? The purpose of this paper is to explore sociability on the social web and details how different social websites encourage their users to interact. Design/methodology/approach – Four social websites (Facebook, MySpace, LinkedIn and Twitter) were examined from a user study perspective. After thoroughly participating on the websites, a series of observations were recorded from each experience. These experiences were then compared to understand the different approaches of each website. Findings – Social websites use a number of different approaches to encourage sociability amongst their users. Facebook promotes privacy and representing “real world” networks in web environment, while MySpace promotes publicity and representing both real world and virtual networks in a web environment. Niche websites like LinkedIn and Twitter focus on more specific aspects of community and technology, respectively. Originality/value – A comparison of different models of sociability does not yet exist. This study focuses specifically on what makes social websites “social.”

Analysis of bibliographic references in Zootecnia Tropical (Library Review, Volume 58, Issue 6)

Exio Chaparro-Martinez, Miguel Ángel Marzal — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyze the bibliographic references contained in the scientific papers (articles and technical notes) published from 1985 to 2005 in Zootecnia Tropical (ZT), a scientific journal. Design/methodology/approach – A retrospective descriptive study is conducted using one-dimensional bibliometric indicators such as: output, bibliographic density, institutional affiliation, recentness of the documents cited, document typology, self-citations and scientific collaboration. Univariate descriptive analysis is used to study the indicators. Findings – A total of 349 scientific papers (300 articles and 49 technical notes) are reviewed; output ranged from a maximum of 34 papers in 2001 to a minimum of four in 1990, with a mean of 15 papers per volume. The papers analyzed contain a total of 5,651 bibliographic references, with an average of 19?±?9 references per paper; the largest number of references (19?±?33) are found in the articles and the smallest (10.5?±?13) in the notes. Venezuelan institutions account for 89 per cent of the papers and international institutions for the remain in 11 per cent; of the Venezuelan institutions, most (62 per cent) are National Institute of Agricultural Research (INIA) bodies and the rest universities and other organizations, especially the Universidad Central de Venezuela (UCV) and Universidad de Oriente (UDO). Universities are also among the most frequent international contributors, most prominently Marianga State University in Brazil and Tucumán National University in Argentina. Around 60 per cent of the references were more than ten years old when they were cited; 21 per cent were between five and ten years old and 19 per cent less than five years old. Journal articles, with 57 per cent, are the document type most frequently cited, followed by books, with 23 per cent; the rest consisted in postgraduate theses (3 per cent), undergraduate theses (2 per cent) and congress, conference and seminar proceedings (12 per cent). The self-citation or endogamy rate in the journal is 4 per cent. Over half (53 per cent) of the papers are written by authors with the same affiliation. Inter-institutional papers account for the remaining 47 per cent, with 34 per cent involving national collaboration, particularly between the INIA and the UCV; international co-authorship comes to 13 per cent, primarily involving Brazilian and Argentine universities. Originality/value – This paper analyzes the use of information in the Venezuelan scientific community from the vantage of a specific journal, ZT. These studies constitute useful and objective tools for evaluating scientific activity.

Literary patronage in Medieval England, 1350-1550 (Library Review, Volume 58, Issue 6)

John Walsh — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to describe the change literary patronage underwent in England after the introduction of print, and attempt to explain the causes for the shift. Design/methodology/approach – Provides a historical review of the period. Findings – The practice became more of a marketing tool in bookmaking. The patronage of printed books was one of endorsement. It was a patronage that came from the use of a prestigious or powerful name, not from the financial support of a wealthy personage. Literary patronage of late Medieval England was a practice of financial support. A person of wealth would accept the financial responsibility involved with the production of literary materials. The patron became an important part of the bookmaking process and without the contributions of a patron most books would not have been produced. After the invention of the printing press, the role of patronage changed. Research limitations/implications – Analyses an era in the history of book publishing in England and should be of interest to scholars of Medieval England, and publishing and library history. Originality/value – Provides a review of patronage in an important era for changes in publishing.

Rise and demise of neoliberalism: time to reassess the impact on public libraries (Library Review, Volume 58, Issue 6)

David McMenemy — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to discuss the efficacy of neoliberal philosophy in light of its collapse as a result of the recent banking crises, and the impact the wider philosophy has had on the practice of public librarianship. Design/methodology/approach – Provides a reflective viewpoint on an important issue facing the profession. Findings – The paper finds that the use of a language that is now discredited in terms of its efficacy is counter-productive and that librarianship should re-consider its adoption of the language of neoliberalism in its consideration of users and services. Practical implications – Should be of interest to those working in public library roles who wish to question some of the philosophies with which they are presented within their organisations and in their professional literature. Originality/value – This is the first paper to discuss the potential of the disintegration of neoliberal philosophy on the development of the public library profession in the UK.

