All Journals (past 7 Days)

The effect of heat treatment on element distribution and electrochemical properties of Al-Zn-In anodes (Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials, Volume 56, Issue 6)

Qi Gongtai, Qiu Yubin — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to consider the effect of heat treatment on alloying element distribution and the electrochemical properties of Al-5Zn-0.03In anodes. Design/methodology/approach – The Al-5Zn-0.03In alloy anodes are treated at 510°C for 10?h, then cooled in water. Electron probe microanalysis of JXA-8800 and EDAX quantitative energy dispersive X-ray analysis is used to examine the microstructure of the anodes before and after heat treatment, and the electrochemical properties of the anodes are tested. Findings – By heat treatment, the solubility of Zn in aluminum is increased while the solubilities of Fe and Si are changed only slightly. The quantity of the Al-Zn intermetallic compounds is evidently decreased and the Al-Fe-Si intermetallic compound is preserved. Strip segregation along grain boundaries is changed to spherical particulates. The attack of aluminum anodes initiates and propagates in grain boundaries and interdendritic zones, which are enriched in In and Zn, so the current efficiency of the aluminum anodes is related to the degree of corrosion taking place at grain boundaries and the extent of exfoliation of grains. The greater the extent of Al-Zn metallic compounds that are present at grain boundaries, the more sensitive to grain boundary corrosion is the alloy and the greater the degree of desquamation of grains, the lower is the current efficiency of the aluminum anode. Originality/value – The results of this paper clarify the role of water-quenching affect on the microstructure and electrochemical properties of Al-Zn-In anodes.

The determination and identification of stray current source influences on buried pipelines using time/frequency analysis (Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials, Volume 56, Issue 6)

Krzysztof Zakowski — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to detect the source of stray current interference on underground pipelines in urban areas using a joint time/frequency method of signal analysis. Design/methodology/approach – Investigations are performed on an underground pipeline located in the vicinity of the two direct current tractions: a tramway line and a train line. The results of the analysis are presented in the form of spectrograms, which illustrate changes in the spectral power density of the potential of the rails and of the potential of the pipe in the joint domain time-frequency. Findings – The comparison of the spectrograms can be used to evaluate if and which stray current source has influence on the investigated metal construction. Originality/value – The combined analysis in the domain of time and frequency can be used as a supplementary one providing new information useful in the evaluation of stray current corrosion hazard. In the presence of several electric field sources in urban areas, this method reveals the complete time-frequency characteristic of each stray current source and its interference on the investigated construction.

Effect of localized corrosion on the galvanic corrosion of nitinol and dental alloys (Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials, Volume 56, Issue 6)

Abdollah Afshar, Mohsen Shirazi, Masoud Rahman, Esmaeil Fakheri — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the galvanic corrosion of nitinol orthodontic wires with six dental alloys in artificial saliva and consider the effect of initiated localized corrosion and real surfaces of anode and cathode on galvanic current. Design/methodology/approach – Linear polarization and cyclic polarization curves for each alloy in de-aerated Duffo and Castillo's artificial saliva are obtained. Galvanic corrosion investigation is conducted by polarization curve intersection and mixed potential theory methods. In order to verify the initiation of localized corrosion, scanning electron microscopy is used. Findings – Initiation of localized corrosion on the anode increases the galvanic current up to 45 times and therefore considering the effect of localized corrosion on galvanic corrosion is necessary. Placing stainless steel brackets or Aristaloy amalgam in direct contact to nitinol arch wire is not recommended. Originality/value – In order not to underestimate the galvanic corrosion between two alloys, it is recommended to consider the effects of localized corrosion and anode/cathode surface area ratio. In this paper, an electrochemical method for estimating these factors is proposed.

Synergistic effect of chloride and NO2 on the atmospheric corrosion of bronze (Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials, Volume 56, Issue 6)

Xia Cao, Ning Wang, Ning Liu — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of chloride along with NO2 on the atmospheric corrosion of bronze using exposure tests. Design/methodology/approach – Surface tension tests and electrochemical impedance measurements together with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive atomic X-ray, and X-ray diffraction are used to characterize the corrosion behavior. Findings – The results of the weight loss measurements show that the whole corrosion kinetics can be described approximately by: ?W=atb; the synergistic effect of chloride and NO2 is observed clearly, though no nitrate existed in the corrosion products. Originality/value – A new catalyst theory has been suggested in this paper, i.e. that NO2 acts as a catalyst during the corrosion process when significant quantities of chloride also are present.

In field electrochemical evaluation of carbon steel corrosion in a marine test environment (Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials, Volume 56, Issue 6)

Ya Nan Luo, Shi Zhe Song, Wei Xian Jin, Lei Han — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to research electrochemical testing technology as applied to in field corrosion evaluation of metallic materials and to study the corrosion behaviors of the materials exposed in different marine regions. Design/methodology/approach – The electrode systems for in field electrochemical evaluation of metallic samples are designed and applied to monitor two types of carbon steel samples exposed both in the submerged zone and the tidal zone at a marine corrosion test station. Corrosion potential monitoring, potentiostatic square wave, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and electrochemical noise methods are used in the test. Findings – It is confirmed that the electrode systems could be used for electrochemical measurement of metallic samples during exposure in the submerged zone and the tidal zone of a marine corrosion test station for long-term test durations. The electrochemical measuring results reflect the changes and differences of the samples' corrosion behavior during exposure in different regions and they respond directly to the influence of marine environmental factors on the corrosion behaviors, especially the influence of temperature. Originality/value – In this paper, lots of consecutive and dynamic corrosion information is obtained from field exposures. The findings provide a foundation upon which to investigate and forecast the corrosion behaviors of materials in marine environments.

Hybrid corrosion-resistant coatings analyzed using electrochemical noise (Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials, Volume 56, Issue 6)

Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to study the corrosion of carbon steel without coating and when protected using three different hybrid coatings, i.e. a bi-component polyurethane with nano-particles of SiO2 with and without sacrificial anode particles, and a mono-component polyurethane with SiO2 particles. Design/methodology/approach – In this investigation three different nano-structured coatings are developed and applied to steel substrates and then tested for their corrosion resistance (defined as “Rn”), under a very aggressive medium (pH=1.5) in a dynamic system (loop reactor). Their performance is evaluated using an electrochemical noise (EN) resistance technique. The electrodes are connected to a potentiostat and measurements are recorded as per the EN technique over a 2,048?s duration at 0, 24, and 48?h intervals. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) are obtained before and after the corrosion trials to characterize the control and the different coating systems. Findings – The results show that a bicomponent coating, made up of alkyd resin and silica nanoparticles demonstrated the best performance, whereas the coating formed by SiO2 nanoparticles and polyurethane resin showed relatively low corrosion resistance. The inclusion of zinc nanoparticles in a third coating as sacrificial nano-anodes led to segregation and resulted in moderate corrosion resistance. These results are confirmed by SEM observations. Originality/value – The results obtained in this paper provide an insight to the understanding of the anticorrosion properties of three different hybrid coatings in a dynamic system (loop reactor).

Avoiding quality fade in Chinese global supply chains: Designing appropriate governance structures (Business Process Management Journal, Volume 15, Issue 6)

Peter Enderwick — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – China's increasing importance as a major global supplier has coincided in recent years with a number of disturbing cases of quality fade (sudden unexpected deteriorations in agreed quality levels) adversely impacting consumer safety, welfare and brand equity. The most effective responses to the problem of quality fade when sourcing from China are firm-based. However, the efficacy of such responses assumes the existence of efficient markets and market-supporting institutions. In the face of widespread market failure overseas, buyers need to carefully structure the global sourcing relationship to minimise the risk of quality fade. This paper seeks to address this issue. Design/methodology/approach – The paper adopts a comparative discussion approach to explore the three key global sourcing governance structures: contracts, internal organisation, and trust, and assesses their effectiveness in attenuating quality issues under both the general contracting problems of uncertainty and opportunism and the challenges unique to the Chinese business environment. Findings – The comparative discussion suggests no clear superiority of any one structure and a need to carefully monitor quality performance on an ongoing basis. This suggests that the appropriate structure is contextual and depends on specific needs for information and compliance. Originality/value – Highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of the three major governance structures emphasises trade-offs that firms sourcing from China may need to make. Increased costs but assured quality may be an acceptable trade-off when firms are sourcing high-risk products (foodstuffs, pharmaceutical and vehicle tyres) or serving vulnerable market segments such as children.

House of risk: a model for proactive supply chain risk management (Business Process Management Journal, Volume 15, Issue 6)

I. Nyoman Pujawan, Laudine H. Geraldin — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – Increasingly, companies need to be vigilant with the risks that can harm the short-term operations as well as the long-term sustainability of their supply chain (SC). The purpose of this paper is to provide a framework to proactively manage SC risks. The framework will enable the company to select a set of risk agents to be treated and then to prioritize the proactive actions, in order to reduce the aggregate impacts of the risk events induced by those risk agents. Design/methodology/approach – A framework called house of risk (HOR) is developed, which combines the basic ideas of two well-known tools: the house of quality of the quality function deployment and the failure mode and effect analysis. The framework consists of two deployment stages. HOR1 is used to rank each risk agent based on their aggregate risk potentials. HOR2 is intended to prioritize the proactive actions that the company should pursue to maximize the cost-effectiveness of the effort in dealing with the selected risk agents in HOR1. For illustrative purposes, a case study is presented. Findings – The paper shows that the innovative model presented here is simple but useful to use. Research limitations/implications – In the proposed framework, the correlations between risk events are ignored, something that future studies should consider including. Practical implications – The framework is intended to be useful in practice. For the calculation processes, a simple spreadsheet application would be sufficient. However, most of the entries needed in the model are based on subjective judgment and hence cross-functional involvement is needed. Originality/value – The paper adds to the SC management literature, a novel practical approach of managing SC risks, in particular to select a set of proactive actions deemed cost-effective.

A business process outsourcing framework based on business process management and knowledge management (Business Process Management Journal, Volume 15, Issue 6)

E. Mahmoodzadeh, Sh. Jalalinia, F. Nekui Yazdi — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – Nowadays, outsourcing has proved to be an enterprise management strategy in the face of globalization and growing competition. The decision to outsource a business process for any organization has far-reaching consequences and risks. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the impact of business process management (BPM) and knowledge management (KM) on reduction of outsourcing risks and pitfalls. Design/methodology/approach – Outsourcing models and frameworks are reviewed to find the main risks in outsourcing. One of the most important groups of risks is emergent KM issues arising from widespread outsourcing. A strategic KM approach can reduce this risk. Communication and coordination difficulties between outsourcing partners is another group of risks that could be decreased by using the BPM approach in organizations. Then the contribution of a business process outsourcing (BPO) framework based on BPM and KM lifecycles is tested. Findings – The paper finds that BPM and KM could reduce risks of outsourcing and enable a BPO lifecycle. Practical implications – A contemporary case of IEI Company's outsourcing practices with one of its subsidiaries, Irancell, is discussed as an illustrative example. Originality/value – The paper demystifies BPM and KM could enable BPO via coordinating BPM, KM, and BPO lifecycles.

Managing requirements in ICT companies (Business Process Management Journal, Volume 15, Issue 6)

Matti Mottonen, Pekka Belt, Janne Harkonen, Binshan Lin — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – Requirements management has become a challenge for new product development (NPD) as products are getting increasingly complicated and customer segments more fragmented. The purpose of this paper is to provide new ideas for improving requirements management in the information and communications technology (ICT) sector. Design/methodology/approach – A qualitative interview study is carried out in the ICT sector to clarify the current challenges in requirements management. The results of the interview study are analysed using a benchmark from the automotive industry. This benchmark is chosen, as the automotive industry is a developed business sector that has streamlined its business processes, including its requirements management. Findings – The paper shows how ICT can benefit from the experience of the car industry on issues such as managing customer needs throughout the NPD process, overflow of data and communicating requirements with suppliers. Research limitations/implications – Using another sector as a benchmark is not a straightforward process and results cannot be directly copied. Fresh ideas are, however, obtainable when a well-developed benchmark is used and results are applied flexibly. Deeper analysis on individual areas indentified here might be interesting topics for further study. Practical implications – The paper shows that managers in the ICT sector should pay more attention to their requirements management and serving the needs of internal customers. The requirements management of the Japanese automotive industry is a potential source for improvement initiatives. Originality/value – The paper provides new perspectives for the requirements management of the ICT sector by benchmarking the Japanese automotive industry.

An integrated model for business process measurement (Business Process Management Journal, Volume 15, Issue 6)

Vincent C. Yen — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – Research in the evaluation of business processes (BPs) seems to have missed those of BP modeling techniques. Past studies on evaluations have focused in most cases on a single objective or goal of a BP using quantitative performance measures or qualitative surveys. In this paper, an approach that combines all relevant single purpose measures (relevant to the goals of the BP) into one overall measure is proposed. The overall measure will reflect all stakeholders' perspective and preference ratings on the attributes/criterion of the BP in question. The conceptual model is supported by the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) methodology. Design/methodology/approach – A discussion of factors that might be the root cause of difficulties in defining an appropriate evaluation is given along with a review of major measures used. The synthetic combination of single purpose measures basically follows the AHP, with major stake-holders represented in defining the relative priority/ranking matrix between criteria of the BP goal. Findings – The AHP could produce a set of more logical weights for the multiple criteria that are usually associated with a BP goal. These weights are then applied to each single purpose measure in order to come up with the final process score. This process score should represent a fairer rating viewed collectively by all concerned parties of the company. The procedure is practical and easy to apply. Research limitations/implications – The paper has not been implemented in real world applications; therefore a future work direction is to conduct an actual application and evaluate the feedback from actual implementations. Practical implications – The procedure utilizes different key criteria measures and stakeholders' preferences to come up with a composite measure. Final measurement outcome obtained in this manner is expected to be more acceptable to all stakeholders. Originality/value – The paper proposes a new approach to creating a measure of BP based on all relevant single measures derived from the BP goal. The score from the new process measure has a more balanced meaning and therefore may be more valuable than by just relying on a single criterion measure.

Role of process knowledge in business process improvement methodology: a case study (Business Process Management Journal, Volume 15, Issue 6)

Ravi Seethamraju, Olivera Marjanovic — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyse the importance and role of process knowledge in the business process (BP) improvement methodology with the help of a case study. Design/methodology/approach – The approach takes the form of a literature review that highlights the challenges and issues in the existing BP improvement methodologies. An in-depth case study that has embarked on a major BP improvement initiative that emphasizes individual and collective process knowledge in a real-life complex organization is presented. Findings – The paper confirms that BP improvement is, in fact, a complex, knowledge-intensive, collaborative process that consists of a set of coordinated, contextualized knowledge management processes. The design of the “to-be” process in this study is a knowledge co-creation process that uses collaborative exploration of different scenarios and contexts. Compared with the traditional BP improvement methodologies where the main emphasis is on the design of a new process model, the focus of the methodology employed in this case study is on the process of knowledge co-creation and transfer. Research limitations/implications – The paper leads to increased recognition of the knowledge and experience people develop, use and share while modeling, executing, and improving their BPs. It offers anecdotal evidence and general case study research limitations apply. Practical implications – Practitioners should focus more on key knowledge processes rather than BP models that often obscure the role of individual and collective process knowledge. Rather than investing limited resources in the mapping and modeling of existing processes, practitioners will be able to better serve their organizations if they concentrate on the improvement of the process by tapping the contextualized process knowledge possessed by the individual actors. Originality/value – In the expanding field of BP management, the study explores the increasing importance of individual and collective process knowledge in process improvement methodologies and provides guidance to user organizations on ways to exploit the value of process knowledge in designing new processes as well as collaborative knowledge sharing and creation process.

Process view and cost management of a new surgery technique in hospital (Business Process Management Journal, Volume 15, Issue 6)

Lino Cinquini, Paola Miolo Vitali, Arianna Pitzalis, Cristina Campanale — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyze the potentiality in the application of process analysis and activity-based costing (ABC) in a healthcare setting to produce usable, useful and correct information on resource consumption and processes. The paper aims to analyze changes applied to the traditional costing model in order to represent the work flow of the organization and the related additional information usable by decision makers at different levels. In particular, the paper is focused on economic analysis related to the introduction of a new surgical technique in healthcare. Design/methodology/approach – An empirical case study is developed in a Tuscan hospital from September 2005 to March 2006, data being collected through interviews to employees and direct observations. Findings – Several factors are found to be critical in such a process analysis and in an ABC implementation in healthcare. First, the need to ground the development of the model structure on the specific characteristics of the organizational setting and the clinical work performed. Second, a problem of culture and language, because professionals have difficulties in understanding the language of activities, and they cannot accept a model designed to measure their work; therefore, some resistances may occur. Third, the constraint of information; in fact more precise estimation may be limited by the information available, as in this case. Research limitations/implications – The paper provides a framework for future research. The replication of the methodology in other hospitals, in order to test the validity of the model and to compare results, can be interesting and another can be the analysis of benefits that the application of the system can provide (in terms of improved efficiency) through a longitudinal analysis. Originality/value – The paper contributes to the field study of ABC and process analysis in healthcare. The original contribution of the model lies in the classification of activities in a hierarchy across the organization, which allows a more precise identification of cost driver; and in the “hybrid” nature (a combination of cost centres and activities) of the model. The latter allows one to identify a “full cost” of the patient.

Challenges of business processes management in healthcare: Experience in the Irish healthcare sector (Business Process Management Journal, Volume 15, Issue 6)

Markus Helfert — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to outline a framework for analyzing healthcare process management projects. By using this framework, it seeks to analyze a system implementation in Ireland. The system aims to standardize healthcare human resource and payroll for the Irish healthcare sector. Design/methodology/approach – A popular system and business process implementation is analyzed in Ireland. The research intends to use this case scenario to identify success and failure, which in turn forms the basis to propose a conceptual reference method for introducing healthcare process management. Findings – The healthcare sector has shown that it has, compared with other sectors, a relatively underdeveloped information system structure. In this context, the importance of reducing healthcare costs and streamlining workflows, processes, and care pathways is ever more seriously recognized. However, despite the importance of process management, currently, internationally very few guidelines are provided for introducing healthcare process management in hospitals. Practical implications – The paper provides a good example of a large-scale, nation-wide business process management (BPM) project; shows the different facets of BPM success factors; and helps to raise awareness for both managerial factors and domain-inherent, structural, and content factors. Originality/value – The analysis revealed some interesting results. The reasons for failure in healthcare are rather more content and structural in nature than solely project management issues.

Sustainable performance increase and strategic turnaround management: current corporate restructuring experiences in the Romanian market (Business Strategy Series, Volume 10, Issue 6)

Christian Bachmann — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – Assuming that “change” is an ongoing, ordinary business condition, this paper seeks to introduce turnaround management as an ongoing management task to secure competitive advantage. Design/methodology/approach – The paper briefly reviews the impact of market turmoil on successful corporate management with particular reference to the Romanian market. It includes key learning based on structured, qualitative interviews of executives (corporate CEOs and leading corporate banking managers). Building on it, the paper comments pitfalls out of several emprical case studies at Eastern European companies, lost in a deemed “ever-lasting growth” trap while losing grip over their true roots of competitive advantage. It assumes that turnaround management and sustainability are not mutually exclusive corporate paradigms during times of incisive economic recession. Findings – Ongoing turnaround management can be a successful key to achieve sustainable corporate performance improvement. Research limitations/implications – Turnaround refers to multiple stakeholders, market dynamics and corporate culture; hence it differs in different contexts. This might result in a slight limitation to generalizing the findings to other organization types. Replicating analogue research in different market contexts and corporate cultures would be a beneficial follow-up research pattern. Practical implications – Practical implications are ongoing turnaround management targets to anticipate corporate crisis. It includes multilateral perspectives (corporate executives' view, organizational support, external influencing forces, other stakeholder perspectives) and operates at different management levels (strategic scenarios, operative scenarios, decision and implementation management, monitoring and adapting). Mere cost reduction based management practices prove insufficient to maintain competitive advantage, even in times of incisive market turmoil. Originality/value – The paper provides insights on different dimensions of turnaround management and the way it sustainably enhances corporate performance. It distinguishes its view from the frequently reactive and mainly cost-cutting-based character of turnaround management in management literature.

Human service sector nonprofit organization's social impact (Business Strategy Series, Volume 10, Issue 6)

Deborah Kelly, Alfred Lewis — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – Given that most nonprofit organizations are viewed as inefficient and unresponsive, and the survival or growth of the organization is not proof of its ability to improve social conditions, this study aims to examine the nonprofit organization in terms of its ability to be a change agent, reducing needs rather than meeting them and tackling underlying causes of problems. The significance of the social entrepreneur for this study was to provide the definition for the highest possible level of social impact by a human service sector nonprofit organization. Design/methodology/approach – The research population for this study was composed of 501(c)(3) public charities in the P20 National Taxonomy of Exempt Entities (NTEE) category with annual income between $100,000 and $10,000,000. The NTEE code P20 corresponds to the category human service organizations; nonprofit organizations in this category serve people in the USA with a broad range of social services. The GuideStar database was used to gather information for the sample. The database includes 1.7 million NPs registered in the USA. The data are based on the Internal Revenue Service Form 990 filed annually by all 501(c) organizations with gross receipts of $25,000 or more. The total number of P20 organizations in the GuideStar database in the stated income range was found to be 2971. The total number of responses to the survey was 105, of which 99 were fully completed and usable, representing a response rate of 8.5 percent. Findings – These findings support conclusion from prior research which defined high impact nonprofit organizations as those who created social change by focusing on the difference they could make in the communities by thinking and acting in new ways to work within the pressures of the environment. Research limitations/implications – Similar to other studies, this paper concluded that there was no easy measure of tool to effectively assess the performance of nonprofit organizations. Practical implications – It was found that the human service sector nonprofit organizations in the study adopted more strategic orientation in order to empower those being helped to become independent. Originality/value – This paper codified human service sector nonprofit organizations into specific categories to measure the impact on the micro and macro environment.

The strategic value of sustainable stakeholder management (Business Strategy Series, Volume 10, Issue 6)

Pieter Klaas Jagersma — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between sustainable stakeholder management and reputational capital (of banks). Design/methodology/approach – In-depth interviews with top executives of global banks, corporations, hedge funds, World Bank, IMF, SEC, ECB and politicians. Findings – A bank's overall reputation is a function of its reputation among its various stakeholders in specific categories (e.g., product quality; customer service; financial performance; handling of environmental and societal issues; intellectual capital, etc.). Building a name that matters involves maximizing all characteristics. There is a very strong consensus across our research population that sustainable stakeholder management is required. The interviewees selected four outstanding “stakeholder management banks”: Santander (Spain), Rabobank (The Netherlands), HSBC Bank (UK) and Nordea (Sweden). Research implications/limitations – Building, sustaining and defending a solid stakeholder management reputation is a crucially important aspect of bank management, but it is an area where understanding could be developed much further. The focus of this study is on the strategic value of sustainable stakeholder management. However, superior operational effectiveness is at least as important a source of competitive advantage as sustainable stakeholder management. Practical implications – The ability of a sustainable stakeholder management reputation to deliver proven value flows straight to the bottom line. It is senior management's responsibility to manage the bank so as to develop and maintain a solid sustainable stakeholder management reputation. The strength of a bank's name depends on how well it has fulfilled its promise to stakeholders over time. Originality/value – Future leadership in banking will require significant commitment to sustainable stakeholder management. The “reputations to restore” motto provides the main rationale for banks to build a sustainable stakeholder management mindset. In doing so, they preserve market positions, margins, and organizational vitality.

Successful executive selection in recessionary times (Business Strategy Series, Volume 10, Issue 6)

Douglas Reiter — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to review successful executive selection strategies in recessionary times. Design/methodology/approach – The author has spent 32 years in the profession of executive selection and management consultation. The methodology is based on that body of work. Findings – Successfully acquiring C-level executives can be more difficult during a recession than upticks in the economy. Practical implications – Executive selection processes require more rigor in recessions, because the result of bad decisions may be an existential threat to the organization. Originality/value – The paper provides an analysis of the executive selection process during a recession, with a description of steps to take to increase the likelihood of a successful result.

Turning the tables on performance reviews: how to create a better process that empowers, energizes and rewards your employees (Business Strategy Series, Volume 10, Issue 6)

John W. Myrna — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to share findings from consulting engagements on performance reviews. Design/methodology/approach – A case-study method was used to demonstrate the obstacles to what maintains many organizations. Practical implications – The paper outlines deliberate steps that will transform the performance review process by shifting responsibility to the employee. Originality/value – The paper provides new insights on effective performance reviews.

Exploring the impact of the board of directors on the performance of not-for-profit organizations (Business Strategy Series, Volume 10, Issue 6)

Dominic Mwenja, Alfred Lewis — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – This paper aims to examine the impact of board of directors on the performance of not-for-profit (NFP) organizations. The study also aims to utilize the six dimensions of effective board performance as suggested by Chait et al., using the theoretical explanations of the resource dependency theory, the agency theory, and the group/decision processes theory. By explaining how these board activities influence organizational performance, we can begin to understand the importance of board influence in determining organizational effectiveness as measured by organizational performance. Design/methodology/approach – For the purpose of this study, organizational performance attributes are used in line with the strategy used by Nobbie and Brudney. The measurement used includes the perception of board members' view of the overall success in meeting organizational goals, increase or decrease in the number of programs offered by the organization, improvement in the quality of service offered by the organization, and the level of satisfaction by the clients with the level of service provided. Findings – The survey revealed that the strategic and the political dimensions have a stronger relationship with the perceived organizational performance in nonprofit organizations as compared to the other dimensions. Research limitations/implications – Given that the majority of the respondents (30) of the study served in religious organizations, this may have skewed the results toward a certain direction that is difficult to ascertain until other studies compare results across different NFP classifications. This suggests that it is important to repeat such a study with a much diverse group of NFPs in addition to measuring other board and organizational dimensions such as board size, executive perceptions, and organization size, and age. Practical implications – The efforts to link board effectiveness and organizational performance will remain tenuous at best. This is an illusive phenomenon that will continue to elude researchers as long as the dimensions of board effectiveness and organizational performance remain perceptual. The need to understand the strategic orientation of NFPs governance is even greater as these organizations continue to play a major role in the lives of ordinary people in various communities around the world. Originality/value – In order to understand the effectiveness of the board in NFPs, this study examines three theoretical perspectives that can be utilized to connect the different dimensions of board performance and organizational performance. In previous research, Chait et al. examined the practices of board members at independent colleges and identified six competencies of effective boards. The identified dimensions are: contextual: effective boards understand and take into consideration the culture and norms of the organization they govern; educational: effective boards ensure that their members are knowledgeable about the organization and the board's roles, responsibilities, and performance; interpersonal: effective boards nurture the development of their members as a working group, attend to the board's collective welfare, and foster a sense of cohesiveness; analytical: effective boards recognize the complexities and subtleties of issues and accept ambiguity and uncertainty as healthy preconditions for critical discussions. They raise doubts, explore trade-offs, and encourage differences of opinion; political: effective boards accept as a primary responsibility the need to develop and maintain healthy relationships among major constituencies; and strategic: effective boards help their organizations envision a direction and shape a strategy for the future. They anticipate potential problems and act before issues become crises.

