All Journals (past 7 Days)

TILES: classifying contextual information for mobile tourism applications (Aslib Proceedings, Volume 61, Issue 6)

Esther Meng-Yoke Tan, Schubert Foo, Dion Hoe-Lian Goh, Yin-Leng Theng — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The design of context-aware mobile applications can be improved through a clear and in-depth understanding of context and how it can be used to meet users' requirements. Using tourism as a case application, this paper aims to address the lack of understanding of context and tourists' goals. Design/methodology/approach – This is achieved through a literature review of existing research and focus groups to gather information needs for tasks commonly executed by tourists. Findings – This paper proposes the TILES (temporal, identity, location, environmental and social) model to define and classify five main contextual types, and properties associated with each type for tourism-related applications. The TILES model (with 32 factors) derived from the analysis of the literature review is refined through inputs from two focus groups to incorporate an additional ten factors. Research implications/limitations – The TILES model can be generalised to support domains other than tourism, such as medical and edutainment. Originality/value of paper – The model will help to achieve a better understanding of context, users' information needs and their goals. In addition, this work extends findings in the field of context-aware computing and information retrieval on mobile devices. Solution providers will also be able to adopt TILES as a framework for guiding the design of their context-aware mobile applications.

An exploratory analysis of librarians' blogs: their development, nature and changes (Aslib Proceedings, Volume 61, Issue 6)

Noa Aharony — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The main purpose of this paper is to compare and examine two points in time of the LIS blogsphere: first period of publication of the blog (first two months for each blog) and a second period (July/August 2008). The research will describe and analyse librarians' blogsphere, focusing on its nature, development, and prevailing tendencies. Design/methodology/approach – This paper presents a statistical descriptive analysis and a thorough content analysis of 30 LIS blogs in two periods of time. The first phase in the investigation is the location of the LIS blogs that meet the research criteria; the second phase is the examination of data related to the posts. The final phase consists of the content analysis of the main ideas of the posts and the development of a subject scheme that represents the analysis. Findings – A thorough examination of blogs' content reveals that there is a current tendency to write essay-type posts with hypertext links; there are fewer posts and postings days, as well as fewer readers' comments, but a larger number of links and tags which are assigned to the posts. Furthermore, three out of the five main content categories are equivalent in both periods and it seems that the same issues still occupy librarians' minds and thoughts. Originality/value – The research findings are relevant for librarians and information scientists as they cause them to better understand and delve into the phenomenon of LIS blogsphere.

A study on the job analysis of public libraries in Korea (Aslib Proceedings, Volume 61, Issue 6)

Hee-Yoon Yoon, Sin-Young Kim — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyze jobs and duties involved in Korean public libraries and provide a clear picture of such issues. Design/methodology/approach – All of the various duties being executed in libraries are identified. Public libraries across the nation are requested to assist with our survey. Questionnaires are collected to survey the level of awareness of all the duties involved in public libraries and analyzed to determine the importance, difficulty, and professionalism of 194 library duties. Findings – Through this study, perceived levels of frequency, importance, and difficulty of duties related to public libraries are surveyed and average values for each duty are compared and analyzed to formulate a standard job model and action plan. Originality/value – This is the first paper to present a basic library duty model reflecting rapidly changing information technologies and information types of Korean public libraries based on a library duty analysis of advanced countries.

ArticleRank: a PageRank-based alternative to numbers of citations for analysing citation networks (Aslib Proceedings, Volume 61, Issue 6)

Jiang Li, Peter Willett — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to suggest an alternative to the widely used Times Cited criterion for analysing citation networks. The approach involves taking account of the natures of the papers that cite a given paper, so as to differentiate between papers that attract the same number of citations. Design/methodology/approach – ArticleRank is an algorithm that has been derived from Google's PageRank algorithm to measure the influence of journal articles. ArticleRank is applied to two datasets – a citation network based on an early paper on webometrics, and a self-citation network based on the 19 most cited papers in the Journal of Documentation – using citation data taken from the Web of Knowledge database. Findings – ArticleRank values provide a different ranking of a set of papers from that provided by the corresponding Times Cited values, and overcomes the inability of the latter to differentiate between papers with the same numbers of citations. The difference in rankings between Times Cited and ArticleRank is greatest for the most heavily cited articles in a dataset. Originality/value – This is a novel application of the PageRank algorithm.

Assessment of knowledge management growth: a South Africa perspective (Aslib Proceedings, Volume 61, Issue 6)

C.J. (Neels) Kruger, Roy D. Johnson — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – Wilson argues that knowledge management (KM) maturity is an extension of information management and effective management of work practices. Gallagher and Hazlett state that there is too much effort addressing technological concerns in KM while offering little practical assistance. Kruger and Snyman believe KM is a strategic resource with ICT and information management as enablers in establishing KM maturity. These three positions of KM growth and maturity reflect the huge spectrum of and diverse views. But, very little is known about the KM growth or maturity that occurs in different industries, or how employees and managers perceive growth in KM maturity. This paper aims to address these issues. Design/methodology/approach – From a large urban South African University engaged in numerous collaboration programmes with industry, the authors gain insight into the growth of KM in industry groupings over a five-year period. The authors apply an inventory developed by Kruger and Snyman to a set of 86 organisations distributed over nine economic sectors in South Africa. In total 434 employees are interviewed over three group levels (operational, middle and senior management). This is achieved by interviewing 178 senior practitioners in three subjects (one in each group level). Findings – Analysis of the growth in KM maturity, as it relates to different organisational sizes, reveals that there are statistical differences between the score reported by small, medium, large and extra-large organisations and between the scores reported by senior, middle and operational personnel. Findings also indicate that growth in KM differs between industry groupings, with high growth in construction, building materials and mining (±70 per cent), and low growth in educational institutions (±40 per cent). Originality/value – This paper is of relevance to KM practitioners interested in gaining insight into KM maturity growth that occurred in different organisational groupings and at different operational levels across an extremely diversified environment.

Death or diversification? The use of space in public library buildings (Aslib Proceedings, Volume 61, Issue 6)

Rachel Begg — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – With the development of new public libraries such as the Idea Stores in Tower Hamlets and Discovery Centres in Hampshire, it has been debated whether the inclusion of non-book materials and activities illustrates the death of public libraries by the marginalisation of books. This paper aims to investigate these assumptions by examining the use of space in public library buildings for book and non-book purposes over time. Design/methodology/approach – The methodology involves a survey of secondary data on library buildings and the comparison of floor plans, observations and stock statistics of libraries in the two authorities over time. Findings – This study concludes that the inclusion of non-book space is not a new trend in library buildings and that books still have a significant role in terms of floor space and stock in new libraries even with the increased addition of non-book space, illustrating less dramatic changes than suggested by some commentators. These trends in fact indicate a diversification of public libraries and their buildings not their imminent death. Research limitations/implications – Although this research was only able to study a few examples of libraries, this alternative method of investigating space could be repeated in future research. Originality/value – The study of use of space in libraries is important as it has implications for the library profession and the design of future library buildings. This methodology provides a different way of studying the issues of space.

Content Analysis of Corporate Blogs as a Relationship Management Tool (Corporate Communications: An International Journal, Volume 15, Issue 1)

Ms. Soyoen Cho, Dr. Jisu Huh — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - Purpose: This study examines how major corporations in the U.S. utilize corporate blogs for building and maintaining relationships with various publics.Design/methodology/approach - Methodology/approach: Applying the relationship management framework, a longitudinal content analysis of corporate blogs was conducted in 2006 and 2008. The blogs were identified by a thorough search of blogs operated by corporations listed on Fortune 500 Companies or Interbrand Top 100 Global Brands. A systematic coding scheme was developed based on the existing research on relationship maintenance strategies and corporate communication.Findings - Findings: A growing number of major corporations in the U.S. have adopted blogs as a corporate communication tool and the popularity of topic-oriented blogs appears to have increased over time. While corporate blogs tend to apply various relationship maintenance strategies, the application of such strategies tends to be concentrated on a certain type of strategies. Research limitations/implications - Implications: Despite the increasing adoption of the corporate blogging practice, many corporations still do not seem to harness the unique potential of a blog to the fullest extent. To maximize the relationship management efforts, practitioners should consider expanding the scope and level of relationship management strategies. For researchers, this study proposes a new approach for examining corporate blogs as a public relations tool by applying the relationship maintenance strategy framework. Practical implications - Originality/value - Originality/value: This study is the first attempt to provide a longitudinal overview of the state of corporate blogs and strategies. In addition to offering descriptive information about the corporate blogging practice, this study proposes a new research framework for studying corporate blogs.

Actor-networking stakeholder theory for corporate communications (Corporate Communications: An International Journal, Volume 15, Issue 1)

Dr. Vilma Liisa Luoma-aho, Dr. Ari Paloviita — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - The paper suggest a need to widen stakeholder theory to include non-human influences to better describe the complex corporate environment. Drawing from Actor-Network theory, non-human entities may ‘translate’ new, unexpected stakeholders to support their aims. Design/methodology/approach - Theoretical conceptual approach with three illustrative case studies.Findings - Examples provided show that corporate crises result partly from previously unacknowledged non-human spheres of influence and cause corporations serious losses. Corporations that take a proactive stance and monitor the weak signals of change are able to improve their standing and maintain legitimacy.Research limitations/implications - The framework created requires more testing with different cases across contexts and cultures. Future studies should examine the process of translation more deeply and examine who can potentially be translated into a stakeholder.Practical implications - Corporate communications should monitor and involve the potential stakeholders. Practitioners should play ‘the devil’s advocate’ on issues and analyze not only stakeholders but also potential non-human entities that may be able to translate others into joining their cause. Originality/value - This paper broadens stakeholder theory to better describe the current corporate environment by highlighting the process of translation among stakeholders and non-human entities.

Institutionalization of corporate social responsibility within corporate communications: Combining institutional, sensemaking and communication perspectives (Corporate Communications: An International Journal, Volume 15, Issue 1)

Miss Friederike Schultz, Prof. Stefan Wehmeier — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - The purpose of the paper is to develop a new framework depicting the incorporation of concepts such as corporate social responsibility (CSR) within corporate communications as a process we call "institutionalization by translation". We develop a micro-meso-macro-perspective to analyze why and how organizations institutionalize CSR with which effects, and finally develop a perspective on alternative communication modes. Design/methodology/approach - We bring together institutional theory, sensemaking theory, and communication theory: We build on neo institutionalism to frame the external conditions that foster or hinder the institutionalization of CSR on the macro and meso level. And we use sensemaking theory and communication theory to describe this process on the meso and micro level. We illustrate our analysis by describing the CSR strategies of a large European energy company.Findings - CSR can be regarded as an empty concept that is developed based on moral communications and filled with different meanings. The analysis describes why and how CSR is internally translated (moralization, amoralization), which communication strategies are developed here (symbolic, dialogic etc.) and that CSR communications are publicly negotiated. The analysis shows that this process bears not only opportunities but also risks for corporations and can therefore be described as a ‘downward spirale of legitimacy and upward spiral of CSR institutionalization’. Finally alternative ways of coping with external demands are developed (‘management by hypocrisis’, 'defaulted communication'). Practical implications - The article shows risks and explains more effective ways of building organizational legitimacy. Originality/value - The originality lays in the macro-meso-micro-perspective on the institutionalization of CSR. It allows the description of this process and its effects from the background of constraints and sensemaking and offers new perspectives on legitimacy building.

Positioning and Differentiation by Using Brand Personality Attributes: Do Mission and Vision Statements Contribute to Building a Unique Corporate Identity? (Corporate Communications: An International Journal, Volume 15, Issue 1)

Prof. Diana Ingenhoff, Ms. Tanja Fuhrer — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - The purpose of this study is to examine the current state of mission and vision statements on corporate websites and to analyze differentiation strategies through the use of online brand personality attributes in order to find if and how the attributes are effectively used to build up a unique corporate identity.Design/methodology/approach - Content analysis is used to investigate similarities and differences between sectors and industries in Switzerland, based on the brand personality scale of Aaker (1997). Also, we focus on the impact of the communication of brand personality elements, in terms of positioning and differentiation, using correspondence analysis.Findings - The claim that companies do present brand personality by frequently communicating respective attributes through mission and vision statements published on their website are supported. However, top management does not seem to be geared towards industry norms when phrasing the statements, as a considerable similarity in statement content is found across industries. The results show that companies position themselves using their competitors as a frame of reference. Research limitations/implications - The results may lack generalizability to small and medium-sized businesses and other industries.Practical implications - As most companies in the study position themselves using the same attributes and specifically emphasize "competence", the results include practical implications for the need to develop uniqueness and differentiation by other means.Originality/value - The study discovers a gap between the claim that organizations seek uniqueness in their personality attributes and the reality of their involvement in mutual coorientation when defining their identity, forcing them to adapt to each other.

Creating esprit de corps in times of crisis Employee identification with values in a Danish windmill company (Corporate Communications: An International Journal, Volume 15, Issue 1)

Ms. Mona Agerholm Andersen — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - This paper seeks to analyze the communication processes from both a management and an employee view during a corporate value implementation process within a Danish windmill company. The purpose is to develop further understanding of the potential problems that may occur during such a process within an organization.Design/methodology/approach - Case study based on a social constructionist approach. A multidimensional model of reception analysis is proposed in order to capture employees’ readings of value statements.Findings - The study shows that the distance between top management’s views on the values and employees’ perceptions is noteworthy. This distance is primarily caused by circumstances in the case company’s historical and situational context. One of the questions this paper raises is whether values are an ideal management tool in times of an organizational financial crisis.Research limitations/implications - This study only focuses on one organization. Additional research is needed in other organizations attempting to communicate values internally in times of crisis.Practical implications - Managers need to take newer communication theory into consideration in order to be aware of what might go wrong in a communication process. They also need to consider both the daily working context of the employees and the historical and situational context of the organization before they launch a value project. The communicative competences of middle managers and their capability to enter in dialogue with the employees should also be taken into consideration. Originality/value - The research illuminates the potential problems that may occur during an organisation’s value process and offers recommendations for future value implementation efforts in organisations.

Financial Resources and Corporate Reputation: Toward Common Management Principles for Managing Corporate Reputation (Corporate Communications: An International Journal, Volume 15, Issue 1)

Prof. Alfonso Siano, Prof. Philip J. Kitchen, Dr. Maria Giovanna Confetto — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - This viewpoint paper aims to identify convergent elements between financial resources and corporate reputation. The study seeks to draw parallels between these two types of resources in order to define common management principles for managing corporate reputation.Design/methodology/approach - In the study we use the analogy-based approach to identify similarities in the functions and risks between financial resources and corporate reputation. This approach is the prerequisite for defining common management principles. Findings - The study proposes some arguments in favour of common functions and risks thesis of financial resources and corporate reputation. The finding of common functions and risks opens the way for an analysis of common principles in corporate finance management and corporate reputation management.Research limitations/implications - Cross fertilization between corporate finance and corporate communication and reputation can encourage effective evolution over time of the common management principles. The limitation of the research is the parallelism between two types of resources which traditionally belong to different subjects/disciplines. Cultural barriers may oppose the acceptance of this unusual juxtaposition of resources. Practical implications - The use of these common principles allows for the development of an appropriate cultural background of managers. It could create advantages both for large companies and small businesses. The shared cultural background and language should serve to improve interaction and dialogue among managers on an intra-organizational and inter-organizational level. Originality/value - (a) The parallels between financial resources and corporate reputation, (b) the common management principles of these different resources, and (c) their theoretical-conceptual and practical implications, are entirely new topics in literature.

SimFaster: a modeling and simulation platform with multiple views for complex system (COMPEL: The International Journal for Computation and Mathematics in Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Volume 28, Issue 6)

Ling Xuqiang, Huang Xiaodong, Li Bohu, Chai Xudong — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – Complex system modeling requires not only understanding of modeling framework but also domain knowledge of the system. The purpose of this paper is to present an approach which separates the domain knowledge from the modeling framework with different views. Design/methodology/approach – By establishing the mechanism of association and fusion among the views, the description and characterization of system from different aspect and point of view can form a complete system model. Based on the approach, a modeling and simulation (M&S) platform named SimFaster is developed. Modeling environment and simulation engine are the most important parts of the platform. The modeling environment provides multi-views and multi-layers to help the developers to modeling the structure, layers, composition, behavior, and interactions of an application system. The simulation engine provides mechanism of integration and interaction for components and objects, and provides runtime support for the concepts and terms from modeling environment. The simulation engine organizes the objects in the memory of distributed system as reflective object database system, so it is repository centered architecturally. Findings – Based on the approach of multi-views modeling, the platform is a flexible framework and supports top-down design, model reuse and interoperation, dynamic refinement of models, corporative design among different users in different stages, and the rebuilt of application rapidly. Research limitations/implications – This paper deals with high-level models of the complex systems. Practical implications – This platform helps to design, modeling, and simulation complex system (especially for weapon combat system). It can participate into all the stages of the development of complex product/system, and can support the validation, refinement, optimization of models, and systems. Originality/value – This paper presents a multi-views modeling approach for the modeling of complex system.

Winding inductances of fractional slot surface-mounted permanent magnet brushless machines (COMPEL: The International Journal for Computation and Mathematics in Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Volume 28, Issue 6)

Ayman M. EL-Refaie, Z.Q. Zhu, Thomas M. Jahns, David Howe — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – Permanent magnet (PM) brushless machines equipped with fractional-slot concentrated-windings (FSCW) have been receiving considerable attention over the past few years, due to the fact that they have short end-windings, a high-slot fill factor, a high efficiency and power density, and good flux-weakening and fault-tolerance capabilities. A key design parameter for such machines is the phase winding inductance since this has a significant impact on the performance, as well as on the magnitude of any reluctance torque. The purpose of this paper is to describe a detailed investigation of the various components of the winding inductance in machines equipped with both overlapping and non-overlapping windings and different slot/pole number combinations. It also examines the influence of key design parameters, which affect the inductance components, with particular reference to the inductances of machines in which all the teeth are wound and those in which only alternate teeth are wound. Design/methodology/approach – The paper analyzes and compares various inductance components which result from different winding configurations. Findings – It is shown that the main component of the winding inductance is the relatively large slot-leakage component. Both analytical and finite element models are employed and predicted results are validated on several prototype machines. Originality/value – Such a thorough investigation of the various inductance components for these type of machines has not been presented before. The paper will serve as a good reference for engineers and researchers designing PM machines equipped with FECW.

Parity information placement in the disk array model (COMPEL: The International Journal for Computation and Mathematics in Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Volume 28, Issue 6)

Linda Vickovic, Eugen Mudnic, Sven Gotovac — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The primary purpose of this paper is to explore possible locations for parity cache within disk array model and describe the disk array model development process. Design/methodology/approach – A dynamic, discrete event simulation model, based on modular, bottom-up approach, is initiated from a single disk, and then extended on disk array. Findings – Parity information within array model cannot be stored on individual disk cache, instead it should be stored in array cache. If model is used for simulation of single disk array then an approach with separate parity cache should be used, while an approach where a parity cache is part of array cache should be used for simulation of more complex storage systems with numerous arrays. Research limitations/implications – The proposed model does not include any read-ahead cache policy, and only a full-stripe writes can be performed. As a result, the model should be used only for sequential read or write of large files because then those limitations do not influence simulation output. Originality/value – The novelty depicted in this paper is an approach, in array modelling, with parity cache merged into array cache. Also, the achieved bandwidth for the resulting simulation model differs from 1.05 to 1.7 per cent from the measured one on the experimental array.