Recent trends in authentication and national information management policy in the UK (Library Review, Volume 58, Issue 6)

Nicholas Joint — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to discuss the evolution of digital library authentication standards and practices in the UK, and to use the issue of authentication to reflect on the nature of national information management policy and its associated structures. Design/methodology/approach – A brief historical account of British authentication developments set in the context of different international approaches, with some insights into the national decision-making structures that have shaped the nature of UK authentication practice. Findings – The paper finds that the shape of national information management structures had played an essential role in the evolution of authentication policy and practice in the UK, and that the solutions that have evolved as a consequence of this have not necessarily been the most user-friendly or logical that could have been achieved. Research limitations/implications – Research into best authentication practice should be taken forward from the widest possible international perspective, in order to gather the best solutions from wherever they are available. Practical implications – Practitioner engagement with the issues of national information management can help form a more intelligent debate on the best ways to shape large-scale information developments. Originality/value – This paper looks at various aspects of British digital library authentication systems with a critical eye, and asks librarians to consider familiar aspects of such existing systems from a different perspective.

A writing support programme for Irish academic librarians (Library Review, Volume 58, Issue 6)

Helen Fallon — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the benefits of a writing support programme in developing the skills and motivation of librarians to write for academic publication. Design/methodology/approach – A brief review of the literature is presented. The model developed and implemented by this author is outlined. Findings from a survey of participants are discussed. Research limitations/implications – The formal programme commenced in 2007. The publication process takes time, particularly in the case of peer-reviewed journals. This is exploratory work. It will take time to build up a body of information and a community of librarians writing for publication. Initial evidence indicates there is significant value to the programme. Practical implications – The model is transferable and could help in building skills and confidence in academic writing. In addition academic writing could serve as a bridge between lecturing and library staff, addressing issues of common concern across the Academy. Originality/value – This is the first formal writing support programme for librarians in Irish universities. Models exist in the USA. A similar model is used in the UK and Ireland to support lecturing staff writing for publication.

On the interactions of financing and investment decisions: Evidence from Chinese industrial companies (Managerial Finance, Volume 35, Issue 8)

Sung C. Bae — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to empirically examine the relation between financial leverage and investment opportunities of Chinese industrial firms, which operate in a vastly different financial environment than USA and Japanese firms. Design/methodology/approach – Multivariate regression analysis is performed using four versions of debt-equity ratio as dependent variable to extensive firm-level data for the 2000-2004 period. Findings – The market total debt-equity (MTDE) ratios of Chinese firms are significantly negatively related to their investment opportunities, indicating that Chinese firms with higher investment opportunities tend to borrow less. The results, however, reveal that the financing-investment relation is sensitive to the approach used to measure financial leverage. The results further show that long-term debt-equity ratios of Chinese firms are not significantly related to their investment opportunities, suggesting that corporate long-term debt has a minimal role in the leverage-investment relation for Chinese firms. Practical implications – The present study opens for a further research on the determinants of the negative relation between financial leverage and investment opportunities of Chinese firms documented in this study. For this line of future research, several unique features of Chinese markets including non-tradable shares, domestic vs foreign shares, high degree of information asymmetry need to be taken into account. Originality/value – The present study extends and updates the existing literature on the relation between financial leverage and investment opportunities of Chinese firms by providing new and concrete evidence from extensive data over a more recent period.

Reverse-LBOs, re-LBOs and informational asymmetry hypothesis of LBO transactions (Managerial Finance, Volume 35, Issue 8)

Arman Kosedag, Jamshid Mehran, Jinhu Qian — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the informational asymmetry (informational advantage of managers) in leveraged buyout (LBO) transactions. Design/methodology/approach – Unlike previous studies of informational asymmetry in LBOs, this research uses a set of reverse-LBO and re-LBO firms. The paper proposes and empirically tests three hypotheses that draw on the informational advantage of managers in LBOs. Specifically, the value gain (VG) realized by the reverse-LBO firms is compared with that realized by a control sample of firms; the wealth distribution between managers and pre-buyout shareholders is studied; and, finally, the performance of re-LBO firms relative to reverse-LBO firms is evaluated. Findings – The results do not support the view that managers use buyouts to exploit their informational advantage. Specifically; the performance of LBO firms under the private ownership is comparable to those of matching public firms; the management team's return in a LBO deal is not significantly more than pre-buyout shareholders’ return; and repeating reverse-LBO firms (re-LBOs) do not necessarily perform better than the non-repeating reverse-LBO firms. Originality/value – While reverse-LBOs have been investigated to some extent in the prior literature, studies on re-LBOs are quite scant – although these transactions offer a new and interesting avenue to examine the motivations behind LBOs in general. The use of the entire LBO?-?reverse-LBO?-?re-LBO cycle in testing the informational advantage of managers is a novelty. It is hoped that re-LBOs will attract the amount of attention they deserve as these firms may offer interesting means to reinvestigate commonly debated theories of corporate finance.