Making garden variety creativity a strategic priority (Business Strategy Series, Volume 10, Issue 6)

Milton Mayfield — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – This paper aims to outline a process for establishing and implementing strategic priorities to enhance worker garden variety creativity – a type of creativity that improves direct worker outcomes such as enhancing operational efficiencies and flexibility. Design/methodology/approach – The paper presents process suggestions that are based on existing research and practical understanding of best practices for improving worker creativity in typical workplace settings. Findings – The paper finds that organizations need to maximize worker creativity at all organizational levels in order to maintain the flexibility necessary for today's turbulent economic climate. Also, there are concrete steps organizations can take to develop this creativity. Research limitations/implications – This process is not designed to increase high-level creativity (such as developing new microchips), and is not appropriate for moving organizations forward in such a direction. Practical implications – Most organizations are better served by increasing more prosaic outcomes that are improved through garden variety creativity. As such, the vast majority of organizations will benefit by finding ways to improve garden variety creativity. Originality/value – This paper makes a contribution to the literature in terms of understanding how organizations can strategically focus on worker creativity improvements, and how this focus can be translated into managerial actions.

Intrapreneurship: the role of social capital – empirical evidence and proposal of a new model of intrapreneurship and its relationship with social capital (Business Strategy Series, Volume 10, Issue 6)

Abbas Monnavarian, Mostafa Ashena — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – This study aims to investigate the role of social capital (SC) (and its dimensions i.e. cognitive and structural) in intrapreneurship by developing a model. Design/methodology/approach – The study considered SC to examine its impact on intrapreneurship. By using construct validity four factors were examined for intrapreneurship. In this analysis, structural equation modeling was used. Findings – Findings indicate that there are positive relationships between Sc (and its dimensions i.e. cognitive and structural) and intrapreneurship. This study also shows that structural dimension of SC is more important than cognitive dimension, and innovation is the most important factor among the other factors. Research limitations/implications – For wider applicability of the findings, the study should be expanded to a broader geographical. Also longitudinal analysis of the relationship between constructs should be performed to determine if there is a time lag in construct correlation. New conceptualization will be beneficial to further study SC and intrapreneurship influence on the overall organizational performance. Practical implications – Organizations that nurture trust and reciprocity (cognitive dimension of SC), open and quality communication (structural dimension of SC) are conducive to intrapreneurial activities. Originality/value – This paper extends prior research on intrapreneurship by proposing four new dimensions to indicate how SC can have positive impact on the nurturing intrapreneurship in organizations.

Natural hazards and environmental implications in Nepal (Disaster Prevention and Management, Volume 18, Issue 5)

D. Pokhrel, B.S. Bhandari, T. Viraraghavan — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of the paper is to evaluate the published information on natural hazards and their implications in the environment. Design/methodology/approach – The published data/information on natural hazards were collected and analyzed. Findings – An analysis of the disaster data (1983-2003) showed that a total of 1,063 lives on an average were claimed by natural calamities (earthquake, landslide, flood, fire, windstorm, epidemics and avalanche) each year. Water-induced (flood and landslide) disasters alone contributed to 31.8 percent of the total deaths. Epidemics claimed the maximum number of deaths (55.9 percent) especially in the post-disaster period. Many of these epidemics occurred due to the contamination of the drinking water sources by flash floods, and landslides. Poor sanitation, unsafe water and unhealthy living conditions contributed to major outbreaks of water-borne diseases especially in the monsoon period claiming numerous lives. Originality/value – Published information on natural hazards and implications on environment is limited. This paper integrated and analyzed 21 years of disaster data. A discussion of environmental implication is provided.

Management of floods in Malawi: case study of the Lower Shire River Valley (Disaster Prevention and Management, Volume 18, Issue 5)

Patrick Lumumba Mijoni, Yasamin O. Izadkhah — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyse some vital aspects of floods in Malawi by examining the case study of the Lower Shire River Valley. Whilst the world has many wars taking place and causing unbearable human suffering, natural disasters are also taking their toll on humanity in various ways. The threats of the flood hazard have become complex and interrelated whilst the number of the vulnerable is growing fast. Floods have not spared the peaceful country of Malawi. The whole of Malawi is virtually vulnerable to floods. However, the Lower Shire Valley has been one of the most affected parts of the country. Design/methodology/approach – The paper has focused on the extent of people's vulnerability to the flood hazard and the effectiveness of its management in the area. It has duly analysed the risk reduction measures in practice and identified the various political, social, and economic factors that influence the management of floods in this valley. The study exposes the Malawi strategy towards flood mitigation as well as the situation and attitudes of the flood victims pertaining to the policies and the measures being utilised to address the hazard. Findings – The study confirms that floods can be an issue of broad security agenda. Despite the entanglement of financial constraints, the study recommends that policy makers should make more effort to alleviate the lamentable situation in this valley. Practical implications – It is a requisite to have a comprehensive approach and pragmatic policies as well as their implementation mechanisms. There is also a requirement for effective consultation, collaboration and coordination, progress monitoring and above all, the will. Originality/value – Both the intensity and the frequency of floods are definitely indicating to be on the increase in the country while the capacity to contain them and to protect people to substantial levels is lacking. The paper indicates that the flood hazard has continuously made the habitants of flood plains in Malawi vulnerable and that the extent of vulnerability to the flood risk is very high in the Lower Shire Valley.

Strategic public relations (Disaster Prevention and Management, Volume 18, Issue 5)

Ehsan Khodarahmi — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to draw the line between public relations and strategic public relations in a simple and understandable language. Design/methodology/approach – Various definitions of both public relations and strategic public relations were cited in the paper and the common terms used in all definitions were outlined. The main discussion was then based on such similarities in order to establish the differences between the two terms. This was done by studying others' research and discussing their findings in a simple language in order to present a reliable literature review to readers and facilitate future research by providing credible references. Findings – There is a grey line between public relations and strategic public relations; however there are differences between the two. This paper clarifies the differences by referring to genuine definitions of the two terms by experts and their analysis of the terms when it comes to practice, which calls for integration. Research limitations/implications – There is limited research conducted in the field of strategic public relations and still many have doubts about its effectiveness. This paper gathered relevant theory and examples from the real business world to suggest integration of public relations with marketing tools with strategic management coupled with generating trust. Practical implications – Symmetrical communications and realising appropriate timing are important to achieve objectives of strategic pubic relations. There is no magic or formula for this but to think outside the box, allow effective stakeholders' engagement and proactive monitoring of the marketplace to increasingly enhance the chances of success. Originality/value – Succinct study of strategic public relations and introducing the term SPR, as well as emphasising the integration of appropriate techniques and tools to achieve optimal result.

Management practice in safety culture and its influence on workplace injury: An industrial study in Malaysia (Disaster Prevention and Management, Volume 18, Issue 5)

Hassan Ali, Nor Azimah Chew Abdullah, Chandrakantan Subramaniam — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine to what extent management practices in safety culture are effective in reducing workplace injuries. Design/methodology/approach – Management practices are an important component of an organization's safety climate. The study was conducted in a major industrial zone in Malaysia. The management practices examined in this study were reward, training, management commitment, communication and feedback, hiring practices, and employee participation. In total, 68 companies participated in this study; the injury data provided by the companies were for three years and 24 musculoskeletal injuries were examined. Findings – The multiple correlation was at 0.43 and the R2 was 0.19. A significant linear relationship between management practices subscale and injury rates was obtained (F=2.28, p=0.14). Rewards, management commitment, feedback and selection were found to reduce injury rates. However, only feedback (t=-2.98) and employee participation (t=2.01) were significantly predicting the injury rates. Implementing good management practices does reduce injury rates. Research limitations/implications – Nevertheless, a positive relationship for participation with injury rates suggests that a re-examination of these practices is necessary, as it may not be effective in reducing injury rates. Practical implications – It may be posited that although frequency counts of injuries in the workplace do provide some indication of the extent of workplace injury; nevertheless they do not provide a true account of the severity of these injuries. Originality/value – This paper presents empirical findings on the relationship between management practices and injury rates in the industrial sector in Malaysia

Crisis management (Disaster Prevention and Management, Volume 18, Issue 5)

Ehsan Khodarahmi — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to gather arguments and counterarguments about crises management to date, in order to add value to the current knowledge. Design/methodology/approach – The originality of the concept has remained untouched. The whole idea of writing the literature review was based on what others have done to date and at what point further research stopped and why. This took place only by reading previous research and not conducting any primary research. Findings – Crisis management is what almost all businesses have to have expertise in if success is sought. Based on this study one fit for all strategy is one of the main components of failure as well as failed crisis management. Research limitations/implications – The main limitation is that not enough has been done in this arena and future research is essential to establish why the majority of businesses do not in fact learn lessons from past mistakes. More importantly they do not take some issues as seriously as they should; which in turn leads to crisis, when management is difficult because the timing is too late. However they claim otherwise and have no factual justification. Practical implications – Identifying the credible source of information and being flexible in terms of learning is the most important thing. There are various researches conducted, which are abundant with examples of successful as well as failed crisis management strategies. This paper brings research together in order to contribute to the current knowledge and let scholars and practitioners enjoy one of the latest literature reviews of crisis management with recent and real examples. Originality/value – History repeats over time, but one needs to realise this and have the ability to update the solutions compatible with the faced situation and the time. The twenty-first century is a complex era and needs sophisticated management with proactive and adaptable attitude. Managers normally forecast a situation and before it turns to crisis they deal with it prudently and control the whole situation professionally.

Media relations (Disaster Prevention and Management, Volume 18, Issue 5)

Ehsan Khodarahmi — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify all important aspects of media relations researched by others and write a succinct literature review in order to facilitate the data gathering procedure for the future research in the field. Reliable references are quoted to fulfil the purpose of this paper. Design/methodology/approach – This paper aims to provide an easy to read literature review about media relations and explain terms by appropriate examples. This is done by reading other articles from previous research and reviewed contemporary issues in terms of media relations that businesses face and how they manage the whole process. Findings – Throughout the course of the work, it was found that many small to medium-sized businesses and organisations do not actually plan for their media relations and have limited knowledge of the concept. However larger organisations and conglomerates have a good understanding of media relations and use it as a powerful PR tool. Just a few of them integrate their media relations with other components of PR and this can allow some speculations. Originality/value – Media relations should not be used when issues and crises rise; it is essential to have constant liaison with top media owners in order to be informed about what is going on in the market. This allows adopting/changing strategies when needed in order to earn more public trust, as well as proactively identifying potential issues. Such flexibility and relationship with the media helps businesses to hinder potential issues from being turned to any kind of situation, which may harm own brands and publicity. Therefore customers feel valued and the government trust that particular business activity, because it is in favour with the society. Hence it gives invaluable credit to the business of the company.

Transforming debris management: considering new essentials (Disaster Prevention and Management, Volume 18, Issue 5)

Siddik Ekici, David A. McEntire, Richard Afedzie — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to review what is known about debris management and acknowledge that the effective removal of debris has positive impacts on communities affected by disaster. Four new concerns are introduced that should be considered during the debris management process. These include the recognition of additional debris types as well as the importance of evidence in crime scene investigations. Design/methodology/approach – A literature review on debris management is presented in this paper. It illustrates the relevance, amount, and types of debris in disasters as well as the need for advanced planning. Four new essentials are then discussed. Findings – Those involved in debris management should consider how they will deal with excessive donations, human remains, animal carcasses and evidence collection. Research limitations/implications – Although this research could be enhanced with practitioner interviews, the literature review is fairly thorough. Practical implications – Lessons in this paper will help to bring about more effective and efficient debris management operations. Originality/value – This research reviews the current state of knowledge and adds to it.

The application of digital elevation model for the interpretation of Klang Valley geological structure (Disaster Prevention and Management, Volume 18, Issue 5)

Mohamad Abd Manap, Mohammad Firuz Ramli, Ghufran Redzwan — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to utilise the interactive view capability of the geographical information system (GIS) for the geological interpretation in Klang Valley, Malaysia. Design/methodology/approach – Topographical map scale of 1:10 000 was used to generate digital elevation model (DEM). The geological map was draped over the DEM to create a 3D perspective view. The geological interpretation was undertaken using the 3D capability of the GIS software. Findings – From the study, five lineaments which could possibly be the newly identified faults and one lithological boundary have been delineated. Research limitations/implications – Although these findings need to be rechecked in the field, they show the capability of the DEM application in structural geology interpretation. Practical implications – The results obtained from this study demonstrate the capability of utilising a geological map draped over DEM for structural geological interpretation. Thus the technique may increase the interpretation accuracy. Originality/value – The major outcome of this research is the possible use of DEM in the application of geological study.

The impact of learning orientation on NSD and hotel performance: Evidence from the hotel industry in Iran (Education, Business and Society: Contemporary Middle Eastern Issues, Volume 2, Issue 4)

Kayhan Tajeddini — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – Although the significance of the learning organization concept is recognised in innovation management, there are only a few studies on the way in which a learning orientation affects new service development (NSD) in the hotel industry in Iran. This paper aims to fill that gap. Design/methodology/approach – A questionnaire is designed to ask hotel managers and owners for their thoughts on a range of organizational variables including the nature of learning orientation, NSD and the link with hotel business performance. Findings – Using 129 hotels in Iran, it was found that NSD can be driven by higher levels of commitment to learning, shared vision and open-mindedness. Furthermore, a regression analysis suggests that the effect of NSD on performance is positive. Research limitations/implications – This paper focuses on senior managers and owners of Iranian hotels who have a specific culture, history and experience. It would be useful to take a similar approach in other established industries with different cultural and environmental characteristics and experience, so that comparisons can be made. Practical implications – The findings reinforce the argument that a learning approach, coupled with organizational creativity, is the main prescription for a creative quality process. It also provides a quantum leap in an organization in terms of innovation. Evidence from this paper also shows the importance of managerial emphasis on creating an internal business environment conducive to innovative activities. Originality/value – The paper shows how learning deficiency is one of the main reasons that companies find it difficult to remain successful in the market.

A conceptual framework of impeders to strategy implementation from an exploratory case study in an Iranian university (Education, Business and Society: Contemporary Middle Eastern Issues, Volume 2, Issue 4)

Fariborz Rahimnia, Yiannis Polychronakis, John M. Sharp — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to develop a comprehensive framework for assessing impeders of strategy implementation in a higher education context through an in-depth analysis of a higher education institution in Iran. Design/methodology/approach – A semi-structured interview is employed with senior academic staff and managers in a particular university. Findings – The main impeders of strategy implementation within the university as the case organisation and are found to be grouped into five main areas: planning consequences, organisational, individual, managerial and environmental. The nature and reasons for the impeders are explained and finally an analytical framework is developed. Research limitations/implications – The paper, through the use of how and why questions during interviews, highlighted a framework which provides an in-depth understanding of impeders. The paper's results have implications for other universities in Iran and indeed the Middle East. However, a limitation of this paper is that the results are exploratory only, given that the paper is carried out in only one Iranian university. Practical implications – This paper provides a valuable basis for discussion on the impeders of strategy implementation. Moreover, the results of the research can be used as guidance for managers and academic staff at the strategy implementation stage in the higher education sector. Originality/value – The findings of the paper highlight the relevant impeders of strategy implementation within a higher education environment that will be of interest to those in this field, particularly those working in Iranian universities.

A study of quality from the perspective of the university graduates: A case study focusing on a small university in Iran (Education, Business and Society: Contemporary Middle Eastern Issues, Volume 2, Issue 4)

Abdolrahim Navehebrahim — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to evaluate higher education quality from the perspective of university graduates. Design/methodology/approach – Based on Kaufman and Herman's model of education output as well as Yamani Doozi Sorkhabi, a researcher-designed questionnaire is used to collect the data requiring response to five questions in the study. Research questions addressed such areas as: first, the adequacy of the curriculum; second, the status of the graduates in the job market; third, graduates' perception of their educational experience; fourth, desire to engage in future research; fifth, ability of graduates to interact with the university. For each research question, a group of indicators are defined. The validity of indicators is confirmed by experts in the field. Cronbach's alpha indicated a reliability of 79 percent. The population comprised 700 graduates holding BSc degree in basic sciences from a small-sized university. A total of 250 of these students comprised a random sample. A total of 126 responses are received. Findings – Results indicated a high degree of satisfaction with the curriculum, relative satisfaction with the educational experience, but low satisfaction with the acquisition of research abilities and research experience. Practical implications – Universities need to be constantly rethinking, restructuring, and revitalizing their programs with employment skills in mind. In the case of a program in basic sciences, the ability to engage in some elements of research is a relevant employment skill yet, in the university under study, despite the fact that students generally enjoyed their educational experience; it seems they acquired little in the way of the skills required in the market place. Universities need to ensure that mechanisms are in place to obtain alumni and employer feedback to enable programs of study to not only be interesting, but also relevant to the community. However, despite the graduates' interest in an ongoing interaction with the university (83 percent of interest), the university under study did not emphasize such interaction. This is rather shortsighted given the need for modern universities to be responsive to the various stakeholders. Originality/value – This paper should be of value to education leaders, educational planners, as well as university professors who are interested in ensuring that university curricula are current and relevant.

Identification of knowledge management critical success factors in Iranian academic research centers (Education, Business and Society: Contemporary Middle Eastern Issues, Volume 2, Issue 4)

Peyman Akhavan, Reza Hosnavi, Mohammad E. Sanjaghi — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the status of knowledge management (KM) in selected Iranian academic research centers (IARCs) in order to identify the most relevant KM critical success factors adopted by those centers that include physics, chemical, drug, aerospace, nanotechnology, mechanic, aviation, and biotechnology research centers. Design/methodology/approach – Based on extensive review of KM literature, broad ranges of general KM critical success factors are identified. Then, through field studies, the degree of the relevance of each particular KM success factor is determined. The research procedure finally led to the identification of KM critical success factors prevailing in IARCs. Findings – Five distinct KM factors including 16 different elements are found to be relevant and critical in the course of KM implementation in IARCs. These factors are “human resource management and flexible structures,” “KM architecture and readiness,” “knowledge storage,” “benchmarking,” and “chief knowledge officer.” Research limitations/implications – The extracted factors can act as a guideline for KM preliminary phases in organizations. This helps to ensure that the essential issues are covered during the design and implementation phase of a KM program. For academics, it may provide a common language for discussion and study of the factors crucial for KM. Originality/value – The paper should be of value to researchers of KM in general, and to implementers of KM programs. It presents a range of issues critical to the adoption of KM initiatives.

Optimizing business education: a strategic response to global challenges (Education, Business and Society: Contemporary Middle Eastern Issues, Volume 2, Issue 4)

Ehab K.A. Mohamed — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify the challenges facing business education in providing students with the knowledge and skills that raise their competency level to meet that required by the market. Design/methodology/approach – The paper presents a framework for closing the gap between the business education delivered by universities and the current needs of the business community. Findings – There seems to be a perception that education can fix all the problems. That results in a perceived gap between what is expected from business education and what is actually provided. The rapid spread of globalization and enormous developments in information technology (IT) has led to dramatic changes in the business environment and business education needs to be responsive to these changes. Practical implications – There is a general consensus that business curricula need improvement given the considerable challenges that face businesses today including dealing with emerging globalization, new economic challenges, rapid IT developments, and the requirements for human capital with multi-facet skills. Business schools that prepare future managers in different disciplines have a responsibility to close the gap between the skills acquired by business graduates and the skills required in global markets. Originality/value – The paper provides a framework for closing the gap between acquired and required skills and a client-oriented strategic plan for a degree program.

An empirical investigation of the use of humor in university classrooms (Education, Business and Society: Contemporary Middle Eastern Issues, Volume 2, Issue 4)

Hicham Benjelloun — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the use of humor in university classrooms in Qatar. This paper also seeks to highlight the positive impact of humor on learning and creativity. Design/methodology/approach – Using two different surveys, 101 Qatar University business students, mostly accounting and finance majors, are asked to rate different statements about the use of humor in university classrooms. Findings – Students are overwhelmingly in favor of the use of humor. They think that most professors do not use it to enhance learning. On the other hand, they do not want extreme forms of humor; they would rather see a lighthearted approach where the professor is formal but yet approachable and relaxed. Finally, it appears that finance students have a higher appreciation for humor compared with accounting students. Originality/value – Using humor in the classroom is one aspect of learning that has been ignored by college education research in the area. University professors can dramatically increase the quality of learning by offering their students a pleasant environment.

The effectiveness of knowledge networks: An investigation of manufacturing SMEs (Education + Training, Volume 51, Issue 8/9)

Tim Hughes, Nicholas O'Regan, Martin A. Sims — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – Although considerable attention in the extant literature has been devoted to knowledge acquisition and transfer within firms, there is a dearth of research on the effectiveness of outside sources of knowledge for technology-based small to medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Furthermore, the majority of empirical studies in this area focus on large firms while research on smaller firms is underdeveloped. The aim of this paper is to investigate the impact of the sources of knowledge on the performance of technology manufacturing firms and the implications for higher education institutions (HEIs) providing advice to this sector. Design/methodology/approach – Following interviews with managing directors of manufacturing firms, a number of sources of technical advice were identified. A survey of small and medium-sized UK electronic and engineering firms was then carried out to investigate the relationship between sources of knowledge and performance and also to establish whether there is a relationship between performance and the extent of the advice network. Findings – Significant correlations were found between company age, knowledge source remoteness and company performance. The more remote the source the less effective it is. The stronger the firm's network the more profitable it is likely to be. Practical implications – This has particular implications for universities involved in knowledge transfer, as these institutions are often relatively remote compared with other sources of advice within SME networks. Originality/value – The research adds to our understanding of the role of HEIs and other members of knowledge networks in relation to the achievement of competitive advantage by SMEs.

Knowledge exchange: capacity building in a small university (Education + Training, Volume 51, Issue 8/9)

Sally Fowler Davis — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The aim of this paper is to examine an early articulation of some of the key factors in building capacity and the potential for knowledge exchange (KE) within a small, learning and teaching-oriented organization. Design/methodology/approach – An action research study is planned as a practical enquiry. In common with other action research, this study is being carried out in a single organization and is aiming to devise and plan changes in practice. Findings – A reorganization of the institution in line with policy is critical to ensure that the university insulates itself from the significant risk of knowledge isolation, The context, a relatively static workforce, a learning and teaching focus and the size of an organization may effect its ability to be responsive and knowledge productive in KE. Research limitations/implications – Early insights relate to a reorganization of systems to support KE and the context in which that change will take place. The paper seeks to propose a way to research organizational change in a university in the face of new policy and strategic drivers. Practical implications – A critical understanding of policy promoting KE is a sound underpinning to practice and strategic improvement in the area. The purpose and values underpinning enterprise initiatives can legitimate a university to reclaiming a pivotal social and commercial role in regional regeneration. Originality/value – KE supported by a small university requires “strategic capability”, as proposed by Harrison and Kessells. A workforce competent to deliver on three critical factors within the organization; economic performance, knowledge productivity and learning capability.

Assessing creativity: drawing from the experience of the UK's creative design educators (Education + Training, Volume 51, Issue 8/9)

Andy Penaluna, Kathryn Penaluna — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The aim of this paper is to respond to the acknowledged dearth of academic discourse on assessment strategies for entrepreneurship education. Using established approaches from design education as its fulcrum, it proposes a generic framework for assessment of “creativity” in an entrepreneurial context. Design/methodology/approach – This primarily constructivist investigation is considered in the context of recent UK discussions, empirical evidence, literature reviews and government policies. It includes the UK's Quality Assurance Agency – Benchmark Statement for the UK's creative industries and maps the approaches onto entrepreneurship education. Findings – As assessment of ideas generation, innovation and opportunity recognition are, “Central to developing and learning entrepreneurial behaviours”. There are clear parallels between the pedagogic approaches from “design” disciplines and the learning outcomes advocated in generic curriculum development “for” entrepreneurship. Research limitations/implications – Business school approaches and their associated challenges dominate the entrepreneurship research agenda. Interdisciplinary research, in particular collaborations between the Business and the Creative disciplines, offers opportunities for constructive alignment. Practical implications – With no intention of “reinventing the wheel”, more adapting and refining it, the paper's primary intention is to offer a springboard of thought from which creative capacity in enterprise education might be enhanced and assessed. Originality/value – This paper contributes to the ongoing debate surrounding issues of assessment and offers insights into established approaches that have evolved beyond the traditional enterprise education environment, one where credit-bearing curricula have managed and assessed the creative process effectively.

The effectiveness of workshops as managerial learning opportunities (Education + Training, Volume 51, Issue 8/9)

Leo Billington, Robyn Neeson, Rowena Barrett — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the effectiveness of workshops as a learning tool for small business owner-managers (SBO-Ms). It aims to concentrate on workshops delivered over 18 months from January 2007 to July 2008 as part of several publicly-funded small business development programmes in two Australian local government areas (LGAs). Design/methodology/approach – Effectiveness is measured in terms of meeting the overarching learning needs and expectations of participants in the context of the programme goals. The paper analyses data gathered from workshop participants either post-workshop, in later focus groups or through a questionnaire as well as additional feedback from participants and the organisers' reflections. The thematic analysis is organised through an analogy of “going shopping”, where the SBO-M shopper is buying “learning” when they attend a workshop. Findings – Understanding motivation to participate or the “what's in it for me” is important as SBO-Ms tend to be reluctant, resist or fail to engage with externally sponsored business support initiatives. Workshops were valued for the “space” they create to reflect on practice. For many SBO-Ms, content “comes alive” with discussion while networking helps reduce the isolation SBO-Ms can feel. Practical implications – The shopping analogy suggests workshops must cater for purposeful shoppers as well as browsers, while interaction with others in the workshop is critical to realising the value of workshops. Originality/value – Knowing whether, and how, workshops deliver learning can help to better target and refine these types of support initiatives to ensure they provide positive outcomes for individuals, organisations and economies.

Comparative review of UK-USA industry-university relationships (Education + Training, Volume 51, Issue 8/9)

Moira H. Decter — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore significant historical changes, legislation and policy in the UK and USA from the 1960s to present day relating to university-industry relationships. Design/methodology/approach – The paper presents a review of papers, reports and policy documents from the UK and USA drawing comparisons of university-industry relations. Findings – The paper finds that many UK and USA universities were originally rooted in their communities with strong links to local industries. This culture has persisted and been strengthened through legislation in the USA but changes in UK policy have resulted in reduced industry links. Research limitations/implications – The paper draws on secondary sources. Future research will explore more directly effects of changes in UK universities on university-industry interactions. Practical implications – In recent years there has been an increasing UK government focus on university-industry links. The paper seeks to show that the success of technology transfer in the USA has deeper contextual sources, which may not be easily reproduced in the UK. The history and culture of UK universities presents a barrier to current knowledge transfer initiatives. Originality/value – Technology transfer in the UK and USA have been compared previously, but not set in the context of the history of the university sector. This has implications for current policy initiatives from UK government agencies seeking to develop university technology as a source of innovation for industry.

Research knowledge transfer through business-driven student assignment (Education + Training, Volume 51, Issue 8/9)

Corina Sas — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present a knowledge transfer method that capitalises on both research and teaching dimensions of academic work. It also aims to propose a framework for evaluating the impact of such a method on the involved stakeholders. Design/methodology/approach – The case study outlines and evaluates the six-stage process of addressing a business-driven problem through translating it into a research question addressable by students in their learning context. The stakeholders involved in this process are: an academic who is also the process coordinator; her students who are involved in a Master by Research programme; and a small size enterprise (SME). Findings – This approach to knowledge transfer offers clear benefits for all its stakeholders. It provides the company with research solutions that can be used to improve the profitability and increase the company competence base. The academic benefits from leading students' research and enabling a better teaching/learning process, while students benefit from learning by doing which involves applying research knowledge and skills in an industrial project. Apart form these benefits the paper also highlights the lessons learned and the understanding gained into how this approach can be successfully replicated. Research limitations/implications – The case study approach undertaken for this exploratory research cannot ensure the generalisation of the study findings. Originality/value – Traditionally, knowledge transfer has exploited the research component of academic work while neglecting the potential of its teaching component. By exploring the synergy between research and teaching, the proposed method not only enables research knowledge transfer, but it also leads to better quality of the teaching process.