On numerical methods for highly oscillatory problems in circuit simulation (COMPEL: The International Journal for Computation and Mathematics in Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Volume 28, Issue 6)

Marissa Condon, Alfredo Deaño, Arieh Iserles, Kornel Maczynski, Tao Xu — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyse a novel technique for an efficient numerical approximation of systems of highly oscillatory ordinary differential equations (ODEs) that arise in electronic systems subject to modulated signals. Design/methodology/approach – The paper combines a Filon-type method with waveform relaxation techniques for nonlinear systems of ODEs. Findings – The analysis includes numerical examples to compare with traditional methods such as the trapezoidal rule and Runge-Kutta methods. This comparison shows that the proposed approach can be very effective when dealing with systems of highly oscillatory differential equations. Research limitations/implications – The present paper constitutes a preliminary study of Filon-type methods applied to highly oscillatory ODEs in the context of electronic systems, and it is a starting point for future research that will address more general cases. Originality/value – The proposed method makes use of novel and recent techniques in the area of highly oscillatory problems, and it proves to be particularly useful in cases where standard methods become expensive to implement.

Numerical field calculation of stator winding faults in synchronous machines (COMPEL: The International Journal for Computation and Mathematics in Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Volume 28, Issue 6)

Jens Rosendahl, Stefan Kulig — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to describe a systematic investigation of the currents, torques and other electromagnetic quantities in a machine after different short circuits by the means of coupled numerical field and network calculation. The behaviour of a synchronous machine after a stator-winding fault still is a little known issue. Nevertheless, the occurrence of winding faults can damage the stator winding of the machine severely and may also destroy the whole stator core. Therefore, there exists a strong need for reliable calculation methods for the evaluation of these faults, e.g. the reconstruction of the details of an accident. Design/methodology/approach – The paper discusses an analytical approach which calculates all possible winding connections when absence of nonlinear material behaviour is assumed and nonlinearity is only considered by adjusting the inductances after solving the differential equations. In the following, a more accurate method is given by the numerical field calculation, considering a two-dimensional time variant permeability distribution on the cross-section of an electrical machine. Findings – First results of transient time-stepping calculations of short circuits with special respect on winding currents and radial forces on the rotor are presented. Practical implications – The approach presented in this paper can be applied in the field of R&D for the dimension of electrical machines and its protection system as well as for the investigation of possible sources of an occurred machine failure. Originality/value – The bulk of publications that contribute to the topic of inner winding faults are comprised of derivations of analytical models with the assumption of linear material behaviour. The paper puts strong emphasis on the consideration of the nonlinearity.

Novel type of PXI bus-based airborne data transfer equipment test system (COMPEL: The International Journal for Computation and Mathematics in Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Volume 28, Issue 6)

Haibin Duan, Haixia Zhang — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to design and implement a novel type of PCI eXtension for Instruments (PXI) bus-based airborne data transfer equipment (DTE) test system. Design/methodology/approach – First, the basic principle of PXI bus is introduced in detail. Then, the hardware and software are developed for the PXI bus-based airborne DTE test system. Based on the description of the basic conceptions of rough set theory, a novel hybrid approach for fault diagnosis in PXI bus-based airborne DTE test system is proposed, which is based on rough set theory, genetic algorithm and neural network. Combining with rough set theory, genetic algorithm is used to compute the reductions of the decision table. Subsequently, the condition attributes of decision table are regarded as the input nodes of neural network and the decision attributes are regarded as the output nodes of neural network correspondingly. Findings – The exact application results are also presented to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the developed PXI bus-based airborne DTE test system, and the test results can also be saved automatically. The exact application results show that the various faults within the PXI bus-based airborne DTE test system can be located on board level, and the newly developed airborne DTE test system is also easy to be extended and upgraded. Practical implications – The proposed hybrid rough set theory, genetic algorithm and neural network approach could reduce the number of attributes in the decision table, simplify the structure of neural network and improve the ability of generality. The airborne DTE test system is also capable of different unit under test (UUT), which can be selected by the definite operators at the start of the test, to ensure that failures and problems are handled automatically and without intervention. This newly developed PXI bus-based airborne DTE test system can be located on board level, and it is also very easy to be extended and upgraded. Practical implementations show that hidden errors can be effectively detected by the developed PXI bus-based airborne DTE test system. The proposed methodology can help improve the general performance of the airborne DTE test system, and the faults can be checked with minimum time and effort. This system can enhance the army combat capability efficiently. Originality/value – This paper develops a novel type of PXI bus-based airborne DTE test system. In particular, a hybrid approach for fault diagnosis in PXI bus-based airborne DTE test system is proposed, which is based on rough set theory, genetic algorithm and neural network. This approach provides an effective way to diagnosis the faults of the airborne DTE test system.

A new inverse controller for servo-system based on neural network model reference adaptive control (COMPEL: The International Journal for Computation and Mathematics in Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Volume 28, Issue 6)

Bo Zhao, Hongjie Hu — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to develop a new inverse controller for servo-system position tracking control based on neural network (NN) and model reference adaptive control (MRAC). Design/methodology/approach – First, the model of general servo-systems is analyzed. Then, a MRAC based on neural network control (NNC) is proposed with mathematical prove of stability. In addition, several simulation cases and experiments are listed to verify the usability of the control scheme. Findings – This scheme consists of an MRAC, an online NN controller and a robust controller in velocity-loop. For reducing influence which arose from modeling error, unknown model dynamics, parameter variation, and load changes, the NN controller is introduced to counteract the various influence mentioned above dynamically. MRAC, NNC, and robust controller adjust system to track the approximate velocity-loop reference model. In this way, the position-loop is not sensitive to the disturbance on velocity-loop, and the whole velocity-loop can be treated as a simple linear model when designing the other parts of the system. In addition, a novel inverse control method based on linear velocity signal filter is introduced to this scheme. In this case, the MRAC, NNC, and robust controller perform as an adaptive inverse controller, which keeps the velocity signal tracking the position loop controller output. Originality/value – The paper presents a new inverse controller with NNC and MRAC which is practical and flexible.

Prediction of iron loss in magnetic laminations under PWM voltage supply (COMPEL: The International Journal for Computation and Mathematics in Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Volume 28, Issue 6)

Zbigniew Gmyrek — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to discuss a new method of iron loss estimation under pulse width modulation (PWM) converter supply. The proposed method concerns the longitudinal magnetisation. Design/methodology/approach – A novel method of iron loss estimation applies values of iron losses that come from a single higher harmonic coexisting with a DC-bias field. This method considers non-linearity of ferromagnetic. Results of estimation are validated using experimental results. Findings – The paper formulates that the dependence of iron losses come from harmonics, on DC-bias field. Moreover, it formulates possibilities of their utilization to iron loss estimation in case of deformed flux. On the other hand, it discusses the influence of DC-bias field on static hysteresis and classical eddy current losses. Research limitations/implications – Experimental verification will still be needed as to the accuracy of the proposed model and applicability to various magnetic materials. Practical implications – The paper provides an easy mathematical method of iron loss estimation, under PWM voltage supply. Originality/value – The paper explains how to use an analytical method and results of iron losses come from single harmonics, obtained under coexistence with DC-bias field, to iron loss estimation in case of longitudinal magnetisation where deformed magnetic flux occurs.

Magnetic flux density and vector potential of linear polyhedral sources (COMPEL: The International Journal for Computation and Mathematics in Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Volume 28, Issue 6)

Massimo Fabbri — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to evaluate analytically the magnetic flux density and the magnetic vector potential produced by a linear current density or a linear magnetization inside an arbitrary polyhedron. Design/methodology/approach – In order to obtain expressions of the field and potential integrals in an intrinsic vector form, independently of any reference frame, the approach is to avoid the use of a local coordinate system to perform the integrations. Findings – The expressions obtained contain only the same functions just needed for the uniform sources case, do not introduce any new singularity or discontinuity, and computed results illustrate their effectiveness. Research limitations/implications – Being in intrinsic vector form the expressions obtained are well suited to cope with the data structures, i.e. faces-edges and edges-vertices incidence matrices, provided by unstructured polygonal meshes generators. Their use, especially when dealing with a generic mixed unstructured polygonal mesh, avoids the need of different routines, thus decreasing the complexity of the numerical code. Practical implications – Besides, avoiding numerical integration, the results do not require usage of any function other than those already defined for the uniform sources case, and do not introduce any new singularity or discontinuity. Thus, the calculation of the magnetic flux density and the magnetic vector potential produced by linear sources needs nearly the same effort as the uniform sources one. Originality/value – The closed-form expressions obtained are in intrinsic vector form and can be implemented in a unique routine suitable for the calculation of the magnetic flux density and vector potential produced by any linear or uniform polyhedral source.

Simulation on vehicle routing problems in logistics distribution (COMPEL: The International Journal for Computation and Mathematics in Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Volume 28, Issue 6)

Wenhui Fan, Huayu Xu, Xin Xu — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to formulate and simulate the model for vehicle routing problem (VRP) on a practical application in logistics distribution. Design/methodology/approach – Based on the real data of a distribution center in Utica, Michigan, USA, the design of VRP is modeled as a multi-objective optimization problem which considers three objectives. The non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II) is adopted to solve this multi-objective problem. On the other hand, the VRP model is simulated and an object-oriented idea is employed to analyze the classes, functions, and attributes of all involved objects on VRP. A modularized objectification model is established on AnyLogic software, which can simulate the practical distribution process by changing parameters dynamically and randomly. The simulation model automatically controls vehicles motion by programs, and has strong expansibility. Meanwhile, the model credibility is strengthened by introducing random traffic flow to simulate practical traffic conditions. Findings – The computational results show that the NSGA-II algorithm is effective in solving this practical problem. Moreover, the simulation results suggest that by analyzing and controlling specific key factors of VRP, the distribution center can get useful information for vehicle scheduling and routing. Originality/value – Multi-objective problems are seldom considered on VRPs, yet they are of great practical value in logistics distribution. This paper is mainly focused on multi-objective VRP which is derived from a practical distribution center. The NSGA-II algorithm is applied in this problem and the AnyLogic software is employed as the simulation tool. In addition, this paper deals with several key factors of VRP in order to control and simulate the distribution process. The computational and simulation results regarding VRPs constitute the main contribution of our paper.

Modeling and simulation of aircraft anti-skid braking and steering using co-simulation method (COMPEL: The International Journal for Computation and Mathematics in Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Volume 28, Issue 6)

Zhang Ming, Nie Hong, Wei Xiao-hui, Qian Xiaomei, Zhou Enzhi — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to introduce a co-simulation method to study the ground maneuvers of aircraft anti-skid braking and steering. Design/methodology/approach – A virtual prototype of aircraft is established in the multibody system dynamics software MSC.ADAMS/Aircraft. The anti-skid braking control model, which adopts the multi-threshold PID control method with a slip-velocity-controlled, pressure-bias-modulated (PBM) system, is established in MATLAB/Simulink. EASY5 is used to establish the hydraulic system of nose wheel steering. The ADAMS model is connected to block diagrams of the anti-skid braking control model in MATLAB/Simulink, and is also connected to the block diagrams of nose wheel steering system model in EASY5, so that the ground maneuvers of aircraft anti-skid braking and steering are simulated separately. Findings – Results are presented to investigate the performance of anti-skid braking system in aircraft anti-skid simulation. In aircraft steering simulation, the influence of two important parameters on the forces acting on the tires is discussed in detail, and the safe area to prevent aircraft sideslip is obtained. Originality/value – This paper presents an advanced method to study the ground maneuvers of aircraft anti-skid braking and steering, and establishes an integrated aircraft model of airframe, landing gear, steering system, and anti-skid braking system to investigate the interaction of each subsystem via simulation.

Digital product data exchange in semantic service-oriented architecture (COMPEL: The International Journal for Computation and Mathematics in Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Volume 28, Issue 6)

Song Xiao, Zhang Lin, Gong Guang-hong, Di Yan-Qiang, Yu Peng-fei — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to introduce a new method of ontology-based digital product data exchange. The digital product data are enriched with virtual prototype (VP) model information and the designed exchange process is discussed. Additionally, an algorithm enabling the ontology-based data exchange method among missile guide systems is proposed and analyzed. Design/methodology/approach – Semantic sevice-oriented architecture (SSOA) is an innovative integration architecture for digital product information integration and process integration. In digital product ontology layer of SSOA, a new method of ontology-based product data exchange is proposed. Compared with traditional information exchange, the method adds the VP's information to general digital products' information. The VP's information is described by building VP static structure ontology and dynamic behavior ontology. The exchange process of the novel method is discussed in detail. Finally, an example illustrating the data exchange among missile guide systems is given and the merits of the proposed method is analyzed. Findings – Simulation information, especially VP information, is not always well defined and taken into account by product data exchange systems such as product data management or product lifecycle management. A formal description of VP information is often required in efficient and effective product data exchange. The goal is to define VP structure and behavior ontologies to enable ontology-based digital product data exchange. Originality/value – Using VP information including structure information and behavior information, the paper provides a new method of digital product data exchange.

Improvement to the second-order rational functions approximation for hysteresis cycles of magnetic materials (COMPEL: The International Journal for Computation and Mathematics in Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Volume 28, Issue 6)

M.R. Pagnola, F.D. Saccone, A. Ozols, H. Sirkin — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to introduce a simplified method, based on an improvement to the actual second-order approximation to magnetic hysteresis curves, to calculate an estimation of quasi-static hysteresis loops of ferromagnetic materials. Design/methodology/approach – The addition of a new dB(B) function is proposed to second-order rational approximation for the upward and downward magnetic quasi-static hysteresis loop. The new semi-empirical approach is tested with typical cycles of commercial Ni-ferrites (ferroxcube) and Ni standards using a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). Findings – The model is simple and a fast tool to reproduce with reasonable accuracy the hysteresis loops based on appropriate parameters of materials under analysis. The proposed extension to the Rivas model has reduced the maximum difference between experimental and modeled values from 19 to 0.08 per cent in the approximation to different hysteresis cycles of the magnetic materials studied here. Originality/value – This paper presents an improvement to second-order rational functions approach for fitting of hysteresis loops with simple added functions.

Robust balancing of mixed model assembly line (COMPEL: The International Journal for Computation and Mathematics in Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Volume 28, Issue 6)

Weida Xu, Tianyuan Xiao — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to introduce robust optimization approaches to balance mixed model assembly lines with uncertain task times and daily model mix changes. Design/methodology/approach – Scenario planning approach is used to represent the input data uncertainty in the decision model. Two kinds of robust criteria are provided: one is min-max related; and the other is a-worst scenario based. Corresponding optimization models are formulated, respectively. A genetic algorithm-based robust optimization framework is designed. Comprehensive computational experiments are done to study the effect of these robust approaches. Findings – With min-max related robust criteria, the solutions can provide an optimal worst-case hedge against uncertainties without a significant sacrifice in the long-run performance; a-worst scenario-based criteria can generate flexible robust solutions: through rationally tuning the value of a, the decision maker can obtain a balance between robustness and conservatism of an assembly line task elements assignment. Research limitations/implications – This paper is an attempt to robust mixed model assembly line balancing. Some more efficient and effective robust approaches – including robust criteria and optimization algorithms – may be designed in the future. Practical implications – In an assembly line with significant uncertainty, the robust approaches proposed in this paper can hedge against the risk of poor system performance in bad scenarios. Originality/value – Using robust optimization approaches to balance mixed model assembly line.

Application of evolutionary algorithms with adaptive mutation to the identification of induction motor parameters at standstill (COMPEL: The International Journal for Computation and Mathematics in Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Volume 28, Issue 6)

Teresa Orlowska-Kowalska, Joanna Lis — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to obtain a preliminary off-line identification of induction motor (IM) parameters at standstill in a reasonable calculation time, which will be useful for the initial adjustment of controllers and state observer parameters in the sensorless drive system. Design/methodology/approach – The identification procedure of electrical parameters of IM equivalent circuit is performed at standstill and is based on the reconstruction of the stator current response to the forced stator voltage using evolutionary algorithms (EAs) with hard selection and different mutation schemes. Findings – It is shown that an application of the EA with adaptive mutation mechanism based on simulated annealing method gives very good accuracy of parameters identification and the shortest execution time of the identification procedure as well in simulation as in the experimental tests. Research limitations/implications – The investigation looks mainly at the minimization of the execution time of the identification algorithm and on the identification accuracy performance, taking into account the good approximation of the measured stator current response. Practical implications – The proposed EA with the improved adaptive mutation scheme can be easily realised using modern digital signal processor (DSP), which is usually applied for control purposes of the sensorless IM drive system with vector control. The implementation is tested in experimental setup with floating point DSP used as the system controller. Originality/value – The application of adaptive mutation with simulated annealing in the EA with hard selection for the fast, off-line preliminary identification of the IM parameter at standstill.

New family of eighth-order methods for nonlinear equation (COMPEL: The International Journal for Computation and Mathematics in Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Volume 28, Issue 6)

Guofeng Zhang, Yuxin Zhang, Hengfei Ding — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present a new family of iterative methods with eighth-order convergence for solving the nonlinear equation. Design/methodology/approach – The paper uses a family of eighth-order iterative methods for solving nonlinear equation based on Kou's seventh-order method. Findings – This family of methods is preferable to Ostrowski's, Grau's and Kou's methods in high-precision computations. Research limitations/implications – This paper only deals with the nonlinear equations. Practical implications – This paper is concerned with the iterative methods for finding a simple root of the nonlinear equation f(x)=0. One of the reasons for discussing the solution of nonlinear equation is that many methods for high-dimensional optimization problems involve solving a sub-problem which is a one-dimensional search problem. And the nonlinear finite element problem, the boundary-value problems appearing in Kinetic theory of gases, elasticity and other applied areas are also reduced to solving such an equation. Originality/value – New methods of this family require three evaluations of the function and one evaluation of its first derivative and without using the second derivatives per iteration. This new family of methods as a new example agrees with Kung-Traub's conjecture for n=4 and achieves its optimal convergence order 2n-1.

Identification of demagnetization faults in a permanent magnet synchronous machine by permeance network (COMPEL: The International Journal for Computation and Mathematics in Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Volume 28, Issue 6)

Jawad Ahmed Farooq, Abdesslem Djerdir, Abdellatif Miraoui — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present a novel method to identify demagnetization faults in the magnet of a permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) using some externally measurable parameter. Design/methodology/approach – The machine is modelled by using permeance network theory. The new feature introduced in the permeance network is the subdivision of magnets into segments, modelled as bidirectional elements. These bidirectional elements allow taking into account the effect of one element on the other. To detect the demagnetization faults, a gradient-based algorithm is also developed. This algorithm uses the permeance network model of the PMSM and measurement data of some parameter to find the distribution of remanent induction in the magnet segments. Findings – The methodology presented is able to detect the demagnetization fault using an external data. The measurement data in this paper is obtained through finite element simulations. The fast and accurate convergence of the algorithm makes the model to find its place in magnet fault diagnosis. Results for different magnet fault types have been presented. Originality/value – This new approach to detect demagnetization fault can serve as a step towards development of better fault-detection algorithms and fault-tolerant control schemes.

Simulation study on a novel high-dynamic GPS software receiver (COMPEL: The International Journal for Computation and Mathematics in Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Volume 28, Issue 6)

Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present a novel scheme of high-dynamic global positioning system (GPS) software receiver in order to improve the capturing speed and trading accuracy of GPS receiver. Design/methodology/approach – First, the beginning of C/A code can be found through the delay and multiply approach. To solve the problems of estimating a certain satellite's Doppler shift from the signals of several visible satellites, the “delay and accumulation unit” is put forward, and besides, performance of inertial navigation system-assisted tracking loop in high-dynamic circumstance is analysed by means of mathematical modelling and simulation experiments, whose results verified the validity of the proposed tracking scheme. Findings – In this paper, the two-dimension searching process in conventional acquisition scheme is transformed into two one-dimension searching processes, thus improving the capturing speed. Research limitations/implications – This software receiver has only been verified by means of mathematical simulation, and the validity in hardware receiver is still obscured. Originality/value – This paper presents a novel high-dynamic GPS software receiver scheme, which can be seen as a reference of engineering application and simulation research.