Effects of underwriters, venture capital and industry on long-term initial public offering performance (Managerial Finance, Volume 35, Issue 8)

Yewmun Yip, Yuli Su, Jiun Boon Ang — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine whether the choice of underwriters, venture capital (VC) support, industry and their interactions have any impact on the long-term performance of initial public offerings (IPOs). Design/methodology/approach – Using standard event study methodology, 12 months of abnormal monthly returns for 1,772 IPOs are obtained. ANOVA and regression analyses are performed on both abnormal returns (ARs) and cumulative ARs to investigate the effect of underwriter choice, VC support and industry and their interactions on the long-term performance of IPOs. Findings – Under a multi-factor framework, only significant underwriter and VC effects are found. Short-term price momentum and long-term price reversal pattern is most pronounced for IPOs that are underwritten by leading investment banks and backed by venture capitalists. The beginning of price reversal coincides with the expiration of IPO lockup period. Although by the end of the first year, IPOs on average underperform the market, investors can earn above market returns by investing in IPOs that are underwritten by leading investment banks and backed by venture capitalists, and divest before the expiration of the lockup period. Research limitations/implications – The results are limited by the accuracy of the models used in measuring ARs. Practical implications – The results seem to suggest that a profitable investment strategy may be implemented with regard to IPOs. Originality/value – The paper analyzes the various effects and their interactions on the long-term performance of IPOs.

The insurance distribution systems and efficiency in the property-casualty insurance industry (Managerial Finance, Volume 35, Issue 8)

Jin Park, Sukho Lee, Han Bin Kang — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate coexistence of multiple distribution systems in property-casualty (P/C) insurance industry in the USA. Design/methodology/approach – Stochastic frontier analysis is used to measure cost and revenue efficiencies of P/C insurance companies utilizing different distribution systems. Findings – Independent agent insurers are found to be cost inefficient compared to insurers with other distribution systems, but the independent agent insurers have better revenue efficiency compared to their long counterpart, the exclusive agent insurers. This study also documents that the direct writing system provides higher cost and revenue efficiencies than other distribution systems, although their efficiencies have been deteriorating during the same time period. Research limitations/implications – Future research could examine whether the findings change by measuring efficiencies with a non-parametric method, i.e. data envelopment analysis. Practical implications – A start-up insurer should consider a direct writing system, which is most cost and revenue efficient. Originality/value – This paper investigates efficiencies of insurers by four different distribution systems and tracks efficiency changes of insurers over 12-year periods.

Substituting corporate saving for personal saving: An explanation for falling personal saving rates (Managerial Finance, Volume 35, Issue 8)

L. Dwayne Barney, Diane K. Schooley, Harry White — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to test the hypothesis that savers may be substituting equity capital gains from stockholdings for traditional measures of personal saving. The analysis also aims to investigate dividend yield (DY) as a signal to investors about corporate saving rates (CSRs). Design/methodology/approach – Regression analysis is used to examine the relationship between personal saving and corporate saving. The personal saving rate (PSR) is the dependent variable while three measures of corporate saving (S&P500 corporate saving rate (SPSR), S&P500 DY and national income and product accounts (NIPA) CSR) alternatively serve as the independent variable. Findings – The results confirm that personal saving is negatively related to corporate saving for large-cap publicly traded firms. The study also finds a significant positive relationship between DY and PSR, offering support that DY provides an observable signal about corporate saving. Research limitations/implications – The relationship between personal and CSRs is found to be robust through time. However, the downward spiral the US economy is experiencing today will provide unique and interesting data for examining the relationship in future studies. Originality/value – This analysis differs from previous approaches by utilizing retained earnings, rather than stock market capital gains, to measure corporate saving, and provides new evidence that individuals substitute corporate saving for personal saving. The alarm expressed by the media and government over falling PSRs may not be warranted. Individuals appear to adjust personal rates to reflect the changes in corporate saving and reach the total saving rate that is optimal.