Building regional capacity: lessons from Leadership South West (Education + Training, Volume 51, Issue 8/9)

Richard Bolden, Jackie Bagnall — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present experiences and insights from an higher education-led initiative to build leadership capacity within the South West of England in order to the shed light onto the processes and mechanisms of regional capacity building. Design/methodology/approach – The approach was one of participative action research, whereby the authors were actively involved in the shaping and delivery of the initiative, responding to ongoing feedback and reflection. The account given within this paper is an autoethnographic case study that identifies the main phases and lessons learned from the initiative. Findings – The paper identifies a number of discrete phases within the initiative, some of the challenges and how they were confronted and concludes with a set of ten principles that may help support regional capacity building initiatives for management and leadership. Originality/value – Despite increasing emphasis on capacity building and a tendency to promote leadership as a lever for change, limited academic research has been conducted into either of these processes at a regional level. This paper seeks to contribute to both theory and practice in these areas by combining the insights of an academic and a practitioner involved in one such initiative and highlighting the underlying and emergent processes therewith.

Implementing service excellence in higher education (Education + Training, Volume 51, Issue 8/9)

Hina Khan, Harry Matlay — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide a critical analysis of the importance of service excellence in higher education. Design/methodology/approach – The research upon which this paper is based employed a phenomenological approach. This method was selected for its focus on respondent perceptions and experiences. Both structured and semi-structured interviews were conducted to collect relevant data on service excellence. The focus of the research study was on achieving and implementing service excellence in higher education. Findings are analysed and results are grounded in relevant theories and the principle of service excellence. Findings – Preliminary results suggest that implementing service excellence establishes a direct link between a workforce and successful competitive strategies. In order to compete efficiently and effectively in their niche market, higher education institutions need to implement service excellence to ensure both internal and external customer satisfaction. A strong institutional culture that values internal customers can help achieve a motivated workforce, loyalty, high performance, innovation and a distinctive institutional competitive advantage. Research limitations/implications – The qualitative data collected for this study reflect respondent perceptions and opinions. Individuals perceive and experience things differently. Although the service excellence approach is applicable to service organisations, its transferability to other sectors might affect its validity. Originality/value – The paper investigates how service excellence is achieved in industry and how it could be applied to promote competitive advantage in higher education.

Evolving knowledge integration and absorptive capacity perspectives upon university-industry interaction within a university (Education + Training, Volume 51, Issue 8/9)

John Sparrow, Krystyna Tarkowski, Nick Lancaster, Michele Mooney — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to report upon an initiative within a case study UK university to facilitate service innovation in small firms. The paper aims to outline how explicit use of such concepts has the potential to enhance the effectiveness of this form of university-industry interaction. Design/methodology/approach – The paper considers how an evaluative inquiry approach could be used to assess the contribution of explicit consideration of knowledge integration and absorptive capacity in university-industry interaction. Findings – The paper reveals how the study has been constructed and how the planned use of personal reflective tools and structured group interactions may enhance the consideration and utilisation of the key concepts by the university and SME clients. Research limitations/implications – The paper brings a degree of theorising upon university-industry interaction that is largely absent in reported studies. It adds to the knowledge/cognitive perspective upon small business support. Practical implications – The value of evaluative inquiry and explicit use of knowledge concepts in assisting the evolution of interactions with small businesses are highlighted. Originality/value – The paper presents a compelling case for an innovative approach towards facilitating collaboration.

A process model of small business owner-managers' learning in peer networks (Education + Training, Volume 51, Issue 8/9)

Jing Zhang, Eleanor Hamilton — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this study is to explore how owner-managers of small businesses can learn in peer networks to improve their management skills. It aims to offer a new way of understanding owner-managers' learning as part of a social process, by highlighting the complex, interactive relationship that exists between the owner-manager, his or her peers, and the wider environment. Design/methodology/approach – A peer learning environment was created for 67 owner-managers by providing a one-year management training programme, and interviewing participants in the entry-, mid- and post-stages of the programme. Drawing upon the cases of six sample participants, a theoretical framework for understanding how owner-managers learn in peer networks is proposed. Findings – First, this paper compares the value of peer networks and other types of networks such as families and customers/suppliers, and second, highlights the role of peer networks in facilitating critical reflection in the learning process. Theoretically, it provides a conceptual platform for further research in the learning of owner-managers as a social process. It concludes that higher education institutions (HEIs) can create an environment to support peer networks and to provoke reflective thinking, in so doing they can improve owner-managers’ management skills. Originality/value – This study will assist HEIs in shaping how, and what, is provided in terms of management education for small business.

Cross-university enterprise education collaboration as a community of practice (Education + Training, Volume 51, Issue 8/9)

Charlotte Carey, Kelly Smith, Lynn M. Martin — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this study is to explore the views of partners as to the process and operation of TE3 in relation to community of practice (CoP) principles in order to identify success factors fundamental to continued active participation in and promotion of enterprise education. Design/methodology/approach – This study used a narrative methodology via semi-structured interviews. The aim was to capture both positive and negative perceptions of involvement from key partners within the project. A manual thematic approach was taken to analyse the data collected and through this common threads, trends and issues were identified. Findings – The findings of this paper focus on the nature, benefits and power of this unique cross-university collaboration, in facilitating and stimulating enterprising and entrepreneurial activity amongst students, graduates, and potentially, local small to medium-sized enterprises. Practical implications – These findings are set within the context of delivering some key policy-driven objectives, i.e. to support and create not only future entrepreneurs, but also enterprising groups and individuals, and to increase the use of technology-enhanced and blended learning throughout higher education. It will be of interest to individuals and educators working in those areas and to policymakers seeking new routes to develop an entrepreneurial culture. Originality/value – This is a unique project in terms of multiple university partners collaborating on third stream activity. The findings of this evaluation and its approach add to this otherwise scarce and under researched territory.

E-mentoring for small business: an examination of effectiveness (Education + Training, Volume 51, Issue 8/9)

Kim Rickard, Alex Rickard — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – While information and communications technology provides new opportunities for supporting mentoring, there is a need to explore how effectively these potential benefits are being realised. This paper seeks to evaluate the effectiveness of a program in the small business context as a basis for proposing determinants of e-mentoring effectiveness. Design/methodology/approach – Using qualitative inquiry, this study aims to establish patterns in the characteristics of effective and ineffective e-mentoring partnerships using a model derived from information systems success field. Findings – The study establishes a basis for understanding how the potential benefits of structured e-mentoring are being realised in the small business context. Research limitations/implications – The study empirically establishes a range of determinants of effective e-mentoring in the small business context. Originality/value – The study provides a set of critical success factors and evaluation criteria for use by practitioners who are developing and evaluating the effectiveness of e-mentoring programs.

Graph exploration with robot swarms (International Journal of Intelligent Computing and Cybernetics, Volume 2, Issue 4)

Hui Wang, Michael Jenkin, Patrick Dymond — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – A simultaneous solution to the localization and mapping problem of a graph-like environment by a swarm of robots requires solutions to task coordination and map merging. The purpose of this paper is to examine the performance of two different map-merging strategies. Design/methodology/approach – Building a representation of the environment is a key problem in robotics where the problem is known as simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM). When large groups of robots operate within the environment, the SLAM problem becomes complicated by issues related to coordination of the elements of the swarm and integration of the environmental representations obtained by individual swarm elements. This paper considers these issues within the formalism of a group of simulated robots operating within a graph-like environment. Starting at a common node, the swarm partitions the unknown edges of the known graph and explores the graph for a pre-arranged period. The swarm elements then meet at a particular time and location to integrate their partial world models. This process is repeated until the entire world has been mapped. A correctness proof of the algorithm is presented, and different coordination strategies are compared via simulation. Findings – The paper demonstrates that a swarm of identical robots, each equipped with its own marker, and capable of simple sensing and action abilities, can explore and map an unknown graph-like environment. Moreover, experimental results show that exploration with multiple robots can provide an improvement in exploration effort over a single robot and that this improvement does not scale linearly with the size of the swarm. Research limitations/implications – The paper represents efforts toward exploration and mapping in a graph-like world with robot swarms. The paper suggests several extensions and variations including the development of adaptive partitioning and rendezvous schedule strategies to further improve both overall swarm efficiency and individual robot utilization during exploration. Originality/value – The novelty associated with this paper is the formal extension of the single robot graph-like exploration of Dudek et al. to robot swarms. The paper here examines fundamental limits to multiple robot SLAM and does this within a topological framework. Results obtained within this topological formalism can be readily transferred to the more traditional metric representation.

Decentralized evolution of robotic behavior using finite state machines (International Journal of Intelligent Computing and Cybernetics, Volume 2, Issue 4)

Lukas König, Sanaz Mostaghim, Hartmut Schmeck — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – In evolutionary robotics (ER), robotic control systems are subject to a developmental process inspired by natural evolution. The purpose of this paper is to utilize a control system representation based on finite state machines (FSMs) to build a decentralized online-evolutionary framework for swarms of mobile robots. Design/methodology/approach – A new recombination operator for multi-parental generation of offspring is presented and a known mutation operator is extended to harden parts of genotypes involved in good behavior, thus narrowing down the dimensions of the search space. A storage called memory genome for archiving the best genomes of every robot introduces a decentralized elitist strategy. These operators are studied in a factorial set of experiments by evolving two different benchmark behaviors such as collision avoidance and gate passing on a simulated swarm of robots. A comparison with a related approach is provided. Findings – The framework is capable of robustly evolving the benchmark behaviors. The memory genome and the number of parents for reproduction highly influence the quality of the results; the recombination operator leads to an improvement in certain parameter combinations only. Research limitations/implications – Future studies should focus on further improving mutation and recombination. Generality statements should be made by studying more behaviors and there is a need for experimental studies with real robots. Practical implications – The design of decentralized ER frameworks is improved. Originality/value – The framework is robust and has the advantage that the resulting controllers are easier to analyze than in approaches based on artificial neural networks. The findings suggest improvements in the general design of decentralized ER frameworks.

Foundations of swarm robotic chemical plume tracing from a fluid dynamics perspective (International Journal of Intelligent Computing and Cybernetics, Volume 2, Issue 4)

Diana F. Spears, David R. Thayer, Dimitri V. Zarzhitsky — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – In light of the current international concerns with security and terrorism, interest is increasing on the topic of using robot swarms to locate the source of chemical hazards. The purpose of this paper is to place this task, called chemical plume tracing (CPT), in the context of fluid dynamics. Design/methodology/approach – This paper provides a foundation for CPT based on the physics of fluid dynamics. The theoretical approach is founded upon source localization using the divergence theorem of vector calculus, and the fundamental underlying notion of the divergence of the chemical mass flux. A CPT algorithm called fluxotaxis is presented that follows the gradient of this mass flux to locate a chemical source emitter. Findings – Theoretical results are presented confirming that fluxotaxis will guide a robot swarm toward chemical sources, and away from misleading chemical sinks. Complementary empirical results demonstrate that in simulation, a swarm of fluxotaxis-guided mobile robots rapidly converges on a source emitter despite obstacles, realistic vehicle constraints, and flow regimes ranging from laminar to turbulent. Fluxotaxis outperforms the two leading competitors, and the theoretical results are confirmed experimentally. Furthermore, initial experiments on real robots show promise for CPT in relatively uncontrolled indoor environments. Practical implications – A physics-based approach is shown to be a viable alternative to existing mainly biomimetic approaches to CPT. It has the advantage of being analyzable using standard physics analysis methods. Originality/value – The fluxotaxis algorithm for CPT is shown to be “correct” in the sense that it is guaranteed to point toward a true source emitter and not be fooled by fluid sinks. It is experimentally (in simulation), and in one case also theoretically, shown to be superior to its leading competitors at finding a source emitter in a wide variety of challenging realistic environments.

A review and implementation of swarm pattern formation and transformation models (International Journal of Intelligent Computing and Cybernetics, Volume 2, Issue 4)

Blesson Varghese, Gerard McKee — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to address a classic problem – pattern formation identified by researchers in the area of swarm robotic systems – and is also motivated by the need for mathematical foundations in swarm systems. Design/methodology/approach – The work is separated out as inspirations, applications, definitions, challenges and classifications of pattern formation in swarm systems based on recent literature. Further, the work proposes a mathematical model for swarm pattern formation and transformation. Findings – A swarm pattern formation model based on mathematical foundations and macroscopic primitives is proposed. A formal definition for swarm pattern transformation and four special cases of transformation are introduced. Two general methods for transforming patterns are investigated and a comparison of the two methods is presented. The validity of the proposed models, and the feasibility of the methods investigated are confirmed on the Traer Physics and Processing environment. Originality/value – This paper helps in understanding the limitations of existing research in pattern formation and the lack of mathematical foundations for swarm systems. The mathematical model and transformation methods introduce two key concepts, namely macroscopic primitives and a mathematical model. The exercise of implementing the proposed models on physics simulator is novel.

Deductive verification of simple foraging robotic behaviours (International Journal of Intelligent Computing and Cybernetics, Volume 2, Issue 4)

Abdelkader Behdenna, Clare Dixon, Michael Fisher — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to consider the logical specification, and automated verification, of high-level robotic behaviours. Design/methodology/approach – The paper uses temporal logic as a formal language for providing abstractions of foraging robot behaviour, and successively extends this to multiple robots, items of food for the robots to collect, and constraints on the real-time behaviour of robots. For each of these scenarios, proofs of relevant properties are carried out in a fully automated way. In addition to automated deductive proofs in propositional temporal logic, the possibility of having arbitrary numbers of robots involved is considered, thus allowing representations of robot swarms. This leads towards the use of first-order temporal logics (FOTLs). Findings – The proofs of many properties are achieved using automatic deductive temporal provers for the propositional and FOTLs. Research limitations/implications – Many details of the problem, such as location of the robots, avoidance, etc. are abstracted away. Practical implications – Large robot swarms are beyond the current capability of propositional temporal provers. Whilst representing and proving properties of arbitrarily large swarms using FOTLs is feasible, the representation of infinite numbers of pieces of food is outside of the decidable fragment of FOTL targeted, and practically, the provers struggle with even small numbers of pieces of food. Originality/value – The work described in this paper is novel in that it applies automatic temporal theorem provers to proving properties of robotic behaviour.

Distributed adaptive swarm for obstacle avoidance (International Journal of Intelligent Computing and Cybernetics, Volume 2, Issue 4)

Suranga Hettiarachchi, William M. Spears — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate a novel use of a generalized Lennard-Jones (LJ) force law in Physicomimetics, combined with offline evolutionary learning, for the control of swarms of robots moving through obstacle fields towards a goal. The paper then extends the paradigm to demonstrate the utility of a real-time online adaptive approach named distributed agent evolution with dynamic adaptation to local unexpected scenarios (DAEDALUS). Design/methodology/approach – To achieve the best performance, the parameters of the force law used in the Physicomimetics approach are optimized, using an evolutionary algorithm (EA) (offline learning). A weighted fitness function is utilized consisting of three components: a penalty for collisions, lack of swarm cohesion, and robots not reaching the goal. Each robot of the swarm is then given a slightly mutated copy of the optimized force law rule set found with offline learning and the robots are introduced to a more difficult environment. The online learning framework (DAEDALUS) is used for swarm adaptation in this more difficult environment. Findings – The novel use of the generalized LJ force law combined with an EA surpasses the prior state-of-the-art in the control of swarms of robots moving through obstacle fields. In addition, the DAEDALUS framework allows the swarms of robots to not only learn and share behavioral rules in changing environments (in real time), but also to learn the proper amount of behavioral exploration that is appropriate. Research limitations/implications – There are significant issues that arise with respect to “wall following methods” and “local minimum trap” problems. “Local minimum trap” problems have been observed in this paper, but this issue is not addressed in detail. The intention is to explore other approaches to develop more robust adaptive algorithms for online learning. It is believed that the learning of the proper amount of behavioral exploration can be accelerated. Practical implications – In order to provide meaningful comparisons, this paper provides a more complete set of metrics than prior papers in this area. The paper examines the number of collisions between robots and obstacles, the distribution in time of the number of robots that reach the goal, and the connectivity of the formation as it moves. Originality/value – This paper addresses the difficult task of moving a large number of robots in formation through a large number of obstacles. The important real-world constraint of “obstructed perception” is modeled. The obstacle density is approximately three times the norm in the literature. The paper shows how concepts from population genetics can be used with swarms of agents to provide fast online adaptive learning in these challenging environments. In addition, this paper also presents a more complete set of metrics of performance.

Model independence in swarm robotics (International Journal of Intelligent Computing and Cybernetics, Volume 2, Issue 4)

S. Kazadi — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine and illustrate the development of a methodology for generating swarms using lossless flocking. Design/methodology/approach – A general methodology for swarm design is described. Examples of this approach in the literature are examined. A general requirement for lossless flocking is developed. The requirement is used in developing two swarm behaviors. Findings – It is possible to apply the approach to the lossless flocking and to use the swarm condition to develop two swarm behaviors which satisfy this condition in many situations. Research limitations/implications – This paper illustrates the general swarm engineering method and demonstrates how it can be properly applied. Originality/value – The swarm engineering method is used to develop the “quark” model, a new physicomimetic model.

Adaptive swarm behavior acquisition by a neuro-fuzzy system and reinforcement learning algorithm (International Journal of Intelligent Computing and Cybernetics, Volume 2, Issue 4)

Takashi Kuremoto, Masanao Obayashi, Kunikazu Kobayashi — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present a neuro-fuzzy system with a reinforcement learning algorithm (RL) for adaptive swarm behaviors acquisition. The basic idea is that each individual (agent) has the same internal model and the same learning procedure, and the adaptive behaviors are acquired only by the reward or punishment from the environment. The formation of the swarm is also designed by RL, e.g. temporal difference (TD)-error learning algorithm, and it may bring out a faster exploration procedure comparing with the case of individual learning. Design/methodology/approach – The internal model of each individual composes a part of input states classification by a fuzzy net, and a part of optimal behavior learning network which adopting a kind of RL methodology named actor-critic method. The membership functions and fuzzy rules in the fuzzy net are adaptively formed online by the change of environment states observed in the trials of agent's behaviors. The weights of connections between the fuzzy net and the action-value functions of actor which provides a stochastic policy of action selection, and critic which provides an evaluation to state transmission, are modified by TD-error. Findings – Simulation experiments of the proposed system with several goal-directed navigation problems are accomplished and the results show that swarms are successfully formed and optimized routes are found by swarm learning faster than the case of individual learning. Originality/value – Two techniques, i.e. fuzzy identification system and RL algorithm, are fused into an internal model of the individuals for swarm formation and adaptive behavior acquisition. The proposed model may be applied to multi-agent systems, swarm robotics, metaheuristic optimization, and so on.

A swarm of robots using RFID tags for synchronization and cooperation (International Journal of Intelligent Computing and Cybernetics, Volume 2, Issue 4)

Giulio Zecca, Paul Couderc, Michel Banâtre, Roberto Beraldi — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to show how a swarm of robots can cooperate to achieve a common task, in a totally distributed and autonomous way, by exploiting powerful clues contained in some devices that are distributed in the environment. This system exploits a coordination mechanism that is twofold, using radio frequency identification (RFID) tags for spatial coordination, and wireless robot-to-robot communication for the temporal and semantic synchronization. Design/methodology/approach – Progress in the pervasive computing field has led to the distribution of knowledge and computational power in the environment, rather than condensing it in a single, powerful entity. This vision of ambient intelligence is supported by the interchange of information between physically sparse agents cooperating to achieve a common goal. An emerging method for this kind of collaboration considers the agents as insects in a swarm, having the possibility of communicating directly or indirectly with each other. The goal is to fulfill a common task, showing that a collaborative behavior can be useful in the real world. The paper focuses on a technique for the coordination of swarm-robots with low capabilities, driven by instructions learned from RFID tags used as distributed pervasive memories. These robots exploit ubiquitous computing to regroup in a synchronization area, make a formation in space, coordinate with team-mates in the same zone, and finally complete a cooperative task. The algorithm is validated through a simulation environment, showing its applicability and performance, before the real implementation on Roomba-like robots. Findings – The goal of the research is to prove the feasibility of such a novel approach. It is observed that a swarm of robots can achieve a good degree of autonomous cooperation without a central infrastructure or global network, carrying out a goal in a fair time. Originality/value – The value is given by the benefits of splitting the synchronization semantics into two levels: space, by exploiting RFID landmarks; and time, by exploiting wireless short-range communication. RFID tags are used to distribute computational power and actively interact with the surrounding areas, allowing to learn and modify the state of the environment. Robot-to-robot communication, instead, is used for providing timing and semantic information. In the proposal, this augmented environment is used to allow a good level of coordination among robots, both in time and space, with the aim of building a cooperative system.

Forecasting the development of wine tourism: a case study in Chile (International Journal of Wine Business Research, Volume 21, Issue 4)

Martin H. Kunc — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The number of wine tourists in Chile is still small even though investment in infrastructure, like cellars and wine routes, has been made in the last five years. A question is important to be answered at this point: is there a market for wine tourism in Chile, did the industry overestimate its potential? The lack of historical data impedes an evaluation of these questions. The purpose of this paper is to forecast the size of the local wine tourists market in Chile and provide with recommendations to its development. Design/methodology/approach – The paper consists of the application of a diffusion model to forecast development paths for Chilean wine tourism market. The model is populated with information obtained through surveys to those demographic segments identified as more closely involved with wine tourism based in Charters and Ali-Knight. Findings – Chilean wine industry has been developing its infrastructure in wine tourism for a number of years, but the number of wine tourists is still very low. Behavioral factors like local consumers' behavior, especially the high level of forgetting (an average wine visitor will perform only one visit to a winery) that reduces the effect of word-of-mouth, hinders the development of wine tourists. Wineries should aim to maintain a constant level of awareness among wine tourists in order to obtain repeated visits and encourage word-of-mouth as suggested in Dodd. Research limitations/implications – Forecasting models depend on the variables employed. Consequently the results are affected by the certainty of the values of the variables, as well as their level of exactness. Even though surveys are employed to obtain the values of the variables for the model, there are no historical data to validate the results. Originality/value – The paper presents a forecasting model to identify the development of wine tourism instead of only reporting actual or past results. Therefore, the paper adopts a forward-looking perspective for analyzing wine tourism market size differently than previous approaches (see Mitchell and Hall for a review). The model also supports policy recommendations.

Wine service marketing, value co-creation and involvement: research issues (International Journal of Wine Business Research, Volume 21, Issue 4)

Linda D. Hollebeek, Roderick J. Brodie — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to develop a conceptual model that examines wine channels typified by differing levels of service orientation, and resulting branding implications based on consumer involvement and value co-creation properties. Examples of channels characterised by relatively low levels of organisational service provision include supermarket retailing, while higher levels of service orientation are found in channels such as restaurants and wine tourism. The model thus provides a framework for analysis of wine branding across distribution channels characterised by differing levels of service orientation. Design/methodology/approach – A literature review addressing service provision in wine marketing, consumer involvement and needs, value co-creation and branding is proposed in the paper. Findings – An integrative conceptual model and associated research issues are derived from a review of relevant literature. Research implications – The paper provides a research agenda for involvement-based wine branding across more traditional, external marketing-oriented channels (e.g. supermarket retailing) and emerging, more interactive/relational wine marketing service sectors (e.g. restaurateurs, tourism). Originality/value – The paper provides a deeper understanding of wine marketing in growing forms of service-based wine channels.

Boozing or branding? Measuring the effects of free wine tastings at wine shops (International Journal of Wine Business Research, Volume 21, Issue 4)

Larry Lockshin, David Knott — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to focus on both the sales effects of free wine tastings and the effects on attitudes towards future purchases four weeks after the tastings. Design/methodology/approach – Store scanner data for the four weeks before and after each of ten wine tastings are used to measure the effect tastings had on sales. A total of 170 consumers, who attended a free tasting in wine shops across 4 cities, are interviewed as they leave the store and 37 of these consumers respond to a call back survey one month after the free tasting. Findings – Scanner data shows a 400 per cent increase in sales of the wines tasted on the day of tasting, and a small but significant effect on sales during the four weeks afterwards. The survey shows that there is no difference in purchasing between those attending a tasting with the intention to purchase and those just stopping by. Both groups purchase at about the same rate. Only about 33 per cent of the attendees purchase; the other two-thirds are boozing. Research limitations/implications – Free tastings boost immediate sales just like most price promotions, but the effect on the intention to purchase is stronger for those who made a purchase. The study is conducted in one country among a small number of buyers, which limits its generalisability. Practical implications – The results and implications of this research can be used by retailers and wine companies to make more informed decisions about free tastings. From this small study, attracting the maximum number of tasters to increase sales and long-term purchasing intentions would be recommended.

A model of demand in a repeated purchase situation: A simulation of the Champagne wine market (International Journal of Wine Business Research, Volume 21, Issue 4)

Daniel Steichen, Christophe Terrien — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to propose a model for consumer demand for vertically differentiated products. The approach is resolutely dynamic. Consumers are especially placed in situations of repeated purchases. They may reflect their past purchases in their decision. The suppliers adapt to the demand by amending their offer price. A simulation of the model of consumer behavior is made on the Champagne wine market. It results in a stable market that validates the theoretical choices. Design/methodology/approach – The methodology used is multi-agent simulation. It is little used compared to cross-cutting approaches such as multiple regression, joint analysis and constrained optimization. The multi-agent simulation is a metaphor of the real world that makes virtual agents (consumers and suppliers) compete; these agents are provided with features that can vary over time and with predetermined behavior. This longitudinal approach allows in particular the capture of the effects of time on the choices observed in the habit phenomena, and also allows a description of nonlinear relationships. Findings – The use of a variable personal capital leads to the creation of a simple dynamic model of consumer behavior and fulfils the simulation of the demand in a market of vertically differentiated products. Originality/value – The originality of this work is based both on the formalization of the dynamic decision process and the methodology used, based on multi-agent simulation. It helps to explore the evolution of the behavior of agents in the long term by taking into account past experiences. The simulation allows us to show that, in situations of repeated purchase, habits and involvement put into perspective the impact of salient cues of choice (reputation, price).

Pride and prejudice in the evaluation of wine? (International Journal of Wine Business Research, Volume 21, Issue 4)

Julie Anna Guidry, Barry J. Babin, William G. Graziano, W. Joel Schneider — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The region where a wine is produced is a factor that influences consumers' preferences and price perceptions. For most consumers, a wine from an established place like France would be preferred over a wine from less established place, like Texas. However, a consumer's identity with their home area (not well known for wine) may override such an effect. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to determine whether a wine's geographic origin influences wine preference and price perceptions and, if so, whether identity with a place and/or wine expertise moderate this relationship. Design/methodology/approach – A total of 257 students from a Texas university sample and rate two identical wines – yet one is labeled as from France and the other as from Texas. Their identification with Texas and their wine expertise are also measured. Paired sample t-tests and repeated measures MANOCA are used to analyze the data. Findings – The paper finds that a wine's country of origin has a strong effect on consumers' preferences and price perceptions. Specifically, consumers prefer the French wine over Texas wine and are willing to pay more for the French wine. Consumers' identification with Texas does not significantly mitigate the effects of country of origin; those who score low on Texas identity as well as those who score high had similar ratings for the wines. Similarly, no moderating effects for wine expertise are found. Originality/value – This research shows the strong effect of county of origin even when participants actually sample the (identical) wines. It offers value by showing that the identity with a region provides little help in overcoming this effect and that wine producers and regions should consider strategies other than appealing to a consumer's identity with the region.

