All Journals (past 7 Days)

Reflecting on the production of intellectual capital visualisations (Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, Volume 22, Issue 8)

Suresh Cuganesan, John C. Dumay — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The first aim of this paper is to present the methods developed by one of the co-authors to render visible the complexity of intellectual capital (IC). These were developed to make relationships between IC elements and value creation accessible to managers seeking to act on IC. The second aim of the paper is to explore the ability of visualisation techniques to inscribe the complexity of IC. This is pursued through a process of reflecting on the experiences of “being involved” in the production of IC visuals. Design/methodology/approach – The study details the methods utilised in a case study of a shared service centre of a financial services organisation and presents a reflective analysis using the Latourian notion of inscriptions. Findings – In conducting its reflective analysis, the paper traces the various translations undergone by the inscriptions of IC, with the end result of these movements being a visual meta-narrative connecting the various IC elements to one another as well as dimensions of IC value creation. Originality/value – The paper presents a novel examination of visualisations of IC as might be used within firms for the purposes of resource mobilisation and managerialist intervention.

Social disclosure, legitimacy theory and the role of the state (Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, Volume 22, Issue 8)

Pablo Archel, Javier Husillos, Carlos Larrinaga, Crawford Spence — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The principal objective of this paper is to expand the scope of legitimacy theory (LT) through a detailed analysis of the links that exist between the legitimising strategies of firms and the characteristics of the political environment in which they are developed. Designs/methodology/approach – A discourse analysis was performed on the social and environmental disclosure (SED) of a multinational in the automotive sector with an established presence in Spain, in the context of the relational dynamics between the firm/society/state. Different channels of information were compared to capture both the official discourse as represented in the annual reports of the multinational and the discourse of employees and the State as represented in the media. Findings – The results of the research show that the firm under study used SED strategically to legitimise a new production process through the manipulation of social perceptions, and that this strategy was supported implicitly and explicitly through ideological alignment with the State. Research limitations/implications – Despite a widely-held assumption of a pluralist political context, the State is presented here as aligning itself with corporate management as opposed to the welfare concerns of employees. Thus, future research calling for regulation of SED should preface such calls with consideration of the orientation of the State. Originality/value – In contrast with the dominant approach to LT that considers the relationship of the firm with its stakeholders, the present study widens the scope of LT to consider the interplay between firm legitimating strategies and state support for such strategies.

Beyond commercial in confidence: accounting for power privatisation in Victoria (Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, Volume 22, Issue 8)

Kerry Jacobs — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine whether the use of commercial-in-confidence arrangements within the public sector allows the deliberate manipulation of accounting figures to generate support for the privatisation agenda. Design/methodology/approach – A case study is presented of an Australian power entity, United Energy, where the privatisation was subject to commercial-in-confidence restrictions and differing opinions as to the accuracy of the entity's financial accounts during the privatisation process. It examines many of the key “commercial-in-confidence” documents, which are now available through parliamentary and official document sources, together with pre- and post-privatisation financial statements. Findings – The accounting figures were shaped to support a privatisation agenda and this was obscured by the commercial-in-confidence provision. Some attempts were made to use accounting arrangements to reduce federal taxes but this failed. A substantial element of the reported sale price represented internal transfers between the state-owned entity and the government with the actual price paid by the purchaser being substantially lower than the reported price. The price paid was based on the financial statements which were openly challenged by the Auditor-General. The paper strongly supports the contention that manipulation of accounting figures occurs under commercial-in-confidence privatisations. Research limitations/implications – This was limited to one example at one time. Further work is needed on other settings. Practical implications – The paper challenges the success claimed for the privatisation process and for the social benefits of privatisation by tender. Originality/value – There was little evidence of a substantial improvement in financial performance following privatisation or that the pre-privatisation performance was substantially boosted to support the privatisation agenda. It did show that the accounting served political ends.

Shifting NPM agendas and management accountants' occupational identities (Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, Volume 22, Issue 8)

Janne Järvinen — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to illustrate how the occupational identity of management accountants working in the public sector is influenced by a change in management accounting and control systems as well as the underlying management agenda. Design/methodology/approach – From interviews with management accountants and their associates in five public hospitals, the paper illustrates how a change in new public management (NPM)-related managerial agendas interacts with how the management accountants perceive their professional roles. Findings – It is argued that the focus of the NPM agenda in Finnish public health care has shifted from a “down grid agenda”, emphasising private sector accounting and control methods, to a “down group agenda” that emphasises accountability, visibility and comparability. This change in agendas has materialised in the implementation of the diagnosis-related groups (DRG) system, and the resultant abandoning of activity-based costing (ABC) systems. Health care management accountants who rely on private sector ideals for constructing their occupational identity may resist the implementation of DRG if they interpret it as a shift in managerial discourse. Originality/value – The paper links two different and sometimes contradictory agendas within the NPM framework with the occupational identity of management accountants. The observed reaction to the shifting agendas has implications for understanding why some accounting systems carry more appeal than others.