Never Tickle a Sleeping Bookworm: How Readers Devour Harry Potter (Marketing Intelligence & Planning, Volume 27, Issue 6)

Dr. Anthony Patterson, Prof. Stephen Brown — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - Harry Potter is one of the world's most remarkable marketing phenomena. This paper reveals that consumers interact with the Potter brand in a variety of ways, ways that parallel the four archetypal houses at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry.Design/methodology/approach - The paper interrogates Pottermania by means of a longitudinal qualitative study of fans, non-fans and neutrals. Findings - This paper shows, contrary to the stereotype, that there's much more to Harry Potter consumers than the long lines of enthusiastic fans standing outside bookstores at midnight.Research limitations/implications - n/aPractical implications - n/aOriginality/value - In a world where brands are narratives and consumers are readers, this paper shows that there are several distinctive modes of "reading a brand" and evaluates their implications for the future of the Harry Potter franchise.

Voyage of Marketing Thought from a Barter System to a Customer Centric One (Marketing Intelligence & Planning, Volume 27, Issue 5)

Dr. Gurjeet Kaur Sahi — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - Marketing thought originating from the era of the barter system, gradually evolved into production and sales orientations, with greater emphasis on the process, quality, and selling of products. Thereafter, customer satisfaction as an essential component of the strategic decision process occupied a significant position among various marketing activities. Inadequate research inputs on determining the time-specific evolutionary relevance of marketing thought divulging into the essential components of each marketing concept, especially those with customer satisfaction as a dimension in the measurement construct, is the outgrowth of the present paper. Design/methodology/approach - A detailed, conceptually integrated analysis of various marketing philosophies is offered to facilitate business executives in examining the philosophy followed by their companies and how to move vertically in pursuance of improved business performance. Findings - In context to Indian market, which is fast becoming an attraction for the developed nations as an investment hub, it has been observed and experienced that public sector corporations are still at the production orientation stage, whereas private companies are predominantly using the sales-oriented approach. The present status of customer orientation, market orientation and relationship marketing culture is India, is quite distinct from the status in the West as indicated by literature published in the developed countries. Banking, insurance, tourism, and hospitals still need to ensure minimum customer-oriented services, which are not performed impressively in India.Research limitations/implications - Being a conceptual and country specific paper, it lacks wider generalisation of its findings. Moreover, at many instances personal judgement of the authors might have resulted into biased interpretation. Practical implications - Indian companies, with a few exceptions, lack an adequate orientation to pursue continuous market research in order to sense new developments, which are taking place due to the implementation of advanced IT leading to greater exposure to customers. It can, thus, be synthesized that with respect to marketing practices in Indian settings, the existing large gap between the theory and implementation is drawing much attention from those concerned with the socio-economic consequences associated with future business goals.Originality/value - The present study can help managers in evaluating their business orientation level, but how to improve it further or update them as per ongoing changes in marketing thought and practice, has to be investigated and examined on continuous basis. Hence, empirical testing and validation of the constructs originating from the study (Exhibit 1) have to be pursued, so as to analyze both the nature and the extent of the business orientation of a particular firm.

AN ESSENTIAL GUIDE TO AUDIENCE DEVELOPMENT (Marketing Intelligence & Planning, Volume 27, Issue 6)

Ms. Emma Hazelwood, Prof. Robert Lawson, Dr. Robert Walter Aitken — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - Purpose: This paper examines the characteristics and usefulness of opinion leaders and market mavens in relation to theatre guides as a way for theatres to develop new audiences.Design/methodology/approach - Design/methodology/approach: Surveys and a small number of in-depth interviews were conducted within a sample of 1200 theatre patrons. A univariate ANOVA analysis determined degrees of correspondence between levels of opinion leadership or mavenism and reported influential behaviour.Findings - Findings: Opinion leaders are much more useful in the process of audience development than mavens given their propensity to engage in positive reinforcement behaviours-particularly in their roles as theatre guides. Research limitations/implications - Research limitations/implications: While the level of mavenism was related to provision of general market information, it was not related to diffusion of performance-specific information. Also, the portrayal of opinion leaders as living in a 'closed world'- unlikely to be an effective cultural influence on non-attendees was not supported. A further limitation was that it could not gauge the effectiveness of the self-reported influential behaviour of non-attendees. Further research should measure the effectiveness of opinion leaders based on how many of the non-attendees they influenced came to the theatre.Practical implications - Practical implications: Theatres should identify opinion leaders and encourage their natural 'guide' behaviour with targeted incentives and information as a method of building new audiences and developing new relationships.Originality/value - Originality/value: This paper will help theatres to use their resources more effectively to increase audience attendance. Further, the identification and establishment of theatre guides based on the characteristics of opinion leaders is within the capability of all arts organisations.