Petri net-based modeling and performance analysis of transaction scheduling in grid database (COMPEL: The International Journal for Computation and Mathematics in Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Volume 28, Issue 6)

Yaojun Han, Changjun Jiang, Xuemei Luo — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present a scheduling model, scheduling algorithms, and formal model and analysis techniques for concurrency transaction in grid database environment. Design/methodology/approach – Classical transaction models and scheduling algorithms developed for homogeneous distributed architecture will not work in the grid architecture and should be revisited for this new and evolving architecture. The conventional model is improved by three-level transaction scheduling model and the scheduling algorithms for concurrency transaction is improved by considering transmission time of a transaction, user's priority, and the number of database sites accessed by the transaction as a priority of the transaction. Aiming at the problems of analysis and modeling of the transaction scheduling in grid database, colored dynamic time Petri nets (CDTPN) model are proposed. Then the reachability of the transaction scheduling model is analyzed. Findings – The three-level transaction scheduling model not only supports the autonomy of grid but also lightens the pressure of communication. Compared with classical transaction scheduling algorithms, the algorithms not only support the correctness of the data but also improve the effectiveness of the system. The CDTPN model is convenient for modeling and analyzing dynamic performance of grid transaction. Some important results such as abort-ratio and turnover-time are gotten by analyzing reachability of CDTPN. Originality/value – The three-level transaction scheduling model and improved scheduling algorithms with more complex priority are presented in the paper. The paper gives a CDTPN model for modeling transaction scheduling in grid database. In CDTPN model, the time interval of a transition is a function of tokens in input places of the transition.

A computation method for scenario studies in WDM network planning (COMPEL: The International Journal for Computation and Mathematics in Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Volume 28, Issue 6)

James Yiming Zhang, Jing Wu, Gregor v. Bochmann, Michel Savoie — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present the benefits of using the Lagrangian relaxation (LR) and subgradient methods in scenario studies for wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) network planning. The problem of WDM network planning for a given set of lightpath demands in a mesh topology network is to select lightpath routes and then allocate wavelength channels to the lightpaths. In WDM network planning, a scenario study is to find out the network performance under different lightpath demands and/or different network resource configurations. Design/methodology/approach – A scenario study must solve a series of related static WDM network planning problems. Each static WDM network planning problem is an optimization problem, and may be formulated as an integer linear programming problem, which can be solved by the proposed Lagrangian relaxation and subgradient methods. This paper uses the Lagrange multipliers that are obtained from previous scenarios as initial Lagrange multiplier values for other related scenarios. Findings – This approach dramatically reduces the computation time for related scenarios. For small to medium variations of scenarios, the method reduces the computation time by several folds. The proposed method is the first method that effectively considers the relations between related scenarios, and uses such relations to improve the computation efficiency of scenario studies in WDM network planning. Practical implications – The method improves the efficiency of a scenario study in WDM network planning. By using it, many “what-if” type of scenario study questions can be answered quickly. Originality/value – Unlike other existing methods that treat each scenario individually, this method effectively uses the information of the relation between different scenarios to improve the overall computation efficiency.

Real-time collision detection and response techniques for deformable objects based on hybrid bounding volume hierarchy (COMPEL: The International Journal for Computation and Mathematics in Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Volume 28, Issue 6)

Yuanfeng Zhu, Jun Meng — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to propose a physically plausible solution based on hybrid bounding volume (BV) hierarchy for real-time collision detection (CD) and response between a deformable and a rigid object. Design/methodology/approach – Hybrid BV can be used to build BV hierarchy for the deformable object. The overlapping tests based on separating axis theorem (SAT) can be used to deal with CD. The physics conception of restitution coefficient and other important forces can be used to more real collision response. Findings – Many methods focus on a specific application, but none of them gives an approach to physically plausible, real-time simulation of CD and response up to 10,000 of deforming primitives. The paper finds that hybrid BV AABB-Sphere for deformable object could increase the efficiency for CD, and restitution coefficient and other important physical concepts could provide more real collision response. Research limitations/implications – The paper does not deal with all types of CD, such as CD for two deformable objects. Originality/value – Using AABB-Sphere hybrid BV to build hierarchical BV tree for deformable object, and OBB-Sphere hybrid BV for rigid object. Owing to the variety of hybrid BV structures, during different phases of CD, different overlapping tests are used to accelerate CD effectively. Using important physics conceptions provides a good solution to simulate more real collision response.

An investigation into yard allocation for outbound containers (COMPEL: The International Journal for Computation and Mathematics in Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Volume 28, Issue 6)

Weijian Mi, Wei Yan, Junliang He, Daofang Chang — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to propose a yard allocation model via objective programming. This is initially postulated based on a rolling-horizon strategy, which aims at allotting outbound containers into yard. Design/methodology/approach – To resolve the NP-hard problem regarding the yard allocation model, a hybrid algorithm, which applies heuristic rules and distributed genetic algorithm (DGA), is then employed. Findings – It could be observed from the case study that this proposed approach is proven effective for resolving the container yard allocation problem. The total loading time onto vessels, the total horizontal transportation distance and the imbalance among blocks are improved. Research limitations/implications – This paper does not deal with equipment scheduling. Practical implications – This approach helps to minimize turnaround time; handling cost of vessels; the workloads among blocks are balanced for each vessel; and the total distance of container transportation. Originality/value – This paper designs a hybrid algorithm, which integrates heuristic rules and DGA. In details, the heuristic rules are developed for generating feasible solutions, while the DGA was applied for optimizing these solutions.

A genetic algorithm-based improved charge simulation method and its application (COMPEL: The International Journal for Computation and Mathematics in Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Volume 28, Issue 6)

Fan Yang, Wei He, Wendong Deng, Tao Chen — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to propose an improved charge simulation method (CSM) based on the real-coded genetic algorithm (GA), in which the tedious testing and adjusting work in the traditional CSM is avoided. In addition, less simulation charges are used in the simulation model for the same object compared with the traditional CSM. Design/methodology/approach – In the improved CSM, the information of testing points are combined with the matching points, hence the size and locations of simulation charges can be only computed by the information of matching points, and the testing calculation in the traditional CSM is avoided. According to the Maxwell equations, an overdetermined equation is reformulated, and an improved GA is used to solve it. The process to create the initial population is improved, boundary condition information of part matching points and human experience are added into the initial population, which enhanced the convergence rate of the search calculation. Findings – Combining the information of testing points into that of the matching points in the improved CSM, the tedious testing calculation can be avoided, and the GA is effective to solve the overdetermined equation for the improved CSM. By importing the information of part matching points and human experience, the search process can be accelerated and the convergence of the method is ensured. Comparison between the efficiency of traditional CSM and the improved CSM is presented, less simulation charges are used compared with the traditional CSM for the same object. Research limitations/implications – The improved CSM cannot adjust the count of simulation charges in the equivalent model automatically. Practical implications – Calculations of a sphere-plane electrode model and a 64?kV insulator string are carried out to verify the validity of the improved CSM. In addition, it can also be used to compute the power frequency electric field of HV transmission apparatuses. Originality/value – By improving the process of the traditional CSM and importing the GA, an improved CSM for the calculation of power frequency electric fields produced by high-voltage apparatuses is presented in the paper, which can avoid the tedious testing and adjusting work in the traditional CSM.

Study of the deception effect of radar equipped with decoys (COMPEL: The International Journal for Computation and Mathematics in Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Volume 28, Issue 6)

Wei-guang Zhou, Ji-run Luo, Yu-gui Jia, Hua-bin Wang — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide a solution to investigate the deception effects of the radar equipped with decoys. Design/methodology/approach – Since the attacking process of the anti-radiation missile (ARM) is very complicated, numerical simulations are used here to analyze the effects of the operating parameters and the layout parameters of the radar and the decoys on the survival probabilities. Findings – The survival probabilities of all the radar and the decoys can be over 99.5 percent when three decoys distribute near the radar in an appropriate way and the decoy level is set to some appropriate values. Research limitations/implications – The movement model of the ARM is simple and should be improved further. Practical implications – The numerical results may be applied directly in practice and the dynamic simulation algorithms may be as a reference of the radar-decoy technique in the future works. Originality/value – Some coordinate systems are built. Based on it, the models of the radar and decoys against an ARM are introduced, including the fields radiated by the radar and the decoys, the guidance signal and the movement of the ARM. Numerical simulations have been performed here. Some conclusions have been given.

Improving self- and peer assessment processes with technology (Campus-Wide Information Systems, Volume 26, Issue 5)

Keith Willey, Anne Gardner — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – As a way of focusing curriculum development and learning outcomes universities have introduced graduate attributes, which their students should develop during their degree course. Some of these attributes are discipline-specific, others are generic to all professions. The development of these attributes can be promoted by the careful use of self- and peer assessment. The authors have previously reported using the self- and peer assessment software tool SPARK in various contexts to facilitate opportunities to practise, develop, assess and provide feedback on these attributes. This research and that of the other developers identified the need to extend the features of SPARK, to increase its flexibility and capacity to provide feedback. This paper seeks to report the results of the initial trials to investigate the potential of these new features to improve learning outcomes. Design/methodology/approach – The paper reviews some of the key literature with regard to self- and peer assessment, discusses the main aspects of the original online self- and peer assessment tool SPARK and the new version SPARKPLUS, reports and analyses the results of a series of student surveys to investigate whether the new features and applications of the tool have improved the learning outcomes in a large multi-disciplinary Engineering Design subject. Findings – It was found that using self- and peer assessment in conjunction with collaborative peer learning activities increased the benefits to students and improved engagement. Furthermore it was found that the new features available in SPARKPLUS facilitated efficient implementation of additional self- and peer assessment processes (assessment of individual work and benchmarking exercises) and improved learning outcomes. The trials demonstrated that the tool assisted in improving students' engagement with and learning from peer learning exercises, the collection and distribution of feedback and helping them to identify their individual strengths and weaknesses. Practical implications – SPARKPLUS facilitates the efficient management of self- and peer assessment processes even in large classes, allowing assessments to be run multiple times a semester without an excessive burden for the coordinating academic. While SPARKPLUS has enormous potential to provide significant benefits to both students and academics, it is necessary to caution that, although a powerful tool, its successful use requires thoughtful and reflective application combined with good assessment design. Originality/value – It was found that the new features available in SPARKPLUS efficiently facilitated the development of new self- and peer assessment processes (assessment of individual work and benchmarking exercises) and improved learning outcomes.

Developing team skills with self- and peer assessment: Are benefits inversely related to team function? (Campus-Wide Information Systems, Volume 26, Issue 5)

Keith Willey, Anne Gardner — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – Self- and peer assessment has proved effective in promoting the development of teamwork and other professional skills in undergraduate students. However, in previous research approximately 30 percent of students reported that its use produced no perceived improvement in their teamwork experience. It was hypothesised that a significant number of these students were probably members of a team that would have functioned well without self- and peer assessment and hence the process did not improve their teamwork experience. This paper aims to report the testing of this hypothesis. Design/methodology/approach – The paper reviews some of the literature on self- and peer assessment, outlines the online self- and peer assessment tool SPARKPLUS, and analyses the results of a post-subject survey of students in a large multi-disciplinary engineering design subject. Findings – It was found that students who were neutral as to whether self- and peer assessment improved their teamwork experience cannot be assumed to be members of well-functioning teams. Originality/value – To increase the benefits for all students it is recommended that self- and peer assessment focuses on collaborative peer learning, not just assessment of team contributions. Furthermore, it is recommended that feedback sessions be focused on learning not just assessment outcomes and graduate attribute development should be recorded and tracked by linking development to categories required for professional accreditation.

Successful engagement in graduate attribute assessment using software (Campus-Wide Information Systems, Volume 26, Issue 5)

Darrall Thompson — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The benefits of an educational shift to graduate attribute development have been foregrounded in the educational literature since the early 1990s. Attribute mapping in documentation with no change to assessment constitutes a surface approach. This paper aims to use as an example a deep approach that uses software to facilitate staff and student engagement. Design/methodology/approach – In 2002 the author developed online criteria-based assessment software ReView, together with a process involving the constructive alignment of assessment tasks. This was used in an academic development context to assist staff to integrate graduate attribute development through the assessment of student work. The time-saving features of the online software, colour-coded feedback about attribute development and its facilitation of students' self-assessment were significantly successful parts of this approach. Findings – A time-saving strategy using software as a facilitator can encourage change to assessment practices. The inclusion of discipline content as part of attribute-related assessment criteria assisted staff engagement with a developmental approach to attributes. Top-down directives need bottom-up processes and both are assisted by factors such as external accreditation and course reviews. Originality/value – The paper clarifies graduate attribute terminology issues and identifies problems with “top-down directives”. It describes innovative online criteria-based assessment software used to facilitate graduate attribute integration and student self-assessment. Assessment processes that give students a progressive portrait of their attribute development are few and far between. This paper offers data about one successful approach to this issue.

From little things big things grow: scaling-up assessment of experiential learning (Campus-Wide Information Systems, Volume 26, Issue 5)

Diana Quinn, Simon Shurville — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The new economies of the twenty-first century require new approaches to learning and teaching from higher education (HE). Accordingly many universities have gradually scaled-up learner-centred approaches, including flexible delivery and technology-enhanced learning, from the domains of enthusiasts towards the institutional level. This paper seeks to argue that these new economies and styles of learning and teaching bring similar requirements for scaling of assessment practices in HE, in particular, that it is now time for many universities to consider change initiatives to scale-up the assessment of experiential learning to the institutional level. Design/methodology/approach – The need to scale-up assessment of experiential learning in the Australian and international higher HE contexts is discussed and a variety of change initiatives to scale-up assessment of experiential learning at the University of South Australia is described. These initiatives are explored in the wider context of change management in HE. Findings – Assessment of experiential learning is at a tipping point where it needs to transition from the enthusiasts towards the mainstream of academics. Support for this process is a new challenge for academic developers, educational technologists, librarians and other stakeholders, akin to other recent challenges such as mainstreaming flexible learning and technology-enhanced learning. It is argued that for change to succeed learners and academics require local or regional evidence that experiential learning and its assessment are both beneficial and manageable. Originality/value – Taking assessment of experiential learning to the institutional level is a challenge that is reminiscent of the need to scale-up flexible delivery and technology-enhanced learning over the past decade. Information that can help universities to graduate large numbers of knowledge workers with appropriate graduate attributes developed through experiential learning should be beneficial to the graduates, the institutions and society at large.

What can you learn in three minutes?: Critical reflection on an assessment task that embeds technology (Campus-Wide Information Systems, Volume 26, Issue 5)

Natalie Ruth Brown — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to critically examine an assessment task, undertaken by pre-service science teachers, that integrates the use of technology (in this case digital video-recorders and video-editing software) whilst scaffolding skill development. The embedding of technology into the assessment task is purposeful, aiming to address a recognised need for teachers to gain the necessary pedagogical knowledge, technical competence and, importantly, confidence to implement productive technology-based tasks in their classrooms. Design/methodology/approach – A Wisdom of Practice Scholarship approach has been adopted to critically analyse an aspect of teaching and learning in which the author has been engaged. The evaluation draws on student reflections of the task and student evaluations from two successive cohorts. These data have been analysed against the learning outcomes of the unit, broader principles of assessment design and the extent to which modelling a technology-based task was seen by the students to be transferable to their own practice. Findings – Development of technological skills emerged as the most frequently mentioned personal learning by the participating students. Others were the development of collaborative skills, communication skills, literacy, critical literacy and science content. Importantly, students believed that what was learned through the assessment project would be applicable to their future work as teachers. Originality/value – This approach to assessment, providing an opportunity for students to develop and demonstrate generic and subject-specific learning outcomes in an engaging way as well as gaining experience with appropriate technologies, would be applicable beyond the narrow scope of the study.

Assessment of online discussion in work-integrated learning (Campus-Wide Information Systems, Volume 26, Issue 5)

Judith McNamara, Catherine Brown — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine how online discussion can be used in work-integrated learning as a vehicle for students to demonstrate their learning in the workplace and to facilitate collaborative learning where face-to-face classes are not feasible. Design/methodology/approach – The paper evaluates the use of assessable online discussion in facilitating collaborative learning and scaffolding reflection in work placement subjects. It reviews the literature regarding the use of online discussion, particularly for work placement subjects, and evaluates the use of an online discussion forum in a case study subject in the Queensland University of Technology (QUT) undergraduate law course. Findings – The paper suggests that assessable online discussion forums are appropriate to facilitate student collaboration and collaborative learning in work placement subjects. Originality/value – The paper is original in its examination of the assessment of online discussion in a work-integrated learning context.

Automating formative and summative feedback for individualised assignments (Campus-Wide Information Systems, Volume 26, Issue 5)

Ian Robert Hamilton — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to report on the rationale behind the use of a unique paper-based individualised accounting assignment, which automated the provision to students of immediate formative and timely summative feedback. Design/methodology/approach – As students worked towards completing their assignment, the package provided immediate formative feedback with sufficient indicators for the student to identify that they had made an error and provided encouragement for the student to take appropriate corrective action until they were satisfied that their answer was correct. Once the student was satisfied with their work, their submission was automatically marked by the assessment package according to the pre-set marking scheme. Findings – The assignment experience reported here has shown the potential for interactive spreadsheets to be created for a wide range of rule-based accounting problems to provide formative and summative feedback. The package can be (and has been) easily extended beyond financial accounting to many other accounting- and non-accounting-related fields, e.g. tax, audit, economics and statistics. In fact, individualised assignments utilising interactive spreadsheets appear to have broad applicability in any educational context (including mathematics, engineering and science) where a correct numerical answer is required. Originality/value – The unique automated feedback and marking package was developed by the author utilising Microsoft's Excel spreadsheeting tool. The marking package generated a detailed summary providing important feedback to students clearly identifying correct answers and specific problem areas, enabling the student to review these aspects. The package also provided feedback to the teacher identifying the cohort's performance on each item in the assessment.

Using wikis and blogs for assessment in first-year engineering (Campus-Wide Information Systems, Volume 26, Issue 5)

Elizabeth Joy Smith, Julie Evelyn Mills, Baden Myers — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – This paper aims to examine some of the strengths and weaknesses of the use of online tools such as wikis and blogs for assessment purposes, with the aim of proposing future developments and improvements. Design/methodology/approach – The paper utilises a case study approach by examining the outcomes of a new first-year course for all engineering students at the Institution Name that was introduced in 2008. The course, Sustainable Engineering Practice (SEP), gives students an insight into the disciplines of engineering and emphasises the skills required for working in multi-disciplinary teams. It introduces students to the profession of engineering and how it is practised within a sustainable context. Findings – The major assessment task for the course is the Engineers Without Borders (EWB) challenge and, for the first time in the engineering program at the university, wikis and blogs were used as assessment tools to evaluate student progress in meeting the course objectives. Originality/value – The evidence of student reflections in their course blogs, and the discussions of the staff teaching team in course meetings, have been utilised to consider the strengths and weaknesses of the pedagogy adopted. These sources indicated that the use of these tools for assessment was effective, but that some modifications were required to improve outcomes for both staff and students.

A macroeconomic regression analysis of the European construction industry (Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, Volume 16, Issue 6)

Teresa M. Pellicer, Eugenio Pellicer, David Eaton — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyse the international construction sector from a macroeconomic point of view through production functions. The aim is to contribute additional knowledge on the European construction sector, highlighting differences in the industry among European countries Design/methodology/approach – In order to analyse the sector panel, data from 1996-2005 for nine European countries were used. Raw data were obtained from Eurostat (Bach Project). Variables for the production functions were chosen after a correlation analysis. Annual turnover was taken as the dependent variable, whereas total assets and personnel costs were the independent variables. The econometric regression models considered were linear (bivariate and multivariate) and logarithmic (Cobb-Douglas). Findings – In spite of the limitations stated, there are some factors that can explain the results obtained, such as the diverse preponderance of small and medium enterprises and the different roles played by informal economy, migration and subcontracting in each of the countries. Research limitations/implications – Data collected by Eurostat are provided by the enterprises voluntarily. This implies a bias in the representativeness of the data. Thus, the discrepancies and inconsistencies in the results obtained are a direct consequence of the data limitations. Furthermore, the regression models obtained should be tested using future data to predict the behaviour of the construction industry in each one of the countries. Originality/value – The use of production functions in the construction industry is a novel approach that should be further developed to gather more precise information on the behaviour of the sector.