Auditing Santa (Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, Volume 22, Issue 8)

Dianne Dean — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the application of taxation legislation to a mythical character. Design/methodology/approach – The paper takes the form of humorous fiction. Findings – The paper suggests that different understanding of concepts can produce unexpected results. Research limitations/implications – Taxation legislation is difficult to apply to mythical characters. Originality/value – The paper is a humorous story designed for Christmas reading.

Back from fantasyland (Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, Volume 22, Issue 8)

Lee Parker — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to reflect on the role and value of conferences. Design/methodology/approach – The paper takes the form of a poetic exposition. Findings – The poem identifies the common features and participants' experiences of conferences. It offers a satirical reflection on the value of speakers and their presentations and the promise of re-energised, up-skilled participants. Research limitations/implications – The poem raises awareness and pointing to issues regarding the pervasiveness and value of today's business, professional and research conferences. Originality/value – The poem offers a unique and reflective, personalised interpretation of experiences in the pervasive world of contemporary business and research conferences.

Words not actions! The ideological role of sustainable development reporting (Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, Volume 22, Issue 8)

Markus J. Milne, Helen Tregidga, Sara Walton — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – Through an analysis of corporate sustainable development reporting, this paper seeks to examine critically language use and other visual (re)presentations of sustainable development within the business context. It aims to provide a framework to interpret and tease out business representations of sustainable development. Such representations are argued to be constitutive of the way that business has come to “know” and “do” sustainable development and, therefore, to constrain and enable particular actions and developments. Design/methodology/approach – The study uses a mix of synthesis, interpretive and discourse analysis to locate, interpret and critically analyse a corpus of written and presentational texts produced by a New Zealand business association and eight of its founding members' early triple bottom line reports. Findings – The business association and its members' reports are shown to present a pragmatic and middle-way discourse on business and the environment. Through the use of rhetorical claims to pragmatism and action, this discourse suggests that businesses are “doing” sustainability. But critical analysis and interpretation within a wider framework reveal a narrow, largely economic and instrumental approach to the natural environment. Originality/value – This paper offers a diagrammatic synthesis of the contested “middle ground” of the sustainable development debate, and thereby provides a frame of reference for further interpretational work on organisations and sustainable development.

The impact of the average crop revenue election (ACRE) program on the effectiveness of crop insurance (Agricultural Finance Review, Volume 69, Issue 3)

Gabriel J. Power, Dmitry V. Vedenov, Sung-wook Hong — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyze the effect of the 2008 Farm Bill's average crop revenue election (ACRE) program on the risk-reducing effectiveness of crop insurance products. Design/methodology/approach – Three crop/region combinations are examined, representing regions with both high and low price-yield correlation regions. Actual production history (APH) and crop revenue coverage (CRC) insurance instruments are considered separately under the 2002 Farm Bill and under ACRE. Monte Carlo simulations, combined with the copula approach, are used to simulate net wealth distributions and to calculate the corresponding expected utilities. The outcomes are evaluated using certainty-equivalent wealth based on different risk premium assumptions. Findings – Crop insurance contracts appear to be more effective under the 2002 Farm Bill than under ACRE, especially for crops characterized by low yield-price correlation. CRC insurance is found to be more effective than APH insurance for all crop/region combinations considered. Research limitations/implications – The paper only considers a static framework and farm-level insurance contracts. Further research could investigate how ACRE affects decoupled income support, whether the results change if Supplemental Revenue Assistance is included, or how different the outcomes might be for multiple-crop farms. Practical implications – The results suggest that risk-reducing effectiveness decreases under ACRE and that no reasonable adjustment to APH base price can make APH competitive with CRC for any crop/regions considered. Originality/value – The risk-reducing effectiveness of the 2008 Farm Bill's ACRE program is analyzed, and as a methodological contribution the copula approach is used to model the multivariate distribution of yields and prices.

A relaxed lattice option pricing model: implied skewness and kurtosis (Agricultural Finance Review, Volume 69, Issue 3)

Dasheng Ji, B. Wade Brorsen — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to develop an option pricing model applicable to US options. The lognormality assumption that has typically been imposed with past binomial and trinomial option pricing models is relaxed. The relaxed lattice model is then used to determine skewness and kurtosis of distributions of futures prices implied from option prices. Design/methodology/approach – The relaxed lattice is based on Gaussian quadrature. The markets studied include corn, soybeans, and wheat. Skewness and kurtosis are implied by minimizing the squared deviations of actual option premia from predicted premia. Findings – Positive skewness is the major source of nonnormality, but both skewness and kurtosis are important as the trinomial model that considers kurtosis has greater accuracy than the binomial model. The out-of-sample forecasting accuracy of the relaxed lattice models is better than the Black-Scholes model in most, but not all cases. Research limitations/implications – The model might benefit from using option prices from more than one day. The implied skewness and kurtosis were quite variable and using more data might reduce this variability. Practical implications – Empirical results mostly show positive implied skewness, which suggests extreme price rises were more likely than extreme price decreases. Originality/value – The relaxed lattice is a new model and the results about implied higher moments are new for these commodities. There are competing models available that should be able to get similar accuracy, so one key advantage of the new approach is its simplicity and ease of use.