Marketing Orientation and Arts Organisations: The Case for Business Sponsorship (Marketing Intelligence & Planning, Volume 27, Issue 6)

Ms. Sarah R Thomas, Dr. Simon James Pervan, Dr. Peter Nuttall — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to explore the implications of a greater marketing orientation among arts organisations and its impact on funding through sponsorship.Design/methodology/approach - Utilising a qualitative methodology the study employs case studies for the purpose of formulating tentative and emergent knowledge.Findings - The case study observations reveal the adoption of a marketing orientation across the sample and most significantly for the purposes of securing and consolidating sponsorship relationships. But contrary to popular academic theory this is managed without significant threat to artistic integrity or adaptation of theatrical productions.Research limitations/implications - Data was derived from a purposive but limited sample. The advantages of a qualitative method in producing rich data is well established however a longitudinal study would facilitate the understanding of the temporal shifts in arts sponsorships and counter the limits of the cross-sectional nature of the study.Practical implications - The study reveals a managerial capacity for arts organisations to attract sponsorship through customer orientation without the need to compromise its artistic and social goals.Originality/value - A central concern to the increasing significance of business and private funding for the survival of arts organisations is the impact this has on the producers ability to remain faithful to the artistic integrity of their productions. This longstanding academic debate now has predominance in arts marketing management and the issues addressed in this paper serve to address this shift in emphasis.

Value, Satisfaction, Loyalty and Retention in Professional Services (Marketing Intelligence & Planning, Volume 27, Issue 5)

Dr. Rene J Trasorras, Dr. Art Weinstein, Prof. Russell Abratt — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - This paper assesses customers’ perceived value of professional services and how this influences satisfaction, loyalty and ultimately retention. Design/methodology/approach - A survey was conducted among professional service providers in the Tampa Bay, Florida (USA) Metropolitan Statistical Area, which included attorneys, financial professionals, physicians and dentists and private investigators. Findings - There is a highly significant relationship between service and customer retention, quality and customer retention, image and customer retention, price and customer retention, and value and customer retention. There is a significant relationship between value and satisfaction on customer retention; between value and loyalty’s effect on customer retention; and among value, satisfaction and loyalty on customer retention.Research limitations/implications - Statistically, the findings cannot be generalized beyond the scope of this study and the Tampa area. However, this can be tested in further research. Practical implications - We found that the SQIP model had a significant correlation to customer retention. The four components of value – service, quality, image and price – are each directly related to customer retention and therefore should be used by service professionals and managers as an important strategy to retain their clients. Originality/value - Professional services is an under researched area in the value, satisfaction and customer retention area and this study fills this gap

Lessons from arts experiences for Service-Dominant Logic (Marketing Intelligence & Planning, Volume 27, Issue 6)

Dr. Tabitha White, Dr. Anne-Marie Hede, Dr. Ruth Rentschler — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - This paper considers whether art experiences can inform SDL discourse through an exploration of the co-production and co-creation processes of art experiences.Design/methodology/approach - Empirical knowledge gained about art experiences is analysed to identify emergent themes about co-production and co-creation. Four modes of qualitative data collection were employed: research participant diaries, photo elicitation, in-depth interviews and focus groups.Findings - Key findings are: •There are three stakeholders involved in the co-creation of art experiences which all have critical and different roles. •Co-creation and co-production are both temporally based and evolving and there are points where they interact and intersect. •High levels of engagement in co-production enhance individuals’ contribution to the co-creation of positive value and make their participation in future co-production opportunities more likely. Research limitations/implications - The research is exploratory and is not a general population study. The methodology and sample of participants employed does not allow for the generalisation of the findings to the broader population. Practical implications - Organisations may benefit from devising strategies to encourage greater dialogue and connection between all stakeholders involved in co-production and co-creation. The higher the level of individuals’ co-production of art experiences the greater likelihood of positive value being co-created. Furthermore, the greater the possibility of individuals engaging in other co-production experiences in the future. While individuals are attracted to co-production possibilities there are factors that are external to an experience that can act as either barriers to or facilitators of co-production, and that consequently impact on co-creation. Originality/value - There is little extant research that explores the applicability of art experiences to SDL. This study is significant in that it employs empirical research methods to develop knowledge on the topic. Furthermore, this study is innovative in that it seeks to see whether the art experiences can inform generic marketing models, rather than whether generic marketing models can inform arts marketing.