Forecasting final budget and duration of highway construction projects (Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, Volume 16, Issue 6)

Thammasak Rujirayanyong — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to develop models to forecast final budget and duration of a highway construction project during construction stage. Design/methodology/approach – Highway construction project data are collected and analyzed to find out factors affecting project final budget and duration before developing the forecasting models, research for which is based on the principle of Artificial Neural Network (ANN). The forecasting results obtained from the proposed method are compared with those obtained from the current method based on earned value. Findings – Factors affecting final budget and duration are presented. The forecasting results obtained from the proposed method based on ANN application are more accurate and stable than those obtained from the current method based on earned value. Research limitations/implications – Factors affecting final budget and duration may differ if applied in other countries, since the project data were collected in the Kingdom of Thailand. The forecasting models, therefore, must be reconsidered for better outcomes. Practical implications – The study presents a useful tool for the highway construction project manager to predict project final budget and duration. The results can potentially provide early warning of over-budget and schedule delay. Originality/value – The ANN models to forecast final budget and duration of highway construction projects during the construction stage, developed by using project data reflecting continual and seasonal cycle data, can provide better predicting results.

Framework for managing multicultural project teams (Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, Volume 16, Issue 6)

Edward Godfrey Ochieng, Andrew David Price — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present literature that suggests that project teams comprising members from culturally diverse backgrounds bring fresh ideas and new approaches to problem solving. The challenge, however, is that they also introduce different understandings and expectations regarding team dynamics and integration. The question becomes how a project manager can effectively work and influence a multicultural construction project team, at the same time being attentive to the diversity and creating the structure required for success. Design/methodology/approach – Using a qualitative methodology, participants of heavy construction engineering projects revealed a number of multi-dimensional factors that either facilitated or limited the effectiveness of multicultural teamwork. These were synthesised into a framework of eight key dimensions that need to be considered when managing multicultural teams. The identified key dimensions include: leadership style, team selection and composition process, cross-cultural management of team development process, cross-cultural communication, cross-cultural collectivism, cross-cultural trust, cross-cultural management and cross-cultural uncertainty. Findings – The proposed framework has implications for construction managers who work with multicultural teams and are committed to improving team performance and productivity. The utilisation of the proposed framework would not instantly transform multicultural teams into high-performing ones; however, it does identify eight key cross-cultural dimensions, which need to be considered. Originality/value – Though the benefits of culturally diverse teams have been acknowledged within the industry, the study highlighted that cultural differences among project teams can cause conflict, misunderstanding and poor project performance.

Overcoming barriers to partnering through cooperative procurement procedures (Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, Volume 16, Issue 6)

Per Erik Eriksson, Brian Atkin, TorBjörn Nilsson — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to report on research into investigating ways in which construction clients can overcome barriers to partnering through the adoption of purposeful procurement procedures within an overall project management context. Design/methodology/approach – Data were collected through interviews, document analysis, surveys and workshops as part of a longitudinal case study using an action-research approach. Findings – Analysis reveals how the early involvement of partners, selected for their long-term perspective and willingness to use collaborative working arrangements, can help to overcome cultural and organizational barriers. Research limitations/implications – The research results are based on empirical study for which reasonable generalisations could be made, albeit cautiously. Clients' implementation of partnering requires an appropriate use of a broad range of suitable procurement procedures that are quite different from more commonly used procedures. Hence, clients need to reassess their procurement procedures and tailor them to different project situations. Additionally, a long-term perspective is crucial in order to facilitate continual improvement over time. Originality/value – The case study data support the analysis of how utilised procurement procedures affect project results.

Commercial reviews in the tender process of contractors (Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, Volume 16, Issue 6)

Samuel Laryea, Will Hughes — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to show the extent to which clients amend standard form contracts in practice, the locus of the amendments, and how contractors respond to the amendments when putting together a bid. Design/methodology/approach – Four live observational case studies were carried out in two of the top 20 UK construction firms. The whole process used to review the proposed terms and conditions of the contract was shadowed using participant observation, interview and documentary analysis. Findings – All four cases showed strong evidence of amendments relating mostly to payment and contractual aspects: 83 amendments in Case Study 1 (CS1), 80 in CS2, 15 in CS3 and 29 in CS4. This comprised clauses that were modified (37 per cent), substituted (23 per cent), deleted (7 per cent) and new additions (33 per cent). Risks inherent in the amendments were mostly addressed through contractual rather than price mechanisms, to reflect commercial imperatives. “Qualifications” and “clarifications” were included in the tender submissions for post-tender negotiations. Thus, the amendments did not necessarily influence price. There was no evidence of a “standard-form contract“ being used as such, although clients may draw on published “standard-form contracts” to derive the forms of contract actually used in practice. Practical implications – Contractors should pay attention to clauses relating to contractual and financial aspects when reviewing tender documents. Clients should draft equitable payment and contractual terms and conditions to reduce risk of dispute. Indeed, it is prudent for clients not to pass on inestimable risks. Originality/value – A better understanding of the extent and locus of amendments in standard form contracts, and how contractors respond, is provided.

Road testing a health and safety worker engagement tool-kit in the construction industry (Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, Volume 16, Issue 6)

A. Meldrum, B. Hare, Iain Cameron — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – Worker engagement in health and safety (H & S) is a means to reduce risks in construction projects. A measure for worker engagement in H & S is a first step in ensuring improvement and maintenance of worker engagement in the construction industry. The purpose of this paper is to explore the nature of worker engagement in construction by testing a management instrument (WISH) developed to measure it during a construction project. Design/methodology/approach – A stratified sample of workers in a construction project organisation was studied to test the effectiveness of a site-wide engagement programme (IIF) run by the main contractor. The measurement was repeated 13 months after the first phase to check engagement at that stage of the project and to reduce bias in scoring. Findings – Four key factors emerged as the independent variables on which worker engagement depends. These are: knowledge and capability to engage, perceptions, attitudes and behaviours and actual involvement in H & S risk management. The IIF gave a check on the validity (face, construct and content) of the instrument as a measure of worker engagement. Reliability of the measure was tested by peer scoring at the second measurement phase. The Spearman-Brown R showed a high degree of inter-rater reliability in scores, supporting the reliability of the WISH measure. Originality/value – The study provides a valid and reliable measure of worker engagement in H & S management for construction. The use of this instrument within the construction industry should help managements to improve the effectiveness of their worker engagement programmes.

Supply-side effect of non-standard work options on elderly people employment in Japan (Equal Opportunities International, Volume 28, Issue 8)

Janika Bachmann — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – How to get people working longer and retiring later is a new research topic for contemporary social policy. Flexible work options could be one possibility, but are special shorter-working-hours-for-elderly workplaces really important in order to increase employment among the 65+ age group? The purpose of this paper is to argue, in the case of Japan, that increased availability of non-standard work formats would not improve labour force participation among the elderly when it is driven by corporate objectives to reduce labour costs. On the contrary, supply-driven increase in flexible work formats sends a signal of unfavourable labour market conditions and causes the elderly to stay out of labour. Design/methodology/approach – The paper utilizes the Labour Force Survey, a nationally representative data set showing labour force participation and employment formats across all age groups. Findings – It is true that non-standard work formats are being progressively more used among elderly workers. However labour force participation rate has increased only in cases where the increase in flexible work formats was demand driven, meaning only to the point where both standard and non-standard work options were equally available to the whole population. When economic conditions force companies to offer more non-standard work options, increase in supply side takes place. This sends a signal of unfavourable labour market conditions to the elderly population, who are more elastic to labour market changes and by using a pension can easily withdraw from the workforce. Research limitations/implications – This analysis suggests that policy objectives to create flexible-elderly work formats in order to increase the employment rate and reduce costs for the retirement system will not bring expected the results. Practical implications – Although policy objective is to increase the employment rate among the elderly, focusing only on elderly will provide moderate results. Elderly population would come along, but only with the working age population. The first point of reform should be placed on the overall labour market, by diminishing major differences between standard and non-standard work formats. One way could be the act of applying social security and company benefits to non-standard work formats. Or opposite to that, the act of diminishing social security and company benefits to standard work formats. Originality/value – This paper contributes to the literature by broadening understanding of elderly population behaviour in the labour market. With the increasing number of elderly people, retirement systems are looking for methods to postpone full-retirement. Through analysis, the paper seeks to understand if and when flexible employment formats among the elderly are demand or supply driven.

Metal signals and labour market disadvantage: Empirical evidence on visible body piercings and gay men in the UK (Equal Opportunities International, Volume 28, Issue 8)

Samuel Cameron, Alan Collins, Ford Hickson — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the role of visible body piercings (VBP) in explaining the extent of self-reported workplace sexual orientation discrimination. Design/methodology/approach – Using the 2002 wave of the UK Gay Mens’ Sex Survey, OLS and logit equations are estimated to analyse the extent of self-reported denial of job opportunities. Findings – The possession of visible body piercings is shown to increase the level of discriminatory activity. There is evidence that tongue piercings are the major contributory type of body decoration. The overall effect is seemingly ameliorated for those gay men who engage in more extensive concealment effort with regard to their sexual orientation. Research limitations/implications – The sample is to some extent self-selecting, which may affect the results. Further studies using alternative methodologies would be required to explore this issue. Practical implications – This paper sheds light on the importance, or otherwise, of presumed visual clues such as body piercing in triggering discriminatory behaviour towards gay men. Originality/value – This is the first study to examine the self-reported experience of post-entry discrimination by gay men using a major national survey comprising over 15,000 observations.

Conference report: Gender inequalities in the twenty-first century (Equal Opportunities International, Volume 28, Issue 8)

Anke C. Plagnol, Jacqueline Scott — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to review the conference on “Gender inequalities in the 21st century” held 26-27 March 2009 at Queens’ College, Cambridge, UK. Design/methodology/approach – The conference included four plenary talks and 18 papers presented in themed sessions. The report is based on the presentations and papers. Findings – This report summarizes research on gender inequalities in the twenty-first century, including gender differences in individual pathways; the gender division of paid and unpaid labor, including time use and income; and policy responses to gender inequalities. Originality/value – The papers presented at the conference included original qualitative and quantitative research by researchers from several social science disciplines.

Age discrimination, sexual orientation and gender identity: UK/US perspectives (Equal Opportunities International, Volume 28, Issue 8)

Malcolm Sargeant — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to show that lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) elders suffer from particular discrimination when compared to that suffered by elders in general and heterosexual elders in particular, and to argue for specific consideration for those who suffer from discrimination based upon a combination of their age and sexual orientation or gender identity. Design/methodology/approach – The paper is the result of a desk study of US and UK material plus some interviews in the USA with LGBT organisations. Findings – It is found that LGBT elders do suffer from particular discrimination when compared to that suffered by elders in general and heterosexual elders in particular. Research limitations/implications – This research needs to be placed in a wider context of dealing with discrimination on intersectional grounds and is an example of how such an approach is needed. Practical implications – This paper is a contribution to the debate around the newly published Equality Bill in the UK. Originality/value – The paper contains no new empirical data, but existing material is brought together and is subject to analysis.

Organisational approaches to flexible working: Perspectives of equality and diversity managers in the UK (Equal Opportunities International, Volume 28, Issue 8)

Jennifer Tomlinson, Jean Gardiner — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to, first, explore flexible working as an important but under-researched dimension of equality and diversity (E&D) and, second, contribute to employment relations debates by exploring organisational perspectives on flexible working and how these connect with business strategies and the regulatory context. Design/methodology/approach – In depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 E&D managers in ten public and private sector organisations. Interviews explored the role of E&D managers in the construction of flexible working arrangements (FWAs) and drivers underpinning them. Findings – Flexible working was most evident as a significant field of E&D practice where E&D was linked into business strategy and was well resourced. The key roles of E&D managers in relation to FWAs were policy innovation and monitoring. Four organisational rationales for FWAs were identified from the data. These were FWA constructed as: an individual employee benefit; a means of improving operational effectiveness; an integral part of organisational strategy; and as a means of addressing structural social inequalities. Research limitations/implications – While the sample is small, the research is of value to both researchers and policy makers, offering insights on an under-researched area of E&D policy and practice. Practical implications – This paper outlines different rationales for flexible working and shows how some organisation are able to develop flexible working policies that are more equitable and effective than other organisations. Originality/value – The originality lies in the use of E&D managers as informants of organisational approaches to FWAs, which to date has been under-researched in terms of its connection with E&D policy and practice.

International textile and clothing research register (International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology, Volume 21, Issue 6)

George K. Stylios — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Examines the fifthteenth published year of the ITCRR. Runs the whole gamut of textile innovation, research and testing, some of which investigates hitherto untouched aspects. Subjects discussed include cotton fabric processing, asbestos substitutes, textile adjuncts to cardiovascular surgery, wet textile processes, hand evaluation, nanotechnology, thermoplastic composites, robotic ironing, protective clothing (agricultural and industrial), ecological aspects of fibre properties – to name but a few! There would appear to be no limit to the future potential for textile applications.

Modeling patronage behavior: a tri-partite conceptualization (Journal of Consumer Marketing, Volume 26, Issue 7)

Ugur Yavas, Emin Babakus — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – By using mall patronage behavior as its context, this study aims to develop and test a patronage model consisting of three dimensions. Design/methodology/approach – Data for the study are collected through self-administered questionnaires from residents in an MSA in the USA. Usable responses are obtained from 319 residents. Findings – Results suggest that mall patronage behavior can be represented as a global construct with three viable components (utilitarian, hedonic and accessibility). Research limitations/implications – The study is limited to a particular sample. Replications among other samples in the study locale and elsewhere are needed to validate the current findings. Practical implications – The results enable management to look at shoppers' patronage behaviors at three levels. At the individual attribute level (first level of abstraction), management may identify areas that need special attention. At the second level of abstraction (the latent construct), choice attributes can be combined into reliable and valid composite scores across dimensions and can reveal information that is not readily available by the individual attributes. At the third and highest level of abstraction, the one second-order factor with three first-order factors as its reflective indicators provides management with a single metric for comparing a mall with its competitors or other malls owned by the corporation. Originality/value – The model tested here explicitly recognizes accessibility as a distinct patronage dimension and expands the domain of inquiry beyond the initial attribute level to the first-order and the second-order composite levels.

Safeguarding customer information: the role of staff (Journal of Consumer Marketing, Volume 26, Issue 7)

Ana Isabel Canhoto — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – Privacy is a topic of major interest to the marketing community that has fuelled the development of legal and technical mechanisms to protect customers' anonymity and to prevent the misuse of customer data. Nevertheless, data breaches continue to occur. The purpose of this paper is to offer new insight into the causes of such breaches, thus paving the way for novel approaches to privacy protection. Design/methodology/approach – The paper presents a semiotic framework identifying the data, task related and normative factors that influence behaviour. A qualitative study with branch and back office employees in a British financial institution illustrates the explanatory value of the framework. Findings – The results show that the legal tools provide guidance only when they are clear, relevant and enforceable, that technology reduces idiosyncrasy but has limited application and, crucially, that employees' attitudes, group norms, preconceptions and mental processes dramatically condition behaviour. Research limitations/implications – The study integrates the limited marketing literature available on the reasons for privacy breaches, and advances the understanding of the role of employees in safeguarding customer data. It is an exploratory, small-scale study that simultaneously offers new insight and identifies areas where further research is needed. Practical implications – The paper presents practical contributions to marketing managers concerning policy wording, job design and reward schemes. Originality/value – The study delivers a holistic framework to assess how the various privacy related initiatives may interact with each other, and specifically focusing the researcher's attention on what is often the weakest link in privacy protection: staff.

Preserving patient privacy in the quest for health care economies (Journal of Consumer Marketing, Volume 26, Issue 7)

Michael V. Laric, Dennis A. Pitta — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the threats to patient privacy inherent in the movement to reduce health care costs by digitizing health care information. Design/methodology/approach – The paper applies relevant organizational theories to the health care information privacy arena, and predicts different privacy outcomes depending on the model organizations adopt to manage their information processing practices. Findings – Public policy makers who value preservation of patient health care information privacy, can predict the relative safety of information based on the organizational model used by companies which handle that data. Propositions advanced by these theories to explain business processes are reviewed to the extent they help explore the relationships between the users and managers of the digitized health records, and the privacy of the patients' health-records. The paper offers a series of implications for marketers based on the framework. Research limitations/implications – The findings are most applicable to health care systems that do not already sacrifice privacy in the name of economy. Practical implications – The findings can be used to insure the security of health care information. Originality/value – The paper addresses a recent trend motivated by the need to make health care accessible to more people. Rising health care costs have forced lawmakers and marketers to seek more efficient processes to reduce costs. One unintended consequence is that economies sacrifice privacy.

Gender differences in the response to unfair prices: a cross-country analysis (Journal of Consumer Marketing, Volume 26, Issue 7)

Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The research questions are whether there is a difference in how men and women respond to unfair prices and, if so, whether this gender difference extends across national cultures. Is the difference due to nature or to nurture? This paper aims to answer these questions. Design/methodology/approach – The study uses scenarios to conduct a survey-based analysis of the effects of gender and country on responses to personally and socially unfair prices. Findings – The results indicate that the response to price unfairness is due more to nurture than to nature. Although American females tend to be more sensitive than men to price unfairness, there is little or no difference between men and women in Germany and South Korea: both sexes there react negatively to an unfair price, particularly when the seller has acted unjustly. Practical implications – In the USA, the gender difference in response to unfair prices suggests that different pricing tactics should be used for men than for women. However, since males in South Korea and Germany are just as sensitive as females to unfair prices, pricing tactics acceptable to American men may not work in other countries. Originality/value – This paper takes a look at the manner in which a price increase for a frequently purchased but essential product is viewed as unfair. The paper examines the issue in three contrasting countries – Germany, South Korea and the USA – to determine if any observed differences are universal or culture-specific.

Consumer privacy issues in mobile commerce: a comparative study of British, French and Romanian consumers (Journal of Consumer Marketing, Volume 26, Issue 7)

Calin Gurau, Ashok Ranchhod — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – This paper aims on one hand to provide a comparison of mobile consumers' perceptions regarding privacy issues in three different national and cultural contexts (England, France and Romania), and on the other hand, to investigate the strategic approach taken by respondents for protecting their privacy. Design/methodology/approach – Both secondary and primary data are collected and analysed. Secondary data collection focuses on the topic of consumer privacy issues in mobile commerce. Primary data collection was realised between March-June 2008, when 300 mobile device users answered to a face-to-face questionnaire, in each of the three investigated countries. Findings – Both the country of origin and the personal profile of users, are influencing their perception regarding privacy threats in the mobile commerce environment, as well as the privacy protection strategy they adopt. Research limitations/implications – This study has an exploratory approach, the results being mostly descriptive. The findings can provide a useful insight for marketers, legislators and consumers regarding the privacy related concerns and behaviours in the mobile commerce environment. Originality/value – This study realises a multi-country comparative analysis regarding the perceptions of mobile device users, and investigates the influence of their profile on the personal privacy protection strategy adopted in the mobile commerce environment.

Examining customer privacy concerns in dealings with financial institutions (Journal of Consumer Marketing, Volume 26, Issue 7)

Yelena Tsarenko, Dewi Rooslani Tojib — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – This paper aims to develop a customer typology based on consumer attitude towards information privacy and examine the driving factors of privacy concern. Design/methodology/approach – A sample of 456 Australian consumers who have applied for a credit card or mortgage is used in this study. Consumer concern with privacy statements, the privacy legislation at the federal level, trust and the willingness to disclose personal information for some form of compensation are used as drivers of consumer privacy in regression analysis. These variables are used in cluster analysis in order to segment financial consumers. Findings – The results indicate that that the level of privacy concern is primarily driven by trust that far outweighs any concerns with privacy statements and the provision of nationally legislated safeguards. Furthermore, a cluster analysis reveals three distinctive customer segments in the domain of financial services: the pragmatist, indifferent, and competent. Originality/value – This study is undertaken to advance our knowledge on consumer privacy concerns in the context of financial services and to segment financial services customers in relation to the disclosure of personal information. The study contributes to the literature and enhances our understanding not only on drivers of consumer privacy but also on specific areas of privacy concern among various customer segments.