Factors affecting precautionary savings of self-employed farm households (Agricultural Finance Review, Volume 69, Issue 3)

Ashok K. Mishra, Hung-Hao Chang — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to empirically investigate the effects of farm income variability, farm size, and other socio-demographic characteristics on the precautionary saving behavior of farm households and to estimate the influences of the identified factors on the amount of savings by self-employed farm households. Design/methodology/approach – Using 2003 Agricultural Resource Management Survey (ARMS) data and a Double-Hurdle procedure, the likelihood and the amount of savings by farm households are estimated. Findings – An important empirical finding of this study is that variability in income plays an important role in explaining precautionary savings of US farm households. Findings suggest that farm households facing higher income risk save more and accumulate more wealth. It is indicated that several farm, operator, household, and demographic attributes contribute to the precautionary savings of farm households. In particular, results show that educational attainment by operator and spouses have positive impact on the decision to save. In addition, results from this study show that farms that specialize in cash grain are likely to have precautionary savings. Practical implications – Farm households today are virtually indistinguishable from non-farm households in their levels of income and diversity of employment. As a result, government policies that influence general economic conditions have much more profound impacts on farm families. Federal support of farm income warrants continued scrutiny. This paper shows that greater income uncertainty increases savings and wealth of farm households. Therefore, farm policies that reduce income variability or uncertainty will have an impact on precautionary savings and wealth of farm households. Originality/value – Several studies have investigated savings of households; however, these studies are limited to entire US population, older Americans, or non-self-employed individuals in the USA. Little is known about the savings behavior of self-employed US farm households owing to a lack of household survey data and because of the complex relationship between the farm household and farm business in terms of resource allocation (both capital and labor).

Risk-adjusted efficiency and risk aversion in the agricultural banking industry (Agricultural Finance Review, Volume 69, Issue 3)

Daniel M. Settlage, Paul V. Preckel, Latisha A. Settlage — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the performance of the agricultural banking industry using both traditional and risk-adjusted non-parametric efficiency measurement techniques. In addition to computing efficiency scores, the risk preference structure of the agricultural banking industry is examined. Design/methodology/approach – The paper used data envelopment analysis (DEA) to examine the efficiency of agricultural banks in the year 2001. Standard cost efficiency is computed and compared to both profit and risk-adjusted profit efficiency scores. The risk-adjustment is a modification of traditional DEA wherein firm preferences are represented via a mean-variance criterion. The risk-adjusted technique also provides estimates of firm level risk aversion. Findings – Results from the traditional approach that does not account for risk indicate a low degree of efficiency in the banking industry, while the risk-adjusted approach indicates banks are much more efficient. On average, 77 percent of the inefficiency identified by the standard DEA formulation is actually attributable to risk averse behavior by the firm. In addition, most banks appear to be substantially risk averse. Research limitations/implications – The risk-adjusted DEA technique used in this study should be applied to other, diverse data sets to examine its performance in a broader context. Practical implications – Results from this study support the idea that traditional DEA methods may mischaracterize the level of efficiency in the data if agents are risk averse. In addition, the paper outlines a practical method for deriving firm level risk aversion coefficients. Originality/value – This paper sheds light on the agricultural banking industry and illustrates the power of a new efficiency and risk analysis technique.

Upper Midwest dairy farm revenue variation and insurance implications (Agricultural Finance Review, Volume 69, Issue 3)

Christopher A. Wolf, J. Roy Black, Joleen C. Hadrich — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the sources and magnitude of variation in accrual adjusted gross farm revenue and farm revenue net of feed purchases on Michigan dairy farms representative of Upper Midwest dairy farms. The paper aims to assess whether adjusted gross revenue-type insurance instruments meet insurability conditions when applied to dairy farms. Design/methodology/approach – Accrual adjusted dairy farm revenue and revenue net of feed purchased from Michigan dairy farm panel data from 1995 through 2006 were detrended and summarized. Variance decomposition was used to identify sources of variation in adjusted gross revenue and adjusted gross revenue less feed purchases. In-sample insurance premiums were estimated and Monte Carlo simulations were used to adjust these premiums for out-of-sample considerations. Findings – Milk price variation was the largest source of variation while milk production per cow varied little. Farms with smaller herds and those with larger percentages of farm revenue from crop sales had higher relative revenue variability and would trigger a higher frequency of indemnities under a whole farm revenue insurance contract. Research limitations/implications – Because the data analyzed conclude in 2006, the volatility of the past couple of years is not reflected. Therefore, researchers are encouraged to test the proposed insurance feasibility further with more recent data. Practical implications – The paper addresses considerations for the development and commercialization of a feasible dairy revenue insurance instrument. Originality/value – This paper fulfils a need to understand magnitude and source of revenue variation on dairy farms and how insurance might mitigate negative consequences of this variation.