Time for a “design turn” in IS innovation research? A practice report from the home front (Information Technology & People, Volume 22, Issue 4)

David Wastell, Juergen Sauer, Claudia Schmeink — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – In contrast to the behavioural paradigm of IS research, design science seeks to develop a body of practically-oriented knowledge which will directly aid the design, implementation, and use of information technologies and systems. Design science, however, remains a minority practice. The purpose of this paper is to argue the case for its more widespread adoption, especially so in research on innovation. Design/methodology/approach – To this end, the authors report an example of design science in action. Two experiments are reported, both concerning the design of the user interface for domestic heating systems. Of note is the use of a medium-fidelity laboratory simulation (“microworld”) in this work. Findings – Two specific substantive findings results. First that ecologically designed feedback, embodying a strong mapping between task goals and system status, produces superior task performance. Second, that predictive decision aids provide clear benefits over other forms of user support, such as advisory systems. Practical implications – Whilst arguing the general case for design science, the study shows that there are formidable barriers to its wider promulgation. These include the challenges of constructing realistic meta-artefacts, compounded by the complex, modal and uncertain nature of design theory itself. The practical value of the microworld paradigm is also confirmed. Originality/value – Although research in this field has largely addressed the workplace, here the paper addresses the domestic realm. Further novelty derives from the use of the microworld approach. The argument that design science should draw more on the proven methods of “good design” (e.g. prototyping, user participation) in terms of its own praxis is also noteworthy.

Standardization as open innovation: two cases from the mobile industry (Information Technology & People, Volume 22, Issue 4)

Endre Grøtnes — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of the paper is to introduce standardization as a neutral arena for open innovation. The aim is to show that different policies towards open membership in standardization initiatives lead to different open innovation processes. Design/methodology/approach – Two cases are used to illustrate the differences in open innovation processes. The cases are the Android mobile operating system and the service platform developed by the Open Mobile Alliance. The core process types introduced by Gassmann and Enkel are used to show the different open innovation approaches. Findings – Both cases use open innovation to create standards. Open membership leads to a coupled process, while a more restricted membership gives separate inside-out and outside-in processes. The case lead by established firms in the industry has a process where radical innovations are introduced early in the process, while the case lead by newcomers has a process where radical innovations are introduced late in the process. The two cases have different approaches towards commercialization of the products. Android relies on third-party developers, while the Open Mobile Alliance relies on their own members. Research limitations/implications – The cases are from the telecommunication sector and based on standardization of large technical platforms. The findings might not be the same for other sectors. Originality/value – The paper establishes open innovation as a neutral arena for open innovation outside the domain of any single firm. It shows how the openness towards membership influences the choice of open innovation processes.

Crossing the diffusion chasm: from invention to penetration of a telehealth innovation (Information Technology & People, Volume 22, Issue 4)

Sunyoung Cho, Lars Mathiassen, Michael Gallivan — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to help explain the paradox between the high potential of telehealth innovations and their slow diffusion by investigating the challenges involved in a successful case. Design/methodology/approach – The paper is based on a longitudinal study of a telestroke program from 2003-2007 seen from the point-of-view of the inventors. The program was initially used by a network of hospitals; it faced several challenges when the inventors sought to diffuse it to a broader marketplace; but, the inventors eventually succeeded to create a viable technology and business model. Findings – The authors offer a process model of this telehealth innovation consisting of four phases: invention, pilot test, commercialization, and penetration – with each phase demarcated by specific actors and activities. In addition, a chasm between the pilot test within a network of hospitals and the subsequent commercialization of a product aimed for the market is identified. Finally, the authors reveal how key actors negotiated the chasm to successfully diffuse the innovation beyond the initial hospital setting. Originality/value – The paper offers two contributions. First, it contributes a new model of IT-enabled innovation processes seen from the inventor's perspective and emphasizing the diffusion chasm as a key challenge. Second, it contributes a longitudinal, in-depth analysis of a telehealth innovation from initial invention to successful market penetration.

Institutionalising information asymmetry: governance structures for open innovation (Information Technology & People, Volume 22, Issue 4)

Joseph Feller, Patrick Finnegan, Jeremy Hayes, Philip O'Reilly — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – This paper aims to explore the ways in which firms utilise hierarchical relationships and the market system to supply and acquire intellectual property (IP) and/or innovation capabilities from sources external to the firm. Design/methodology/approach – The authors conduct a field study to explore emerging governance structures for open innovation, using multiple data sources including documents (e.g. white papers) and interviews published by the firms studied, analysis of the firms' web-based systems (where applicable), secondary content (e.g. news articles) and elite interviews with key personnel. Findings – The analysis of seven exemplars of open innovation reveals that inter-organisational relationships that facilitate open innovation can be categorised based on whether they are mediated or direct, and seek to exchange intellectual property or innovation capability. Using this categorisation, the authors present an analysis that reveals four governance structures along ten dimensions, and discuss the influence of knowledge dispersion, uncertainty and transaction costs on the emergence of such structures. The authors conclude that the appropriateness of hierarchical/market relationships or intermediaries to source IP and/or innovation capability is dependent on the information asymmetry in relation to the existence and availability of potential solutions/solvers; the suitability of potential innovation partners (solution providers and solvers); and the acquisition process for external innovations (including problem specification, solution evaluation, transfer, etc.). Research limitations/implications – The research is exploratory in nature, and designed to serve as a foundation for future research efforts. In particular, the work highlights the need for research that takes an inter-organisational perspective on facilitating open innovation. Practical implications – The research highlights the prominence of information asymmetry as a key issue in choosing and designing appropriate governance structures for open innovation. Originality/value – The paper presents an exploratory study of an emerging, and consequently under-researched phenomenon.

Cooperative design efforts for the development of complex IT-artefacts (Information Technology & People, Volume 22, Issue 4)

Diego Ponte, Alessandro Rossi, Marco Zamarian — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – This paper contributes to the debate on the relationship between IT-artefacts and organisational structuration by describing the dynamics surrounding the collaborative development of an innovative electronic metering system. The aim of the paper is to address a clear gap in the current literature on collaborative IT-artefacts design, as cooperation at early design stages has barely been analysed. This work tries to understand whether and to what extent the design of an IT-artefact is driven by the interests of a number of heterogeneous actors and how these are able to affect the artefact's evolution. Design/methodology/approach – The research relies on a case study analysis, which focuses on a consortium of heterogeneous actors (firms, the public sector, research institutes) working within the green energy industry. The research focuses on a workgroup attempting to develop an innovative IT-artefact: an electronic metering system. Findings – The main results emerging from the field study are: the relevance of each actor's interests as a prevalent rationale for explaining the technical features of the IT-artefact; the role of negotiation and consensus in determining the final shape of the IT-artefact in terms of its features; and the bundling/unbundling of IT-artefact features as a result of changes in the alignment of actors. Research limitations/implications – The research presents two clear limitations. First, the activities of the workgroup are still ongoing thus limiting some of the insights one may draw from the case study. Second, the analysis is carried out on a single case study. Further analysis should be done to increase consistency and validity of the findings. Practical implications – Findings indicate that in an open and collaborative environment, the conceptualisation and evolution of an IT-artefact are influenced more by the political agendas of the various actors rather than by pure technical problems and concerns. The practical implications thus are that every attempt to manage such a collaborative effort must seriously take into consideration these aspects. Originality/value – Starting from the recognition that little research has been conducted on the factors influencing cooperative IT-artefact design, this paper sheds new light on how these factors influence such cooperative activity. The authors believe that this kind of work helps lay some foundations for general models attempting to explain cooperative innovation processes such as the open innovation model.

Emotional labour in librarians' instructional work (Journal of Documentation, Volume 65, Issue 6)

Heidi Julien, Shelagh K. Genuis — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – Library staff are experiencing increased work role complexity as they move from being service providers towards greater instructional roles, providing bibliographic instruction, user education, and information literacy instruction. The purpose of this paper is to explore how library staff relate to their instructional roles and the implications of those self-understandings for instructional outcomes. Design/methodology/approach – Data collected from qualitative interviews with library staff in Canadian academic and public libraries and diary entries written over a three-month period were analyzed using NVivo software and an open-coding, grounded-theory approach. The study took a phenomenological perspective and was influenced by constructivist sociological role theory. Findings – Data analysis revealed the central place of affect in the experiences of librarians engaged in instructional work, and brought focus to the relational aspects of this work and the affective impact of visibility/invisibility of instructional outcomes. A prominent theme was the expression of “emotional labour”; participants used a variety of methods to manage this occupational stressor as they experienced it within the context of instructional work. Practical implications – Individuals and organizations will benefit from considering the influence of affect on library staff. Those who educate librarians should seek to improve understanding of affect and its impact on instruction; organizations will benefit from addressing the emotional labour performed as a part of the teaching role. Originality/value – The study draws attention to the affective experiences of library staff. This is the first research article in the LIS literature to explore emotional labour as it relates to librarians.

Describing art: an alternative approach to subject access and interpretation (Journal of Documentation, Volume 65, Issue 6)

Megan Winget — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the art historical antecedents of providing subject access to images. After reviewing the assumptions and limitations inherent in the most prevalent descriptive method, the paper seeks to introduce a new model that allows for more comprehensive representation of visually-based cultural materials. Design/methodology/approach – The paper presents a literature-based conceptual analysis, taking Panofsky's theory of iconography and iconology as the starting-point. Panofsky's conceptual model, while appropriate for art created in the Western academic tradition, ignores or misrepresents work from other eras or cultures. Continued dependence on Panofskian descriptive methods limits the functionality and usefulness of image representation systems. Findings – The paper recommends the development of a more precise and inclusive descriptive model for art objects, which is based on the premise that art is not another sort of text, and should not be interpreted as such. Practical implications – The paper provides suggestions for the development of representation models that will enhance the description of non-textual artifacts. Originality/value – The paper addresses issues in information science, the history of art, and computer science, and suggests that a new descriptive model would be of great value to both humanist and social science scholars.

The paradox of expertise: is the Wikipedia Reference Desk as good as your library? (Journal of Documentation, Volume 65, Issue 6)

Pnina Shachaf — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the quality of answers on the Wikipedia Reference Desk, and to compare it with library reference services. It aims to examine whether Wikipedia volunteers outperform expert reference librarians and exemplify the paradox of expertise. Design/methodology/approach – The study applied content analysis to a sample of 434 messages (77 questions and 357 responses) from the Wikipedia Reference Desk and focused on three SERVQUAL quality variables: reliability (accuracy, completeness, verifiability), responsiveness, and assurance. Findings – The study reports that on all three SERVQUAL measures quality of answers produced by the Wikipedia Reference Desk is comparable with that of library reference services. Research limitations/implications – The collaborative social reference model matched or outperformed the dyadic reference interview and should be further examined theoretically and empirically. The generalizability of the findings to other similar sites is questionable. Practical implications – Librarians and library science educators should examine the implications of the social reference on the future role of reference services. Originality/value – The study is the first to: examine the quality of the Wikipedia Reference Desk; extend research on Wikipedia quality; use SERVQUAL measures in evaluating Q&A sites; and compare Q&A sites with traditional reference services.

References to e-texts in academic publications (Journal of Documentation, Volume 65, Issue 6)

Suzana Sukovic — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore roles of electronic texts (e-texts) in research enquiry in literary and historical studies, and to deepen the understanding of the nature of scholars' engagement with e-texts as primary materials. The study includes an investigation of references to e-texts and discussions about researchers' citation practices in interviews. Design/methodology/approach – Qualitative methodology was used to explore scholars' interactions with e-texts in 30 research projects. A combination of quantitative and qualitative methods was used to examine citations and any other acknowledgments of e-texts in participants' prepublications and published works. In-depth semi-structured interviews provided data for findings about researchers' citation practices. Findings – Formal acknowledgments of e-texts do not represent the depth and breadth of researchers' interactions with e-texts. Assessments of the relevance and trustworthiness of e-texts, as well as considerations of disciplinary cultures, had some impact on researchers' citation practices. Research limitations/implications – The study was based on in-depth data-gathering from a small group of participants. It does not have any statistical significance and the findings cannot be generalized, but comparisons with other scholars in literary and historical studies are possible. The study indicated a need for further investigation of changing academic practices in general and citation practices in particular. Practical implications – The findings have implications for the development of standards and institutional support for research in the humanities. Originality/value – The study provides new insights into the phenomenon of a very small number of citations of electronic sources in publications in the humanities, and considers issues related to citations from the perspective of changing academic cultures.

Linking folksonomy to Library of Congress subject headings: an exploratory study (Journal of Documentation, Volume 65, Issue 6)

Kwan Yi, Lois Mai Chan — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the linking of a folksonomy (user vocabulary) and LCSH (controlled vocabulary) on the basis of word matching, for the potential use of LCSH in bringing order to folksonomies. Design/methodology/approach – A selected sample of a folksonomy from a popular collaborative tagging system, Delicious, was word-matched with LCSH. LCSH was transformed into a tree structure called an LCSH tree for the matching. A close examination was conducted on the characteristics of folksonomies, the overlap of folksonomies with LCSH, and the distribution of folksonomies over the LCSH tree. Findings – The experimental results showed that the total proportion of tags being matched with LC subject headings constituted approximately two-thirds of all tags involved, with an additional 10 percent of the remaining tags having potential matches. A number of barriers for the linking as well as two areas in need of improving the matching are identified and described. Three important tag distribution patterns over the LCSH tree were identified and supported: skewedness, multifacet, and Zipfian-pattern. Research limitations/implications – The results of the study can be adopted for the development of innovative methods of mapping between folksonomy and LCSH, which directly contributes to effective access and retrieval of tagged web resources and to the integration of multiple information repositories based on the two vocabularies. Practical implications – The linking of controlled vocabularies can be applicable to enhance information retrieval capability within collaborative tagging systems as well as across various tagging system information depositories and bibliographic databases. Originality/value – This is among frontier works that examines the potential of linking a folksonomy, extracted from a collaborative tagging system, to an authority-maintained subject heading system. It provides exploratory data to support further advanced mapping methods for linking the two vocabularies.

A study of academic library users' decision-making process: a Lens model approach (Journal of Documentation, Volume 65, Issue 6)

Muh-Chyun Tang — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the mediating role different information sources (or cues) play in forming users' mental representation of a work in an academic library setting. Of particular interest is discerning how these information sources influence borrowing decisions. Design/methodology/approach – A large-scale user survey featuring two-part questionnaires was utilized in an academic library setting. The questionnaires were designed to ascertain those information sources exerting a formative influence on users' information-seeking behavior, especially the routes by which users came to know of a title and the sources by which they infer its content. Findings – Evidently users adaptively make use of a variety of cues to help them fulfil their information needs. These cues significantly reduced the uncertainty faced by users making a borrowing decision, even after their sense of domain familiarity was controlled for. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of the findings for library services. It is suggested that libraries could provide a more “cue-rich” environment that supports users' decision making and facilitates exploration of their collection. Originality/value – The research questions were framed in the language of decision-making theory, which, as the research demonstrates, sheds light on the dynamics between “cue validity” and judgment uncertainty. It also demonstrates the applicability of the “accuracy-cost” framework in the study of human information-seeking behavior.

Automated classification of web pages in hierarchical browsing (Journal of Documentation, Volume 65, Issue 6)

Koraljka Golub, Marianne Lykke — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this study is twofold: to investigate whether it is meaningful to use the Engineering Index (Ei) classification scheme for browsing, and then, if proven useful, to investigate the performance of an automated classification algorithm based on the Ei classification scheme. Design/methodology/approach – A user study was conducted in which users solved four controlled searching tasks. The users browsed the Ei classification scheme in order to examine the suitability of the classification systems for browsing. The classification algorithm was evaluated by the users who judged the correctness of the automatically assigned classes. Findings – The study showed that the Ei classification scheme is suited for browsing. Automatically assigned classes were on average partly correct, with some classes working better than others. Success of browsing showed to be correlated and dependent on classification correctness. Research limitations/implications – Further research should address problems of disparate evaluations of one and the same web page. Additional reasons behind browsing failures in the Ei classification scheme also need further investigation. Practical implications – Improvements for browsing were identified: describing class captions and/or listing their subclasses from start; allowing for searching for words from class captions with synonym search (easily provided for Ei since the classes are mapped to thesauri terms); when searching for class captions, returning the hierarchical tree expanded around the class in which caption the search term is found. The need for improvements of classification schemes was also indicated. Originality/value – A user-based evaluation of automated subject classification in the context of browsing has not been conducted before; hence the study also presents new findings concerning methodology.

Value at risk: a critical overview (Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance, Volume 17, Issue 4)

Robert Sollis — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – A misplaced reliance on value at risk (VaR) has been focused on in the media as one of the main reasons for the current financial crisis, and the recently published Turner Review by the UK Financial Services Authority concurs. The purpose of this paper is to present an introductory overview of VaR and its weaknesses which will be easily understood by non-technical readers. Design/methodology/approach – Simple numerical examples utilising real and simulated data are employed to reinforce the main arguments. Findings – This paper explains that some of the main approaches employed by banks for computing VaR have serious weaknesses. These weaknesses have contributed to the current financial crisis. Research limitations/implications – Consistent with the introductory nature of this paper, the empirical research is limited to simple examples. Practical implications – The evidence here suggest that if VaR is to play a major role under future financial regulation then research is required to develop improved estimation techniques and backtesting procedures. Originality/value – This paper differs from many academic papers on VaR by assuming only a very basic knowledge of mathematics and statistics.

The sub-prime crisis, the credit crunch and bank “failure”: An assessment of the UK authorities' response (Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance, Volume 17, Issue 4)

Maximilian J.B. Hall — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of the paper is to explain how UK bank failure resolution policy has evolved since the nationalisation of Northern Rock in February 2008 in the light of the fallout from the sub-prime crisis and the subsequent credit crunch. Design/methodology/approach – The evolution of the UK authorities' approach, from a piecemeal approach to a comprehensive, system-wide approach, is traced through analysis of the treatment accorded the troubled entities Alliance and Leicester, HBOS (both the subject of separate officially brokered takeover-rescues) and Bradford and Bingley (eventually nationalised, like Northern Rock) prior to consideration of the two industry-wide bailout schemes introduced in October 2008 and January 2009. Findings – Confounding initial hopes, Northern Rock proves to be just the first of a series of major institutional casualties of the fallout from the sub-prime crisis, eventually necessitating a comprehensive and system-wide solution. While this successfully prevents the system from literally collapsing in the Autumn of 2008, in the wake of the decision not to rescue Lehman Brothers in the USA, it fails to stimulate lending, as intended. Accordingly, a second industry bailout package was introduced in January 2009, but even this may fail to secure the main goals of intervention-financial stability and a resuscitation of bank lending to support the ailing economy-heralding possible further state inroads into domestic bank ownership. Originality/value – The paper clearly identifies the need for, and nature of, both the ad hoc and system-wide solutions adopts to deal with individual cases of institutional “failure” and the wider stability concerns, respectively. The authorities' actions are subject to critical analysis, while a personal assessment of both the House of Commons Treasury Committee's report on Northern Rock and the tripartite authorities' reform proposals, which culminate in the Banking Act of 2009, is also provided.

The future of regulation (Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance, Volume 17, Issue 4)

Joanne Hindle — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyse the regulatory and other responses to the recent credit crisis with particular emphasis upon likely regulatory reform. Design/methodology/approach – The paper is based upon an analysis of recent papers, speeches and articles to draw together common themes for regulatory reform across the European Union (EU). It pays particular attention to two key papers, that from the Chairman of the UK Financial Services Authority (The Turner Report) and from the senior EU Group, the de Larosiere Report. Findings – It is suggested that some nine or ten common themes emerge for regulatory reform from the many authoritative writings on the subject and that the timeframe for change is very likely to be much shorter that is the norm for international action. However, some areas of debate are noted, for example, how the role of national vs international regulators is to be resolved. Practical implications – All regulated financial services firms, whether banks or not, should expect a far higher level of regulatory intervention and with change occurring more quickly that would normally be expected. Originality/value – In pulling together and analysing most of what has been written to date on the topic of regulatory reform the paper gives a unique overview of likely future developments. By identifying common themes it shows regulated firms the areas where more intervention is most likely to occur and highlights the timescale for that.

The regulation of British retail banking utilities (Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance, Volume 17, Issue 4)

Andy Mullineux — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to consider in the light of the post August 2007 banking crises, how “fair” access to retail banking services for British households and small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) can be assured. Design/methodology/approach – The current responsibility for assuring the bank customers are “treated fairly” belongs to the Financial Services Authority (FSA). The paper argues for the establishment of a banking commission to regulate retail banks as utilities, leaving the FSA to concentrate on prudential (“risk based”) supervision of bank and non-bank financial institutions. Findings – If access to payments services is infrastructural and access to finance is regarded as essential in a modern society, then retail banks should be regulated as utilities. Originality/value – The banking crisis led to calls for banks to maintain lending to SMEs and households (especially mortgages). This implies that access to finance, like access to water and electricity, should be assured and that customers should be protected against the “monopoly” powers of large suppliers. Hence, retail banks are utilities and should be regulated as such.

Actuarial insights into the global banking catastrophe (Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance, Volume 17, Issue 4)

Robert S. Clarkson — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the underlying causes of the series of banking disasters that unfolded from July 2007 onwards and to suggest what action should be taken to avoid a repetition. Design/methodology/approach – The practices and culture that have evolved in banking over recent decades are compared and contrasted with general principles of actuarial science and with Adam Smith's blueprint for a well-functioning market economy as set out in his Wealth of Nations. Recent instances of financial turmoil such as the Northern Rock debacle and the global “credit crunch” are then viewed from a longer term perspective. Findings – The serious weaknesses identified by comparisons with actuarial science and the wisdom of Adam Smith, amplified by perverse methodologies of finance theory and “fair value” accounting and unchecked by the lax regulatory framework, take not only the global banking industry, but also the entire global economy to the point where the self-stabilising properties of Western capitalism are destroyed. To avoid a repetition, banking practices and culture must be completely rebuilt along actuarial and “Adam Smith” lines, the destabilising methodologies of finance theory and “fair value” accounting must be abandoned, and the new and more prudent approach must be rigorously enforced by a strong regulatory regime. Originality/value – By adopting a longer term actuarial perspective, the paper identifies deeper problems and suggests more fundamental solutions than have generally been the case in the continuing debate as to the best way forward in rebuilding a robust financial system.

The financial crisis in Europe: evolution, policy responses and lessons for the future (Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance, Volume 17, Issue 4)

John Goddard, Phil Molyneux, John O.S. Wilson — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide an account of the financial crisis in Western Europe, primarily from a country-level and banking sector perspective, from 2007 to the spring of 2009. It aims to detail measures enacted by governments and central banks to deal with impaired bank assets, recapitalize or otherwise resolve troubled banks, and inject liquidity into the banking system. It also aims to examine reform proposals aimed at creating a more secure and stable financial system. Design/methodology/approach – The paper draws on factual material and analysis that is presented in central bank reports, other banking sector surveys and reports, media reports, and analysis by leading academics and practitioners sourced from published articles and books, working papers and blogs. Findings – Recent firefighting measures to purchase impaired assets, recapitalize troubled banks, and inject liquidity have commanded widespread support, despite moral hazard concerns surrounding publicly funded bank bailouts. However, the roadmap to recovery remains uncertain. There is concern that significant volumes of impaired assets have been retained on many Western European bank balance sheets. Under the regulatory framework that is being shaped in response to the crisis, banks are expected to become leaner, more strongly capitalized and less highly leveraged, and to develop improved risk management practices. Originality/value – This paper is written for a broad audience to provide a descriptive summary of the financial crisis in Western Europe, a survey of the debate concerning the implications for bank regulation and an extensive bibliography that will serve as a valuable resource for banking academics and practitioners.

Northern Rock shareholders' challenge to basis of compensation in nationalisation considered in high court and court of appeal (Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance, Volume 17, Issue 4)

Joanna Gray — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to report and comment on Northern Rock shareholders' challenge to basis of compensation in nationalisation considered in the High Court and Court of Appeal. Design/methodology/approach – The paper outlines the facts surrounding the case and comments on the decisions. Findings – The High Court, in a carefully reasoned judgement which reviewed relevant UK and European Court of Human Rights case law, rejected all the claimants' arguments for judicial review and the claimants appealed to the Court of Appeal. Originality/value – Both the High Court and the Court of Appeal judgment provide a rare glimpse of the legal process examining the “lender of last resort” function of a central bank – a key technique of macro-economic policy, the very delicacy and subtlety of which appear to defy ready legal definition.

Intellectual capital disclosures in Japanese IPO prospectuses (Journal of Human Resource Costing & Accounting, Volume 13, Issue 4)

Gunnar Rimmel, Christian Nielsen, Tadanori Yosano — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to give an indication of the quantity of intellectual capital information in Japanese initial public offering (IPO) prospectuses from all stock exchange listings on the Japan Stock Exchange from 2003. Design/methodology/approach – The paper applied a disclosure index consisting of 78 items to quantify the amount of information regarding intellectual capital included in the IPO prospectuses of Japanese companies. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test, controlling for technological type of the company (high-tech/low-tech), and whether the extent of managerial ownership prior to the IPO, company age and company size influenced disclosure. Findings – From the analyses conclusions are derived for four hypotheses. The hypotheses “industry differences” (H1), “managerial ownership” (H2) and “company size” (H3) were found not to be significant factors explaining voluntary disclosure of information. The fourth factor, “company age” (H4), did, however, have a significant influence on the extent of disclosure for Japanese companies. Further testing of the Japanese companies regarding age showed a continuing trend. Originality/value – Although Japan has been strongly associated with the concept of the knowledge society, Japanese studies regarding intellectual capital have been very scarce. No studies, to the best of one's knowledge, have examined the specific disclosure of intellectual capital information included in Japanese IPO prospectuses.

Training programs and performance measurement: Evidence from healthcare organisations (Journal of Human Resource Costing & Accounting, Volume 13, Issue 4)

Antonella Cifalino, Stefano Baraldi — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – This paper aims to present an exploratory study of the evaluation of training programs, based on a theoretical framework reviewing both the training literature and the strategic performance measurement (SPM) literature. The purpose of the paper is to analyse whether the operational approach (suggested by the training literature) and the strategic approach (suggested by the SPM literature) are actionable and feasible to measure the performance of training programs, and which relationships occur between these approaches. Design/methodology/approach – The methodology supporting the paper is largely oriented to action research. The research project took about 12 months, working with five Italian healthcare organisations in order to develop an actionable system for measuring the performance of selected training programs. Findings – The results suggest that the operational and the strategic approaches are actionable and feasible to measure the performance of selected training programs; that these approaches are complementary, and not alternative; and that their contextual use is mutually beneficial, because it allows alignment of the evaluation of training programs towards organisational priorities. Research limitations/implications – The limitations of the paper concern its explorative nature. The paper does not expand its focus from the training programs to the training function, and from the training literature to the strategic human resource literature. Research on these topics may contribute to further analysing the links between training evaluation and SPM systems. Practical implications – The paper shows the feasibility of a systematic evaluation of selected training programs at an organisational level of analysis, aiming at increasing organisational effectiveness. Originality/value – The paper suggests the relevance of evaluating training programs according to an SPM framework based on the Balanced Scorecard.