Up for sale: consumer medical information (Journal of Consumer Marketing, Volume 26, Issue 7)

Marian Levy, Marla B. Royne — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – This paper aims to examine privacy breaches in personal health record information that expose consumers to unsolicited marketing. Design/methodology/approach – Examples of: data theft by healthcare workers; sale of consumer health data by entities not covered by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA); and piracy of health data through sophisticated internet targeted marketing. Findings – This paper finds that HIPAA's strict safeguards to medical privacy are not extended to database companies that aggregate data for electronic medical records, a source of highly profitable information that is purchased by advertisers. Similar health information is obtained by marketers through consumer “health surveys” completed on web-based health information sites or at community health screenings. Practical implications – Consumer education is warranted to ensure awareness of privacy breaches and vigilance against loss of personal and protected health information to marketers. Originality/value – The paper highlights the areas for protecting consumers via identifying loopholes in HIPAA, as well as pointing out consumer behavior that can lead to subtle, yet systematic exploitation of their health information for profit via marketing.

Behavioral dimensions of public relations leadership in organizations (Journal of Communication Management, Volume 13, Issue 4)

Jounghwa Choi, Yoonhyeung Choi — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The evolution of public relations into a management function has brought the importance of leadership to the forefront of professional discussion. This study aims to identify and develop a measure of behavioral dimensions critical to effective public relations for organization-wide public relations leadership. Design/methodology/approach – Using a national survey of Public Relations Society of America (PRSA) members (n=159), a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted on the seven theoretically-driven leadership behaviors: upward influence, coordinating, internal monitoring, networking, representing, providing vision, and acting as a change agent. Findings – The results suggest that the measurement model had a good internal and global fit. CFA results supported the seven-factor model over the one-factor model, suggesting that public relations leadership is multi-dimensional. Among the behaviors, “providing vision” and “acting as a change agent” were those most strongly associated with the value of public relations in an organization. Originality/value – The study shows that understanding public relations leadership from an organization-wide perspective opens up a whole new avenue for future research to strengthen public relations as a management function. The present study also provides public relations managers with valuable insight concerning the leadership behaviors they can exercise to contribute to the value of public relations in their organizations.

Integrating emotion with identity in European Union strategy (Journal of Communication Management, Volume 13, Issue 4)

Simon Moore — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to propose a more extensive and overt use of emotion in building popular support for the EU. Design/methodology/approach – The approach takes the form of identifying and analyzing historical and modern evidence for the uses of emotion by organizations and states attempting to build or protect their identities, and proposing a new EU communication strategy that builds on existing and previous experience. Findings – Emotion was extensively used by early states; its value is being relearned by corporations and national governments. However, the EU has not been making effective use of emotion. Practical implications – The EU must manage its communication needs in a new way. Originality/value – The EU has neglected a critical area of communication effectiveness, and should address this problem by applying historical precedent to the activities of modern non-government organizations.

Living the sweet (d)Life: public relations, IMC, and diabetes (Journal of Communication Management, Volume 13, Issue 4)

Ashli Quesinberry Stokes — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – This paper aims to analyze dLife, an integrated media network dedicated to empowering Americans living with diabetes. It shows how dLife's use of integrated marketing communications (IMC), particularly the public relations component, represents an emerging direction in health product and services marketing. Although some have been skeptical about IMC and specifically the public relations role within it, the paper aims to argue that public relations, through sponsorships, helps organizations interested in IMC to create new types of relationships with marketers and patients. Design/methodology/approach – To demonstrate public relations' importance in IMC, dLife's relationship with the changing health marketing landscape is contextualized. Constitutive and empowerment theory is employed to frame a rhetorical analysis of dLife's efforts to target marketers and patients. The rhetorical analysis demonstrates how dLife's rhetorical choices help to shape marketer strategy, patient identity and discursive behavior. Findings – The paper finds that dLife's use of public relations as part of its IMC approach helps to create more engaging disease education yet increases commercial content in patients' lives. It further theorizes the role of public relations within the IMC framework, an area that has been neglected in scholarship. Research limitations/implications – This is a rhetorical study that should be complemented by empirical methods in order to comprehensively explore the IMC/health information issue. Practical implications – The paper demonstrates to practitioners how public relations sponsorships used in IMC build trust and boost education and awareness among target audiences. The paper also cautions that public relations practitioners' use of IMC may privilege corporate interests over patient concerns. Originality/value – This is the first research study of a corporation's use of public relations sponsorships as part of an overall IMC strategy.

Communication quality and added value: a measurement instrument for municipalities (Journal of Communication Management, Volume 13, Issue 4)

Marita Vos — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – This study aims to achieve a better understanding of communication quality and how it can be measured in the municipal context. A previously developed instrument for measuring communication in municipalities is tested and evaluated. Design/methodology/approach – The instrument draws on the balanced scorecard of Kaplan and Norton and quality control procedures as utilised by the European Foundation of Quality Measurement (EFQM). For municipalities, communication quality can be defined as the degree to which communication contributes towards the effectiveness of municipal policy and how it strengthens the relationship between citizens and municipal organisations. Three communication functions are given, and for each function seven quality criteria, for example responsiveness, are defined. The latter serve as an umbrella for several indicators that are assessed on a Likert scale. The results for four municipalities in The Netherlands are presented and compared, and the instrument is evaluated. Findings – The corporate communication scores were relatively high, while the policy communication scores were low. Of the quality criteria, accessibility and publicity scored high and responsiveness low. The instrument has mainly been developed on the basis of auditor and self-assessment, as municipalities have, as yet, few facts and figures with which to support the assessment. The measurement instrument needs to be integrated in the organisation's planning cycle, as reflection on the results can help in implementing improvements in quality. The measurement process stimulates dialogue on communication quality and the priorities to be set for communication policy. Research limitations/implications – The study is based on four cases. The instrument needs to be tested across a range of governmental-level organisations. Practical implications – Municipalities can use this instrument to improve the added value of communication. Originality/value – A detailed description of the results of applying an instrument, such as this, developed for assessing communication quality, has not until now been published.

Personal relationship strategies and outcomes in a membership organization (Journal of Communication Management, Volume 13, Issue 4)

Tiffany Derville Gallicano — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – This study seeks to investigate strategies for building personal relationships with an organization's members, and to examine the outcomes of personal relationships in an advocacy organization. Design/methodology/approach – The case study includes interviews with 39 staff people at national, state, and affiliate levels of the organization; 58 members; and five former members, for a total of 102 participants. Document analysis and participant observation were supplemental methods. Findings – The following strategies for cultivating personal relationships were identified: direct engagement, task sharing, constitutive rhetoric, peer linking, hat-in-your-hand, investment in local relationships, and targeting of aware affiliates for diversity efforts. To contribute to the discussion about the value of personal relationships in organizations, the study also investigated the outcomes of personal relationships. The outcomes found in the study include affective commitment, political leverage, social capital, member recruitment, and member retention. Research limitations/implications – Although many of the cultivation strategies and outcomes are likely to apply to various contexts, some of them may be specific to the context of an advocacy organization that has a grass-roots culture and layers of leadership, such as local, state, and national offices. Practical implications – Organizations can read the study to identify potential strategies they can use to cultivate strong personal relationships with their stakeholders. Originality/value – The study produces new cultivation strategies and outcomes for personal relationships and engages in a critical discussion of the existing literature.

Systemic risk, coordination failures, and preparedness externalities: Applications to tax and accounting policy (Journal of Financial Economic Policy, Volume 1, Issue 2)

David Hirshleifer, Siew Hong Teoh — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – Sometimes resources are badly employed because of coordination failures. Actions by decision makers that affect the likelihood of such failures are sometimes said to cause “systemic risk.” This paper seeks to consider the externality in the choice of ex ante risk management policies by individuals and firms, concerned with private risk, not with their contribution to systemic risk. Design/methodology/approach – The implications for debates over fair value accounting are considered. Findings – One consequence is that individuals and firms become overleveraged from a social viewpoint. The recent credit crisis exemplifies the importance of this problem. The US tax system taxes equity more heavily than debt, and therefore exacerbates the bias toward overleveraging. A possible solution is to reduce or eliminate taxation of corporate income and capital gains. Preparedness externalities can also cause firms to become too transparent, and thereby subject to financial runs. Originality/value – The paper offers insights into systemic risk, coordination failures, and preparedness externalities, focusing on tax and accounting policy.

Exchange rate assessments for Australia and New Zealand (Journal of Financial Economic Policy, Volume 1, Issue 2)

Hali Edison, Francis Vitek — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to assess the level of the real effective exchange rate in Australia and New Zealand. Design/methodology/approach – The paper describes three empirical models commonly used to conduct exchange rate assessments and applies them to data for Australia and New Zealand. Findings – The baseline results using data and medium-term projections, available as of October 2008, suggest that the Australian and New Zealand dollar were broadly in line with fundamentals, but with a wide variation across models. A battery of sensitivity tests illustrates that altering the underlying assumptions can yield substantially different assessments. The results are particularly sensitive to the choice of assessment horizon, the set of economies included in the sample, medium-term forecasts, and the exchange rate reference period. Originality/value – The paper provides an assessment of the exchange rates in Australia and New Zealand.

Short sales around M&A announcements (Journal of Financial Economic Policy, Volume 1, Issue 2)

Liuqing Mai, Robert van Ness, Bonnie van Ness — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine changes in short-sale transactions of target firms and acquiring firms around merger and acquisition (M&A) announcements using daily short-sale transaction data from the New York stock exchange and NASDAQ. The paper further aims to investigate the link between short-sale transactions and trading costs. Design/methodology/approach – Two abnormal short-sale measures are developed. Two regression models based on the two short-sale measures are constructed and ordinary least squares is used to estimate the regressions. Two samples to test bid-ask spreads (BAS) before and after M&A announcements t-test are used. Findings – The paper finds that target firms experience significant excess short sales (ES) from day-1 to day+7; while acquiring firms experience significant ES from day 0 to day+20. For acquiring firms, the five-day pre-announcement abnormal short sale is negatively related to the announcement day return and is positively related to post-announcement return. Such a relationship for target firms is not observed. For target firms, it is found that changes in short activity are not significantly related to changes in trading cost. For acquiring firms, short activity changes are positively related to quoted spreads and percentage quoted spreads. The short-sale activity changes are negatively related to effective spreads. Research limitations/implications – The paper is a first step to understanding whether short sales affect market liquidity around M&A announcements; therefore restriction is necessary. Additional research can be done which should extend the current study to include the options market. Practical implications – From the results, the paper cannot conclude that short sellers are informed traders around M&A announcements. Therefore restrictions on short sales around M&A announcements may not be warranted. Originality/value – The paper fills an important blank in the existing literature by examining short-sale transactions around M&A announcements. Such an investigation is of particular interest to market regulators as they try to update the short-sale rules.

A theory of linkage between monetary policy and banking failure in developing countries (Journal of Financial Economic Policy, Volume 1, Issue 2)

Raulin L. Cadet — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present a model that studies the impact of a tightening monetary policy on banking failure in a developing country. Design/methodology/approach – The interest rate on treasury bills is included in the model to measure monetary policy. Since the model considers developing countries with low-income level, the paper assumes that a secondary market does not exist. Findings – The model shows that, despite treasury bills constituting an alternative source of profit for banks in developing countries, a tightening monetary policy increases the probability of banking failure. In addition, the model shows that efficiency level explains the asymmetric effect of monetary policy on the profit of the banks. Practical implications – The policy implication of the results of the paper is that the central bank should take into account the adverse effect of a tightening monetary policy on banking failure, when planning policy decisions. Originality/value – The paper offers insights into the linkage between monetary policy and banking failure in developing countries.

Why supervisors make idiosyncratic deals: antecedents and outcomes of i-deals from a managerial perspective (Journal of Managerial Psychology, Volume 24, Issue 8)

Severin Hornung, Denise M. Rousseau, Jürgen Glaser — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – Idiosyncratic deals are personalized employment conditions individual workers have negotiated. This study aims to investigate influences on supervisors' authorization of i-deals and their evaluation of these arrangements. Design/methodology/approach – Structural modeling was used to analyze survey data from n=263 supervisors managing telecommuting employees in the German public administration. Findings – Supervisors differentiated among i-deals regarding development, flexibility, and workload reduction. Their authorization of developmental i-deals was influenced by employee initiative. Supervisors viewed these i-deals to have positive implications for employee motivation and performance. Flexibility i-deals were influenced by structural conditions such as the type of work the employee performed. Supervisors viewed these i-deals to enhance work-life benefits. Supervisors tended to grant workload reduction i-deals in the context of unfulfilled organizational obligations towards employees. Research limitations/implications – Relying on single-source cross-sectional data, our results provide a managerial perspective on i-deals. Conclusions regarding implications for employees are tentative. Recommendations for future study designs are discussed. Practical implications – Managers need to better recognize that i-deals take different forms, and these forms are associated with different outcomes. I-deals provide a way to experiment with innovative human resource practices. Originality/value – This is the first study to examine i-deals from a supervisor perspective. It is the first to identify differential circumstances and consequences managers associate with authorizing three distinct forms of i-deals.

Personality, motivation and job satisfaction: Hertzberg meets the Big Five (Journal of Managerial Psychology, Volume 24, Issue 8)

Adrian Furnham, Andreas Eracleous, Tomas Chamorro-Premuzic — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The current study aims to investigate the extent to which personality and demographic variables contribute to motivation and job satisfaction as defined by the two-factor theory. Design/methodology/approach – A total of 202 fulltime workers completed three questionnaires measuring their personality, work motivation and satisfaction. Findings – Results demonstrate that between 9 and 15 per cent of the variance in motivation is accounted for by demographic variables and the Big Five personality traits. In line with previous findings (Judge et al.), conscientiousness and job status were both significant predictors of job satisfaction, and between 11 and 13 per cent of the variance was accounted for by personality and other demographic variables. Research limitations/implications – This study was restricted to self-report measure. It never took into consideration other potential confounds like a person's job history, level and responsibilities. It also showed personality factors accounted for very little evidence of the variance. Practical implications – Implications are discussed in terms of attempts to improve employee attitudes without considering the effects of individual differences. An acknowledgement that individual differences can affect the success of an intervention, may contribute to the design of effective work reorganisation schemes that are better suited to the employees they seek to benefit. Originality/value – The value of this paper was that it looked at how personality and demographic factors may influence a person's work satisfaction.

Different views of trust and relational leadership: supervisor and subordinate perspectives (Journal of Managerial Psychology, Volume 24, Issue 8)

James D. Werbel, Paulo Lopes Henriques — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of the study is to investigate how the conditions of trust differ between supervisors and subordinates. By understanding these differences, it may be possible to improve the quality of a leader-member exchange (LMX). Design/methodology/approach – This is a quantitative study using supervisor and subordinate dyads from Portugal. Findings – Supervisors reported that receptivity, availability, and discreteness were perceived to be more important in building a quality vertical dyad linkage as represented by LMX. Subordinates reported that availability, competence, discreteness, integrity, and openness were more important for building a quality vertical dyad linkage as represented by LMX. Research limitations/implications – Status differences between supervisors and subordinates appear to influence conditions of trust. Supervisors are more concerned about conditions of trust that deal with supervisory delegation. Subordinates are more concerned about the conditions of trust based on interactional justice. Originality/value – This research implies that trust is different between supervisors and subordinates. The research is important in building supervisor and subordinate relationships as both need to act in manners that engenders trust from the other side. The difference in conditions of trust may create conflicting expectations about how to effectively build trust.

Emotional labor: links to work attitudes and emotional exhaustion (Journal of Managerial Psychology, Volume 24, Issue 8)

Brenda L. Seery, Elizabeth A. Corrigall — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this study is to explore the links from self-focused emotional labor (surface acting) and other-focused emotional labor (emotional enhancement) to job satisfaction, affective commitment, emotional exhaustion, and intentions to quit. Design/methodology/approach – The study employed a cross-sectional survey of 363 nurses' aides and childcare workers. Findings – Surface acting, a type of self-focused emotional labor, was related to negative work outcomes (lower job satisfaction and affective commitment as well as higher turnover intentions and emotional exhaustion). Emotional enhancement, a form of other-focused emotional labor, was related to positive outcomes (lower turnover intentions and emotional exhaustion) when performed for clients' family members, but not for clients. Research limitations/implications – The cross sectional design of this study limits the ability to map the temporal ordering of these relationships, and thus to determine if emotional enhancement is a job resource or response to positive work experiences. In addition, two helping occupations – nurses' aides and child care workers – were sampled, and thus, the findings may not generalize to other types of occupations. Originality/value – This study adds to the research about job-related emotional labor because other-focused emotional labor largely has been neglected in previous research. In addition, it is the first to differentiate workers' emotional labor with different groups of clients (patients/children; family members).

Individual values and the work/family interface: An examination of high tech employees in Israel (Journal of Managerial Psychology, Volume 24, Issue 8)

Aaron Cohen — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The question of how to strike a balance between work and life is attracting increasing attention from both scholars and practitioners. This paper aims to examine the relationship between individual level values, using Schwartz's basic human values theory, and the work-family conflict (WFC), the family-work conflict (FWC), and coping strategies. Design/methodology/approach – A total of 122 employees from two Israeli high tech companies participated in this survey. The portrait values questionnaire (PVQ) was used to measure ten basic values. The PVQ includes short verbal portraits of 40 different people, gender matched with the respondent. Work-family conflict and family-work conflict were measured by the scales developed by Netemeyer et al. Personal coping was measured using the 16 items of Kirchmeyer's scale of coping strategies. Regression and correlation analysis were used to test the research hypotheses. Findings – The findings showed a strong relationship between power and the three independent variables. Schwartz's ten values explained a relatively large percentage of the variation in the work-family conflict and the use of coping strategies. Originality/value – While there has been a growing trend to examine individual level values in order to better understand the attitudes and behaviors of employees in the workplace, very few studies have examined whether and how individual values are related to the interface between work and family. This paper responded to the call for such research. The findings are discussed in terms of their implications for the continuation of research on individual values in their relationship to the work-family interface.

Effects of helper sex, recipient attractiveness, and recipient femininity on helping behavior in organizations (Journal of Managerial Psychology, Volume 24, Issue 8)

Deborah A. Danzis, Eugene F. Stone-Romero — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – This paper aims to investigate the effects of sex, attractiveness, and sex role of helping behavior in a simulated work situation. Design/methodology/approach – A 2?×?2×2 randomized experimental design was used, in which 81 participants worked on cooperative task building models. Male or female participants were asked for help from a female confederate who was either high or low in attractiveness and high or low in femininity. Findings – A three-way interaction indicated that male participants provided equal levels of help across femininity and attractiveness conditions, but female participants provided more help to low attractive-high feminine confederates than to high attractive-high feminine confederates. Research limitations/implications – The external validity of the study may be limited, due to sample and experimental setting. Care should also be used in generalizing to situations in which the participants have longer-term relationships. Practical implications – Differences in helping related to sex, sex role orientation, and attractiveness do occur, and may be related to social roles and expectations. This may help predict patterns of helping in work settings. Originality/value – The study demonstrated that sex role orientation can be experimentally manipulated, and that this does combine with other variables to influence helping behaviors. It also indicated that attractiveness effects are not as consistent as may be expected.