An Evaluation of Artistic Influences on Marketing Theory and Practice (Marketing Intelligence & Planning, Volume 27, Issue 6)

Dr. Ian Fillis — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - This paper evaluates the connections between art and marketing in order to develop enhanced insight into how visual art and the art world can inform marketing theory and practice.Design/methodology/approach - An in-depth analysis of a range of relevant literatures is carried out in order to heighten understanding of art as a way of knowing within the marketing discipline. A range of meanings of art and marketing are considered and an analyses of their intersections is carried out. Findings - A number of useful concepts are developed, including that of the marketing manager as an artist. Viewing marketing through visual art is seen as an avant garde response to addressing the continuing theory/practice gap. Research limitations/implications - Following an art-based way of knowing in marketing has the potential to challenge more mainstream paths of thinking by opening up the ways in which we visualise marketing theory and practice. Thinking about marketing through art should not be seen as a general panacea for addressing current inadequacies of marketing theory but should instead be viewed as an alternative mechanism in which contemporary marketing theory and practice can be enriched by the transference and juxtapositioning of art-based thought with long established ways of thinking about marketing. Practical implications - Artistic creativity is seen as a key factor in stimulating marketing decisions. Viewing the marketer as artist also mirrors the actual behaviour of the marketing manager by providing insight into intuitive thought processes and visualisation techniques.Originality/value - Arts marketing research in general is making progress in terms of its theoretical and practical contributions to the wider marketing discipline. It is believed that papers such as this will contribute to the ongoing research agenda by stimulating much needed critical debate.

Structural Determinants of Household Art Expenditure (Marketing Intelligence & Planning, Volume 27, Issue 6)

Dr. Jianfeng Jiang — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - This study aims to empirically investigate the influences of sociodemographic, environmental and marketing mix variables on household art expenditure.Design/methodology/approach - Using the latest U. S. census data collected from 140 Metropolitan Statistical Areas, three stepwise multiple regressions were employed to identify the key determinants of household art expenditure and their directional impacts. Findings - The study evinces that a set of sociodemographic, environmental and marketing mix variables explains a large percentage of variation of household art expenditure. In addition to that, these variables influence household art expenditure differently. Research limitations/implications - Limited by data availability, the study focuses on investigating the effects of variables with available measures. Future researchers are encouraged to include a broader range of variables in analysis whenever possible.Practical implications - The study suggests that art dealers use the approach adopted in this research to predict household art expenditure. Market entry decisions should be based on an assessment of market expansion potential and a full comprehension of the limitations imposed by an area’s sociodemographic, environmental and marketing mix characteristics.Originality/value - This is the first study to empirically explain the variation of household art expenditure.

Marketing Cultural Attractions: Understanding Non-Attendance and Visitation Barriers (Marketing Intelligence & Planning, Volume 27, Issue 6)

Dr. Pandora L Kay, Dr. Emma Wong, Prof. Michael Jay Polonsky — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - To draw together the previous academic and industry research on non-attendance of cultural attractions, followed by qualitative in-depth interviews to identify commonalities or gaps in the previous research on barriers, constraints and inhibitors, as well as to propose linkages between these. Design/methodology/approach - A multi-method approach was used – where barriers, constraints and inhibitors were identified by means of thematic content analysis of the literature. A set of probing questions was developed based on these themes and was then examined in in-depth interviews with individuals that had not visited cultural attractions in the past two years, in an attempt to triangulate data, as well as to identify connections between barriers.Findings - From the literature, eight interconnected barriers to visitation were identified - 1) physical access, 2) personal access, 3) cost, 4) time and timing, 5) product, 6) personal interest and peer group, 7) socialization and understanding, and 8) information. The in-depth interviews generally supported these, although it was also identified that there were complex interrelationships between the issues.Originality/value - This research addresses the neglected question of why people do not attend cultural attractions by triangulating thematic findings from the content analysis of diverse literature with in-depth interview responses from one non-visitor segment. This resulted in an interconnected model of barriers that can be used to assist managers to develop strategies addressing low visitation rates within targeted segments.

Preparation And Characterization Of Green Nanocomposites of Biodegradable Poly (Vinyl-Alcohol-Co-Ethylene) and Wood Dust. (Pigment & Resin Technology, Volume 38, Issue 5)

Miss Ruchi Bana, Professor A K Banthia — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - Purpose:To Prepare and Characterize nanocomposites, which are made of biodegradable Poly (Vinyl-Alcohol-Co-Ethylene) and Wood Dust. These nanocomposites can aptly be termed as green by nature as they are totally non-toxic and ecofriendly.Design/methodology/approach - Design/methodology/approach: Sample films containing 5, 10 and 15 wt % filler were prepared by conventional solvent casting technique using glass plates as casting surfaces. The dispersion of filler in the polymer matrix was investigated by TEM analysis. Physical and chemical, properties of the films were studied by various characterization techniques (FTIR, XRD, TEM, and TGA). Findings - Findings: Formation of the nanocomposite by TEM shows the average particle size for films is in the range of 12-25 nm which shows a greater extent of matrix penetrated into fiber capillaries of wood dust .These results are supported by the XRD findings also. Wood enhances the thermal stability of the as synthesized nanocomposite.Research limitations/implications - Research limitations/implications-The mechanical properties of the as synthesized nanocomposite could have improved to larger extent by modifying wood dust.Practical implications - Practical implications:The method developed provides a simple and practical solution to improve the biodegradability as well as the thermal stability of the composite films.Originality/value - Originality/value-These formed nanocomposites can be used in automotive parts like front door liners, boot liners, parcel shelves, headliners etc. it can also be used as mulching films in agriculture