Women farmers' access to credit from rural banks in Ghana (Agricultural Finance Review, Volume 69, Issue 3)

Mamudu A. Akudugu, Irene S. Egyir, Akwasi Mensah-Bonsu — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine women farmers' access to credit from rural banks (RBs) in the Upper East region of Ghana. The paper examines the nature of credit supply by the RBs to their customers and the proportion that goes to women over a ten year period. It proposes the modelling of socio-economic, technical and institutional factors influencing women farmers' access to credit from financial institutions in general and rural banks (RBs) in particular. The paper aims to expand the frontiers of rural and agricultural financing as well as the integration of gender interest in the financial sectors of developing countries. Design/methodology/approach – In total, 200 women farmers were randomly selected and information on socio-economic, technical and institutional issues solicited from them. Ratio analyses were carried out and the logistic regression used to model the socio-economic, technical and institutional factors that have influence on access to credit from RBs by women farmers. Findings – The paper provides empirical evidence of close gender parity in terms of credit supply by RBs in Ghana. About 44 per cent of the credit portfolios of RBs in Ghana go to women and the remaining 56 per cent goes to men. Education, application procedures, access to land, income level, farm size, membership to economic associations, savings, type of crop grown, interest rate and distance to RBs are the socio-economic, technical and institutional factors that influence women farmers' access to credit. Research limitations/implications – The paper is limited to only women farmers. There is the need for further research that considers men and women so as to establish whether or not there is gender insensitivity by financial institutions in Ghana and other developing countries. Practical implications – This paper provides empirical implications for the development of a vibrant financial sector in developing countries that provide equal access to men and women, rural and urban dwellers as well as actors in the formal and informal sectors. Originality/value – This paper brings to light the issues of access to productive resources such as production credit by women in developing countries, particularly Ghana.

Indian cold chain: modeling the inhibitors (British Food Journal, Volume 111, Issue 11)

Rohit Joshi, Devinder Kumar Banwet, Ravi Shankar — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The cold chain has become an integral part of the supply chain of perishable items. Recent studies have shown a critical absence of a strong and dependable cold chain in developing economies. The purpose of this paper is to set out to identify and inter-relate the inhibitors that significantly influence the efficiency of a cold chain in developing economies like India. Design/methodology/approach – The synthesis and prioritization of inhibitors are done on the basis of an extensive literature review as well as consultation with academicians and industrial professionals. Using semi-structured interviews and Fuzzy Interpretive Structure Modeling (FISM) approach, the research presents a hierarchy-based model. Findings – The end result is a model that establishes the relationships among the identified inhibitors with their respective dominance. The research shows that there exists a group of inhibitors having a high driving power and low dependence with strategic importance and requiring maximum attention and another group includes inhibitors that have high dependence and the consequential actions. Research limitations/implications – At the time when cold chain is the key domain for the food sector, these findings will be immensely helpful for industry professionals, Government, non-government, academia and the community in developing strategies and impounding the root causes responsible for the inefficient and weak cold chain in India. The Indian situation echoes to the situation in most of the developing economies and similar solutions can apply there also. These findings will be truly useful for organizations that are planning to operate food chains in developing nations. Orignality/value – Presentation of inhibitors in hierarchy and their classification into driver and dependent categories with their respective dominance on the system is a unique effort in the area of cold chain management. This would help decision makers to better utilize the limited resources.

The influence of consumer involvement on quality signals perception: An empirical investigation in the food sector (British Food Journal, Volume 111, Issue 11)

Joel Espejel, Carmina Fandos, Carlos Flavián — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyse the moderating effect of consumer involvement level in the influence exerted by perceived quality on consumer perceived risk, trust, satisfaction and loyalty. The paper seeks to conduct this analysis for a protected designation of origin (PDO) food product, the cured ham “Jamón de Teruel”. This analysis aims to distinguish perceived quality in terms of intrinsic and extrinsic attributes of PDO. Design/methodology/approach – Data were obtained using a structured questionnaire. Specifically, consumers were asked to indicate their level of agreement or disagreement with a series of statements based on a seven-point Likert scale. After completion of fieldwork, an analytic process (exploratory and confirmatory reliability analysis) was performed to obtain 441 valid questionnaires. A multi-sample model was applied to analyse the effect level of consumer involvement in the proposed model. Findings – The results suggest that the influence of quality attributes on consumers' perceived risk, trust, satisfaction and loyalty is substantially different between consumers with a high involvement level and consumers with low involvement. In addition, substantial differences were also found in the influence of intrinsic and extrinsic quality attributes on the model being analysed. The results of the analysis show that for the group of highly involved consumers the influence of both intrinsic and extrinsic perceived quality on the consumers' loyalty level is clearly higher. Practical implications – Managers of PDO food products need to understand how consumer involvement level regarding their products influences consumers' decision-making processes. Thus, PDO managers should take advantage of the situation that those highly involved consumers in this kind of product are more receptive to their advertisements. Moreover, promotion of PDO food products based on the quality, tradition and know-how of certain brands may make the consumer reach higher attention levels in an easier manner, so that their loyalty levels towards the brands will be reinforced. Originality/value – The paper analyses the moderating effect of consumer involvement of a traditional PDO food product. There is a lack of literature that focuses on the influence of consumer involvement of food products in consumer behaviour patterns. The paper tries to advance this important research line.