Social and economic exchange in the employee-organization relationship: the moderating role of reciprocation wariness (Journal of Managerial Psychology, Volume 24, Issue 8)

Lynn M. Shore, William H. Bommer, Alaka N. Rao, Jai Seo — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – This paper examines the relationships that social and economic exchanges, two elements of the employee-organization relationship (EOR), had with affective commitment, turnover intentions, employer trust, and altruism. The paper also aims to determine whether reciprocation wariness, reflecting fear of exploitation in reciprocation, moderated relationships that exchange elements had with outcomes. Design/methodology/approach – A total of 453 employees of a large Korean electronics organization completed a survey on their work attitudes, behaviors, and demographic characteristics. Findings – Results showed that reciprocation wariness moderated relations that social exchange had with commitment, turnover intentions, and trust, and that economic exchange had with turnover intentions. Research limitations/implications – The significance of examining social and economic exchange and of developing conceptualizations of the EOR that incorporate individual differences is discussed. Practical implications – Organizational leaders need to consider how individuals may differ in responses to exchange elements of the EOR. Common assumptions about the EOR that social exchange is universally beneficial and that the necessity of economic exchange is accepted by all employees may not be accurate. Originality/value – New theorizing and testing of the role of reciprocation wariness in the EOR contributes to an emerging literature on social and economic exchanges and how individuals may respond to these elements of the EOR.

Well-being and the democracy of compulsory purchase (Journal of Place Management and Development, Volume 2, Issue 3)

Jonathan Riley — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to consider the powers under which compulsory purchase orders (CPOs) are made, including the “well-being powers” of local authorities, the procedural and policy requirements which must be met for a CPO to be confirmed and how all of those fare in terms of meeting democratic and human rights. Design/methodology/approach – The paper outlines the key CPO policy tests and process formalities and discusses what the acquiring authority needs to show to be successful, where the balance of power lies and how aspects of the process may be fair or unfair for landowners, particularly those without significant fighting funds. The research moves on to look at the wider issues of how democracy and human rights are represented and held up in the CPO process, concluding that while there are rights to property and a home, the qualifications to these mean that the public interest can often quite easily override these “basic” rights. Findings – After briefly looking at the related issue of the “privatisation” of city centre road networks, such as in Liverpool, the paper finishes by comparing CPOs under the new nationally significant infrastructure projects regime, suggesting the concept of a new “national well-being” test in which the national interest in the scheme will be weighed against local impacts. The paper concludes that the lack of clarity around procedure for that regime raises the risk for all involved of delay and further uncertainty from legal challenges. Originality/value – The paper contains an analysis of the place of democracy in the compulsory purchase of land for well-being purposes, including a consideration of the balance between national well being and democracy in the Planning Act 2008.

Building innovative models of territorial governance (Journal of Place Management and Development, Volume 2, Issue 3)

G. Argiolas, S. Cabras, C. Dessì, M. Floris — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine public-private partnerships with a particular focus on the impact that such partnerships have on territorial governance. These organizations are spread all over the world with the goal of promoting community participation and sustainable development, and engaging citizens and organizations in the decision making of local governance. This situation underlines important changes in governance and territorial governance models. Design/methodology/approach – A mix of qualitative and quantitative approaches are used. Analysing the existing literature, the paper focuses on specific type of public-private partnership: the Local Action Group (LAG). Specifically, this study focuses on 63 Italian LAGs, in order to highlight their role in the challenges that local governance has to face. Findings – Findings suggest that public-private partnerships can represent a new model of governance – the Partnership Governance – with features that differentiate this form from other models. Originality/value – Through a relatively novel statistical technique, combined with interviews, document analysis and direct observations, on the one hand the public-private partnership phenomenon is observed, and on the other hand, a new mode of governance that is affecting the worldwide scenario in a current era and that is introducing ethical principles in governance systems is conceived.

Before they were famous: music-based tourism and a musician's hometown roots (Journal of Place Management and Development, Volume 2, Issue 3)

David Leaver, Ruth A. Schmidt — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the nature of music-based tourism in the context of the childhood locations of music icons from the 1950s and 1960s. The Beatles, Bob Dylan, Buddy Holly and Elvis Presley are selected and fieldwork is carried out in Hibbing, Liverpool, Lubbock, Memphis and Tupelo. Design/methodology/approach – A normative approach is chosen using existing work on music-based tourism as a backdrop. Key informant interviews are the main sources of primary data with a snowball technique used to gain access. Content and theme analysis is used. Findings – Music-based tourism is emotion driven with ideas of pilgrimage, nostalgia and heritage centring on sites of production of music; birth and death of individual artists; and places which shaped their early history. The demographic base of this market segment is widening to include both “baby-boomers” and younger visitors for whom these music icons have become part of pop culture. It is important to recognise the sensitivities of these visitors and authenticity is a key factor. Originality/value – This study is of interest to managers involved in promoting tourism and the marketing of place. It provides detail from major cities such as Liverpool to small towns such as Hibbing, Minnesota with a population of 18,000.

Linking the quality of public spaces to quality of life (Journal of Place Management and Development, Volume 2, Issue 3)

Helen Beck — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present how high quality public spaces contribute positively to people's quality of life. However, sources of credible evidence in support of this statement are surprisingly scarce. One impact is that it can be frustratingly difficult to quantify links between investment in the public realm and improvements to people's quality of life. Design/methodology/approach – CABE Space, the government's national advisor on well-designed, planned and maintained urban public spaces, fund a scoping study which seeks to determine and understand useful correlative relationships between existing data on quality of life and existing data on the quality of public space. The researchers analyse a total of 34 national datasets to ascertain what they can tell us about how the quality of public spaces affects people's quality of life. Findings – Numerous small scale research studies have examined the benefits of high quality public spaces in terms of their economic, social and environmental value. However, a national evidence base to inform policy agendas relating to well-being and liveability is lacking. Research limitations/implications – Better understanding is needed to maximise the benefits of provision for individuals and the areas that they live in, especially because the poorest areas suffer from the poorest quality of environments. Originality/value – Linking the quality of public spaces and the quality of life is a complex and multifaceted area that suffers from a meagre evidence base. This research aims to further this area of research and is original in its national scale of analysis.

Non-place marketing: transport hubs as gateways, flagships and symbols? (Journal of Place Management and Development, Volume 2, Issue 3)

Gary Warnaby — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper it to investigate possible uses of what Augé terms “non-places”, with particular reference to transport infrastructure, in place marketing messages and activities. Design/methodology/approach – Following a review of the relevant academic literature in the areas of place marketing and transport architecture, the paper considers the possible role of transport infrastructure in place marketing. Findings – The paper identifies a more overtly emblematic role for transport architecture – particularly airports and railway stations – in terms of their possible roles as gateways, flagships and symbols, and their consequent use in place marketing activities. Research limitations/implications – This is an exploratory investigation comprising a review of the existing literature. Some possible avenues for further research in this area emerge. Practical implications – The paper provides place marketers with an alternative perspective on the possible role of transport infrastructure in place marketing activity. Originality/value – The paper's value is in its alternative perspective on the role of transport infrastructure, regarding infrastructure as a more overtly symbolic attribute of place, as opposed to its more usual portrayal as little more than a hygiene factor in place marketing messages.

Usability study of a federated search product at Punjab University (Library Hi Tech News, Volume 26, Issue 9)

Nosheen Fatima Warraich, Kanwal Ameen, Muzammil Tahira — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the usability of the Electronic Library Information Navigator (ELIN), the federated search product used by the University of the Punjab (PU) and other Higher Education Commission-recognized institutions in Pakistan for the effective use of expensive electronic resources. Design/methodology/approach – Two usability tests were conducted. Findings – Overall, participants performed the required tasks and found ELIN to be a useful tool for searching. They did, however, have some technical limitations and faced difficulties with the choice of search options and were frustrated by the display of results. Full text availability and relevancy of subject results were mentioned as major problems. The majority of users did not complete the questions requesting suggestions for improvement of the web site. Originality/value – This study provides a baseline for further user studies in higher education institutions. It is recommended that including audio might enhance search capabilities.

Introducing RefAware: a unique current awareness product (Library Hi Tech News, Volume 26, Issue 9)

Susan McKee, Laura Koltutsky, Marcus Vaska — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to review RefAware, a new current awareness product introduced to the University of Calgary in September 2008. Coinciding with the product's launch, a team of three librarians was established to develop expertise with RefAware and promote it within the library and across campus. Design/methodology/approach – A brief overview of current awareness tools leads into a discussion of key features available in RefAware, supplemented by a detailed section guiding the user through the product. In addition to highlighting key promotional undertakings, comparisons are drawn between RefAware and Ingenta, one of the earliest current awareness services used by the University of Calgary Library. Findings – Benefits of using this current awareness tool include access to current and reliable information, ability to search within multiple disciplines on a predetermined topic, the convenience of receiving alerts when new information becomes available, and direct export to RefWorks. Limitations include inability to combine search profiles into one search string, cumbersome source list creation tools, inconsistent functionality when exporting citations, and lack of clarity with regards to classification of source names. Practical implications – While its capability to simultaneously search through many new electronic publications makes it a multi-disciplinary electronic journal, RefAware should be viewed as a complement to other research tools, not as a replacement. Originality/value – An objective review of this new current awareness product for librarians is provided.

Cloud computing and collaboration (Library Hi Tech News, Volume 26, Issue 9)

Mark-Shane E. Scale — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The trends in library systems today is to utilize Web resources and services that the library does not own to provide services and useful innovations for library users. This paper aims to explore the two concepts behind this new trend. Explored will be the concept of cloud computing and Web collaboration, the ideas that are revolutionizing library automation in the 21st century. Design/methodology/approach – The paper focuses on the two ideas driving library automation innovations, Web collaboration enabled by cloud computing. Findings – Cloud computing facilitates external collaboration, which in turn causes libraries to provide innovative Web services for users. Originality/value – The paper showcases how library managers can provide new useful library services for users using Web software that are not necessarily owned by the library. The author also advocates a new approach to the online public access catologue (OPAC) utilizing the new library automation trends.

A decomposition and hierarchical approach for business performance measurement and management (Measuring Business Excellence, Volume 13, Issue 4)

Paolo Taticchi, Flavio Tonelli, Luca Cagnazzo — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – Performance measurement and management (PMM) is a key practice to drive modern businesses. The literature available in this field highlights a certain maturity regarding performance measurement systems, while few frameworks have been proposed for PMM, which is today's target. Hence this paper aims to focus on the development of a new framework for providing direction and guidance to an organization in measuring and managing its performance. Design/methodology/approach – The proposed framework is developed based on the strengths of the axiomatic design (AD) and the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) techniques. Findings – The framework proposed, namely “Business System Design Decomposition” (BSDD), offers a holistic approach to PMM, identifies cause-effect relationships in business processes, measures performance versus stakeholders, and offers interlinking between performance indicators. The result is a deep understanding of the business environment and a real step forward for PMM. Research limitations/implications – The proposed framework for PMM needs to be validated through an empirical approach or by a clinical approach utilizing a case study. Practical implications – The paper offers to academics, managers and practitioners a framework to understand, measure and manage business performance. Moreover, the application of the framework represents a learning process for the people involved in the project. Originality/value – Little research is available regarding holistic performance measurement and management systems and the understanding of quantitative relations between performance indicators. By combining two existing methodologies, the framework proposed adds value to the existing body of knowledge and offers good insights for addressing future research.

Case study: A fresh approach of the Balanced Scorecard in the Heathrow Terminal 5 project (Measuring Business Excellence, Volume 13, Issue 4)

Ron Basu, Chris Little, Chris Millard — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present a case study of the Heathrow Terminal 5 project and to illustrate a customised application of the Balanced Scorecard in a major infrastructure project with multiple stakeholders. Design/methodology/approach – The research methodology applied in this work was based on the case study methodology. The focus was on “how” questions and exploratory analysis of primary and secondary data supported in-depth interviews with members from both the project team and suppliers. Findings – The application of the concept of the Balanced Scorecard by Kaplan and Norton in project management is less frequent in comparison with operations management. The study has established a proven application of the Balanced Scorecard in managing quality in a major infrastructure project. Practical implications – For practitioners of major projects the paper gives implications for implementing the theoretical and customising requirements of the Balanced Scorecard involving key stakeholders. Originality/value – The paper illustrates that metrics can be customised for major projects within the framework of the Kaplan and Norton Balanced Scorecard and that suppliers should be empowered to own the monitoring and improvement process using their performance data.

Branding paradigm for the bottom of the pyramid markets (Measuring Business Excellence, Volume 13, Issue 4)

Rajagopal — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – This paper aims to deliver new models of brand management in bottom-of-the-pyramid (BoP) markets, considering the personality traits, image, technology and reputation of firms associated with the brands. Design/methodology/approach – Reviewing the previous research studies, the paper advocates new strategies for enhancing the performance of global brands in BoP market segments, improving brand-positioning approaches, measuring brand performance and consumer value, evaluating brand attributes, and underlining brand dynamics in the competitive marketplace. Findings – The study argues that the performance of global brands in low-profile consumer market segments is constrained by high transaction costs and coordination problems along the brand promotions, consumption and consumer value chain. Hence, firms looking towards managing brands in BoP market segments need to reduce brand costs by increasing the volume of sales and augmenting consumer value. Brands of BoP market segments are socially and culturally embedded. They are co-created by consumers and firms, and positioned with the influence of brand equity of the premium market. Unlike traditional brands, BoP brands may be sufficiently malleable to support brand interpretations in the rural and suburban consumer segments. Research limitations/implications – Acquired brands need to be merged into the existing structure, especially where these brands occupy market positions similar to those of existing brands. A balance needs to be maintained between the brand name and its equity. Managers should keep themselves better informed about consumer needs, market changes and company initiatives, thereby enabling staff to help consumers to improve service quality, which in turn can improve market positioning. Practical implications – In today's rapidly changing product markets, a firm needs to focus on a limited number of strategic brands in international markets in order to consolidate and strengthen its position and enhance brand power. The paper offers new business strategies to managers on brand positioning and targeting in suburban and rural markets with convenience packaging, pricing and psychodynamics. Originality/value – New initiatives to manage global brands in BoP markets comprising suburban and rural markets that need to be implemented in the existing organizational culture are discussed.

The dilemma of performance appraisal (Measuring Business Excellence, Volume 13, Issue 4)

Peter Prowse, Julie Prowse — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – This paper aims to evaluate the aims and methods of appraisal, and the difficulties encountered in the appraisal process. Design/methodology/approach – The paper uses a review of the literature to evaluate the development of appraisals and argues that the critical area of line management development that was identified as a critical success factor in appraisals has been ignored in the later literature evaluating the effectiveness of performance appraisals. Findings – The review identifies the lack of theoretical development in appraisal and argues the psychological approach of analysis and a more critical realisation of appraisal, re-evaluating the challenge to remove subjectivity and bias in judgement of appraisal. Research limitations/implications – Further evaluation of key interpersonal skills is required for appraisal systems to develop performance. Practical implications – The use and design of performance pay in public and private services linked to appraisal have not always improved organisational performance and can contribute to reduced motivation. Originality/value – Little research has evaluated the current increases in using appraisals and the changes in focus from appraisal to performance management. The paper adds value to the existing body of knowledge and offers insights for practitioners and researchers.

Managerial characteristics, strategy and performance in local government (Measuring Business Excellence, Volume 13, Issue 4)

Ali Ahmed Sebaa, James Wallace, Nelarine Cornelius — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – This paper aims to investigate strategy at the functional level, in Dubai local government. Using Miles and Snow's strategy typology, it seeks to concentrate on the relationship between the alignment of managerial characteristics with strategy type and performance. Design/methodology/approach – Senior executive managers were interviewed and a questionnaire developed, based on the extant literature and issues arising from the interviews. This was distributed to functional managers within Dubai local government, and sought information regarding their personal characteristics, perceptions of requirements for implementing strategic initiatives and actual implementation approaches used. All alignments with the strategy adopted, the strategy required, and managerial characteristics and independent assessments of performance were then analysed statistically to assess the extent of alignment and congruency with performance. Findings – Prospector managers have, on average, higher educational status than that of defender managers, with alignment of several demographic characteristics with strategic orientation leading to enhanced performance. Whilst alignments of educational attainment and organisation and job tenure with strategy are desirable, age has no effect. Practical implications – By understanding the alignment relationships, more appropriate allocation of personnel will lead to increased strategic performance. Originality/value – Previous studies have looked at the alignment of managerial characteristics with strategic type and aspects of performance. In all cases, the focus has been on corporate strategy, and predominantly in private-sector organisations. The study combines these objectives and investigates the alignment between characteristics, strategy and perceived performance. It focuses on management at the functional level in a local government setting and demonstrates that classical upper-echelon theory is also relevant at the functional level of management.

A management model and factors driving performance in public organizations (Measuring Business Excellence, Volume 13, Issue 4)

Francesco Sole — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – This paper seeks to analyse the characteristics of performance measurement and management systems in public organizations and to highlight the main factors driving performance in this sector. Design/methodology/approach – A literature review is carried out in order to outline the main issues related to the adoption and implementation of performance measurement and management systems in public organizations. Findings – The paper provides better information on the performance measurement and management systems in public organizations, by analyzing the performance dimensions, the use of performance measures and the factors influencing the implementation of the performance management process. Research limitations/implications – The paper presents a model for driving the implementation of a performance measurement system within public organizations and identifies the main factors influencing this process. The paper is conceptual in its nature and will be further developed through an empirical research investigating the role played by the identified factors. Originality/value – The paper identifies the factors driving the performance management process in public organizations.

Comparative study of core values of excellence models vis-à-vis human values (Measuring Business Excellence, Volume 13, Issue 4)

Balvir Talwar — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – This paper sets out to present a comparative study of the core values of 16 excellence models vis-à-vis human values enshrined in ancient religious philosophies and identified by social scientists as a spiritual way of working. Design/methodology/approach – Contemporary excellence models (EMs) are considered as role models to attain success, and thus it is appropriate to review the effectiveness of their core values. The core values of 16 EMs are identified through a literature review and are studied comparatively. Further, common human values enshrined in various religious philosophies and also advocated by research as success strategies are identified for the comparative study. Findings – The paper identifies and compares the core values of 16 contemporary excellence models. By and large, the focus of core values in EMs is similar. However, the Deming Prize has a uniqueness and different focus in comparison with other models. Some of the common values are customer focus, continuous learning, innovation and improvement, employee involvement and development, partnership development, systems, process-based management, agility, and social responsibility. Human values emphasise the purity of the means and their adoption enhances stakeholders' loyalty. Core values will become more effective if they emanate from human values. Research limitations/implications – The comparative study provides a new perspective for the integration of business values of EMs with human values. It may be useful for the custodians, the GEM council, researchers and practitioners to enhance their understanding of values and their impact in enhancing sustainable growth and prosperity. Practical implications – The study is expected to help in a review of national business excellence strategies worldwide. The integration of excellence models with human values by model custodians and corporate leadership will lead to an exponential growth in business and prosperity for all stakeholders. Originality/value – The study is a part of original research work at the Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India by the author after long experience in the implementation of excellence initiatives in industry. The paper is one of the few comprehensive studies of excellence models and focuses on the integration of learning to attain sustainable growth and prosperity in a competitive environment.

KMS adoption: the effects of information quality (Management Decision, Volume 47, Issue 10)

Ren-Zong Kuo, Gwo-Guang Lee — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – By expanding the technology acceptance model, this paper aims to provide a research model for examining the impact of information quality and task technology fit on the adoption of KMS. Design/methodology/approach – To test the proposed research model, data are collected through a questionnaire survey sent to IT managers of 500 large companies in Taiwan. Findings – Based on the study, it is suitable to use a technology acceptance model to study adoption of KMS and explore how two external variables, information quality and task technology fit, affect the intention to adopt. Additionally, information quality has a directly significant effect on ease of use that users perceive and usefulness where fit between task and KMS is high. Research limitations/implications – A mass mailing of a somewhat lengthy, blind survey to busy managers produces a somewhat low response rate. Thus, the generalized nature of the ?ndings is somewhat in question, making replication of the study in Taiwan important. Practical implications – The study distinguishes the design of information systems and knowledge management systems. For adoption of KMS, managers must pay more attention to the quality of information provided, and the contextual features of the knowledge involved. Originality/value – The value of this paper is in demonstrating the role of information quality with KMS, and providing further insight into the co-relationship of information quality, usefulness, and fit between task and KMS, leading to more effective strategies for KMS adoption.