The prospects for satisfactorily measuring and reporting intangibles: Time to embrace a new model of (ac)counting? (Journal of Human Resource Costing & Accounting, Volume 13, Issue 4)

Robin Roslender — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – This paper aims to provide an overview of the development of approaches to measuring and reporting on intangibles since the mid-1990s, and to identify intellectual capital self-accounts as a possible means of continuing this process in a beneficial way. Design/methodology/approach – Principally a literature review, the paper provides the opportunity to extend earlier, initial thoughts on the promise of intellectual capital self-accounts. Findings – Given the importance of primary intellectual capital (“people”) in the creation of intangibles (secondary intellectual capital), the paper draws attention to the limited role hitherto ascribed to people in reporting on intangibles in particular. Originality/value – The value of the paper lies principally in the identification of possible content for self-accounts in the context of brands and health and wellbeing as important intangibles.

The influence of business strategy on the decision to outsource human resource activities: A study of Malaysian manufacturing organisations (Journal of Human Resource Costing & Accounting, Volume 13, Issue 4)

Hasliza Abdul-Halim, Norbani Che-Ha, Alan Geare — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – This paper seeks to examine whether the decision to outsource human resource (HR) activities and the performance of the HR department are influenced by the particular business strategy espoused by the organisation. Four distinct strategies are considered: quality-based, proactive, breadth, and reactive. Design/methodology/approach – The data for the study were obtained from survey responses from 232 organisations, of which 113 were engaged in HR outsourcing. Findings – The findings suggest that there is a significant relationship between organisations with proactive strategies and the decision to outsource both traditional and transactional HR functions. Breadth strategies demonstrate a negative significant relationship with outsourcing of traditional functions. Outsourcing of both functions has a significant relationship with HR performance – traditional with a positive impact and transactional with a negative impact. Research limitations/implications – The paper focuses on the perceptions, knowledge and experience of senior HR managers. Therefore there are understandable limitations in respect of generalisation. In addition, the impact of HR outsourcing on the performance of the HR department focuses only on the reduction of the number of HR employees from the department. Practical implications – The results indicate that HR outsourcing has the potential to empower HR managers, allowing them to focus on strategic activities that add more value to their organisation. Also, the results show that HR reduces actual HR labour costs. Originality/value – The study applies to a very under-researched area.

How is new information capitalized in asset values? The role of kurtosis (Journal of Modelling in Management, Volume 4, Issue 3)

José Guedes, João M. Andrade e Silva — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to further understanding of how new information impacts the market value of financial assets. Design/methodology/approach – The paper uses a Bayesian approach to asset valuation, whereby investors use signals conveyed by new information to update their estimate of a structural valuation parameter. The underlying distributions – i.e. the distribution of the information signal and the prior distribution of the valuation parameter – are allowed to exhibit a degree of kurtosis greater than that of the normal distribution. Findings – The revision in asset value as a function of the realization of the information signal is an S-shaped function (in the local region centred on the zero-surprise level of the signal), if the distribution of the information signal features excess kurtosis; conversely, if the prior of the valuation parameter features excess kurtosis, the revision in asset value is an inverted S-shaped function. Research limitations/implications – The paper generates clear implications with respect to the shape of the function relating the revision in asset value to the realization of the signal only in the local region centred on the zero-surprise level of the signal. Practical implications – The paper helps to shed light on the well-known empirical result that the stock price reaction to earnings' announcements is an S-shaped function, centred on the zero-surprise level of reported earnings. Originality/value – In the financial accounting literature, the paper helps one to understand the role of the distributional assumptions underlying the stock price reaction to earnings' announcements, namely, the role of excess kurtosis both in reported earnings and in the prior of means earnings.

Multi-factor competitive internet strategy evaluation: search expansion, portal synergies (Journal of Modelling in Management, Volume 4, Issue 3)

Dean A. Paxson, Arun Melmane — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the use of a multi-factor competitive real option model. Design/methodology/approach – The model is described, context of Google-Yahoo! is developed, market share and other parameter values are estimated, sensitivities and alternative model specifications are shown, and model results are compared with accounting and also stock market valuations and conclusion emphasizes the need for further empirical and theoretical research. Findings – It was found that applications are feasible, but estimated parameter values are likely to be very approximate compared with internal company information. Hence it points to use as managerial decision tool. Research limitations/implications – Some limitations are the assumed duopoly model, and that historical data are adequate proxies for expected revenue, investment cost, volatilities and market share. The basic model assumes geometric Brownian motion, but the possible consequences of other stochastic processes are illustrated. Practical implications – Internal market share information should be compared with public data in making strategic investment decisions. Originality/value – Model adaptation and empirical application are unique, and of value to future empirical researchers, including stock market analysts as well as corporate decision makers.

Modelling traditional accounting and modern value-based performance measures to explain stock market returns in the Athens Stock Exchange (ASE) (Journal of Modelling in Management, Volume 4, Issue 3)

Dimitrios I. Maditinos, Željko Ševic, Nikolaos G. Theriou — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the explanatory power of two value-based performance measurement models, Economic Value Added (EVA®) and shareholder value added (SVA), compared with three traditional accounting performance measures: earnings per share (EPS), return on investment (ROI), and return on equity (ROE), in explaining stock market returns in the Athens Stock Exchange (ASE). Design/methodology/approach – The paper uses the Easton and Harris formal valuation model and employs both a relative and an incremental information content approach to examine which performance measure best explains stock market returns; and the explanatory power of the pairwise combinations of one value-based performance measurement model and one traditional accounting performance measure in explaining stock market returns. For this purpose, pooled time-series, cross-sectional data of listed companies in the Athens Stock Exchange (ASE) over the period 1992-2001 have been collected and modelled. Findings – Relative information content tests reveal that stock market returns are more closely associated with EPS than with EVA® or other performance measures. However, incremental information content tests suggest that the pairwise combination of EVA® with EPS increases significantly the explanatory power in explaining stock market returns. Practical implications – The results suggest that the market participants in the Greek stock market should pay additional attention to EVA® but they should also consider other determinants to develop their investment strategies. Originality/value – The paper is one of the first studies on the value relevance of traditional accounting (EPS, ROI, and ROE) and value-based (EVA® and SVA) performance measures in explaining stock market returns in the ASE. The results extend the understanding of the role of EVA® and SVA in explaining stock market returns in the ASE, and, moreover, whether they may affect investors' decisions in a continental European market with market characteristics similar to that of Greece.

On the value of European options on a stock paying a discrete dividend (Journal of Modelling in Management, Volume 4, Issue 3)

João Amaro de Matos, Rui Dilão, Bruno Ferreira — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present an arbitrarily accurate approximation for the value of European options written on a Black-Scholes stock paying a discrete dividend. Design/methodology/approach – The proposed method is a computational method for the analytical solution of the problem. Findings – It was found that the proposed method is computationally faster than any other exact computational available method, including Monte-Carlo simulations. Research limitations/implications – The method is applied for a single dividend payment, but can be extended for several payments. The exact amount of the dividend must be known ex-ante, as well as the precise date of payment. Practical implications – The paper provides the most efficient way to compute with absolute precision the value of European options on dividend-paying assets, under the Black-Scholes assumption. Originality/value – The computing time in the approach is several orders of magnitude faster than with traditional Monte Carlo methods, for the same desired accuracy.

An application of returns-based style analysis to investigating the disappearance of the size premium (Journal of Modelling in Management, Volume 4, Issue 3)

Julia Sawicki — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this study is to investigate explanations for the behaviour of the size premium using measures of large and small stock holdings of mutual funds. Design/methodology/approach – Returns-based style analysis is used to measure asset class exposure by regressing equity fund returns on asset class returns over the period 1965 to 2003. The coefficients estimate portfolio asset allocation indicating a fund's investment styles. The estimates from 36-month rolling regressions of US equity fund returns on various asset classes are aggregated and used as measures of investors' exposure to small stocks. The patterns are analyzed in the context of the behaviour of the abnormal returns to small stocks. Findings – The results indicate the importance of the 1974-1975 bear market to the historical size premium and support an overreaction and reversal argument. Exposure to small stocks drops dramatically between 1975 and 1977, suggesting a sell-off of small stocks. Fund exposure subsequently increases rapidly to its highest levels between 1982 and the market crash of 1987. These patterns are consistent with pricing pressure that would lead to the initial undervaluation and subsequent overvaluation driving returns to small stocks over this period. Originality/value – The study introduces the application of the returns-based style analysis methodology to studying an asset-pricing phenomenon and demonstrates important insights that can be obtained from the use of this methodology in new contexts and at an aggregate level.

B2B green marketing and innovation theory for competitive advantage (Journal of Systems and Information Technology, Volume 11, Issue 4)

Valerie L. Vaccaro — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – In these economically and ecologically challenging times, the purpose of this paper is to investigate how innovation theory can be used to design more effective, proactive B2B green marketing strategies in order to meet the triple bottom line of economic, social, and ecological sustainability. Design/methodology/approach – This conceptual paper provides a literature review of green marketing strategies and competitive advantage, and relates it to diffusion of innovation theory in a new way. First, a brief overview is described of corporate social responsibility (CSR) theories related to green marketing, with this paper providing value by adding innovation theory to address the gap in the literature. Next, a discussion is provided on reactive and proactive B2B green marketing strategies, degrees of innovation, and diffusion theory research, and propositions are developed. Then, a new model is presented on B2B green marketing innovation strategies and competitive advantage. Next, a conceptual analysis is presented using a diffusion of innovation characteristics framework to show relationships of the innovation characteristics with proactive B2B green marketing strategies and competitive advantage. Findings – Five propositions are developed to reflect the relationship of B2B green marketing strategies with types of innovations and competitive advantage. In addition, a conceptual analysis found seven areas of B2B proactive green marketing strategies related to the diffusion of innovation characteristics. Findings also showed diffusion characteristics are associated with 11 key benefits of sustainable B2B green marketing competitive advantage. Research limitations/implications – Limitations and managerial implications are discussed. Also, this paper suggests recommendations related to diffusion of innovation characteristics in future research. Practical implications – This paper provides a diffusion of innovation characteristics framework to test the effectiveness of B2B green marketing strategies and to help generate competitive advantages in an ecologically-sustainable way. Managerial implications are discussed on how organisations can achieve successful competitive advantage while contributing to environmental sustainability for the common good of society. Originality/value – This study addresses a gap in the literature on environmental/green marketing by being the first study to expand the CSR category of instrumental theories to include diffusion of innovation theory. Diffusion of innovation theory is applicable to green marketing because it includes new innovations (products, services, processes, etc.). An application of diffusion of innovation characteristics and their relationship to proactive B2B green marketing strategies can help shed light on how to increase the rate of adoption for green products, services, and processes to create a competitive advantage, and at the same time, help move the world toward greater ecological sustainability.

Managing greenness in technology marketing (Journal of Systems and Information Technology, Volume 11, Issue 4)

Henri Simula, Tuula Lehtimäki and Jari Salo — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – Technology product manufacturers and marketers must take into account that customers' awareness and appreciation of the benefits of green technology and products have increased. The purpose of this paper is to determine how technology firms can benefit from green marketing and what pitfalls there are to avoid. Design/methodology/approach – Based on a review of green marketing literature, the paper introduces four approaches to green marketing by means of a matrix outlining four factors associated with perceived and actual greenness of new products and new technology. Then, for each of the four approaches, an appropriate coping strategy is proposed that includes the issues that firms should consider when they use green marketing. Findings – Customers' green values should be well understood when marketing plans for technology products are developed and implemented. Green marketing arguments should be communicated to customers in a coherent and truthful way, to avoid customer scepticism or disbelief. Research limitations/implications – The paper calls for an increased awareness of the way to utilize green marketing in technology firms. Supporting empirical evidence is still needed from future studies. Originality/value – The contribution of the paper to academics and practitioners is increased understanding of how green marketing can be applied in technology firms.

Green brand extension strategy and online communities (Journal of Systems and Information Technology, Volume 11, Issue 4)

Patrali Chatterjee — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine current and prospective consumer perceptions, purchase intent and parent brand evaluation due to green brand – line and category extensions by marketers of established (non-green) brands for products with high vs low perceived environmental impact. Design/methodology/approach – The paper analyses responses to online surveys by 602 pet-owners at social networking websites. The quasi-experiment considered perceived environmental impact of core product, parent-brand user status, and green extension strategy (line vs category). Brand extension evaluation, purchase intent, and parent brand evaluation were then measured. Findings – Results suggest that consumers are more likely to purchase green extensions of products with high perceived environmental impact and that current consumers prefer green line extensions to green category extensions. Both have similar reciprocal impact on parent brand evaluation among current consumers. Research limitations/implications – The data have external validity but lack the control possible in laboratory experiments. Future research should replicate the study in other product categories. Practical implications – Managers of established brands should consider brand extensions of products associated with high environmental impact only. Originality/value – This paper examines managerial implications of line vs category extension strategies for green brand extensions of established brands.

Characteristics of innovation in adopting a renewable residential energy system (Journal of Systems and Information Technology, Volume 11, Issue 4)

Aija Tapaninen, Marko Seppänen, Saku Mäkinen — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the criteria influencing the adoption of innovation in the empirical context of renewable residential energy solutions, particularly the wood pellet heating system. Design/methodology/approach – The study carried out an extensive literature review on Rogers’ characteristics of innovation theory and then complemented it with a content analysis on empirically perceived characteristics of wood pellet heating systems. Findings – The literature review shows that most of the previous studies employ the characteristics of innovation but do not confirm the usability of the Rogers framework as a whole. In addition, our empirical results demonstrate that relative advantage is the predominant characteristic in the adoption of residential energy systems. Research limitations/implications – The limitations of the literature review and the biases of empirical findings are discussed. For instance, there are limitations that the study is based on single country data and its theoretical approach relies on only one theory, Rogers’ characteristics of innovation. Practical implications – In order to achieve sustainable strategic advantage, firms providing renewable energy solutions should attempt to communicate clearly the relative advantages instead of attempting to, for instance, offer an opportunity for trialling such green energy systems. Originality/value – The paper highlights the use of characteristics of innovation and further empirically examines the perceived characteristics of an innovation considering green investments in residential heating systems. Owing to the exploratory nature of the study, the results provide a gateway to a number of possible avenues for future research.

SMC method for online prediction in hidden Markov models (Kybernetes, Volume 38, Issue 10)

Dongqing Zhang, Xuanxi Ning, Xueni Liu — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – As the conventional multistep-ahead prediction may be unsuitable in some cases, the purpose of this paper is to propose a novel method based on joint probability distributions, which provides the most probable estimation for the predicted trajectory. Design/methodology/approach – Many real-time series can be modeled in hidden Markov models. In order to predict these time series online, sequential Monte Carlo (SMC) method is applied for joint multistep-ahead prediction. Findings – The data of monthly national air passengers in China are analyzed, and the experimental results demonstrate that the method proposed and the corresponding online algorithms are effective. Research limitations/implications – In this paper, SMC method is applied for joint multistep-ahead prediction. However, with the increasing of prediction step, the number of particles is increasing exponentially, which means that the prediction steps cannot be too large. Practical implications – A very useful advice for researchers who study time-series forecasts. Originality/value – A novel method of multistep-ahead prediction based on joint probability distribution is proposed and SMC method is applied to prediction time series online. This paper is aimed at those researchers who focus on time-series forecasts.

Grey correlation method in the decision of bridge design plans (Kybernetes, Volume 38, Issue 10)

Hao Zhan, Qinhan Fang, Weizhen Chen — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – Bridge plans are a complicated grey system. It depends on various natural and social factors. The purpose of this paper is to provide a scientific method for optimization of bridge construction plan. Design/methodology/approach – Grey relational analysis (GRA) is completely new analysis method has been proposed in the grey system theory. Grey relational order can be used to describe the relation between the related factors based on data series rather than linear relation and typical distribution. First, this paper describes the basic steps and formulae of GRA. Then provides an example to show how to select best bridge construction plan with the method. Specially discusses significant influence of weight selection on decision making for a bridge plan. Findings – The optimization of bridge construction plan will be selected more reasonable and more objective with the method GRA. Research limitations/implications – This paper will be further studied on how to quantify indicators more objectively and how to decide weight factor more reasonably. Practical implications – It has significant practical value to apply GRA to optimization of bridge plans and other engineering projects. Originality/value – A scientific method-GRA has been applied to the selection of bridge plans for seeking the best comprehensive result.

Emergence in entity grammar systems (Kybernetes, Volume 38, Issue 10)

Rao Zheng, Kui-Sheng Wang, Yun Wang — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – Emergence is the kernel concept of complexity science. Lack of precision when people refer to “emergent properties” hinders the research of complex systems. The purpose of this paper is to develop a formal definition of emergence to make it intrinsic to a system and to integrate different views on emergence. Design/methodology/approach – Based on the modeling framework of entity grammar systems (EGS), a formal definition of emergence is proposed and a theorem is obtained for exploring the producing conditions of emergence. With the definition and theorem, three views on emergence are unified using the same formalism of EGS. Findings – The concept of emergence can be formally defined in the framework of EGS to integrate the “downward causation” and “upward causation” views of emergence and makes emergent properties intrinsic to a system. It is possible to control the production of emergence when the system is analyzed using the formalism of EGS. Originality/value – A formal definition of emergence is proposed in this paper. This work combines the modeling power of EGS with the formal analysis of emergence, which will prompt the further application of EGS in modeling, simulation, and analysis of complex systems in many fields and will provide practical tools for complexity research.

Research on four kinds of uncertain preference information aggregation approach in group decision making (Kybernetes, Volume 38, Issue 10)

Zhu Jian-Jun, Liu Si-Feng, Li Li-Hong — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to aggregate different preference information in group decision-making process such as interval preference order, interval utility value, interval number reciprocal comparison matrix, and interval number complementary comparison matrix. Design/methodology/approach – First, the consistency definitions of four kinds of uncertain preference information are defined. Then, the upper- and low errors are introduced to solve the inconsistent decision-making case. Following that, the weight model for each uncertain preference is proposed, respectively. Findings – The aggregation approach based on minimal group deviation errors is suggested in order to obtain the utmost consistent opinion. In addition, the consistency judgment level and consistency extent are defined owing to the aggregation result. Research limitations/implications – The calculation scale is large, if many decision makers will attend group decision-making process. Practical implications – A very useful approach for aggregation of the different preference in group decision-making case. Originality/value – Because of differences in knowledge structure, judgment level, and individual preference, decision makers express their judgment preferences via differently structured decision-making processes. Owing to the complexity and uncertainty of decision-making problems and the fuzziness of human thought, it is unrealistic to depict complex problems in the certain preference style. For decision-making preference structures, group decision-making aggregation approaches include the aggregation on the same kind of preference structure and the different kinds of preference structures. The study on the aggregation of the same kind of preference structure has received a deal of attention, but study into the aggregation of the different kinds of uncertainty preference structures is still a new field.

Integrative performance evaluation for supply chain system based on logarithm triangular fuzzy number-AHP method (Kybernetes, Volume 38, Issue 10)

Jianhua Yang — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyse the efficiency and benefits of supply chain (SC) scientifically and validate the usability of methods on performance evaluation index system. Design/methodology/approach – At the performance evaluation index, the enhanced balanced scorecards (BSC) are developed based on the BSC. Regarding society environment and future development, the construction of performance evaluation index system includes five aspects such as finance, customer service, intra-flow process, learning and development, and society development within SC. The indexes of performance evaluation system are all quantified to achieve their practical application. Another new point is that the logarithm triangular fuzzy number-analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method expanding from fuzzy environment and developing from traditional AHP method is creatively used to evaluate the integrative performance evaluation index system. Findings – The enhanced BSC and the special AHP method can overcome some disadvantages that experts directly give definite numbers when the traditional method is used to value certainty and evaluate the qualitative index. It is a scientific qualitative and quantitative evaluation tool. Research limitations/implications – Accessibility and availability of data are the main limitations affecting which model will be applied. Practical implications – This paper is a very useful method for SC managers. Originality/value – The new approach of performance evaluation index system is attempted due to structure and fuzzy sets. The paper is aimed at operational researchers, engineers and special managers.

Design, analysis and simulation of an optimal wage contract in firms (Kybernetes, Volume 38, Issue 10)

Wenxia You, Xianjia Wang — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyze and solve the problem of moral hazard in firms because of asymmetry information between firms and workers and to contract upon the workers' shiftless actions. Design/methodology/approach – Based on principle-agent theory and human resource management practice, an optimal dynamic wage contract model is designed. By applying simulation technology, the dynamic wage contract model is compared to the general static wage contract model and the affects made by the optimal dynamic wage contract to workers and firms are analyzed. Findings – According to the consequences of simulation, the dynamic wage contract has better characteristics and is more practical than the static one. In the dynamic wage contract, the current action of a worker has a persistent effect on the future outcome. It is proved that the dynamic wage contract is optimal to the firm. The optimal dynamic wage contract is renegation-proofness. It not only can incentive workers to work hard and help the firm achieve Pareto efficiency, but also can smooth the firm's incentive costs and reduce the risk born by workers. Originality/value – The paper provides some reasonable conclusions for the human resource management in firms.

Research on the stability of non-equigap grey control model under multiple transformations (Kybernetes, Volume 38, Issue 10)

Xinping Xiao, Fuqin Li — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to deal with the ill-conditioned problem for the non-equigap GM(1,1) control model by using the method of multiple transformations. Design/methodology/approach – Owing to noises and interferences from both inside and outside of the system, many control systems contain unequal intervals and sharp variation which may result in undesirable systems instability. In order to ensure the stability and efficiency of grey forecasting control model, the data transformation for a raw series is an important and useful method for enhancing accuracy and improving ill-condition of the non-equigap GM(1,1) model. Findings – This paper discusses the quantitative relations between the multiple transformation and the parameters of the non-equigap GM(1,1) model in detail, and studies the effect of the multiple transformation on the condition number of the non-equigap GM(1,1) model. Research limitations/implications – Accessibility and availability of data are the main limitations based on which model will be applied. Practical implications – Choosing an appropriate multiple of transformation cannot only eliminate dimension, lessen computation and maintain high accuracy, but also largely reduce the condition number of the model and improve the ill-condition of non-equigap GM(1,1) model effectively. Originality/value – This paper seems to be the first to discuss the stability problems for the non-equigap GM(1,1) model.

Stochastic analysis on time scales (Kybernetes, Volume 38, Issue 10)

Wang Jinbo, Peng Shiguo — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to define the related concepts and theorems about the second moment process in stochastic analysis on time scales. Design/methodology/approach – The study on stochastic analysis now includes two special conditions, namely discrete and continual conditions. However, in some cases, conditions are time scales, so that a new concept, namely stochastic analysis on time scales, is needed. Applying the time scales theory to the second moment process in stochastic analysis, related concept foundation of stochastic analysis on time scales has been established. Findings – The need for the theory about stochastic analysis on time scales is recognized. Practical implications – This is a very useful theory in related fields in future. Originality/value – Stochastic analysis on time scales expand applying fields of stochastic analysis, and will be helpful to related fields.

Weak signal detection method based on Duffing oscillator (Kybernetes, Volume 38, Issue 10)

Junguo Wang, Jianzhong Zhou, Bing Peng — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to detect the periodic signal under strong noise background, and estimate its amplitude/phase. Design/methodology/approach – Melnikov method is adopted as calculating the threshold value when chaos occurs, and the detected signal is taken as a system parameter. The system's output state is changed if the parameter has a slight change near the threshold. Meantime, the phase of system's output is recognized to judge whether the output state changes, and the signal parameter is estimated according to the necessary condition. Findings – A small periodic signal in noise can be detected by Duffing oscillator via a transition from chaotic motion to periodic motion. Research limitations/implications – The paper shows how to calculate the amplitude/phase in low signal-to-noise ratios. Practical implications – The Duffing system is sensitive to the weak periodic signal and has definite immunity to noise, so it is easy to construct a system composed of many oscillators that could process complex signals, even though the environmental noise is intense. Originality/value – This paper presents a nonlinear method for detecting and extracting the weak signal.

Application of fuzzy neural network controller in hydropower generator unit (Kybernetes, Volume 38, Issue 10)

Zhihuai Xiao, Jiang Guo, Hongtao Zeng, Pan Zhou, Shuqing Wang — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to develop a new hybridized controller based on fuzzy reasoning and neural network (NN) for hydropower generator unit (HGU). Design/methodology/approach – The approach contains fuzzy neural networks controller (FNNC), RBF network identification (RBFNI) and HGU system. FNNC may give control value to control HGU via fuzzy NN reasoning and computing according to HGU rotate speed error and error varying rate. RBFNI is used to identify the character of HGU system and predict its output. FNNC may adjust parameters and member function according to the identifying and predictive outcome of RBFNI. Findings – Sees that the hybridized control system is feasible and stable, and the controlling performance of the hybridized system is superior to conventional fuzzy controller. Research limitations/implications – The theoretical proof of stability of the proposed scheme still remains to be studied. Accessibility and availability of membership functions and control rules is also a limitation applied. Practical implications – The main advantage of the proposed method is that FNNC has reasoning, learning, and optimizing capability which can control effectively HGU. This will be useful for control engineers to control complex industrial plants. Originality/value – The paper proposes new combined approach to optimal control of HGU using FNNC, and it is aimed at operational researches and engineers, especially those who dealt with HUG controller.

An inexact optimization model for evacuation planning (Kybernetes, Volume 38, Issue 10)

Chaozhong Wu, Gordon Huang, Xinping Yan, Yanpeng Cai, Yongping Li, Nengchao Lv — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to develop an interval method for vehicle allocation and route planning in case of an evacuation. Design/methodology/approach – First, the evacuation route planning system is described and the notations are defined. An inexact programming model is proposed. The goal of the model is to achieve optimal planning of vehicles allocation with a minimized system time under the condition of inexact information. The constraints of the model include four types: number of vehicles constraint, passengers balance constraints, maximum capacity of links constraints and no negative constraints. The model is solved through the decomposition of the inexact model. A hypothetical case is developed to illustrate the proposed model. Findings – The paper finds that the interval solutions are feasible and stable for evacuation model in the given decision space, and this may reduce the negative effects of uncertainty, thereby improving evacuation managers' estimates under different conditions. Originality/value – This method entails incorporation of uncertainties existing as interval values into model formulation and solution procedure, and application of the developed model and the related solution algorithm in a hypothetical case study.

Pansystems variation theory and its application to computer science (Kybernetes, Volume 38, Issue 10)

Lihua Yu, Yuanli Xu, Qing Shi — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to establish the framework of pansystems variation theory (PVT) and discuss its principles, models, methods, and related applications to computer science. Design/methodology/approach – The PVT has been established based on the traditional variation theory from the viewpoint of pansystems theory. The theoretical foundation of PVT is pansystems variational principle. It is an interpretation or a specialized expression of relative objective regularity in the variation of things. The application layer of PVT is pansystems variational operations research (PVOR). Findings – The applications of PVT for computer science can be summarized as actualizations of PVOR: V-d(xy)=*0*/PRR'P'/0**. Originality/value – Some new ideas of PVT can illuminate the researches of computer science.

Optimal selection of design schemes for a sparse distributed pile foundation based on fuzzy optimization theory (Kybernetes, Volume 38, Issue 10)

Zhang Lijuan, Li Zhangming — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to establish the optimization model of designs for sparse distributed pile foundation based on multi-goals fuzzy optimization theory, to promote the application of the optimization model into project. Design/methodology/approach – In the designing of sparse distributed pile foundation, there are many feasible design schemes, the selection of designs is a decision making of multi-goals and factors. Owing to uncertain and imprecise environment in which the designing of sparse distributed pile foundation exists, the theories of fuzzy optimization are chosen as mathematical framework to optimize the design schemes. Findings – Since relative optimal degree is used to judge, the optional result of using fuzzy optimization theories in sparse pile foundation design selection is more rational according to a site project. Research limitations/implications – The availability of data and precision of index weight selection are the main limitations as to which model will be applied. Practical implications – A very useful optimal method for the sparse pile foundation design selection. Originality/value – The new approach of optimal selection for sparse pile foundation design due to fuzzy optimization theories.