The importance of personal norms for purchasing organic milk (British Food Journal, Volume 111, Issue 11)

Christian A. Klöckner, Silvia Ohms — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to apply a structured approach to understand the importance of personal ecological norms in purchasing organic food. The norm-activation-model by Schwartz is used to predict self-reported and observed purchase behaviour of organic milk. Design/methodology/approach – The paper reports the results of a field study with 63 customers of a German supermarket. A combination of covert observation and in-store interviews was applied to obtain reliable data on actual shopping behaviour and its predictors. Findings – The results show that the self-reported and the observed purchase of organic milk is predicted by personal ecological norms, social norms, and perceived behavioural control. Personal norms are activated by awareness of need, awareness of consequences, perceived behavioural control, and social norms. People with strong personal norms use “organic production”, the “EU-BIO-Label” and “ingredients” as additional criteria during their decision process. For people with strong ecological norms the price difference between organic and conventional milk, the lack of knowledge about organic milk, and convenience are less important constraints. Finally, people with strong personal norms react more sensitively to proposed norm-centred interventions. Practical implications – The study offers insight into the processes of motivating behaviour and can therefore be used to design intervention strategies. Suggestions are developed in the closing part of the paper. Originality/value – The study applies for the first time the norm-activation-model to the domain of purchasing organic milk and underlines the importance of normative influences for this decision.

Determining the factors affecting the consumers' willingness to pay higher prices for genetically unmodified products: Tomato case study in Turkey (British Food Journal, Volume 111, Issue 11)

Z. Gokalp Goktolga, Kemal Esengun — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to determine the factors affecting the consumers' willingness to pay higher prices for genetically unmodified products. Design/methodology/approach – Tomato was selected as a model crop. Data used in this study were gathered from questionnaires conducted in Tokat province of Turkey in April 2006. Questionnaires were accomplished via face-to-face interviews over 262 households. “Ordered logit model” was used in determining the factors that affect the willingness of consumers for higher prices for genetically unmodified products. Ordered models are those that limit dependent variables to certain intervals. According to the results, variables of household size, monthly household income, household's monthly food consumption expenditure and level of consumers' sensitivity over the issue affected the willingness to pay higher prices for genetically unmodified products. Findings – Results of the study indicated that household size and monthly household income had negative effects on the willingness to pay extra, while monthly food expenditure and concern had positive effects. Originality/value – The results of the study will be beneficial for the policy makers, producers, consumers and those conducting research in this area alike. Carrying out studies aimed at determining consumer preference, such as this, will help form consumer consciousness, especially in Turkey, to protect consumer health.

Combining social and nutritional perspectives: from adolescence to adulthood (the ASH30 study) (British Food Journal, Volume 111, Issue 11)

A.A. Lake, R.M. Hyland, A.J. Rugg-Gunn, J.C. Mathers, A.J. Adamson — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to focus specifically on the benefits of using mixed methods to investigate dietary change from adolescence to adulthood exemplified using the findings from the ASH30 longitudinal study. The ASH30 study is a longitudinal dietary survey which provided quantitative evidence of dietary change and investigated factors influencing dietary change from adolescence to adulthood. Design/methodology/approach – Two three-day food diaries were collected both in 1980 (aged 11-12 years) and 2000 (aged 31-32 years) from the same 198 respondents in North East England. In 2,000 questionnaires were used to collect perceptions of, and attributions for, dietary change and open-ended responses were analysed using content analysis. Findings – The use of mixed methods brings added breadth and depth to the research which cannot be achieved by a single discipline or method. Determining what has influenced change in dietary behaviour from adolescence to adulthood is a complex and multifaceted task. Eating habits are influenced by multiple factors throughout the life course. Change in food intake between adolescence and adulthood related to life-course events and trajectories. The qualitative findings highlighted relevant contextual information such as themes of moral panics, the concept of “convenience” and “fresh” foods. Practical implications – Adopting mixed method approaches to exploring dietary change should offer a rich perspective from which to base realistic interventions. Originality/value – Longitudinal dietary surveys present an opportunity to understand the complex process of dietary change throughout the life course in terms both of how diets have changed but also of why they have changed.

The UK pig cycle: a spectral analysis (British Food Journal, Volume 111, Issue 11)

Philip John Dawson — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify cyclical patterns in the prices and production of UK pigmeat, 1989-2008. Design/methodology/approach – The approach takes the form of spectral analysis. Findings – Results show evidence of both annual and seasonal cycles, but there is little evidence of a three-to-four-year cycle. The likely cause of the latter's absence is increasing imports and a changing market structure. Practical implications – Conventional wisdom is that the traditional pig cycle is of three-to-four years' duration and the UK's pig policy is based partly on its existence and that the design and implementation of UK pig policy are predicated on the basis of a traditional cycle is misplaced. Originality/value – No previous or recent empirical investigation of the UK pig cycle exists, perhaps because its existence is considered to be axiomatic.