Explaining the unintended consequences of public sector reform (Management Decision, Volume 47, Issue 10)

Abby Ghobadian, Howard Viney, John Redwood — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The process of public sector reform in the United Kingdom continues to provoke debate. Even among advocates of the reform process there is a concern that improvements in public service provision have not been as marked as originally intended, and that the process has produced a variety of unintended consequences. The purpose of this paper is to explore possible explanations for these unintended consequences, and discuss possible practical solutions for policy makers and service commissioners. Design/methodology/approach – In this conceptual paper focus is in particular upon attempting to explain managerial behaviour from insights offered by two well-established managerial theories – stakeholder theory and resource dependency theory. Insights from these theories are used to explain the possible causes of the unintended consequences of the reform process. The discussion is illustrated and set in context by reference to a continuum of service delivery modes from monopoly provision through to full competition. Findings – Theory suggests that managers inevitably prioritise the interests of what they identify as their key stakeholders, and particularly those providing critical resources. In the case of public services this means that the interests of government, as the commissioner and funder of services, are prioritised rather than the end-users of services. Examples of how this distorts the objectives of government are highlighted. It is argued that understanding this aspect of managerial decision-making and stakeholder prioritising opens up the potential to resolve the problem. Originality/value – This is the first paper to address the question of managerial behaviour from these theoretical perspectives in the area of the public sector reform process.

Transcendental marketing: a conceptual framework and empirical examples (Management Decision, Volume 47, Issue 10)

Fredrik Nordin — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to conceptualise, discuss and evaluate an emergent marketing philosophy, “transcendental marketing”, and its application in practice. Design/methodology/approach – A conceptual framework is grounded in the literatures of marketing practice and leadership styles, and refined by reference to two case examples. Findings – There is scope, limited at present but promising in the longer term, for moving marketing strategy onwards from the relational and transactional models to one in which the focus is on exchange of values beyond self-interest between “transcendent marketers” and consumers motivated by “self-transcendence”. Research limitations/implications – Since this article is only a first attempt to develop an understanding of this alternative approach to marketing, social and cultural trends in society provide a strong impetus for the further conceptual development of the transcendental marketing concept and assessment of its use and usefulness in the real world. Practical implications – The proposed conceptual framework provides marketing strategists with a template for a radically different approach to marketing management, which offers the potential for enduring customer loyalty. Originality/value – This paper contributes a radically new perspective on marketing, supported by empirical examples of two firms that have pioneered it.

Renaming effect of brand value: state-owned enterprises (Management Decision, Volume 47, Issue 10)

Yen-Chun Jim Wu — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the renaming effect of brand value of state-owned corporations in Taiwan. Design/methodology/approach – This study aims to evaluate and analyze the value of the CPC brand by: using the Interbrand and Hirose models, and analyzing empirically the difference-comparison of the results. Findings – For the state-run corporations, the practical application of the Hirose and Interbrand models, the main target market, and the business orientation categories, which the corporations belonged to are illustrated in a two-dimensional four-quadrant framework. Research limitations/implications – This study presumes that Chinese Petroleum Corp. will be affected in various ways after being renamed CPC Corp., Taiwan, and the fluctuations in value will be reflected in related profit/cost data. It is also assumed that the brand will bring value to the company. However, there are constraints in doing this research despite the completeness and objectivity of the study subject. Originality/value – Research on brand equity is still in a state of evolution. This study makes two major contributions. First, it suggests that choosing the more applicable valuation model depends on the enterprises' industrial characteristics. Second, the differentiation of the applications of brand value models is based on: the orientation characteristics of the various valuation models, the target markets, and business orientation.

Intellectual capital disclosure, cost of finance and firm value (Management Decision, Volume 47, Issue 10)

Raf Orens, Walter Aerts, Nadine Lybaert — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine empirically the impact of web-based intellectual capital (IC) reporting on firm's value and its cost of finance. Design/methodology/approach – A content-analysis of corporate web sites is conducted from four continental European countries (Belgium, France, Germany and The Netherlands) on the presence of IC information. Simultaneous regression modelling is used to control for endogeneity within a firm's disclosure strategy. Findings – The data show that cross-sectional differences in the extent of IC disclosure are positively associated with firm value. Greater IC disclosure in continental Europe is associated with lower information asymmetry, lower implied cost of equity capital and lower rate of interest paid. Research limitations/implications – The study is restricted to an analysis of firm's benefits of increased web-based disclosure without considering related costs. Practical implications – The results of the study show that firms tend to benefit economically from better IC disclosure. Originality/value – Existing evidence is extended by considering the capital market implications of IC related disclosure and web-based related disclosure.

From open source in the digital to the physical world: a smooth transfer? (Management Decision, Volume 47, Issue 10)

Nizar Abdelkafi, Thorsten Blecker, Christina Raasch — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the transferability of the open source principles of product development from the realm of software to the realm of physical products. Design/methodology/approach – Based on the inherent differences between software and physical products, a theoretical discussion of the challenges that face the implementation of open source principles in the physical world are provided. A multiple case study methodology is adopted to provide insights into the applicability of the open source concept in product development outside software. Findings – Many of the challenges identified theoretically are actually encountered in practice. To cope with these challenges effectively, hardware design activities can be translated into software development tasks, using programmable hardware. When dealing with open source projects in the physical realm, it is useful to distinguish between projects driven by commercial firms and those driven by individuals, as each project type can impose different conditions on successful implementation. Originality/value – Although much scholarly attention has been devoted to open source software, the issue of transferability of the identified principles to other industries has undergone little in-depth research. This paper provides a solid foundation for further investigation of this topic based on theory and empirical case examples. It derives recommendations for industrial experts wishing to benefit from the open source model in new product development.

Predictive business – fresh initiative or old wine in a new bottle (Management Decision, Volume 47, Issue 10)

Harri Jalonen, Antti Lönnqvist — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present a conceptual analysis of the theoretical and managerial bases and objectives of predictive business. Predictive business refers to operational decision-making and the development of business processes on the basis of business event analysis. It supports the early recognition of business opportunities and threats, better customer intimacy and agile reaction to changes in business environment. An underlying rationale for predictive business is the attainment of competitive advantage through better management of information and knowledge. Design/methodology/approach – The approach to this article is conceptual and theoretical. The literature-based discussion and analysis combines the perspectives of business performance management, business intelligence, and knowledge management to provide a new model of thinking and operation. Findings – For a company predictive business is simultaneously a practical challenge and an epistemic one. It is a practical challenge because predictive business presupposes a change in the company's modes of operation. It is also an epistemic challenge, since it concerns the company's ability to find appropriate balance between knowledge exploitation and knowledge exploration. Research limitations/implications – Further research should be carried out on the functionality of practical applications as well as the attitudinal and technical preparedness of companies to adopt a new mode of operation. As a subject of investigation, the world of business events offer interesting methodological possibilities, since the basis of the work is the gathering and analysis of large quantities of information on operational activities. Originality/value – There has been little research concerning business events in knowledge management context. This article presents a theoretically founded basis for predictive business, combining the concept of analysing business events with previous research in the field of knowledge management.

Research in social responsibility: a challenge for management education (Management Decision, Volume 47, Issue 10)

Pierre Kletz — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to study the connection between research in social responsibility and management education studied here in the light of the Frankfurt School's approach in general, and of Horkheimer and Adorno's works in particular. Design/methodology/approach – Based on these works, a reading template is designed, which defines the conditions in which research in corporate social responsibility (CSR) contributes to shaping the contents of management education. Findings – The article then analyzes the major approaches characterizing research in social responsibility. It also analyzes these approaches' ability to further knowledge in that field, as well as their contributing to constitute a type of management education instrumental in improving the implementation of CSR. Originality/value – The article presents an original approach of the link between theory and practice in CSR that challenges the way this topic is generally taught.

Effects of organizational and serviceperson orientation on customer loyalty (Management Decision, Volume 47, Issue 10)

Scott Colwell, Sandra Hogarth-Scott, Depeng Jiang, Ashwin Joshi — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – Within the service industry, the serviceperson enhances customer loyalty by increasing customer benefits and decreasing customer costs, but is also embedded within and influenced by the organizational context. Thus, the influence of a serviceperson's orientation may differ or even conflict with the organization's orientation. There are two purposes to this paper. The paper first aims to develop a conceptual model that clearly distinguishes between benefit- and cost-based explanations of the effect of the serviceperson. The paper's second aim is to examine the impact of the organization on the serviceperson's ability to foster customer loyalty through interactions with customers. Design/methodology/approach – A survey methodology is used and data gathered from managers and customers. Multi-group structural equation modeling is employed to test partial mediation and partial moderation theses. Findings – In line with social exchange theory, the paper finds that a serviceperson's customer orientation can reduce customer costs and increase customer benefits. Furthermore, consistent with the literature on strategic orientations, when the serviceperson's organization evinces a low competitive service orientation, it attenuates the direct effects of a serviceperson's customer orientation on customer loyalty, such that the direct effect no longer exists. Originality/value – The paper shows how multiple direct and indirect pathways connect serviceperson customer orientation to customer loyalty. It also shows how the effect of serviceperson customer orientation on customer loyalty depends on the organizational context and specifically the extent to which the organization embraces a competitive service orientation. The moderating role of organizational context has implications both for social exchange theory specifically and theories of exchange, such as transaction cost analysis more generally.

Improvisation in service recovery (Managing Service Quality, Volume 19, Issue 6)

Miguel Pina e Cunha, Arménio Rego, Ken Kamoche — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to discuss the role of improvisation in service recovery. Design/methodology/approach – The paper is a conceptual discussion that considers the relevance of improvisation in service recovery. It contributes to the clarification of the possible role of improvisation in the transformation of service failures into positive moments of truth. Findings – The paper argues that improvisation may be viewed as a relevant, albeit largely ignored, topic in service recovery, and recommends that its role should be the object of theoretical and empirical research. Practical implications – Managers may consider the possibility of creating conditions for competent improvisation to occur, such as training in improvisational skills and the creation of organizational contexts that facilitate the convergence of planning and execution in order to better deal with the characteristics of the situation. Originality/value – The study addresses the under-researched role of improvisation in the process of service recovery.

The importance of self-service kiosks in developing consumers' retail patronage intentions (Managing Service Quality, Volume 19, Issue 6)

Hyun-Joo Lee, Ann E. Fairhurst, Min-Young Lee — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this study is to examine ways in which service quality delivered by self-service kiosks influences consumers' retail patronage intentions. Design/methodology/approach – The model was tested in two self-service kiosk settings: self-checkout and information kiosk. Survey participants were members of a consumer panel from an online survey agent. A total of 1,230 e-mails were distributed. Of these, 600 usable surveys were used for data analysis. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. Findings – The study demonstrates that service quality delivered by self-service kiosks is a direct and an indirect determinant of consumers' retail patronage intentions; service quality delivered by self-service kiosks directly influences consumers' retail patronage intentions and also indirectly influences consumers' retail patronage intentions through three dimensions of retail service quality (i.e. reliability, personal interaction, and problem solving). Originality/value – Compared with previous studies that were heavily focused on consumer acceptance or trial of self-service technologies, the study attempts to address formerly unexplored aspects of self-service kiosks' contribution to retail patronage. A second contribution of the study which makes it different from prior studies that were mostly conducted in the context of self-checkouts is that it tests a conceptual model related to two types of self-service kiosks (i.e. self-checkout and information kiosk) to examine whether the proposed relationships are similar or dissimilar across the two types.

Is C-OAR-SE best for internet retailing service quality? (Managing Service Quality, Volume 19, Issue 6)

Julie E. Francis — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – This paper aims to respond to claims by Collier and Bienstock and Rossiter that reflective measurement is wrong for internet retailing service quality (IRSQ). The research empirically assesses Rossiter's proposal that the C-OAR-SE procedure for index development will generate a more valid way to measure IRSQ than is otherwise available. Design/methodology/approach – C-OAR-SE is used to develop a formative IRSQ index. The index is administered to internet shoppers in an online survey. The index is compared with an existing IRSQ scale in terms of content, parsimony, measurement scores and criterion validity. Findings – The scale and index display parity in content, parsimony and measurement scores, while the scale shows higher criterion validity. The results contradict Rossiter's claims and foster doubt regarding the usefulness of C-OAR-SE's formative measurement procedures. Research limitations/implications – IRSQ can be conceptualised as reflective or formative, but C-OAR-SE does not necessarily generate a better way to measure the construct. Furthermore, implementing C-OAR-SE unearths problems with the procedure. Practical implications – Multiple variations of IRSQ exist, as well as multiple views on how to measure the variations and differing degrees to which the variations are actually measured. Crucially, the situation is not as bleak as Collier and Bienstock or Rossiter suggest: the literature does offer sound, valid IRSQ measurement scales. Originality/value – The paper resolves unwarranted criticisms of IRSQ scales, highlights the limitations with some scales, offers the first complete example of using C-OAR-SE to develop a new index and lends applied support to theoretical criticisms of C-OAR-SE.

Handling customer complaints effectively: A comparison of the value maps of female and male complainants (Managing Service Quality, Volume 19, Issue 6)

Thorsten Gruber, Isabelle Szmigin, Roediger Voss — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – This paper seeks to explore the nature of complaint satisfaction with particular emphasis on the qualities and behaviours that male and female customers value during personal complaint-handling service encounters. Design/methodology/approach – A semi-standardized qualitative technique called laddering was used to reveal the cognitive structures of complaining female and male customers. In total, 40 laddering interviews with 21 female and 19 male respondents with complaining experience were conducted. Findings – The research indicates that being taken seriously in the complaint encounter together with the employee's competence, friendliness and active listening skills are particularly important for both male and female complainants. Females were more able than male respondents to develop strong associations on the highest level of abstraction and linked desired employee behaviors with several values. Female customers tended to be more emotionally involved than male customers as they wanted employees to apologize for the problem and sometimes needed time to calm down and relax. By contrast, male complainants were mainly interested in a quick complaint solution. Research limitations/implications – Owing to the exploratory nature of the study in general and the scope and size of its sample in particular, the findings are tentative in nature. As the study involved students from one university, the results cannot be generalized beyond this group, even though in this case the student sample is likely to represent the general buying public. Practical implications – If companies know what female and male customers expect, contact employees may be trained to adapt their behaviour to their customers' underlying expectations, which should have a positive impact on customer satisfaction. For this purpose, the paper offers several suggestions to managers to improve active complaint management. Originality/value – The findings enrich the existing limited stock of knowledge on complaint management by developing a deeper understanding of the attributes that complaining male and female customers expect from customer contact employees, as well as the underlying logic for these expectations.

An approach to develop effective customer loyalty programs: The VIP program at T&T Supermarkets Inc. (Managing Service Quality, Volume 19, Issue 6)

Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – This paper sets out to present a practical approach to develop an effective customer loyalty program by incorporating competition and heterogeneity in customers' preferences, and by avoiding the pitfalls associated with different types of loyalty programs. Design/methodology/approach – To illustrate the approach, the paper presents a case study of T&T Supermarkets in Canada to show how a retailer can develop a cost-effective customer loyalty program to retain and reward loyal customers so as to increase shopping frequency and shopping expenditure. The approach consists of four major steps, which are explained in detail. Findings – Most T&T shoppers split their shopping trips at T&T (for Asian groceries and other specialty items) and a major competitor (for Western items). This creates a unique opportunity for T&T to develop a loyalty program that is intended to entice its loyal shoppers to increase their shopping frequency and expenditure at T&T. A “hybrid” reward structure was recommended to address the fact that there are two major segments of customers who prefer different types of loyalty rewards. Originality/value – In addition to avoiding some common pitfalls of various loyalty programs, this paper presents a practical approach to develop an effective customer loyalty program by incorporating competition and heterogeneity in customers' preferences.

Atmospheric experiences that emotionally touch customers: A case study from a winter park (Managing Service Quality, Volume 19, Issue 6)

Terje Slåtten, Mehmet Mehmetoglu, Göran Svensson, Sander Sværi — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – This study aims to focus on what types of atmospheric experiences emotionally touch visitors at a winter park. The objective is to describe and explain the relationship between: three atmospheric constructs (ambience, interaction, and design); the construct of joy; and the construct of customer loyalty. Design/methodology/approach – The research data are based on a study of customers visiting a Norwegian winter park, in which 162 visitors participated in the survey. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling were used to test the measurements and structural properties between atmospheric experiences, joy, and loyalty to winter parks. Findings – The findings reveal that two out of the three constructs of atmospheric experiences are linked to customers' feelings of joy, namely, design and interaction. The atmospheric construct of design had the strongest impact on customers' emotions. Furthermore, the study finds that customers' feelings of joy are highly related to the construct of customer loyalty. Research limitations/implications – The study limits its focus to one type of hedonic service, namely customers visiting a winter park. Although the results from the study offer implications for other winter parks, there is a need for further research in other hedonic services to verify their validity, reliability, and generality. Practical implications – The study emphasizes how important it is that managers of hedonic services consider the significance of the atmospheric construct of design in such a way that it contributes positively to customers' experiences of the service setting. In particular, managers should focus on design in relation to customers' experiences in order to evoke feelings of joy. Originality/value – The study establishes the need to manage customers' atmospheric experiences in winter parks. It also links atmospheric constructs to customers' emotions.

An analysis of short-run performance of cross-border mergers and acquisitions: Evidence from the UK acquiring firms (Review of Accounting and Finance, Volume 8, Issue 4)

Moshfique Uddin, Agyenim Boateng — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The aim of this paper is to consider the short-run performance of UK firms acquiring foreign target firms over a period of 1994-2003 and to explore the impact of deal size and other firm-specific factors on performance. Cross-border mergers and acquisitions have witnessed a substantial growth worldwide, with the UK being one of the top acquiring nations in the global market for corporate control. Design/methodology/approach – The paper first uses event study methodology to analyse short-run share price performance. Then a univariate analysis to examine the factors influencing the short-run performance based on a sample of 373 acquisitions over the period of 1994 to 2003. Findings – The study finds that the UK acquirers do not earn statistically significant positive abnormal returns in the short-run. Univariate analysis shows that short-run performance of UK acquirers is influenced by the form of target, acquisition strategy, geographical origin of target firm and the payment methods. However, the study finds no support for size of acquisition deal as a determinant of performance of acquiring firm. Originality/value – The paper attempts to shed more light and extend existing research in cross-border mergers and acquisitions by examining short-run performance and factors influencing performance.

Capital structure and firm characteristics: an empirical analysis from Egypt (Review of Accounting and Finance, Volume 8, Issue 4)

Mohammad M. Omran, John Pointon — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The aim of this paper is to investigate differences in capital structures across industries in Egypt paying particular attention to: corporate characteristics, such as liquidity, asset structure, growth, and size; fiscal characteristics, namely, the application of differential corporate tax rates; and stock market activity. Design/methodology/approach – Comparisons are made between the four main industrial sectors: food, heavy industries, contracting and services. For each industry four aspects of capital structure are assessed. Firms are also classified according to whether their shares are actively traded on the Egyptian stock market. Multiple regressions are run to test a range of hypotheses. ANOVA and multiple comparison procedures are also employed. Findings – Across Egyptian firms, higher business risks do not generally result in lower levels of long-term capital structure. The contracting sector is significantly different from food, heavy industries and services in its determinants of its short-term financing and interest ratios. The sector also has a higher level of debt, and so a hypothesised tax-induced higher debt level for the services sector, which has the highest corporate tax rate, is rejected. Asset-backing is particularly important in heavy industries, and in non-actively traded firms. Size and growth are positively related to short-term financing in heavy industries and services. Originality/value – The value lies in the comprehensiveness of the study, covering both short- and long-term capital structures across industries, both income measures and capital indebtedness, and distinctions according to whether the shares are actively traded or not.