Rough set for quantitative analysis of characteristic information in metallogenic prediction (Kybernetes, Volume 38, Issue 10)

Yan-bin Yuan, Ya-qiong Zhu, You Zhou, N.R. Sælthun, Wei Cui, Jiejun Huang — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to extract the characterized mineralization information from large numbers of data obtained from geologic exploration based on rough set; analyze the inherent relation between mineral information genes and metallogenic probability, and offer the scientific basis for target prediction. Design/methodology/approach – Mineral information includes all kinds of relative metallogenic information. In order to extract comprehensive metallogenic prediction information, it is necessary to filter initial observation information to emphasize the factors that are most advantageous to metallogenic prognosis. Rough set can delete irrespective or unimportant attributes on the premises of no information missing and no classification ability changing, without supplementary information or prior knowledge, which has important theoretic and practical value for metallogenic prognosis. Findings – The association and importance of geological information referring to prospecting are found out through attribute reduction based on rough set. Originality/value – The analysis of geological and mineral information based on rough set is a novel approach for high-dimensional complex non-deterministic polynomial problems which are predominant in geological research. The research successfully extracts characterized mineralization information to offer the scientific basis for target prediction.

An FPTAS for SM-CELS problem with monotone cost functions (Kybernetes, Volume 38, Issue 10)

Jianteng Xu, Qingpu Zhang, Qingguo Bai — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to find the best approximation algorithm for solving the more general case of single-supplier multi-retailer capacitated economic lot-sizing (SM-CELS) problem in deterministic inventory theory, which is the non-deterministic polynomial (NP)-hard problem. Design/methodology/approach – Since few theoretical results have been published on polynomial time approximation algorithms for SM-CELS problems, this paper develops a fully polynomial time approximation scheme (FPTAS) for the problem with monotone production and holding-backlogging cost functions. First the optimal solution of a rounded problem is presented as the approximate solution and its straightforward dynamic-programming (DP) algorithm. Then the straightforward DP algorithm is converted into an FPTAS by exploiting combinatorial properties of the recursive function. Findings – An FPTAS is designed for the SM-CELS problem with monotone cost functions, which is the strongest polynomial time approximation result. Research limitations/implications – The main limitation is that the supplier only manufactures without holding any products when the model is applied. Practical implications – The paper presents the best result for the SM-CELS problem in deterministic inventory theory. Originality/value – The LP-rounding technique, an effective approach to design approximation algorithms for NP-hard problems, is successfully applied to the SM-CELS problem in this paper.

Application of the stepping stress acceleration life test in the product storage life forecast (Kybernetes, Volume 38, Issue 10)

Pengcheng Yan, Dongqing Liu, Bo Zheng — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to forecast the reliable storage life of a certain kind of equipment under the normal stress level. Design/methodology/approach – Through the stepping stress acceleration life test and the failure mechanism analysis, this paper aims to confirm the stress level for the stepping stress acceleration life test of a certain kind of equipment and establish the data processing mathematical model and storage life forecasting method. Findings – The stress level for the stepping stress acceleration life test of a certain kind of equipment is confirmed and the data processing mathematical model and storage life forecasting method is established. Research limitations/implications – Availability of data is the main limitation affecting which model will be applied. Practical implications – Useful advice for products' storage life forecasting. Originality/value – The paper presents a new approach to product storage life estimation.

On the broad-spectrum analysis of general system theory (Kybernetes, Volume 38, Issue 10)

Yu-xiang Zhang — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to give broad-spectrum analysis of general system theory, including the researching approach – dynamic structure approach, the study on general object system by broad-spectrum analysis, and the study of general cognitive system by broad-spectrum analysis, etc. Design/methodology/approach – The theoretical basis of broad-spectrum analysis is dynamic structuralism, which, therefore, leads to the fact that its methodology is dynamic structural methodology, including that from the perspective of generalized structure, that from the dynamic perspective (the fluxional viewpoint of structure and the transforming viewpoint of structure). Findings – Generalized structural models of general object system (including general thing system and general dynamic system, general cognitive system and general value system) are given in this paper. It shows a unique perspective of broad-spectrum analysis, its close relationship with general system theory and the viewpoints of many questions in general system. Research limitations/implications – The details of the structural models in this paper have to be worked out. Practical implications – The methodological principle for us to analyze, study, optimize, and control the general system is provided. Originality/value – Generalized structural models of this paper originate from pansystem methodology and discrete mathematics. This paper has the value of methodology for those who are studying general systems.

Analysis of non-Rayleigh reverberation model with ocean experiment data in coastal area (Kybernetes, Volume 38, Issue 10)

Qiang Wang, Xianyi Gong — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to improve active sonar detection performance in shallow water. A stochastic-like model multivariate elliptically contoured (MEC) distributions is defined to model reverberation, which helps to reveal structure information of target signatures. Design/methodology/approach – Active sonar systems have been developed with wider transmission bandwidths and larger aperture receiving array, which improve the signal-to-noise ratio and reverberation power ratio after matched filtering and beamforming. But, it has changed the statistical distribution of the reverberation-induced envelope from the traditionally assumed Rayleigh distribution. The MEC is a kind of generalized non-Gaussian distribution model. The authors theoretically derive the compound Gaussian, Rayleigh-mixture, Weibull, K distributions are all special cases of MEC. It is known that Weibull and K distributions have obvious heavy-tail than Rayleigh distribution. MEC is a suitable model to characterize non-Rayleigh heavy-tailed distribution of reverberation. Findings – The analysis of test data shows reverberation envelopes obviously deviate Rayleigh distribution. In a broad non-Gaussian framework, reverberation is modelled as MEC distribution, which is suitable to characterize non-Rayleigh reverberation. The received data in trials validate the effectiveness of MEC model. The real data envelops follows K distribution, which is a special case of MEC. So, the MEC can be applied to develop novel signal-processing algorithms that mitigate or account for the effects of the heavy-tailed reverberation distributions on the target detection. Research limitations/implications – The limited sea test data are the main limitation to prove model validation in further. Practical implications – A very useful model for representing reverberation in shallow-water. Originality/value – The MECs in fact represent an attractive set data model for adaptive array, and it provides a theoretic framework to design an optimal or sub-optimal detector.

A formal method for integrating distributed ontologies and reducing the redundant relations (Kybernetes, Volume 38, Issue 10)

Junwu Zhu, Jiandong Wang, Bin Li — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to integrate distributed ontologies on the web system and clarify the structure of the integrated one. Design/methodology/approach – A formal method based on concept lattices is introduced as a mechanism to form more general semantic level. By checking the extension and the intension of concept, this method extracts the concept pairs satisfying inclusion relations from descartes' set of concepts in distributed ontologies first, and then constructs a concept lattice according to these concept pairs. An algorithm to reduce redundant relations is also proposed to clarify the structure of integrated ontology. Findings – The experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method to reduce redundant relations, and the Nir-to-Ncr ratio inclines to 1.05 from 3.13. Research limitations/implications – Instances of certain concept are not given completely on the web, so it is difficult to check extension of different concepts. Practical implications – A very useful method of integrating distributed ontologies on the web. Originality/value – Compared with existing methods, this formal method can be performed by program automatically without any human intervening, and can extract the inclusion relations between concepts from distributed ontologies completely.

Research on insulation detection of insulator strings with fuzzy logical reasoning method (Kybernetes, Volume 38, Issue 10)

Xiaoning Xu, Yixiong Nie, Xiangang Peng — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to introduce the realizing process of the fuzzy logical reasoning method in relation to the insulation detection of insulator strings, especially about the establishment of the fuzzy relation matrix. Design/methodology/approach – Utilizing fuzzy logical reasoning method, the online fault diagnosis of the transmission line insulator strings can be realized efficiently, although the insulation status of the insulator strings is influenced by many factors and the relation between the measured electric parameters about the insulator with the degree of the deterioration is ambiguous. Findings – Utilizing the pattern recognition method to build the fuzzy relation matrix after choosing the probability of the corona current, the root-mean-square value and the peak value and the pulse frequency of the leakage current as the fuzzy operating input variables, using the fuzzy reasoning method to estimate the insulation status proves to be a practical approach. Practical implications – The experiments verify the correctness of this method by simulating work conditions of insulator strings on an 110?kV transmission line. Originality/value – This paper proves that using the fuzzy reasoning method to estimate the insulation status of the online insulator strings is a practical approach. The results of the laboratory and the field tests verify the correctness of this approach and the validity of the identification method to build the fuzzy relation matrix.

Stochastic model analysis on train agents communication (Kybernetes, Volume 38, Issue 10)

Yanmei Yang, Hongsheng Su, Kan Wang — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the reliable and steady working conditions of train agent systems while connected to the internet. The train agents can provide more accurate assistant navigation service and more useful “live” information service to ensure traveling crane safety. However, all these services seriously rely on reliability and stability of communication quality of the train agents. To ensure the stable and continuous work of the train agents, the stochastic model of the train agent communication is investigated in this paper. Design/methodology/approach – According to Markov theory, the stochastic model of the train agent communication is established, the reliability of which is also investigated, the availability and mean-link interruption times in steady state are then given out. Findings – In the end, the steady working condition and controllability of the train agents are discussed. Research limitations/implications – The correctness of the mathematic model in the main limitation based on which the model will be applied. Practical implications – A very useful model for the train agent systems description. Originality/value – From the angle of stochastic model, the steady working condition and controllability of the train agent are given out connected to the internet. It has enormous instruction significance to those special mobile agents design such as the train agents, the plane agents, the ship agents, etc.

Application of neural network combined genetic algorithm to rank the development priority of heavy oil reservoirs (Kybernetes, Volume 38, Issue 10)

Xiaodong Wu, Junfeng Shi, Fujun Chen, Yaru Wang — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present a new approach for selecting the good heavy oil reservoirs to develop preferentially, which can avoid the huge economical loss resulted from wrong decision. Design/methodology/approach – A new method of ranking the development priority of heavy oil reservoir is present, in which the neural network is applied for the first time to acquire reservoir parameters' weights through training samples and the genetic algorithm is used to optimize the joint weighs of neurons in case that neural network falling into local minimum. Additionally, the paper establishes subordinate function of every parameter. Eventually, comprehensive evaluation values of all heavy oil reservoirs are obtained. Findings – The method can ensure the veracity and creditability of the parameters' weights, avoid the randomicity brought by experts. Research limitations/implications – Accessibility of the data of many heavy oil reservoirs is the main limitation. Practical implications – A very useful and new method for the decision makers of heavy oil reservoirs development. Originality/value – The new approach of ranking the development priority of heavy oil reservoir based on the neural network and the genetic algorithm. The paper is aimed at the leaders who manage the development of heavy oil reservoirs.

The fuzzy adaptation control method and its application of a kind of nonlinear system (Kybernetes, Volume 38, Issue 10)

Xueli Wu, Xianghui Lu, Hua Meng, Ran Zhen, Fanhua Meng — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to propose a kind of fuzzy adaptive control method to control non-linear system that has the characteristic of small time delay and fast respond speed. Design/methodology/approach – The paper analyzes the production process and the actual condition of the preheat process of the plating zinc and painting plastic scribbled of double layer welded pipe that has the small time delay and fast respond speed, and also gives the preheat process mathematical model. Fuzzy adaptive control method with hierarchical structure is used which aims at one non-linear system that has the characteristic of small time delay and fast responds speed. Through the simulation, it proves the mentioned method is effective to control the temperature system for double layers welded pipe in welding process. Findings – Based on the mathematical model proposed about the production process and the actual condition of the preheat process, the fuzzy adaptive control method is effective to control the temperature system for double layers welded pipe in welding process. Research limitations/implications – The paper proposes fuzzy adaptive control method with hierarchical structure which has the basic fuzzy control grade, adaptive adjust grade, and process state judgment grade. Practical implications – A very useful method in welding process for double layers welded pipe. Originality/value – The new mathematical model is proposed about the production process, and the new control method is used in the temperature system for double layers welded pipe in welding process.

Self-organizing data mining research on the decision support system for environmental evolution analysis (Kybernetes, Volume 38, Issue 10)

Zhang Shuhong, Chen Mianyun — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to select the main impact factors of environment change automatically and identify and analyze the potential environmental impact factors with time delay by computer simulation, analyzing the impact rate of environmental impact factors. Then, the environmental impact factors analysis decision support system based on self-organizing data mining model is designed. Design/methodology/approach – Applying data mining methods in the analysis and decision making of regional environmental impact factors will have broad perspective. Self-organization data mining is a new modeling method of complex systems modeling with strong modeling capability. It was first presented by A.G. Ivakhnenko, based on the principle of self-organization of biological cybernetics and Kolmogoorov-Gabor polynomial function. In this paper, the impact factors of regional environment quality evolution based on self-organization data mining method is studied, selecting the main impact factors of environment change automatically by computer simulation, analyzing the impact contribution rate of environmental impact factors. Findings – The environmental impact factors analysis decision support system based on self-organizing data mining model is designed. Research limitations/implications – Accessibility and availability of data are the main limitations affecting which model will be applied. Practical implications – The paper has important theoretical and practical significance for the sustainable development of regional environment, resource, economy system and the constitution of environmental protection and management measures. Originality/value – This paper not only exploits new application domains of self-organization data mining, but also explores new ways for regional environment impact factors analysis.

The application of the Smith predictor with PSO in HAGC system (Kybernetes, Volume 38, Issue 10)

Xiaolan Yao, Xiangtao Yu, Qinghe Wu, Qihong Liang — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to solve the problem of a pure time delay in the hydraulic automatic gauge control (HAGC) system. Design/methodology/approach – Smith predictor is selected to solve pure time delay of the HAGC system. The model of thickness predictor is identified by the extended recursive least square algorithm. The parameters of controller are adjusted by particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO). The simulation result shows that the Smith predictor has good response performance and anti-disturbances ability. Findings – The control precision of the HAGC system in the finished mill can be obviously improved by Smith predictor with PSO arithmetic. The Smith predictor with PSO arithmetic is suitable to solve the pure time delay in the HAGC system. Research limitations/implications – Randomicity in rolling process and the effect of other mill stands are the main limitations based on which the model will be applied. Practical implications – A very useful method to improve the precision of the strip. Originality/value – This paper presents a new method of Smith predictor with PSO arithmetic is designed for a HAGC system in the finished mill to solve a pure time delay problem. The object model is acquired by system identification method.

Research on the multiple transformation property of a series of grey models (Kybernetes, Volume 38, Issue 10)

Nai-Ming Xie, Si-Feng Liu — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to study the parameters' properties of GM(n, h) model on the basis of multiple transformation and the relationship of GM(n, h) model and other grey models. Design/methodology/approach – Multiple transformation property of parameters is important to construct a grey model. However, there is no research on the property of GM(n, h) model, therefore it is meaningful to study the relationship between GM(n, h) model and other grey models. Findings – The multiple transformation property of parameters of GM(n, h) model is recognized. The parameters' value is dependent on multiple transformation value. The values of simulative and predicative are only dependent to the multiple transformation of the main variable and independent to other variables. Research limitations/implications – The properties of other grey models could be obtained by analyzing the property of GM(n, h) model. Practical implications – It is a very useful result for constructing a grey model. Originality/value – This paper discusses multiple transformation property of GM(n, h) model and the relationship between the GM(n, h) model and other grey models. These grey models are put into a common model and the affections that parameters' multiple transformation caused to the model are studied.

Basis for STM solution of quantum control problems: Normalization and matrix representation (Kybernetes, Volume 38, Issue 10)

Yifan Xing, Xice Sun, Diyang Chu, Zhi Wang, Jun Wu — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – This purpose of this paper is to present a new approach of solving quantum control problem. Design/methodology/approach – State-transition-matrix (STM) is used to solute quantum control problem. Findings – The paper obtains the matrix representation for wave function, normalization, and some other quantum operators, and then gives the possible methods to establish the STM model and solve it. Originality/value – Based on this, many tools of the widely used control theory can be adopted to denote or analyze the quantum system.

Similarity model of chaos phase space and its application in mid- and long-term hydrologic prediction (Kybernetes, Volume 38, Issue 10)

Liping Zhang, Jun Xia, Xingyuan Song, Xiaofeng Cheng — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – With frequent floods occurring, and the fast economic development in China, attention must be paid to flood prevention, water supply, and forecasting precision. In particular, mid- and long-term runoff prediction is being paid more and more attention by researchers, and it is also the most difficult problem to solve. The purpose of this paper is to apply chaos phase space theory to forecast river run off. Design/methodology/approach – Because the hydrologic system is a complicated huge system, there exist high non-linear characteristics in the space-time change of hydrologic factors. According to theory of chaotic phase space, the paper established four models of the single-point, multi-point, lineal, and three-parameter D(m,t,k) models, they have stronger non-linear mapping function and much more information in the time series than traditional ways. Findings – The results of calculation show that the models are highly effective and worthy of popularization and application. It is reasonable and superior to use these models in mid- and long-term hydrologic prediction. Research limitations/implications – The method cannot reduce or eliminate the un-prediction parts caused by the inner random factors, such as the noise information of the observed data. Practical implications – The models are applied in the long-term runoff prediction of Baishan reservoir. Originality/value – The new approach of hydrology forecasting due to the theory of chaotic phase space. The paper is aimed at hydrology forecasting researches and engineers, especially those who dealt with the mid- and long-term prediction.

Toward a sensed decision-making approach (Management Decision, Volume 48, Issue 1)

Dr. Mona Ericson — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - Purpose – To call attention to the relative neglect in strategic decision-making research to include a sense dimension, proposing a broadened conceptualization of strategic decision-making that accounts for the processes through which managers generate sense when exposed to turbulence in their environments. Design/methodology/approach - Design – Based on scholarly writing and empirical-oriented examples, the paper illustrates how managers cope with unusual and unexpected situations, and discusses fruitful directions for future research. Findings - Findings – When faced with turbulence, managers generate and communicate sense through believing in and arguing for a certain course of action, and through meeting talk and interaction that entwine with emotions. The focus on both retrospective and prospective orientation of action unfolds a sense dimension integral to which are belief and emotion. Research limitations/implications - Research implications – Important questions for future research concern the role ‘plausibility’ plays in strategic action, the relationship between retrospective and prospective orientation of action, and the information conveyed by emotions.Practical implications - Practical implications – The paper could contribute to an increased awareness among practitioners that they can act effectively when coping with turbulence simply by making plausible sense, and encourage reconciliation between calculative rationality and emotion, in practice promoting their complementarity. Originality/value - Originality/value – The paper affords a broadened conceptualization of strategic decision-making through interrelating scholarly writing on strategic decision-making, sense-making and emotion. It also draws inspiration from Polanyi’s (1966) work on tacit dimension and knowing, furthering an understanding of how retrospective and prospective orientation unfold in connection with a tacit relation, constituting a so-called sense-made reality.

Examining social responsibility orientation gaps between society and industry executives (Management Decision, Volume 48, Issue 1)

Mr. Derek William Thompson, Dr. Rajat Panwar, Dr. Eric N Hansen — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - The aim of this paper is to examine the social responsibility orientation (SRO) gaps between the forest industry executives and societal members in the U.S. Pacific Northwest. Design/methodology/approach - Using mail survey responses to pre-existing SRO scales, the two samples are grouped into distinct social orientation clusters and compared based on demographic and firm characteristic variables.Findings - The forest industry executives were found to have a significantly lower SRO than societal members, indicating a more individualistic social orientation. Demographic analyses suggested that individualistic beliefs were more prominent in males and rural residents among general society respondents. However, SRO among business executives showed no significant differences based on demographics or firm characteristics.Research limitations/implications - This research was conducted within a specific region of the United States and as such these findings may not be generalized to other regions. This paper argues that one’s SRO may have an impact on one’s corporate social responsibility orientation; however this remains an area that must be empirically investigated, both within and beyond the geographic and industrial context presented here.Practical implications - Previous research has shown that executives with more egalitarian orientations can be more successful and inclusive problem-solvers and negotiators. As businesses continue to face the challenge of balancing multiple stakeholders’ demands, an understanding of gaps in SRO between business executives and general society provides a preliminary basis for companies to understand their misalignment with societal values and to find appropriate ways to narrow these gaps, wherever feasible.Originality/value - This study represents the first region specific assessment of SRO. Additionally, the originality of this study lies in examining the SRO gap between industry executives and general society. Results prompt discussion surrounding the influence of social responsibility orientation gaps on an executive’s ability to balance the demands of the firm and stakeholders.

Employee-driven innovation: Extending the license to foster innovation (Management Decision, Volume 48, Issue 1)

Prof. Peter Kesting, Prof. John Parm Ulhøi — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - The authority to make decisions on organizational innovations is usually reserved for a small number of manager and specifically assigned functions. Given the importance of innovations to most organizations, it may seem somewhat odd to restrict such an important ‘license’ to so few individuals. Research on Employee-Driven Innovation (EDI) is still at an early stage. Here, we outline the ‘grand structure’ of the phenomenon in order to identify both the underlying processes and core drivers of EDI.Design/methodology/approach - This is a conceptual paper. It particularly applies the insights of contemporary research on routine and organizational decision making to the specific case of EDI.Findings - The main result of this paper is that, from a theoretical point of view, it makes perfect sense to involve ordinary employees in innovation decisions. However, we also outline that naïve or ungoverned participation is counterproductive, and that it is quite difficult to realize the hidden potential in a supportive way.Research limitations/implications - The main implication is that basic mechanisms for employee participation also apply to innovation decisions, although often in a different way. However, this paper only identifies the grand structure of the phenomenon. The different identified drivers have to be further elaborated and empirically tested.Practical implications - EDI is a helpful tool to gain competitive advantage by utilizing the knowledge and creative potential of employees.Originality/value - This is the first paper that gives a systematic overview over the grand structure of EDI and derives the most important moderating factors from that.

Organizational Paradoxes: Dynamic Shifting and Integrative Management (Management Decision, Volume 48, Issue 1)

Dr. James M. Bloodgood, Dr. Bongsug Chae — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - The primary purpose is to demonstrate the importance of viewing paradoxes, which are commonly-accepted logical perspectives that appear contradictory, as useful for organizational learning and to show why organizational paradoxes need to be managed integratively.Design/methodology/approach - The cultural industries (those that promote art, music and entertainment) are used as a backdrop for developing propositions that explain the benefits of dynamically shifting between poles of a paradox and the relationship between elements of managing multiple paradoxes integratively and organizational outcomes.Findings - It is expected that organizations which move between the poles of paradoxes are more likely to increase organizational knowledge about their capabilities and to enhance their ability to deal with paradoxes.Research limitations/implications - Organizational researchers should consider identifying the direction and rate of movement along the poles of paradoxes by organizations when studying the appropriateness of various organizational methods for achieving outcomes such as growth or performance. Future research should examine a larger variety of paradoxes in order to increase our understanding of the appropriateness of the integrative management of them.Practical implications - Managers should become familiar with the speed and direction of movement (organizational change) between the poles of organizational paradoxes before making operational and strategic decisions. In addition, managers should be cognizant of the variety of paradoxes present in their organization and of the need for their integrative management.Originality/value - This article describes how movement along the poles of organizational paradox enhances organizational learning, as well as the importance of managing organizational paradoxes integratively.

Building Blocks of Strategic Management: A Multi-Dimensional, Pan-Theoretical Taxonomy of Business Strategies (Management Decision, Volume 48, Issue 1)

Dr. Mark Andrew Fuller — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - The purpose of this conceptual paper is to address the lack of consistent means through which business strategies are identified and discussed across theoretical perspectives in the field of business strategy. Design/methodology/approach - A stakeholder-based approach is used to facilitate the standardized referencing of strategies at the business-level of analysis.Findings - A taxonomy is developed that facilitates the identification and naming of business-level strategies in a pan-theoretical manner. A standardized referencing system is offered to codify the means by which strategies are identified. Research limitations/implications - Practical implications - Four metrics are developed to analyze and compare strategies both within and across business units and organizations. Originality/value - Key benefits to academics are the improved dialogue in the strategic management field from empirical findings and conceptual discourse that employ a universal lexicon for the identification and categorization of business-level strategies. Managers will benefit from a more transparent strategic design process that reduces ambiguity, aides in identifying and correcting gaps in strategic planning, and fosters enhanced strategic analysis.

The sharing, protection and thievery of Intellectual Assets— The Case of the Formula 1 Industry (Management Decision, Volume 48, Issue 1)

Ms. Maria Solitander, Mr. Nikodemus Solitander — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to analyzes how the Intellectual Capital perspective can be altered in order to include ethically questionable practices of knowledge acquisition.Design/methodology/approach - The paper explores the relationship between formal and illicit forms of intellectual capital acquisition through a case study of the Formula 1 industry. The paper is based on secondary data from public sources. Findings - Ethically questionable practices are a part of the knowledge economy. In the case study, the view on what was ethical and accepted was changed due to uncovered practices of espionage.Practical implications - Firms in knowledge intensive industries often employ unrecognized informal channels for intellectual capital acquisition. Managers should consider the limit between right and wrong in their particular industry, and whether they have the tools for dealing with ethically questionable practices. Originality/value - The paper suggest a complementary interpretation of the Formula 1 industry not only as a best-practice case of how community and trust, knowledge spillovers facilitate innovation, but also how ethically questionable practices of intellectual capital acquisition exist as accepted part of the process.

Intellectual capital and business performance in the pharmaceutical sector of Jordan (Management Decision, Volume 48, Issue 1)

Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - The purpose of this study is to empirically test the relationship between intellectual capital (i.e., human capital, structural capital, relational capital) and business performance within the pharmaceutical sector of Jordan. Design/methodology/approach - A valid research instrument was utilized to conduct a survey of 132 top and middle-level managers from all 15 members of the Jordanian Association of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers.Findings - A correlation and path analysis were conducted to ascertain the validity of the measures and models. Statistical support was found for the hypothesized relationships.Research limitations/implications - The findings offer valuable insights on the generalizability of intellectual capital in a novel research setting.Practical implications - Intellectual capital measurement is of primary interest for senior executives of pharmaceutical firms in Jordan.Originality/value - The research reported in this paper is among only a few to investigate the issue of intellectual capital in Jordan and the first to study pharmaceutical firms.

Solving Business Problems Using a Lateral Thinking Approach (Management Decision, Volume 48, Issue 1)

Prof. Stephen A Butler — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - This paper presents a simple alternative approach to managerial decision making. Basing your financial decision on an approach that relies on experience may work sometimes. Experience is a useful part of the process, but it may also lock the decision maker into a method that cannot lead to an innovative solution. An alternative to this experience based (linear) way of problem solving is a certain skillful way of thinking known as lateral thinking.Design/methodology/approach - In this paper lateral thinking is defined as methods of thinking concerned with changing concepts and perception. Various tests are suggested that show how it might be measured. These tests were originally developed to identify creative thinking ability. One of these tests is used in an illustrative decision aid to reduce a common decision making "bias" labeled "hindsight bias."Findings - The simple decision aid reduced the hindsight effect for those decision makers who were deemed limited in their lateral thinking ability. Those who could already think laterally were not affected by the decision aid. The decision aid was decision making neutral for them.Originality/value - Often when attempting to improve decision making, our focus is on providing better information or models. Rarely is the cognitive ability of the manager specifically considered. Here, a simple decision aid has been suggested that appears to help managers adopt a different perception of the decision situation. For managers and organizations this is a low cost opportunity to achieve better results.