Wine, history, landscape: origin branding in Western Australia (British Food Journal, Volume 111, Issue 11)

Abel Duarte Alonso, Jeremy Northcote — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – Wine is an integral part of so-called “Old World” nations, amalgamating with the local history and landscape, and providing a powerful “origin branding”. To date, however, these dimensions have been discussed to a very limited extent in emerging “New World” wine regions, where the lack of a traditional heritage of wine making presents special challenges in terms of origin branding. The focus of most previous research has been on the viewpoints of consumers, not those of producers. This study seeks to explore these dimensions among small wine growers. Design/methodology/approach – Using a qualitative approach, 42 interviews with winery operators from several emerging Western Australian wine regions were conducted. Findings – In the absence of historical wine pioneers and traditions, winery operators in emerging wine-producing regions use alternative means for “origin branding” that emphasise heritage and landscape characteristics centring on the wider “rural idyll”. These associations serve to forge a “vintage” identity for their industry, which essentially masks its youth for their region. Research limitations/implications – In view of the more than 200 small wineries operating in Western Australia the number of respondents in the study may not allow for making generalisations of the state's wine industry. Practical implications – The current growth in the number of wineries in the regions studied and the increasingly acknowledged quality of their wine product may help towards the establishment of their history and identity, thus contributing to origin branding over time. Originality/value – The study explores the importance of history and landscape among winery operators in promoting their wineries and their wine products in the context of emerging wine regions, an area for the most part ignored in contemporary research.

Differentiation and silver medal winner effects (European Journal of Marketing, Volume 43, Issue 11/12)

Albert Caruana, Leyland F. Pitt, Pierre Berthon, Michael Page — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The aim of this paper is to consider business schools and to elicit whether, in seeking differentiation, rankings are more desirable than brand personality and whether silver medal winner effects exist in the perceptions of brand personalities. Design/methodology/approach – Literature on reputation, identity, differentiation, brand personality and its measurement is reviewed. In seeking to determine the role of rankings and the presence of silver medal effects two survey data collections among business schools are conducted using the identified brand personality instrument. Findings – Results highlight the importance of a distinctive differentiation positioning and show that reputation reflected in published rankings are able to provide counterfactuals that can influence consumer emotions and help establish preferences. Silver medal effects are found to play an important role. Originality/value – These results emphasise the point that it is simply not enough to be ranked highly. What seems to be more critical is to be perceived as different. It appears that brand personality rather than reputation in terms of ranking is more strongly related to customers' expressed preferences. The results also illustrate the need to understand and deal with the challenge faced by marketing managers when silver medal effects are present.

Brand extension strategies: perceived fit, brand type, and culture influences (European Journal of Marketing, Volume 43, Issue 11/12)

Isabel Buil, Leslie de Chernatony, Leif E. Hem — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The aim of this paper is to examine the impact of perceived fit, brand type and country's culture on the consumers' attitude towards brand extensions and on the parent brand equity. Design/methodology/approach – Data were collected in three European countries: Spain, UK, and Norway. A series of analyses of variance (ANOVA) were conducted to test the hypotheses. Findings – Brand extensions with high fit receive more favourable consumer evaluations and decrease the negative feedback effects of extensions on parent brand equity. Results also reveal that parent brand equity dilution is higher when the brand used to launch the extension has high equity. Finally, findings indicate different consumers' responses to extensions and effects on parent brand equity across countries. Research limitations/implications – Important directions for future research would be to include other countries and carry out a more in-depth analysis to understand the effect of culture. Practical implications – Managers should launch extensions with high perceived fit. In addition, greater effort is needed to extend high equity brands, due to their greater dilution. Finally, managers need to understand that consumer evaluations and feedback effects of the same brand extensions can vary due to cultural differences between consumers. Therefore, standardised brand extension strategies should be carefully considered. Originality/value – The study focuses, not only on consumer evaluations of extensions, but also on the effects of extensions on the parent brand equity. Furthermore, this paper is one of the first to empirically examine and show that consumer evaluations of extensions and feedback effects on parent brand equity differ across countries.

Cross-national segmentation: An application to the NAFTA airline passenger market (European Journal of Marketing, Volume 43, Issue 11/12)

Edward R. Bruning, Michael Y. Hu, Wei (Andrew) Hao — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The aim of this paper is to propose an approach to international market segmentation that identifies meaningful cross-national consumer segments, which focuses on airline passengers in the NAFTA market. Design/methodology/approach – A conjoint analysis is used to evaluate consumers' preferences for six flight attributes: price, in-flight service, number of stops before destination, on-time performance, frequent flyer programme, and country of airline. A cluster analysis based on the relative importance scores of each of the six flights attributes then identifies five segments that prioritize similar product attributes within each country. Findings – A representative sample of 4,787 airline passengers from the three countries reveal that price is the most important attribute for consumers from the USA and Canada, while on-time performance is the most important attribute for Mexican consumers. A cluster analysis identifies five segments that prioritize similar product attributes within each country. It is also found that there are five cross-national consumer segments in the NAFTA market that are homogeneous in terms of consumer preferences but heterogeneous in terms of relative group size and demographic variables. Research limitations/implications – The study is based on a purposive sample, which limits the ability to generalize to the whole population with any known degree of precision. Practical implications – The research produces practical operational information on each segment that is translatable into strategy, specifically in terms of positioning, promotion, and targeting of the airline service. Originality/value – The paper sheds light on the nature of cross-national segmentation in the NAFTA air passengers market and the resulting cross-national segmentation will be highly relevant for international marketing management.