Synthesis and characterization of some new arylazopyridone dyes (Pigment & Resin Technology, Volume 38, Issue 5)

Dr. Zaker bahreini — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - This paper aims to synthesise, characterize and find out properties of some new arylazopyridone disperse dyes, bearing different substituents on coupling component of the dyes.Design/methodology/approach - The dyes were synthesized by the diazotization, coupling and cyclization reactions, starting from various aryldiazonium salts and different β-diketoesters followed by condensation with cyanoacetamide. The Structures of these dyes were characterized and confirmed by melting point, elemental analysis, IR, UV/Vis and 1H- NMR data. Their absorption properties in different solvents were also investigated.Findings - The wavelength of maximum absorptions, molar extinction coefficients were strongly dependent on the electron donating ability of the substituents on the coupling moiety. The absorption bands of these dyes move toward longer wavelength as the polarity of the solvents and electron density of substituents on the coupling moiety increase. These dyes were chromophorically strong as evidenced by molar extinction coefficient in solvents.Originality/value - In this work 4 series of arylazopyridone dyes (21 dyes) were synthesized and charactrized, which up to our knowledge, they have not been registered already.

Phenolated larch-bark formaldehyde adhesive with various amount of sodium hydroxide (Pigment & Resin Technology, Volume 38, Issue 5)

Mr. Jianlong Yuan, Dr. Zhenhua Gao, Dr. Xiang-Ming Wang — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - To evaluate the effect of different amounts of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) introduced during the resin synthesis on the properties of bark-phenol-formaldehyde (BPF) adhesives in order to balance storage life and other properties of BPF adhesives.Design/methodology/approach - Based on the best synthetic technologies for the production of BPF adhesives obtained in a previous study, a new synthetic technology was developed for the production of BPF adhesives that involved a three-step addition of NaOH using different amounts of NaOH in the third charge. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and plywood bond were used to evaluate properties of the PF and BPF adhesives.Findings - The amount of NaOH in the third charge had an important influence on many BPF adhesive properties. The study determined that the synthetic technology involving three-step NaOH additions with only water introduced in the third charge of NaOH produced a BPF adhesive with the longest storage life and best bonding strength.Research limitations/implications - BPF adhesives are very complex systems with many unknown variables.Practical implications - The improved storage life of the BPF adhesive prepared with the new synthetic technologywas comparable to that of a commercial PF adhesive, which indicated that this new technology shows greater potential for commercial applications.Originality/value - A new synthetic technology was developed to produce a BPF adhesive that was more comparable to commercial PF adhesives than other BPF adhesives in terms of storage life and other resin properties.

Amine functional aniline furfuraldehyde condensate effectively cured epoxy resin (Pigment & Resin Technology, Volume 38, Issue 5)

Dr. Tithi Maity, Mr. Bidhan Chandra Samanta — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - To investigate the curing efficiency of amine functional aniline furfuraldehyde condensate (AFAFFC) for diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) resin to obtain toughness, chemical resistance etc.Design/methodology/approach - To study curing reaction, the curing agent AFAFFC was synthesised first from the reaction of aniline and furfuraldehyde in acid medium and characterised by FT-IR spectroscopic analysis, elemental analysis, concentration of primary and secondary amine analysis. Then equimolecular mixture of AFAFFC and DGEBA was subjected to curing reaction and the reaction was followed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis. The kinetic studies of this curing reaction, mechanical properties, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of cured epoxy were also reportedFindings - The DSC analysis showed the complete exotherms of effective curing reaction indicating the efficiency of AFAFFC as curing agent for DGEBA resin. The kinetic studies revealed that the curing reaction was first order. Mechanical properties reflect the brittleness of cured matrix and TGA showed that the cured matrixes were stable up to around 2400C. Research limitations/implications - The curing agent AFAFFC have been synthesised by using aniline and furfuraldehyde. By changing amine and aldehyde other curing agents could be synthesised and the curing efficiency of these for epoxy resin could also be studied.Originality/value - The method for curing study of epoxy resin (DGEBA) is novel and relevant as the cured products have high performance applications in protective coatings, adhesives for most substrates.