Interpartner Sensemaking in Strategic Alliances: Managing Cultural Differences and Internal Tensions (Management Decision, Volume 48, Issue 1)

Prof. T.K. Das, Prof. Rajesh Kumar — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - To propose a framework for understanding interpartner sensemaking in cross-national strategic alliances, and to discuss how to manage the problems arising from the cultural differences and internal tensions that are inherent in such alliances.Design/methodology/approach - We proceed from the notion that interpartner sensemaking of the complexities of strategic alliances has important implications for the evolution of cross-national alliances. We describe the two fundamental interpretive frames that relate to sensemaking, that of sensemaking of and in chaos, and examine how an appreciation of these interpretive frames enable us to better manage cultural differences and internal tensions that inevitably arise in cross-national alliances.Findings - The framework makes clear that the two types of interpartner sensemaking ? "sensemaking of chaos" and "sensemaking in chaos" ? need to be appreciated as interpretive frames that are present among the alliance managers to effectively interact and influence partner firms.Research limitations/implications - As interpartner sensemaking occurs at all stages of alliance evolution, future research may seek to assess the impact of conflicting interpretive schemes (a) in the stages of formation, operation, and outcome, (b) concerning issues of appropriation and coordination, and (c) in learning processes.Practical implications - Briefly, the two types of the interpartner sensemaking calls for different strategies for managing alliances. Alliance partners embedded in different national cultures rely on interpretive schemes to make sense of the conflicts, contradictions, and internal tensions that emerge in strategic alliances.Originality/value - The article responds to the need of managers with alliance responsibilities for a framework to help identify and exploit the most effective ways of accounting for the role of interpartner sensemaking in alliances for productive interactions and performance.

Vending Machines in Hospital - Are they Healthy? (Nutrition & Food Science, Volume 40, Issue 1)

Ms. Samantha Kibblewhite, Mrs. Sue Bowker, Dr. Huw Jenkins — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - A healthy, balanced, and nutritious diet for children and young people is essential for normal growth and development. Vending machines can be a source of food and drink high in fat, sugar and salt, and can undermine healthy eating messages. This paper sets out to examine the contents of vending machines available in the vicinity of paediatric wards and paediatric out-patient departments in hospitals in Wales. Design/methodology/approach - Questionnaires were completed by staff in the Department of Child Health in each NHS Trust in Wales. This paper summarises the results.Findings - Most vending machines found in the vicinity of paediatric wards and paediatric out-patient departments in hospitals in Wales contain a majority of foods high in fat salt and sugar. Only a few contain over 50% of drinks classified as healthy. Research limitations/implications - There is no universally agreed definition of healthy food as related to individual products. This study looks at the availability of foods and drinks classified as ‘unhealthy’ but does not look at the overall diet of the children in the ward. Practical implications - The results of this study should encourage NHS Trusts to consider the contents of vending machines in the vicinity of paediatric wards and paediatric out-patient departments in hospitals.Originality/value - There is much rhetoric around the potential of vending machines to contribute to an unhealthy diet. This is the first paper to identify specific problems with hospital vending machines.

Enzymatic elimination of acrylamide in potato-based thermally treated foods (Nutrition & Food Science, Volume 40, Issue 1)

Mrs. Zuzana Ciesarova, Dr. Kristina Kukurova, Miss Cyntia Benesova — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - Acrylamide is a processing chemical contaminant arising from naturally occurring food components during heat treatment. In this study, the possibility of its reduction by L-asparaginase enzyme application was ascertained and confirmed. Design/methodology/approach - As acrylamide itself is formed from amino acid L-asparagine and reducing saccharides via the Maillard reaction, the elimination of one of these precursors by L-asparaginase enzyme in raw material leads to the suppression of acrylamide content in a final product.Findings - The application of L-asparaginase solution in a simulated potato matrix resulted in 50 to 90% reduction of acrylamide content depending on the conditions (enzyme dose, time and temperature of incubation). No significant differences in the activity of bacterial- and fungal-originated enzymes were observed. The positive effect of L-asparaginase application on acrylamide content reduction was confirmed also in raw potato mash as well as in dehydrated potato-wheat semi-products for making of fried pancakes. No detrimental sensorial or quality impacts on final products were observed.Research limitations/implications - A described way of an enzyme application is suitable for homogenized mixtures like batter or mash where the efficiency of enzyme activity in the whole mass is guaranteed.Practical implications - The elimination of acrylamide content in thermally treated foods without an undesirable impact on quality of products could lead to the noticeable diminution of acrylamide intake from foods.Originality/value - This procedure diversifies the possibility of the enzyme application from a cereal sector to potato-based sorts of foods.

Effect of Greek Orthodox Easter Holidays on body weight gain (Nutrition & Food Science, Volume 40, Issue 1)

Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - It is commonly asserted that a lot of people may gain about 2.5 kg of weight or more over holiday periods, however data is limited. The purpose of this study was to assess potential changes that may occur in body weight, BMI and waist circumference during Easter holidaysDesign/methodology/approach - 138 college students participated in the study in the morning after a 12 h fasting. Body weight was assessed using an electronic scale (Seca ±0.1g), wearing minimal clothing.Paired t-test was used to assess changes in body weight before and after a holiday period.Findings - The mean (± SD) weight increased significantly during the holiday period (+ 1.5±2.4 Kg, P<0.001) and (+1.7±1.3 Kg, P<0.001) for both males and females, respectively. When subjects were classified by BMI as normal or overweight/obese, a significant 2.6±3.5 Kg gain was found (P<0.05) in the overweight/obese group (= 25 kg/m2). The average holiday gain is less than what is commonly asserted. This gain is not ussually reversed and may contribute to the increase of body weight that frequently occurs during adulthoodResearch limitations/implications - A convenience sample (college students), rather than a population-based sample was used and we also did not measure the activity level of the subjects which might have influenced the body weight gain.Practical implications - Originality/value - The article should be of value to nutritionist and clinical dietetics

The influence of the availability of fruits and vegetables in the workplace on the consumption of workers. (Nutrition & Food Science, Volume 40, Issue 1)

Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - Purpose - To assess the influence of availability of fruits and vegetables on adult workers’ consumption adequacy in the workplace. Design/methodology/approach - Methodology - A total of 1,344 workers, who had meals in 30 different companies, located in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, were assessed. Two indicators were used to assess the following: workers’ consumption of fruits and vegetables; usual consumption, found through a questionnaire on frequency of consumption of these foods; and workplace consumption, assessed with a food consumption questionnaire provided by the company. Availability of fruits and vegetables in the menus was obtained using the descriptions of meals given to workers on three consecutive days. Data analysis was performed with logistic regression models that used two outcomes: usual consumption of fruits and vegetables and consumption of these foods in the workplace. Explanatory variables were divided into two levels: the first one was comprised by workers’ characteristics (sex, age and level of education), and the second one by food availability in the workplace. Findings - Findings - Consumption of fruits and vegetables, both the usual one and that in the workplace) was higher in women, and also in older individuals and those with higher level of education. Availability of fruits and vegetables in the workplace had a significant impact on usual food consumption and especially on the workplace, in which case the variable showed greatest impact on consumption. Originality/value - Originality/value - These study demonstrated the importance of the availability of fruits and vegetables in the workplace that influence consumption of food by workers, revealing the importance of using this environment to promote healthy eating.

Variations in phenolics and antioxidants in onions (Allium cepa L.) : Genotype selection for breeding (Nutrition & Food Science, Volume 40, Issue 1)

Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - Purpose- The purpose of the paper is to provide a comprehensive evaluation of 34 onion genotypes for their antioxidant activity (AOX) content of phenolics, quercetin, and pungency to enable selection of the best genotype for later experiments of variety breeding or to be used as a vector in the improvement of well-established traditional genotype. Design/methodology/approach - A comprehensive screening of 34 onion (red, pink and white) genotype was carried in order to determine the variation in phenolics, quercetin and total antioxidant activity as potential for breeding for their enhanced levels.Findings - The AOX in red genotype with highest levels of phenolics was roughly three times higher than commercial white genotype. Pungency levels ranged from 3.12 to 10.48 µmoles pyruvic acid/g. Mean phenolic and quercetin content ranged from 60.1 to 1094.8 mg gallic acid equivalents /kg and 22.0 to 890.5 mg/kg quercetin respectively. Antioxidant activity in red genotype (expressed as µmoles trolox/g) ranged from 1.97 to 5.45 and 3.60 to 6.61 in FRAP and CUPRAC assay respectively. Selections, Sel-383, Sel-397, Sel-61-383, and Inbreds, I-40, I-80 and Burgundy are potential genotype with high pungency and AOX.Research limitations/implications - An improvement in breeding effort designed to increase the phenolics, quercetin and total AOX in onions (Allium cepa L.) provided selected material for analysis. Onion genotype and breeding lines with improved antioxidant activity were identified that would help breeders produce onions high in health promoting compounds. Practical implications - Identification of genotypes rich in phenolics, flavonoids and antioxidant activity will help in breeding onion cultivars with enhanced functional properties. Originality/value - The paper attempts to examine onion genotypes using standardized in-vitro antioxidant activity assays

Cytotoxicity and polyphenol diversity in selected parts of Mangifera pajang and Artocarpus odoratissimus fruits (Nutrition & Food Science, Volume 40, Issue 1)

Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - Research on cancer chemopreventive properties of fruits has increased in recent years. Polyphenols have been suggested to exert such effects. The objective of the present study was to determine the cytotoxic activity of Mangifera pajang (bambangan) and Artocarpus odoratissimus (tarap) crude extracts against selected cancer cell lines (i.e. ovarian, liver and colon cancer) and to compare the amount of selected polyphenols (phenolic acids, flavanones, flavonols and flavones) in the kernel, peel and flesh of M. pajang; and the seed and flesh of A. odoratissimus.Design/methodology/approach - Cytotoxicity activity of the extracts were investigated using MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay while polyphenols were determined using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).Findings - The results showed that only the kernel and peel extracts from M. pajang displayed cytotoxic activity in liver and ovarian cancer cell lines with IC50 values ranging from 34.5 – 92.0 µg/ml. The proliferation of colon cancer cell line was inhibited only by the kernel of M. pajang with IC50 value of 63.0 µg/ml. The kernel and peel from M. pajang contained a broad range of polyphenol phytochemicals which might be responsible for the cytotoxicity activity against selected cancer cell lines.Originality/value - Previous reports have indicated that both M. pajang and A. odoratissimus contained high antioxidant properties. This study further determined the phytochemicals profiling in both fruits which might contribute to the antioxidant activity. Besides that, the result from this study showed that the waste of the fruits (i.e kernel and peel) contained superior phenolic phytochemicals and displayed better anticancer potential compared to the flesh; suggested the use of them in health-industry application. Utilization of all parts of the fruits (i.e. flesh, seed, kernel and peel) for the development of nutraceutical and functional food application is suggested.

Nutritional Status of Top Team-Sport-Athletes According to Body-Fat (Nutrition & Food Science, Volume 40, Issue 1)

Dr. SOUSANA KONDTSNTINOS PAPADOPOULOU, Dr. SOPHIA DIMITRIOS PAPADOPOULOU — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - The assessment of energy and nutrients intake of elite female athletes and the identification of potential differences according to body fat.Design/methodology/approach - The sample consisted of 69 top female athletes, members of the Greek Olympic National Teams of Volleyball (14 athletes), Basketball (16 athletes), Handball (17 athletes) and Football (22 athletes), aged 25.42+3.86yrs. The participants underwent anthropometric examinations and the body fat percentage (%BF) was calculated according to the equation of Jackson et al., (1980). The sample was divided in two subgroups based on the mean %BF value (35 athletes with %BF=17 and 34 athletes with %BF<17). In addition, a three-day dietary intake record was taken. Findings - The athletes’ BMI was 22.00±1.75 and %BF was 16.94±3.26. Athletes with %BF=17 presented significantly higher energy intake (1696±578kcal) than athletes with %BF<17 (1397±379kcal),p<0.05. There was a significant positive correlation between %BF and energy intake of the athletes, (r=0.300,p<0.05). The athletes with %BF=17 received significantly higher amounts of protein and fat in comparison with athletes with %BF<17. This can be attributed to the fact that these athletes consumed more meat and fat group equivalents than athletes with lower fat levels. Athletes with higher body fat levels presented higher values in vitamins A, B1, B12, folic acid, and minerals P and Mn, p<0.05, compared to the other athletes.Research limitations/implications - Practical implications - Originality/value - The observed deficiencies in energy and macro and micro-nutrients, have to be corrected as they represent a barrier for the elite female team-sport athletes to maintain health and achieve their sport-related nutrition and competition goals.

Fruit and vegetable playing cards: utility of the game for nutrition education (Nutrition & Food Science, Volume 40, Issue 1)

Dr. Gregor Torkar, Ms. Miša Pintaric, Dr. Verena Koch — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - The purpose of this study is to measure the effectiveness of fruit and vegetable playing cards for teaching schoolchildren about fruits and vegetables, health, and nutrition. Design/methodology/approach - The participants came from two primary schools in Slovenia; 53 boys and 57 girls. Their average age was 10 (8, 11). The pre-intervention questioning was completed 2 or 3 days before and post-intervention questioning was completed a week after playing the card game. The participating children answered ten multiple-choice questions and one open-ended question. Each participant played the game for two 45-minute lessons. The main goal of the research was to measure changes in their knowledge about fruits and vegetables, health, and nutrition.Findings - After the intervention more children understood why the human body needs dietary fiber, water, and vitamins. The majority of those questioned also understood why fruits and vegetables are important in nutrition. The children learned which fruits and vegetables contain the most vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, dietary fiber, and water.Originality/value - The evaluation of the fruit and vegetable playing cards demonstrated that this game helps teach children about the nutrients in fruits and vegetables and importance of fruits and vegetables in a healthy diet.

Potential of African pear (Dacryodes edulis) as an ingredient in plantain-based composite cookies. (Nutrition & Food Science, Volume 40, Issue 1)

Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - To explore the level of substitution of margarine with African pear that will be acceptable to consumers. Design/methodology/approach - Recipe for cookies was modified by replacing margarine with African pear. Plantain composite flour was used also. Physical parameters and proximate composition were determined using standard methods. Sensory evaluation was carried out using sensory panelists.Findings - The moisture content of the cookies ranged from 2.09 to 4.10%, fat content and ash contents ranged from 21.40 to 22.90% and 2.14 to 2.77% respectively. The ash content was higher than the value 1.43% recorded for cookies made from 100% margarine. The average value for energy 487Kcal/100g will meet the recommended daily dietary allowance. There was no significant difference on the average weight, thickness, volume and density of the cookies made from 25 to 100% African pear with either 25 or 50% ripe/unripe plantain flour. Average weight, thickness, volume and density were 5.60g, 058mm 9.72cm3, and 0.574g/cm3 respectively. Sensory evaluation revealed that composite flour at 25 to 100% with either ripe or unripe plantain showed significant difference (p<0.05) in taste and overall acceptability. At 50% unripe or ripe plantain composite flour, there was no significant difference in attributes except flavour.Research limitations/implications - Up to 50% level of substitution of wheat for plantain flour was found acceptable in the preliminary report and used. Practical implications - Replacement of margarine with African pear at below and up to 50% was acceptable. Overall acceptability reduced with increasing level of substitution. Originality/value - African pear pulp substitution with as much as 50% did not adversely affect the proximate composition, physical and sensory characteristic. At which level the protein and ash content increased, which is an indication of good nutritional quality. African pear could be processed into value-added product which can be of interest in school-children feeding program and combat malnutrition which is still prevalent in Nigeria.

IMPACT: working together to address the challenges involving mass digitization of historical printed text (OCLC Systems & Services, Volume 25, Issue 4)

Hildelies Balk, Lieke Ploeger — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to address the most urgent challenges that libraries face in the mass digitization of historical printed text: the unsatisfactory result of the conversion of scanned images to full featured electronic text by means of automated optical character recognition (OCR); the historical language barrier around 1850, caused by inadequacy of most existing lexica for historical language for OCR or post-correction and a lack of institutional knowledge and expertise in libraries, museums and archives. Design/methodology/approach – In the EC-funded project IMPACT (Improving Access to Text), seven libraries, six research institutes and two private sector companies across Europe work together to address the challenges by the development of OCR software and technologies which exceed the accurateness of current state-of-the-art software significantly. The IMPACT solutions focus on the entire process of recognition after the document leaves the scanner: Image processing, OCR processing (including use of dictionaries), OCR correction and Document formatting. IMPACT will also build capacity in mass digitization by sharing best practice and expertise with the cultural heritage communities in Europe. Findings – Technical results will include toolkits for image enhancement and segmentation, an adaptive OCR engine and several prototypes of experimental OCR engines, computational lexica and several post-correction modules including a web based collaborative correction system and a parser for structural metadata. Strategic tools include several decision support tools, guidelines, a web site with demonstrator platform, a training programme and ultimately, a sustainable Centre of Competence for mass digitization in Europe. Originality/value – The IMPACT solutions will allow for the first time to transform large amounts of digitized historical texts into electronic text with a minimum of manual interference and a significantly improved accessibility for the user.

Applied digital library project management: Using Pugh matrix analysis in complex decision-making situations (OCLC Systems & Services, Volume 25, Issue 4)

H. Frank Cervone — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to define and describe Pugh matrix analysis as a method for decision making when there are multiple criteria that must be factored into a decision. Design/methodology/approach – Using theory and example, the author relates the use of Pugh matrix analysis to the successful selection of prioritized criteria in digital library projects. Findings – Pugh matrix analysis (PMA) is useful as a method for determining a course of action as well as gaining consensus with a project team. Because it is based on multiple criteria decision analysis techniques, PMA can help a team understand the relationship of multiple issues within a project as well as the individual perspectives project team members and the user community bring to the issues at hand. Originality/value – This paper fills a gap in the digital library project management literature by providing an overview of a useful tool to prioritize the issues, factors, and courses of action within a project that has multiple criteria decision points.

Exposing the history of Europe: the creation of a structure to enable time-spatial searching of historical resources within a European framework (OCLC Systems & Services, Volume 25, Issue 4)

Paula J. Aucott, Alexander von Lünen, Humphrey Southall — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to describe the development of a knowledgebase supporting a prototype Europe-wide time-spatial search interface for historical resources. It discusses how this structure could be used to access other types of digital heritage content. Design/methodology/approach – By using a relational database with spatial capabilities, a multi-lingual search structure has been created which supports a temporal map and a facetted browser, collaborative facilities and a heritage resource viewer, with links to online catalogues. Findings – Combining data from three states with very different histories identified the strengths and weaknesses of the approach. The framework's flexibility means it could easily be re-purposed to support front ends to other types of cultural content. Research limitations/implications – Due to the variability in the administrative unit source data, its initial integration required significant manipulation to achieve consistency; however, the benefits of data assimilation ensure the base framework is as efficient as possible. Practical implications – Usage levels of on-line cultural resources will be far higher if ordinary users can access them via access routes which have meaning for them, such as by locality/place. Ontology-based geographical frameworks are much easier to search by place name than are conventional GIS systems, and vastly more accessible to search engines. Originality/value – This interface demonstrates the potential for integrating data from any number of different national organisations into a single user tool. It also highlights the potential for utilising the underlying structure in multiple contexts.

Digital library of the Caribbean: a user-centric model for technology development in collaborative digitization projects (OCLC Systems & Services, Volume 25, Issue 4)

Mark Sullivan, Marilyn N. Ochoa — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to describe the technological approach used by the Digital Library of the Caribbean project to build an international collaborative library across many separate institutions with varying degrees of expertise, technological abilities, and motivations. Design methodology/approach – A freely-distributed digitization toolkit was developed to assist with tracking and digitization of the distributed resources. In addition, on-site training was provided for most partners and was open for anyone in the area to attend. The strong emphasis on branding and presenting the same data within differently branded interfaces in the web presence encouraged greater participation of international partners. Findings – Digital Library of the Caribbean (dLOC), a joint project of the University of Florida, University of Virgin Islands and Florida International University in partnership with institutions in the Caribbean and circum-Caribbean, serves as the access point for scholars, students and citizens of interdisciplinary Caribbean and circum-Caribbean research and gathers together a critical mass of cultural, historical and research materials originally held in archives, libraries and private collections. Involving partners in the process of usability studies, as well as conducting internal usability studies, have also assisted in the creation of a successful project web interface. Practical implications – One concrete practical implication is the availability of a standards-based digitization toolkit, which can be freely used by non-members as well as members. Findings also suggest a course for digital library development in collaborative ventures. In addition, this case shows the benefits of the recurring, iterative process of performing usability studies during the development phase. Originality/value – This paper has value for anyone looking to build collaboration in under-represented regions.

The new Papers Past: an international collaboration between New Zealand, India, Germany, and the United States (OCLC Systems & Services, Volume 25, Issue 4)

Daniel Lanz, Frederick Zarndt, Stefan Boddie, Tracy Powell, Vishal Salgotra — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to discuss international collaboration on the Papers Past historic newspaper digitisation project, with particular focus on how to work together across four countries for a successful outcome. Design/methodology/approach – The paper outlines the stages of the project and provides project perspectives from all the partners. Concludes with lessons learned. Findings – The article confirms that clear communication and requirements are essential to any collaborative project. Originality/value – This study provides insight into how to overcome the difficulties of working collaboratively on projects across different countries and cultures.

TIDES: bridging cultural, digital and institutional divides in East Texas and beyond (OCLC Systems & Services, Volume 25, Issue 4)

Christine Hennessey, Susan Clarke, Rachel Galan — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to discuss the history of the TIDES (Teaching, Images and Digital Experiences) Program, and demonstrate how TIDES has created mutually beneficial partnerships through sharing resource and collaborating on digital initiatives with a variety of institutions in both Texas and Mexico. Design/methodology/approach – In order to bridge the digital and cultural divide in East Texas classrooms, TIDES has formed partnerships with institutions and educators from Mexico. By offering media rich resources, adapting current curriculum for today's digital environment, and fostering international partnerships, TIDES has built a model for an education program that promotes local and global understanding. Findings – Bringing together teachers from Mexico and Texas has resulted in a better understanding of each culture, which has translated to the classroom. These connections have been further supported by TIDES virtual expeditions, art projects, and primary source documents. Practical implications – Over time, TIDES has grown from a small, regional project to a university supported and sustained program. TIDES has pursued new ways the university library can contribute to the university community by forging partnerships in unexpected places. TIDES also offers unique opportunities for educators to travel on teacher expeditions, experiencing firsthand the cultures they are trying to relate to and teach about. Originality/value – This paper demonstrates unique ways that libraries and library staff can reach across the aisle to other departments and institutions, working together to increase access to and visibility of their services. The TIDES Program can be used as a model in other communities, as well as a starting point for other collaborative projects.

The killer Kindle (OCLC Systems & Services, Volume 25, Issue 4)

Norm Medeiros — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to review Amazon's Kindle, and to describe intersections between it, smart phones, and Google Books. Design/methodology/approach – The article is designed as an opinion piece on the nature of electronic books in academia. Findings – The article suggests e-books will increase in popularity over time, but that the business model for individual download of e-books will need to support institutional purchase. Originality/value – The article should generate views, both in support of and in opposition to, the claims of the author; it should serve as a discussion starter.

Police and immigration enforcement: Impacts on Latino(a) residents' perceptions of police (Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, Volume 32, Issue 4)

Guadalupe Vidales, Kristen M. Day, Michael Powe — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – Recent years have witnessed a national policy shift towards involving state and local police in enforcing US federal immigration laws. Critics argue that involving local police in enforcing immigration law will decrease Latino(a) and immigrant residents' willingness to report crime and their cooperation with the police, and will also increase racial profiling and negatively impact documented and undocumented residents. This paper aims to examine Latino(a) residents' perceptions of the police before and after an extended local controversy about involving police in enforcing immigration laws in Costa Mesa, California. Design/methodology/approach – The paper reports findings of a before-and-after study in the Westside area of the City of Costa Mesa, California. Methods include Spanish and English language telephone surveys of Latino(a) and non-Latino(a) residents in the Westside (n=169 respondents before and n=91 respondents after), conducted in 2002 and in 2007. Findings – In survey responses, Latino(a) residents report that they are more likely to be stopped by the police in 2007 compared to 2002. Latino(a) respondents also have more negative perceptions of the police, find the police less helpful, feel less accepted in the community, and say that they are less likely to report crimes after the controversy, compared to before. Originality/value – The findings show the importance of policies that encourage cooperation with and trust of the police. These results can help inform cities about the potential impacts of involving local police in immigration enforcement.

On-scene victim assistance units within law enforcement agencies (Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, Volume 32, Issue 4)

Margaret Smith Ekman, Magnus Joseph Seng — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The major purpose of this paper is the review of the administration and operation of four on-scene victim assistance units within law enforcement agencies in one Canadian and three US cities. The primary purpose is to learn how these units operate and the extent to which there are accepted by the officers involved. An additional purpose is learn how many departments nationally had such units. Design/methodology/approach – The basic methodology includes telephone interviews with key personnel in each unit, an on-site examination of the Denver, Colorado unit, and a brief survey of large city police departments to learn the extent of on-scene units in major US cities. Findings – A review of the administration and operation of each unit reveals that each unit is well managed, integrated into the department's structure, and staffed with paid staff who are members of the department and volunteers. Key to the success of each unit is extensive training of victim specialists and a clear understanding between specialists and police that the officers at the scene are in charge. The findings clearly confirm that such units are well received by officers at all levels. The survey findings indicate that relatively few departments have on-scene victim assistance units, although most do have some program to address victims' issues. Originality/value – While there is an extensive literature on victim assistance generally, little has been written about the need for, and operation of, on-scene victim assistance units that are part of police departments. This article contributes to knowledge in this area and suggests that such units can be a valuable asset to departments.

Police stress: the role of the psychological contract and perceptions of fairness (Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, Volume 32, Issue 4)

A.J. Noblet, J.J. Rodwell, A.F. Allisey — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The overall purpose of this paper is to examine the extent to which breaches in psychological contracts and perceptions of organizational fairness account for variations in job stress experienced by operational police officers (as measured by psychological distress and employee performance), after controlling for the variance associated with more established job stressors (i.e. job demands, job control and social support). Design/methodology/approach – This study is based on data collected through a self-report survey involving operational members of a large Australian police force (n=582). Findings – Results of hierarchical multiple regression analyses indicate that vast majority of explained variance in psychological distress and extra-role performance is attributed to the additive effects of demand, control, and support. Furthermore, only one of the social exchange dimensions (interpersonal fairness) is predictive of either target variable. Research limitations/implications – The limitations that need to be taken into account are the cross-sectional nature of the study design and the focus on a single police service. Practical implications – Despite the generally weak support for the social exchange variables, there are signs that dimensions of justice (particularly interpersonal justice) should be included in future police-stress investigations. The results also suggest that job characteristics such as job demand, job control and social support should be taken into account when developing strategies to prevent and/or reduce chronic job stress in policing services. Originality/value – This is one of the first studies to examine the relationships between psychological contract breach, perceptions of fairness and police stress.

Chinese police cadets' attitudes toward police role and work (Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, Volume 32, Issue 4)

Ivan Y. Sun, Michael A. Cretacci, Yuning Wu, Cheng Jin — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine Chinese police cadets' attitudes toward police roles and their work. Design/methodology/approach – Using survey data collected from 182 cadets in a Chinese police college, this paper assesses the influences of cadets' characteristics and training on their attitudes toward law enforcement, order maintenance, preventive patrol, and community building. Findings – Cadets without family members or relatives serving as police officers and with stronger physical capability are more likely to support the law enforcement role, while cadets with greater physical capability are less likely to favor order maintenance. Younger cadets and those without a Bachelor's degree are more likely to view preventive patrol as an important goal for the police. Cadets with stronger attitudes toward law enforcement are more likely to regard community building as an important police goal. Research limitations/implications – Future research should continue to explore factors that influence officers' occupational attitudes and incorporate more attitudinal dimensions into the analysis. Future projects should also target local station officers from different departments. Originality/value – This study represents one of the first attempts to empirically assess Chinese police cadets' work-related attitudes. Findings of the study provide Chinese police administrators with useful references and directions to improve police training and enhance police-community relations.