Pervasiveness, severity, and remediation of internal control material weaknesses under SOX Section 404 and audit fees (Review of Accounting and Finance, Volume 8, Issue 4)

Santanu Mitra — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the association between pervasiveness, severity, and remediation of internal control material weakness (ICMW) reported by the SEC registrants pursuant to SOX Section 404 and audit fees. Design/methodology/approach – The paper employs multivariate regression models for a sample of 854 firms that disclosed ICMW for the first time in 2004, 2005, or 2006, to investigate the empirical relationship of pervasiveness and severity of ICMW and its subsequent remediation with audit fees. Findings – The analyses demonstrate that audit fees are significantly positively related to the severity (and pervasiveness) of ICMW in the years of ICMW disclosures and are significantly negatively related to the remediation of internal control weaknesses in the years when ICMW remediation took place. The test results further demonstrate that the remediation of systematic control weaknesses has a greater effect on reduction of audit fees compared to the remediation of nonsystematic (transaction/account related) control weaknesses, though the remediation of both systematic and nonsystematic control weaknesses is accompanied by audit fee declines. Research limitations/implications – The study produces evidence on pricing audit services by incumbent auditors in response to the severity of internal material control weaknesses and their remediation in subsequent fiscal periods. Its results shed light on certain new aspects of audit fee determinants in the post-SOX period by virtue of their implications that the pervasiveness and severity of internal control problems induce auditors to make an upward fee adjustment while their remediation has a moderating effect on pricing audit services. Originality/value – The study's finding is a useful addition to the existing fee literature and is relevant for the post-SOX world which experienced a structural change in financial accounting and auditing environment.

Accounting harmonization and the value-relevance of dirty surplus accounting flows (Review of Accounting and Finance, Volume 8, Issue 4)

Clare Roberts, Yue Wang — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of institutional factors and the European Union (EU) accounting harmonization on the value-relevance and comparability of dirty surplus accounting flows (DSFs) in the member countries throughout the period 1993 to 2002. Design/methodology/approach – The returns-earnings models and fixed-effect operating income growth models are used to examine the differences in the incremental and relative relevance of DSFs between countries which have a piecemeal system of regulation with significant input from the profession and/or market participants, and the code law countries with the government being the most important institution with regard to accounting regulation. Moreover, the relevance of DSFs in the three sub-periods is compared, each reflecting quite distinct attitudes in the EU towards international accounting harmonization. Findings – DSFs are incrementally relevant in Denmark, Finland, Ireland, Sweden and the UK, where equity market plays an important role in the country's financing system; and in comparison to comprehensive income, reported income is a dominant measure of performance in most European countries, with the exception of the five afore-mentioned countries. There is also evidence that cross country differences in the value-relevance and predictability of DSFs decrease in the later years of this sample period. Research limitations/implications – Future research focusing upon the specific accounting changes made by companies in the EU is needed for a better understanding of the relative importance of stock market integration and standard setting changes in explaining the characteristics of DSFs. Practical implications – The results indicate that the convergence in the reporting of DSFs over time is driven by global capital market integration, and more importantly, the accounting harmonization activities carried out via self-regulation with significant input from the profession and/or market participants at national level. Originality/value – The paper seeks to explore, firstly, the extent to which differences in the reporting of DSFs across the EU may be explained by institutional differences. Secondly, it explores whether or not differences across the countries have decreased in three phases of the EU harmonization process.

Agency problems in stock market-driven acquisitions (Review of Accounting and Finance, Volume 8, Issue 4)

Scott Fung, Hoje Jo, Shih-Chuan Tsai — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the ways in which stock market valuation and managerial incentives jointly affect merger and acquisition (M&A) decisions and post-M&A performance, and to provide new evidence on the agency implications where such acquisitions are driven by the stock market. Design/methodology/approach – Utilizing all publicly-traded US firms in the NYSE, AMEX and NASDAQ during the period from 1992 to 2005 (excluding financial and utility firms), obtained from COMPUSTAT, CRSP, I/B/E/S, and the M&A database provided by SDC Platinum, this paper adopts a two-stage approach: the first stage, predicts the probability of an M&A based on the market valuation variables; the second stage, regresses the post-M&A firm performance on the predicted probability of a merger or acquisition from the first stage and other control variables. Findings – Market valuation has a significant influence on corporate acquisition decisions, particularly for those firms whose compensation packages include less managerial equity ownership, more executive stock options and no long-term incentive plans, and in those firms where CEOs are serving on the board of directors. The value-destroying acquisitions made by these types of managers are likely to be financed using the firms' stocks, executed with high premiums and undertaken during periods of high market valuation. Originality/value – The main finding suggests that market-driven acquisitions could be value destroying when managers engage in opportunistic acquisitions for reasons of self-interest. Managerial myopia, overconfidence, misaligned incentives, empire-building motives and poor corporate governance can all exacerbate the agency problem of market-driven acquisitions.

Library participation in a campus-wide teaching program (Reference Services Review, Volume 37, Issue 4)

Amy Hoseth — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to chronicle the participation of the Colorado State University Libraries in a campus-wide teaching program sponsored by the campus center for teaching and learning, and discusses the opportunities provided by such participation for academic librarians in general. Design/methodology/approach – The author uses a case study approach to explore one academic library's participation in a campus-wide teaching program sponsored by the institution's center for teaching and learning. The aim of the article is to demonstrate how the program works, and to discuss the potential for similar programs at other libraries. Findings – The library's participation in a campus-wide teaching program has strengthened ties with the campus center for teaching and learning; improved the instructional skills and knowledge of faculty and professional staff; and highlighted the importance of teaching and learning within the library. Practical implications – The author presents a blueprint for instructional collaboration with the campus center for teaching and learning, and suggests that such programs will greatly benefit reference and instruction librarians. Originality/value – This article will benefit reference and instruction librarians who seek to improve their teaching skills. Relatively few articles have investigated collaborative relationships between libraries and centers for teaching and learning in which librarians participate as students.

Blogging toward information literacy: engaging students and facilitating peer learning (Reference Services Review, Volume 37, Issue 4)

Christopher Chan, Dianne Cmor — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to describe how a course-integrated blog is used to facilitate the learning of information literacy skills. It also reports on how the effectiveness of the blog is evaluated. Design/methodology/approach – The blog is made the centerpiece of library support offered to a first-year politics course. With the support of the faculty member involved, students are required to post answers to weekly library research skills questions posted to the blog. The quality of student responses is examined using a simple assessment rubric. Also, a survey is administered to students to determine perceived usefulness. Findings – The evaluation of blog posts shows that the quality of answers is generally very good. Students put effort into their responses and most give accurate and thorough answers. The results of the survey indicate that most students feel the blog is useful to their learning, both in terms of general information skills, and in terms of helping research the term paper for the course. Research limitations/implications – These results reflect just one course at a single university, therefore it is not possible to use the findings to make generalizations. The study could serve as a starting point for further inquiry into the evaluation of blogs as a support tool. Originality/value – While others have reported on using blogs in a similar manner, this study also attempts a thorough evaluation of the efficacy of the blog in helping students learn. Given the positive results of this evaluation, librarians could consider using blogs and other Web 2.0 tools to engage students in their own learning.

An information literacy program built for relevance and purpose (Reference Services Review, Volume 37, Issue 4)

Stephanie Simard — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to discuss the design and implementation of an information literacy program for the Faculties of Science and Engineering at McGill University. Design/methodology/approach – Borrowing from the literature and Bloom's Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, a theoretical approach to audience characterization is used to generate learning outcomes aligned with American Library Association Information Literacy Standards for Science and Technology. Findings – Results suggest that a learner-centered program, addressing potential gaps between perceived and actual skills and needs, is well-received by the student population. Originality/value – This study, primarily focused on the description of a program, provides timely and useful information to academic librarians.

“I don't think it's harder, just that it's different”: Librarians' attitudes about instruction in the virtual reference environment (Reference Services Review, Volume 37, Issue 4)

Kate Gronemyer, Anne-Marie Deitering — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate librarians' attitudes towards instruction in virtual reference transactions and to review relevant literature. Design/methodology/approach – Librarians who provide virtual reference services are surveyed about attitudes towards providing instruction via virtual reference software. In addition to gathering demographic information respondents are asked to rate agreement or disagreement with statements about virtual references using a six-point Likert scale. Findings – The librarians surveyed see value in providing instruction during the virtual reference encounter, but also identify concerns and barriers. Discussion of Marchionini's concept of exploratory search and Madell and Muncer's study on control in computer mediated communication is used to highlight some characteristics of the virtual reference environment that might require unique pedagogy and reference practices. Research limitations/implications – Most respondents are from academic libraries, potentially limiting its applicability to public or special library settings and the survey does not explore the attitudes of librarians who do not currently provide virtual reference. Practical implications – Findings will be useful for institutional or consortial virtual reference training as well as improving individual practice. Findings may also have policy and/or staffing implications for virtual reference programs. Originality/value – There is limited literature that focuses specifically on either information literacy instruction during the virtual reference transaction or on librarians' attitudes towards providing instruction in the virtual reference transaction.

Evidence-based research in the applied social sciences (Reference Services Review, Volume 37, Issue 4)

Robin A. Paynter — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to outline increased use of evidence-based research strategies in the applied social sciences. Design/methodology/approach – The paper documents an ideal procedure for researchers to follow. It also provides resources from which to find evidence. Findings – Evidence-based practice is emerging as an influential field within academic and professional applied social science fields; as such, reference librarians across various library types should become familiar with the search strategies and tools their users need in order to be successful evidence-based practice researchers Originality/value – The Campbell Collaboration's motto, “What helps? What harms? Based on what evidence?” neatly sums up the field of evidence-based practice research

Library instruction and information literacy, 2008 (Reference Services Review, Volume 37, Issue 4)

Anna Marie Johnson, Claudene Sproles, Latisha Reynolds — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide a selected bibliography of recent resources on library instruction and information literacy. Design/methodology/approach – The paper introduces and annotates periodical articles, monographs, and audiovisual material examining library instruction and information literacy. Findings – The findings provide information about each source, discusses the characteristics of current scholarship, and describes sources that contain unique scholarly contributions and quality reproductions. Originality/value – The information may be used by librarians and interested parties as a quick reference to literature on library instruction and information literacy.

Connecting older adults to quality health information on the internet: a selective annotated bibliography (Reference Services Review, Volume 37, Issue 4)

Felicia A. Barrett — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide an annotated listing of studies that focus on older adults and, second, to describe methods by which librarians can provide the necessary tools needed to identify quality web sites that provide reliable health information found on the internet. Individuals are taking more interest in their own health care. The internet is becoming an increasingly important and influential source of health information for the public. Unlike some of the traditional approaches to acquiring health information in the past, the internet is accessible 24/7 to anyone who owns a computer and has an internet connection. Design/methodology/approach – The paper presents a review of the literature that examines how older adults search for health information on the internet and what assistance they need is conducted. Several criteria are used to identify the works that are included in this annotated bibliography. In total, 24 studies meet the criteria. Findings – Older adults are rapidly becoming the fastest growing group of users of the web. Librarians can play a major role in assisting older consumers locate health information on the internet. Originality/value – This annotated bibliography provides information about connecting the elderly to quality health information found on the web. Many projects and concepts are discussed. The studies included offer constructive assistance on how to provide programs that will help educate users to become more involved in the health care decision-making process.

“More than words”: screencasting as a reference tool (Reference Services Review, Volume 37, Issue 4)

Allison Carr, Pearl Ly — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to show how images and videos of search strategies can enhance student experiences in reference interactions by providing a visual and/or auditory explanation, rather than written step-by-step instructions. This paper explores how online screencasting tools, such as Jing, can be used to quickly create and share on-the-fly videos and images. Design/methodology/approach – A literature review briefly discusses uses of screencasting in higher education and the implications for Millennial students, followed by a discussion of how librarians at California State University, San Marcos are creating screencasting videos and images to enhance chat/instant messaging, e-mail, and in-person reference interactions. Findings – Based on chat transcripts and anecdotal evidence, students find librarians' use of screencasting helpful in illustrating complex search strategies to find information resources. Research limitations/implications – Further research is needed to determine if screencasting is an effective learning tool for Millennial students, as well as, other library users in both reference interactions and instructional settings. Practical implications – Online screencasting tools are easy-to-use, low-cost, and can be used in any type of library, specifically for reference services. In virtual reference, librarians can quickly create and share instructional videos rather than type detailed instructions for accessing library and information resources. Originality/value – While screencasting tools such as Captivate and Camtasia are widely used in library instruction, they are new to reference delivery. Since many reference interactions include instructional components, on-the-fly screencasting can be a useful tool to enhance the user's reference and learning experience.

Residential regeneration and adaptive reuse: learning from the experiences of Los Angeles (Structural Survey, Volume 27, Issue 5)

Peter A. Bullen, Peter E.D. Love — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – Adaptive reuse of older commercial buildings, particularly in countries such as the USA, has been regarded by building owners and developers as uneconomic. Retention of older commercial buildings has commonly been regarded as a barrier to progress and a hindrance to the regeneration of older urban areas. This paper aims to examine the program and legislation that is adopted to encourage the adaptive reuse of commercial buildings in the downtown area of Los Angeles (LA) in the USA, as it is considered to be an exemplar example of how a regeneration strategy makes a contribution to sustainability. It seeks to assess the effectiveness of adaptive reuse of redundant buildings as a commercially viable and effective strategy for urban regeneration that meets the criteria of sustainability. Design/methodology/approach – A case example is used to examine the underlying factors that have contributed to LA being an exemplar for adaptive re-use and its contribution to sustainability. Findings – Urban regeneration requires a vision and a continued commitment to sustainability. In the case of LA, there is clearly evidence of a commitment to sustainability through the implementation of an adaptive re-use program. A key to this strategy's success is the offering of incentives. Such incentives are required to entice investment and involvement in the program. The ability to make commercial buildings attractive to developers as viable reuse projects relied heavily on the use of legislation that reduces code and zoning requirements and offers substantial financial incentives in the form of tax concessions. The advantages of adaptive reuse in terms of sustainability appear to outweigh the advantages of demolition and new development as experienced in LA. Certainly in terms of urban regeneration the adaptive reuse program in the downtown area appears to have been something of a catalyst in prompting investment in major developments. Originality/value – The sharing of experiences is pivotal to learning. Such situated learning can provide clients, and industry practitioners with insights about how adaptive re-use can be used to promote sustainable outcomes. The experiences of LA emphasize the need to consider emphasis on not only environmental and economic benefits but also issues of social equity such as low cost housing for lower income groups. Generally, the objectives of reusing old buildings appear to coincide with many of the desired outcomes of sustainability, but further research is needed to assess the viability of adaptive reuse as a strategy for urban regeneration and sustainability.

Estimation algorithm for predicting the performance of private apartment buildings in Hong Kong (Structural Survey, Volume 27, Issue 5)

Yung Yau, Daniel Chi-wing Ho, Kwong-wing Chau, Wai-yip Lau — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – For the sake of public health and safety, a territory-wide evaluation of the quality of buildings in Hong Kong is crucial. However, it is a lengthy process to assess the performance of the whole stock of buildings in the city. To get around this predicament, this paper aims to propose a statistical approach for a fast and reliable building evaluation algorithm using the Building Quality Index (BQI) developed by The University of Hong Kong. Design/methodology/approach – Using the BQI assessment framework, the condition of 133 and 160 private apartment buildings in Yau Tsim Mong and the Eastern District respectively are assessed and rated. The data of the Yau Tsim Mong buildings are used to estimate a regression model associating the relationships between building performance, measured by the BQI, and other exogenous factors. The resulting model is then employed to predict the performance of the surveyed buildings in the Eastern District. Findings – The regression analyses on the Yau Tsim Mong data indicate that building age, development scale and building management mode are significant determinants of the existing condition of the sampled buildings, echoing the findings of previous studies. BQI scores of buildings in the Eastern District are estimated using the resulting regression model, and there is a highly positive relationship between the predicted BQI and in-situ BQI scores. Originality/value – The study is the first in the literature to provide an algorithm for estimating building condition in a densely developed high-rise urban area.

Environmental assessment of construction trends in Mexico: towards sustainable building? (Structural Survey, Volume 27, Issue 5)

Olivia Guerra Santin — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to determine the environmental performance of construction trends in houses in central Mexico by assessing the type and quantity of material used in construction elements. Design/methodology/approach – Three reference Mexican houses are used for the analysis: a traditional house, a house with mostly masonry elements, and a house with mostly concrete elements. The reference houses indicate the construction trend followed in central Mexico. Quantitative analysis of the types and weights of various materials used to construct the houses is undertaken. The environmental performance is measured according to their sustainability potential. The indicators used are based on the Three Step Strategy, which sets the steps needed to achieve sustainable construction: use fewer materials, use renewable materials and be efficient with the remaining need. Findings – The analysis shows that there is a trend to use faster and cheaper construction processes, which are often concrete and prefabricated elements, especially for dwellings built in series. Although this has the positive impact of decreasing the stress on housing demand, it might have negative impacts on the environment because more energy-intensive and artificial materials are used. In addition, the low homogeneity of these materials decreases the potential of construction elements to be reused or recycled. Research limitations/implications – The findings of this study aim at providing more information to practitioners on the sustainability of material choices during the design process. Thus practitioners will be better informed to design more environmentally sustainable buildings. The results are based on analysis of data from Central Mexico but may have relevance to other parts of the world. Originality/value – The study provides quantitatively derived evidence to support sustainable design decisions.

Thermal behaviour of vented roofs (Structural Survey, Volume 27, Issue 5)

M. D'Orazio, C. Di Perna, F. Stazi — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present the results of an experimental study aimed at analysing the effect of the roof tile air permeability on the thermal performances of ventilation ducts in the roof. The main reason underlying this study is the fact that the theoretical reference assumed for the manufacture and sizing of ventilation ducts (the accepted theory on roof ventilation) is clearly limited when applied to ducts which are not perfectly airtight (Hens) and results in an oversizing of the ventilation ducts. Design/methodology/approach – A section of roof is built, covered with different tiles and environmental and meteorological data collected. The data are analysed statistically. Findings – The results show that the permeability of the layer of tiles determines heat losses which are in addition to those connected with the stack effect in a perfectly airtight duct with the same features. The results also confirm the correlation which has already been demonstrated between the geometric ratio of the length of the duct divided by its height and the amount of heat dissipated by the roof (Sandberg and Moshfeg). Originality/value – This study analyses the performance of the roofs only during the summer season. The research is therefore continuing with a long-term (one year) analysis of the roofs characterised by a high level of roof tile permeability so as to understand the consequences that the presence of a ventilation duct in systems with air permeable roofing may have on the thermal efficiency of the roof.

How small can a dwelling be? A revision of Portuguese building regulations (Structural Survey, Volume 27, Issue 5)

João António Costa Branco de Oliveira Pedro — Sat Nov 21 08:00:12 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to study the minimum necessary net internal area of dwellings that should be established by Portuguese building regulations. Design/methodology/approach – The following tasks are carried out: selecting the furniture and equipment necessary for each dwelling; determining the size of furniture and equipment and its typical arrangement; conceiving models of functional spaces; determining the net area of functional spaces and dwellings; comparing results with statistics on housing construction in Portugal and with mandatory area standards used in Portugal and ten other European countries. Findings – The paper finds that the net internal area presently set by Portuguese building regulations should be increased by 5 to 15 percent. The net internal area figure obtained by the study is similar to mandatory regulations established by some other European countries. Research limitations/implications – The study focuses on the net internal area of dwellings, although other space standards are also important to assuring the practicability of dwelling spaces; area standards were set on the basis of the current Portuguese situation and required adaptation when used in different social, cultural and economic contexts; area standards constitute a safety-net against unacceptable dwellings rather than good practice guidelines. Practical implications – The results may be used to support a review of Portuguese building regulations and provide guidelines for the design of dwellings. Originality/value – A methodology to determine area standards is presented and applied. Up-to-date information on furniture size and arrangements is collected. The comparison enables an understanding of how the results compare in a European context.