Examining the role of international entrepreneurship, innovation and international market performance in SME internationalisation (European Journal of Marketing, Volume 43, Issue 11/12)

Aron O'Cass, Jay Weerawardena — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The current study aims to examine the role of international entrepreneurship and innovation in small to medium-sized enterprise (SME) internationalisation, also touching on the role of the firm size as a proxy of resources in the SME internationalisation process. The study seeks to look at these issues in the context of manufacturing firms, arguing that entrepreneurial SMEs pursuing international market entry undertake organisational innovation, which in turn enables such firms to achieve higher marketplace performance. Design/methodology/approach – The paper was based on the development and administration of a self-completed survey of 302 managers. Findings – The results suggest that international SMEs differ from non-international SMEs in terms of international entrepreneurship, organisational innovation intensity and firm size. Research limitations/implications – The cross-sectional research design and the regional nature of the sampled firms may limit the generalisability of the findings. The manufacturing sectors that were studied provided an appropriate setting, although research in other industries is required. Practical implications – The findings provide SME managers with a feasible path to internationalisation, in that firms striving towards internationalisation must undertake organisational innovation. Innovative firms are better equipped to exploit international market opportunities and perform better in such markets. Originality/value – In spite of the central role assigned to innovation in a firm's competitive strategy, the literature that examines the role of innovation in SME internationalisation has been limited. Addressing this research gap the paper examines the role of international entrepreneurship and innovation in SME internationalisation.

Internal market orientation and its influence on organisational performance (European Journal of Marketing, Volume 43, Issue 11/12)

Vicent Tortosa, Miguel A. Moliner, Javier Sánchez — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyse the influence that internal marketing, represented by internal market orientation (IMO), might have on the internal aspects (satisfaction of contact personnel) and external aspects (customer satisfaction and perceived quality of service) of organisational performance. Design/methodology/approach – Interviews were carried out with all the cashiers of the 16 branches of a small, local credit institution, and with 160 customers who normally operate with this bank. Findings – The results show that employee orientation or internal market orientation, through the dimension informal generation of information, influences the satisfaction of contact personnel, the quality of service perceived by the customer and, through the latter, the customer's satisfaction. It also corroborates the influence exerted by the contact personnel's satisfaction on the perception of quality and on the satisfaction of the customer receiving the service. Research limitations/implications – The main limitation of the study is that it analyses a single financial entity, with the characteristics and behaviours that the latter has in its relationship with its employees. Practical implications – One of the key elements for achieving quality in the service offered by the contact personnel is to achieve their satisfaction. For this, it is necessary for firms to adopt an employee or internal marketing orientation so that the contact personnel come to perceive fair treatment and special attention by managers towards them and their work. Originality/value – The paper verifies the validity and reliability of the internal market orientation construct (IMO) as a scale of measurement of the internal marketing concept in a different business sector and with a different methodology from those dealt with in the literature. It also demonstrates empirically the influence of IMO on variables internal to the organisation (satisfaction of contact personnel) and external to it (customer's satisfaction and the quality he/she perceives).

Examining the academic/commercial divide in marketing research (European Journal of Marketing, Volume 43, Issue 11/12)

Paul R. Baines, Ross Brennan, Mark Gill, Roger Mortimore — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to comment on the differences in perceptions that exist between academic and professional marketing researchers, as creators of new marketing knowledge, and explore how academics and practitioners can work together better on areas of mutual interest or separately on areas where their interests do not coincide. Design/methodology/approach – The approach is via two focus groups, one with researchers in marketing from universities and one with commercial market researchers, and via online surveys of the same target groups, with 638 respondents in all. Findings – The study indicates that the two sample groups have relatively congruent views about the advantages and disadvantages of each other's approach to research but both groups believe they could do more to make their research more comprehensible and accessible to each other. Research limitations/implications – The empirical study was conducted in the UK only, and the response rate from the university marketing research community was disappointingly low. These represent limitations on the generalisability of the findings. Practical implications – It is argued that marketing research can be undertaken separately by academics and practitioner researchers but that joint working between academic and commercial marketing researchers represents another dimension to marketing research which could be facilitated by the creation of joint initiatives, including industry-inspired academic-practitioner research projects and the development of government-funded academic-practitioner research projects, building on both groups' unique sets of skills. Originality/value – The paper reports on the outcome of an empirical study that has implications for the conduct of marketing research in universities and market research agencies.