The mechanical and impact properties of MWNTs/LDPE nanocomposites (Pigment & Resin Technology, Volume 38, Issue 5)

Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - To present a new method that MWNTs (multi-walled carbon nanotubes) can be dispersed and aligned in LDPE (Low Density Polyethylene) for improving its mechanical properties.Design/methodology/approach - Dispersion and alignment of MWNTs in LDPE matrix enhanced by ultrasonic vibration, solution casting and melt mixing and flow molding method; the properties of the composite have been characterized using scanning electron microscopy(SEM),tensile testing machine and the Izod impact testing machine. Findings - It was found that MWNTs in LDPE has some dispersion and alignment; improvement in LDPE’s strength, toughness was attributed to dispersion and alignment of MWNTs in LDPE matrix.Practical implications - Polymer/CNTs nanocomposites are expected to have good processability of the polymers and high mechanical and functional properties of the CNTs. Enhancing dispersion and alignment of MWNTs in the polymer matrix will promote and expand the applications and development of polymer/ MWNTs nanocomposites.Originality/value - The method that makes MWNTs disperse and align in LDPE matrix provides a new way for other alignment of CNTs in polymer matrix.

The adhesive and durability of adhesive-poly (ethylene terephthalate) film joints (Pigment & Resin Technology, Volume 38, Issue 5)

Dr. li li, Dr. chao wang — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - To research the durability of the adhesive-poly(ethylene terephthalate) film jointsDesign/methodology/approach - The adhesive-poly(ethylene terephthalate) joints were prepared with poly ethylene terephthalate film and ? by synthesized from thioglycolic acid, terpene hydrocarbon resin and acetone resolution at room temperature. These joints were characterized by methods of peel strength tests, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and glass transition temperature(Tg) to examine their durability.Findings - Peel strength tests and EDX anlysis prove that the water diffusion in different humidity aging condition take place the same changes,namely have the time-temperature equivalence at 45? for 200 hrs, 300 hrs, 500 hrs and 600 hrs respectively, almost correspond with that at 55? for 100 hrs, 200 hrs, 300 hrs and 400 hrs respectively, and at 65? for 50 hrs, 100 hrs, 150 hrs and 200 hrs respectively. The changes of EDX of adhesive-poly(ethylene terephthalate) film joints indicates that water penetrative speed in the adhesive is faster than that in the poly (ethylene terephthalate) film. In humidity aging the decline ratio of peel strength of adhesive-poly(ethylene terephthalate) film joints treated by Co60 irradiation treatment is lower than that treated by acetone washing or chemical treatment. Originality/value - Using EDX for test durability of the film joints is important significant to industrial production.

Synthesis and characterisation of thermally expandable microcapsules by suspension polymerisation (Pigment & Resin Technology, Volume 38, Issue 5)

Dr. Jianqing HU — Sun Jul 05 14:15:04 BST 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - To synthesise and characterise novel thermally expandable microcapsules having poly(acrylonitrile-methyl methacrylate-butyl acrylate) copolymer shells and p-toluenesulphonylhydrazide (TSH) cores.Design/methodology/approach - The novel thermally expandable microcapsules were synthesised by suspension polymerisation. The effects of various parameters including monomers and surfactant compositions on thermal expandability and stability, and particle size and size distributions of the microcapsules obtained were studied. FTIR and SEM analyses were employed to characterise the chemical structure and morphology of microcapsules obtained.Findings - Suspension polymerisation with the monomers composition of 70% acrylonitrile/20% methyl methacrylate/10% butyl acrylate could yield microcapsules having good expansion property and heat stability at 150°C and it also found that when the amount of incorporated butyl acrylate reached 20%, the shells of microcapsules obtained would adhere together and some shells ruptured resulting in collapse of many of the expanded microcapsules. During the course of polymerisation, high molecular surfactant styrene-maleic acid copolymer sodium salt could help to achieve microcapsules with more uniform size distribution. FTIR and SEM characterisation showed that the chemical structure of microcapsules contained core material and copolymeric shell and the morphology of microcapsules was very well defined core-shell type, respectively.Research limitations/implications - The shell copolymer in the present context was Synthesised from acrylonitrile, methyl methacrylate and butyl acrylate. Besides, it could be synthesised from other monomers. In addition, the expansion efficiency of microcapsules could also be studied.Practical implications - The learning gained through this study can be applied to synthesis and application of other microcapsule or even nano-capsule systems.Originality/value - The method for preparation of p-toluenesulphonylhydrazide (TSH) microcapsules by suspension polymerisation was novel and the microcapsules could find applications in water-based intumescent and flame retardant wood coatings.