The diffusion of accreditation among Florida police agencies (Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, Volume 32, Issue 4)

William G. Doerner, William M. Doerner — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine how the adoption of state accreditation has diffused or spread among Florida municipal police law enforcement agencies. Design/methodology/approach – The study group consists of all municipal police departments operating continuously in the State of Florida from 1997 through 2006. Independent variables are taken from an annual survey, sponsored by the Florida Department of Law Enforcement, to compare agencies that became accredited (n=81) with agencies that did not gain state accreditation (n=189). Findings – While accredited agencies differ from non-accredited agencies on a host of indicators at the zero-order, it does not appear that the state accreditation process itself is responsible for nurturing organizational change. Having received national accreditation is an important predictor of gaining state accreditation. Research limitations/implications – Instead of looking at organizational details, future researchers might wish to conceive of accreditation as a credentialing process and concentrate on characteristics of agency leaders, especially those who are seeking upward mobility in their professional careers. Practical implication – State accreditation status has reached only a small portion of the intended audience and appears to have morphed into a credential rather than an actual tool for meaningful reform. Originality/value – This paper informs accreditation oversight bodies as to who their self-selected constituents tend to be and which members of the target audience are not being reached.

Towards the unification of policing innovations under community policing (Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, Volume 32, Issue 4)

Matthew C. Scheider, Robert Chapman, Amy Schapiro — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine how various policing innovations, including problem-oriented policing, broken windows, intelligence-led policing, Compstat, third-party policing, and hot spots, could be integrated into the community policing philosophy. Design/methodology/approach – The paper provides a definition of community policing and individually examines each policing innovation to determine how they fit within the community policing philosophy. Findings – The findings suggest that various policing innovations are wholly compatible with the community policing philosophy and that incorporating these innovations into community policing may improve their overall utility and the likelihood of their adoption. Research limitations/implications – The paper highlights the need for new ideas in policing to be built into existing policing innovations rather than developed in isolation. Practical implications – The findings have implications for how law enforcement agencies fundamentally approach their work and come to understand and use policing innovations and how they are developed by scholars. Originality/value – The paper is valuable to scholars and police practitioners because it clarifies the community policing philosophy and unifies various ideas regarding policing under one framework.

Women Special Agents in Charge: the first generation (Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, Volume 32, Issue 4)

Dorothy Moses Schulz — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide findings of an exploratory study of Special Agents in Charge (SACs) in a variety of federal law enforcement agencies and presents summary descriptions, including demographics and career paths of female agents. Design/methodology/approach – Incumbent SACs, reached with assistance from law enforcement organizations and through snowball techniques, anonymously completed questionnaires that were mailed to each individually. This methodology provided a snapshot in time of the first generation of women to have reached the rank of SAC. Findings – The findings suggest that women are moving up the ranks of federal agencies even while their overall percentages of employment have become somewhat static. Regardless of type or size of federal agency, there are a number of common career paths and the ages and racial demographics of the women are also similar across agencies. Practical implications – As federal agency recruitment of women seems to have stagnated, a portrait of women who have reached middle management may provide insight into the obstacles women face in these agencies and also into how some women have overcome these obstacles. Originality/value – The findings are derived from the first ever study of women SACs. In addition to providing a snapshot of incumbent women, it will provide baseline data for later studies of future generations of women who move up in the ranks of federal law enforcement.

Is neighborhood context a confounder?: Exploring the effects of citizen race and neighborhood context on satisfaction with the police (Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, Volume 32, Issue 4)

Mengyan Dai, Richard R. Johnson — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this study is to examine individual-level and community-level models of citizen satisfaction with the police with particular focus on the effects of citizen race and community context. Design/methodology/approach – Using data collected in a 1997 telephone survey of citizens in Cincinnati, Ohio, this study examines citizen satisfaction with the police with hierarchical linear modeling techniques. The sample includes 614 surveys in 29 neighborhoods. Findings – Results show that citizen race becomes an insignificant factor when neighborhood context is examined simultaneously in the hierarchical model. In addition, prior negative contacts and perceived lower quality of life are strong factors reducing the level of citizen satisfaction. Research limitations/implications – This study examines citizen satisfaction with the police in only one city, and therefore, more research is needed to investigate the role of city context. Practical implications – There are a number of ways for police agencies to improve citizen satisfaction. The results suggest that reducing unprofessional police conduct and improving neighborhood conditions are effective strategies. Originality/value – This study comprehensively examines different perspectives of citizen satisfaction with the police in a hierarchical model. It adds empirical evidence to the issue of race effects on citizen satisfaction in different neighborhoods.

Police use of force and the cumulative force factor (Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, Volume 32, Issue 4)

Ross Wolf, Charlie Mesloh, Mark Henych, L. Frank Thompson — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – This paper aims to build on and contribute to earlier studies on use of force by the police, and examines both officer and suspect force levels during altercations. Design/methodology/approach – Prior attempts to study non-lethal force have only recently begun to examine the multiple levels of force that may be used within a single encounter, advocating the use of a “force factor” approach. This study examines 4,303 “use of force” reports from the two agencies in Florida for a five-year period. Findings – Similar to prior studies which utilized data gathered by observation, this current study finds that law enforcement officers are operating at a force deficit; officer levels of force are consistently less than suspect resistance levels. Research limitations/implications – Data examined through police reports have certain inherent limitations, including the bias of the reporting officer. Analyses of these reports make it impossible for researchers to determine the length of each portion of a conflict. While verbal commands, threats, handcuffing, and takedowns may be important forces to review, they are not well represented in the data collected. Practical implications – These findings have critical implications for law enforcement by continuing to examine conflicts where police force is utilized, showing the importance of officers to be prepared to use decisive force at the point where verbal techniques and force de-escalation have failed. Originality/value – This paper is valuable to scholars and police practitioners because it continues to expand the scholarly review of police use of force, utilizing existing force continua to analyze the data, and taking into account levels of suspect resistance.

Small city community policing and citizen satisfaction (Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, Volume 32, Issue 4)

Vivian B. Lord, Joseph B. Kuhns, Paul C. Friday — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – This paper aims to examine the impact of the implementation of community-oriented policing and problem solving in a small city. Design/methodology/approach – Citizen surveys that measure perceptions and activities of the police are completed before and three years after broader implementation of community policing. Because the existing literature supports the influence of a number of individual, neighborhood, and situational characteristics, several variables are included and controlled. Findings – The results show that although the police invest a great deal of time building partnerships with and problem solving in neighborhoods, there are no significant differences over time in citizen satisfaction with police or in fear of crime. Personal contact with police mediates the influence of individual and neighborhood characteristics on citizen satisfaction. Police presence remains a common significant predictor of citizen satisfaction. Research limitations/implications – Ensuring anonymity of subjects requires different samples between data collection periods; however, the same stratified random sampling process is used both times. The pre/post research design allows for measuring changes over time, but the lack of a control city threatens internal and external validity. Practical implications – Citizen satisfaction is an important concern for all police and local governmental administrators; therefore, the findings of this study are useful for smaller agencies that are implementing or planning to implement community-oriented policing. Originality/value – With its focus on a small city and the capability to survey citizens before department-wide implementation, this article expands research conducted on citizen satisfaction with police in a small town.

Does politics matter? Cross-national correlates of police strength (Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, Volume 32, Issue 4)

Rick Ruddell, Matthew O. Thomas — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – This paper aims to examine the political, social, and legal factors that shape the deployment of the police in a cross-national sample of nations. Design/methodology/approach – Ordinary least squares regression models are used to investigate police strength in 70 developing and developed nations. Findings – Controlling for indicators of crime, development, and population-geography, it is found that political factors such as durability of the political regime, corruption, the presence of a black market, and state formation are significantly associated with police strength. Inconsistent with expectations, however, it is found that there is not a significant relationship between indicators of criminal justice system priorities, such as incarceration rates or use of the death penalty, and police strength. Research limitations/implications – A lack of indicators of property or violent crime for large samples of nations makes it difficult to discount the role of crime in the deployment of the police. Further, cross-national studies are hampered by a lack of data about the use of private security to bolster the formal activities of the police, or the role of the military in regulating social order. Practical implications – This study builds on the theoretical knowledge of how the police are deployed. A better understanding of police strength can contribute to discussions about a global policing community. Implications for theories of policing and criminal justice system operations are also outlined. Originality/value – Very few cross-national studies of criminal justice system operations have been conducted, and this study increases knowledge of global patterns of policing.

An Evaluation of an Internal Audit on Student Feedback within a British University: A Quality Enhancement Process (Quality Assurance in Education, Volume 18, Issue 1)

Prof. Ken Reid — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - Final year students attending British universities now complete an annual questionnaire to assess their views on their learning experiences of higher education (HE) from a variety of perspectives. They undertake this process as part of the National Student Survey (NSS). These data are then collated and an annual report with associated league tables is produced. Swansea Metropolitan University (SMU) decided to undertake an internal audit to contrast their own results against the national review in order to better understand and improve their own quality enhancement and student feedback processes.Design/methodology/approach - A three-tier methodology approach was utilised involving both qualitative and quantitative methods, staff and student involvement and interview and questionnaire techniques.Findings - The findings are presented by Faculty and overall and indicate that whilst most students are satisfied with existing feedback schemes, some variations in practice occur. Students’ value highly some feedback approaches more than others.Research limitations/implications - The SMU internal audit results closely match those obtained by the NSS for both the University and sector-wide and the implications of these findings and the internal results are discussed and considered. These findings may point the way forward for other fields of future research, especially those involving students within universities.Originality/value - This article has two clear benefits. First it shows the clear relationship between the National Student Survey (NSS) results in the UK with those undertaken independently. Second it provides one of the most comprehensive analyses of student feedback. The article is particularly relevant for all those engaged in quality assurance and enhancement processes.

Quality, Semantics and the Two Cultures (Quality Assurance in Education, Volume 18, Issue 1)

Mr. Brian David Poole — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - The aims of this paper are twofold: first, to engage with the definition of quality as ‘excellence’ (Harvey and Green, 1993) and to show why this could be regarded as unhelpful and misleading; and, second, to suggest some factors which contribute to a ‘cultural divide’ between quality assurance specialists in universities and their colleagues who are full-time academics. In both cases these issues are raised and explored because their resolution may suggest ways forward for quality assurance in higher education.Design/methodology/approach - The paper is generally based on consideration and critical evaluation of published work relevant to the two issues mentioned above. However, other forms of evidence are drawn into the argument. Notably, lexical data from the British National Corpus are examined in order to substantiate points about the semantics of the word ‘quality’.Findings - The paper finds on the grounds of both lexical semantics and consideration of scholarly literature on quality assurance in higher education, that it is unhelpful to understand the term ‘quality’ as equivalent to ‘excellence’. It also identifies possible reasons why a ‘cultural divide’ exists between university lecturers and quality assurance specialists.Research limitations/implications - Since the paper essentially presents a personal viewpoint, triangulation is not always apparent. However, the early part of the paper draws on data from free online access to the British National Corpus. Practical implications - There are implications for university management, and for the priority accorded to quality enhancement (or improvement) versus quality assurance.Originality/value - The paper should be of interest to both quality assurance specialists and lecturers in universities. It offers logical, language-based reasons why ‘quality’ should not be regarded as ‘excellence’ and goes on to relate this to the notion of ‘quality enhancement’. Preliminary suggestions are also made about means through which the ‘cultural divide’ between academics and quality assurance specialists might be narrowed, to the potential benefit of universities seen as both complex entrepreneurial organizations, and academic communities.

Quality assurance in post-secondary education: some common approaches (Quality Assurance in Education, Volume 18, Issue 1)

Dr. Dennis Chung Sea Law — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to review some common approaches to quality assurance that have been practiced in post-secondary education. Design/methodology/approach - Literature review and reflection on three approaches to the assurance of educational quality, namely total quality management, performance indicator and external quality monitoring. Findings - While these past / current approaches to quality assurance may have their respective reasons for existence, they promote a quality culture that tends to favor the institutional aspects rather than the student aspects of the quality issues, and tends to lean more on the accountability-led view rather than the improvement-led view of quality assurance. Originality/value - This paper makes a contribution to the debate about educational quality in post-secondary education. It supports the argument for a need to transform the quality assurance practice by promoting ‘quality as transformation’ as an important underpinning conception, and ‘the centrality of the student experience’ as an important underlying principle of the quality endeavor.

Self-assessment processes: the importance of follow-up for success (Quality Assurance in Education, Volume 18, Issue 1)

Dr. Juan José Tarí — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to review the literature on self-assessment processes; and to identify the difficulties, benefits and success factors of the European Foundation for Quality Management self-assessment model, analysing the importance of follow-up. Design/methodology/approach - First, the paper carries out a literature review on self-assessment, and then it uses the case study methodology based on 10 services provided by a public university in Spain to identify difficulties, benefits and success factors of self-assessment. Findings - The findings show, first, what the literature suggests on self-assessment in general and for higher education, and second, the difficulties, benefits and success factors and the importance of follow-up for successful self-assessment. Originality/value - It provides a literature review on self-assessment and lessons for managers from other universities, or other public sector organisations, who wish to know the difficulties, benefits and success factors, and the characteristics of follow-up.

Cross-evaluation of Degree Programmes in Higher Education (Quality Assurance in Education, Volume 18, Issue 1)

Prof. Juha Kettunen — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - This study develops and describes the benchmarking approach of enhancement-led evaluation in higher education and presents a cross-evaluation process for degree programmes. Design/methodology/approach - The benchmarking approach produces useful information for the development of degree programmes based on self-evaluation, evaluation visits and analyses.Findings - The cross-evaluation of degree programmes can result in recommendations not only for the improvement of the degree programme, but also for that of the whole institution and the evaluation process. Originality/value - The results of this study are useful for those who want to improve the quality culture of higher education institutions.

A guide to choosing genuine opportunities for turnarounds (Strategy & Leadership, Volume 37, Issue 6)

Robert M. Shaughnessy, Kathryn Rudie Harrigan — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – For corporations seeking to boost market share or gain valuable assets, compelling turnaround opportunities seem to abound. In this paper the authors, who are veteran turnaround analysts, aim to share their experiences. Design/methodology/approach – With so many distressed companies in need of turnaround talent and money, the paper presents lessons learned over the years by veteran specialists, which investors would be well advised to reflect on the before they leap into a thorny acquisition. Findings – Within the middle group of stumbling companies are some genuine turnaround opportunities, despite the fact that they have been beaten down by the market and have performance problems that do not have obvious solutions. Practical implications – Distressed companies fall into three categories: hopeless situations that no amount of time, money or effort can save; obvious winners that will revive as the current credit freeze thaws; and problematical situations that require a careful due diligence process to sort the lackluster survivors from those businesses that will best respond to skilled turnaround management. Only the last category offers compelling high returns that justify the resources committed. Originality/value – The paper warns not to be seduced into trying to save a company that will limp along for years on life support systems or provide only negligible returns. Also to be brutally realistic about what the future could look like for a struggling firm and only put energy into potential winners and not into lackluster survivors.

Only the right people are strategic assets of the firm (Strategy & Leadership, Volume 37, Issue 6)

David W. Crain — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – In service-based industries employees are in direct contact with customers, either personally or electronically, completing transactions that are part tangible and part experiential. In such industries, people have become integral to the value proposition. This paper aims to investigate this issue. Design/methodology/approach – Case examples show how innovative service providers are learning to reconsider their service delivery employees as critical contributors to the value of the firm's offering. The paper focuses on two key questions: Is there a way to tell how people in a service firm are viewed and managed as strategic assets? How can they become strategic assets if they currently aren't? Findings – To make people strategic assets of the firm: Criteria for selection and retention of people must be consistent with company values. Performance management must be linked through measurement to the firm's strategic goals. Originality/value – The paper shows how in today's service-based companies, employees are “the center of organizational performance.” Where people drive low-cost service (Walmart) or where they become inseparable from the service (JetBlue and Starbucks), employees feel they are valued because they possess an acute awareness of the impact they have on their company's strategy.

Strategies for winning in the current and post-recession environment (Strategy & Leadership, Volume 37, Issue 6)

Martin Reeves, Michael S. Deimler — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to outline a range of short- to medium-term recession-specific strategies designed to drive growth and ensure that a company survives this downturn and emerges from it competitively advantaged. Design/methodology/approach – The paper examines recession-specific strategies designed to drive growth and ensure that a company survives. Findings – Even after the eventual economic recovery, heightened uncertainty and volatility will remain permanent features of the business environment. As a result, resilience – the ongoing ability to anticipate and adapt to critical strategic shifts – will become an increasingly important driver of future competitive advantage. Given the likelihood that the strategic environment will remain uncertain even after the recovery, the company must institutionalize the lessons learned during the downturn. And go further to adjust the customer offering and business practices (new services, new features, new pricing models, enter or exit markets, band with other businesses in cooperative relationships). Practical implications – The consensus is growing among economists, business leaders, and governments that the world is in the midst of a prolonged slowdown of unpredictable duration and that even when the upturn comes, the post-crisis strategic and operating environment will almost certainly be quite different. Originality/value – The authors warn that some of the classic strategies for gaining competitive advantage – for instance, focusing on scale – have been losing their power. Senior managers need to heed these warnings when they review their growth and survival plans.

What new general managers must learn and forget in order to succeed (Strategy & Leadership, Volume 37, Issue 6)

Preston C. Bottger, Jean-Louis Barsoux — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – This paper aims to highlight the surprises awaiting executives making the transition from functional to general management responsibilities – and offer a guidance system to help general managers (GMs) focus their efforts. Design/methodology/approach – The paper is based on extensive discussions with and informal surveys of executives. Findings – General management responsibilities differ greatly from functional responsibilities, both in degree and in kind. The gap is larger than most executives anticipate. The big surprises are not always those that they expected. The way companies prepare executives for general management can generate problems of its own. Practical implications – GMs need a guidance system for diagnosing where to spend their time and a system for exerting influence – and the paper provides a template. Originality/value – The paper identifies the ways in which the move into general management presents a massive increase in the complexity of responsibilities for executives and why it is so challenging for many. The framework helps GMs anticipate and master the challenge of general management – and helps them prepare and develop their own subordinates for a similar move.

Migration management: an approach for improving strategy implementation (Strategy & Leadership, Volume 37, Issue 6)

Gary Getz, Chris Jones, Pierre Loewe — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – This paper aims to investigates a process called “migration management.”, which the authors, Strategos consultants, believe that most companies need to link strategy development and strategy execution. Design/methodology/approach – Migration management employs two core perspectives to achieve better strategy implementation – a “future state” description considers identity and a “migration path” charts action.” Findings – By creating and properly using clear statements of desired future identity and sequenced, interrelated paths of action programs within management processes oriented toward learning and adaptation, companies have been able to overcome the dilemmas and challenges associated with traditional approaches to strategy implementation. Practical implications – With the intermediate future state and the overall migration path as guides, managers can translate the migration path programs into specific projects and initiatives. Originality/value – The paper introduces the “future state” concept, which articulates what a knowledgeable observer would write if asked to describe the successful company and its new competencies at the end of the strategy time horizon. The paper describes the process for designing the migration path, the roadmap for getting to the “future state” from the present.

Unique experiences: disruptive innovations offer customers more “time well spent” (Strategy & Leadership, Volume 37, Issue 6)

David W. Norton, B. Joseph Pine II — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – This paper, written by leading brand experience consultants, aims to describe how disruptive innovation occurs for experience offerings. Design/methodology/approach – The paper presents a case study review of major disruptive experience innovators over the past 30 years. Findings – The paper reveals that, different from manufacturers of goods and deliverers of services, experience stagers who were successful in disrupting their markets did not focus on the functional job to get done or on convenience. Instead, they concentrated on the emotional and social jobs to get done and on increasing time well spent by the customer. Practical implications – Companies seeking to create meaningful experiences for their clients should not focus primarily on functional innovation and convenience. Companies should invest more in understanding the emotional and social jobs customers want to get done, creating the proper sequence of events that stages the experience, and delivers on promises made. Originality/value – This paper extends the theories developed by Clayton Christensen on disruptive innovation, by offering companies three key new rules to consider when offering unique experiences.

Cultural impacts on knowledge management and learning in project-based firms (VINE, Volume 39, Issue 4)

Mian M. Ajmal, Tauno Kekäle, Josu Takala — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – Projects almost invariably involve a variety of diversely skilled people from different national, organisational, and professional cultural backgrounds. These people come together for a specific period of time to accomplish certain unique, unpredictable, and complex objectives. These distinctive characteristics mean that project-based firms require a particular approach to knowledge management (KM) and learning activities that differs significantly from prevailing strategies. This paper aims to explore the way in which these distinctive cultural issues (national, organisational, and professional) influence KM in project-based firms. Design/methodology/approach – The paper first looks at the general issues of KM and the “learning organisation”. Second, the study discusses the more specific issue of KM in project-based firms. Third, the paper explores national, organisational, and professional cultures in the context of project-based business. Finally, the paper draws the three preceding sections together to discuss the managerial implications of dealing with cultural issues in fostering KM in project-based firms. Findings – It is apparent that culture has a most significant influence on the KM capability of an organisation. The moral and budgetary support of senior management is essential for the success of any KM plan in project-based business. Research limitations/implications – This paper puts forward a conceptually grounded argument by stressing on cultural complexities to KM and learning in project environments. The key cultural issues highlighted here need to be empirically tested in future studies. Practical implications – At the organisational level, people and processes must be the first priority for project managers who wish to nurture a “KM culture” in project-based business. At the team level, the project manager can help to create a team culture conducive to KM by transmitting appropriate values and beliefs to the team members. Originality/value – The paper helps practitioners and academics to understand the complexities of cultural issues during KM initiatives in the context of improving project performance.

Engagement and innovation: the Honda case (VINE, Volume 39, Issue 4)

Robert Paton, Niru Karunaratne — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – Research and development (R&D) plays a significant role in creating and sustaining technological leadership. This paper aims to look at the extent to which R&D interventions stimulate innovation engagement. Design/methodology/approach – This paper examines, in the main, secondary data sources from Honda to assess the extent to which R&D-enabled plants enjoy both enhanced innovatory potential and employee engagement. Findings – Initial indications point to a positive correlation between R&D and associated plant performance. Ongoing research suggests that there is a clear link between interventions and enhanced employee engagement. In addition, there appears to be evidence that monoculture outperform multicultural establishments. Research limitations/implications – The research was exploratory in nature and relied, in the main, on secondary data sources. However, access to the secondary sources was extensive which hopefully compensates for the limited primary data. Originality/value – Practitioners and academics interested in the relationship between engagement, value add knowledge transfer, R&D and innovation should find this paper of interest.

Interoperating ontologies of organizational memory through hybrid unsupervised data mining (VINE, Volume 39, Issue 4)

Ching-Chieh Kiu, Chien-Sing Lee — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present an automated ontology mapping and merging algorithm, namely OntoDNA, which employs data mining techniques (FCA, SOM, K-means) to resolve ontological heterogeneities among distributed data sources in organizational memory and subsequently generate a merged ontology to facilitate resource retrieval from distributed resources for organizational decision making. Design/methodology/approach – The OntoDNA employs unsupervised data mining techniques (FCA, SOM, K-means) to resolve ontological heterogeneities to integrate distributed data sources in organizational memory. Unsupervised methods are needed as an alternative in the absence of prior knowledge for managing this knowledge. Given two ontologies that are to be merged as the input, the ontologies' conceptual pattern is discovered using FCA. Then, string normalizations are applied to transform their attributes in the formal context prior to lexical similarity mapping. Mapping rules are applied to reconcile the attributes. Subsequently, SOM and K-means are applied for semantic similarity mapping based on the conceptual pattern discovered in the formal context to reduce the problem size of the SOM clusters as validated by the Davies-Bouldin index. The mapping rules are then applied to discover semantic similarity between ontological concepts in the clusters and the ontological concepts of the target ontology are updated to the source ontology based on the merging rules. Merged ontology in a concept lattice is formed. Findings – In experimental comparisons between PROMPT and OntoDNA ontology mapping and merging tool based on precision, recall and f-measure, average mapping results for OntoDNA is 95.97 percent compared to PROMPT's 67.24 percent. In terms of recall, OntoDNA outperforms PROMPT on all the paired ontology except for one paired ontology. For the merging of one paired ontology, PROMPT fails to identify the mapping elements. OntoDNA significantly outperforms PROMPT due to the utilization of FCA in the OntoDNA to capture attributes and the inherent structural relationships among concepts. Better performance in OntoDNA is due to the following reasons. First, semantic problems such as synonymy and polysemy are resolved prior to contextual clustering. Second, unsupervised data mining techniques (SOM and K-means) have reduced problem size. Third, string matching performs better than PROMPT's linguistic-similarity matching in addressing semantic heterogeneity, in context it also contributes to the OntoDNA results. String matching resolves concept names based on similarity between concept names in each cluster for ontology mapping. Linguistic-similarity matching resolves concept names based on concept-representation structure and relations between concepts for ontology mapping. Originality/value – The OntoDNA automates ontology mapping and merging without the need of any prior knowledge to generate a merged ontology. String matching is shown to perform better than linguistic-similarity matching in resolving concept names. The OntoDNA will be valuable for organizations interested in merging ontologies from distributed or different organizational memories. For example, an organization might want to merge their organization-specific ontologies with community standard ontologies.

Protecting knowledge assets in multinational enterprises: a comparative case approach (VINE, Volume 39, Issue 4)

Nathan O'Donoghue, David T. Croasdell — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – This paper aims to examine ways in which multinational enterprises (MNEs) can secure knowledge assets across global operations. Design/methodology/approach – The paper reports the results of a comparative case study. The practices of four MNEs are considered in conjunction with practices identified in the literature. A comparative company analysis is conducted using the resource-based view of the firm. Findings – The paper principally concludes that MNEs have several options for protecting knowledge assets. A set of seven recommendations are derived from the analysis. Practical implications – The recommendations derived from the analysis could be beneficial for enterprises who do knowledge work in global settings. Originality/value – The paper offers background and consideration for those companies with IP in global business environments. The background, analysis and recommendations add to the body of knowledge in this area.

Organisations and the issue of multiple identities: who loves you baby? (VINE, Volume 39, Issue 4)

Judy Pate, Phillip Beaumont, Gwilym Pryce — Sat Nov 14 08:00:19 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – This paper aims to investigate the relationship between organisational identification and identification with work group and profession for knowledge workers. The literature points to two competing standpoints, first, a compatible relationship between focal points of identity and second, a trade off relationship whereby an increase in one is at the expense of another. Design/methodology/approach – Using the population of a large public UK sector organisation ordinary least squares regression was used to examine these relationships. Findings – The findings established a strong relationship in which work group, organisational and professional identification were compatible. Research limitations/implications – The findings indicate, at least in this context, that no inherent trade off or problem reconciling multiple identities was evident. Regrettably the authors do not have the capacity to comment on the weighting or the relative importance placed on each focus of identity; this is an area for future research. Originality/value – This paper seeks to contribute to the discussions of is the relationship between organisational identification and allegiances with the workgroup or profession, which is underdeveloped in the literature.