Can marketing practice keep up with Europe's ageing population? (European Journal of Marketing, Volume 43, Issue 11/12)

Nicholas J. Thompson, Keith E. Thompson — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to draw the attention of managers and academics to the extent of demographic changes now occurring in the European Union, specifically the ongoing change from a young consumer base to one in which most adult consumers are aged over 50. It seeks to explain the nature of the challenge and highlight the need for further research. Design/methodology/approach – Both academic and practitioner sources are synthesised in order to identify and describe the issues, and explore the actions that could be taken to adapt to and profit from the changing demographic environment. Findings – Current marketing practice evolved against the background of the post-war baby boom, a demographic aberration which resulted in an exceptional era during which consumer markets were dominated by youth, and marketing practice by advertising and other promotional activity. The paper also argues that the subsequent ageing of the consumer base will require businesses to place more emphasis on the customer-centric model of marketing generally espoused by management scientists. Practical implications – The paper identifies a major shift in the demographic base of consumer markets, outlines the implications for marketing practice and proposes ways in which businesses can adapt. Originality/value – The overwhelming majority of discussion on, and research into, the phenomenon of population ageing and its impact on markets originates from the USA, despite the fact that Europe faces a far greater challenge. The paper alerts both academics and practitioners to the nature and scale of the demographic change occurring in the European Union, discusses appropriate corporate responses and calls for further research into the neglected area of older consumers.

Market orientation and enterprise policy (European Journal of Marketing, Volume 43, Issue 11/12)

Don O'Sullivan, Patrick Butler — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the merit of enterprise policies that seek to enhance market orientation as a driver of firm performance. Design/methodology/approach – The approach takes the form of empirical research utilising the MKTOR survey instrument, administered to senior marketing managers in high-value-added sectors in Ireland; and both subjective and lagged objective measures of firm performance. Findings – Findings support international context-specific research. Market orientation is not found to be directly associated with firm performance in high-value-added firms in the Irish economy. Research limitations/implications – Research directions should include the evolving understanding of market orientation, and the exploration of what alternative orientations lead to improved performance in different contexts. Practical implications – For public policy, a re-examination of the conceptualisation of, and support for, market orientation is warranted. Originality/value – The paper presents a new contribution to understanding the merit of market orientation in enterprise policy in developed economies.

Dynamic capabilities: the missing link in CRM investments (European Journal of Marketing, Volume 43, Issue 11/12)

Stan Maklan, Simon Knox — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the practical application of dynamic capabilities theory to improve investment decisions in customer relationship management (CRM). Design/methodology/approach – Action research (AR) allows managers to raise the tacit knowledge of their dynamic capabilities to a level where they can be identified and developed. A framework and a process for managing dynamic capabilities in marketing are presented. Findings – The findings relate to the nature of dynamic capabilities in marketing and how they are managed. Practical implications – Marketing managers can improve the return on investments in CRM. Originality/value – The paper presents a method for applying dynamic capabilities drawn from the resource-based view (RBV) to practical marketing problems.

Female role stereotypes in print advertising: Identifying associations with magazine and product categories (European Journal of Marketing, Volume 43, Issue 11/12)

Emmanuella Plakoyiannaki, Yorgos Zotos — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this study is three-fold: to provide recent evidence in the UK on the frequency of appearance of female role portrayals in print advertisements; to compare female role stereotypes across magazine types; and to explore the interface between female role stereotypes and product categories. Design/methodology/approach – An integrative approach to content analysis was used in order to analyze advertising communication in print media. The sample consisted of n=3,830 advertisements published in ten high circulation UK magazines. Findings – The study indicates that women in UK magazine advertisements are mainly portrayed in decorative roles; and that female role stereotypes vary significantly across magazine types. The findings also suggest that there is an association between product categories and female role stereotypes. Practical implications – The study highlights the need for the advertising industry in the UK to adjust its communication practices to the changing role of women in society. Originality/value – The study extends research in the area of female role stereotypes in print advertising by considering the frequency of female role portrayals across different magazine types; and investigating the association between product categories and female role stereotypes.

Is a “star” worth a thousand words?: The interplay between product-review texts and rating valences (European Journal of Marketing, Volume 43, Issue 11/12)

Alex S.L. Tsang, Gerard Prendergast — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this study is to investigate how the interplay of valences (positive or negative) between review texts and ratings affects consumers' reactions to the reviews and the product being assessed. Design/methodology/approach – An experimental design with hypothetical movie reviews was used to investigate how inconsistent text-rating reviews affect people's intention to consume a particular product and their perceptions of the review itself. Findings – It was found that text valences (positive or negative) significantly influence how subjects perceive the interestingness and trustworthiness of reviews. The texts also have an influence on the subjects' movie-attendance intention compatible with their valence. In addition, a cross-over interaction was found between texts and ratings that affects a review's trustworthiness. Research limitations/implications – The study enriches understanding of consumer decision making when different formats of information about the same object are presented. Practical implications – Marketers can benefit by incorporating review texts and rating valences to enhance the prediction accuracy of their products' sales performances. Review publishers can get a better understanding of how to present their reviews to enhance their perceived interestingness and trustworthiness. Originality/value – Product reviews are commonly found in the mass media. These reviews use ratings as evaluative summaries of the texts. However, little research has been conducted regarding the communication effects that the ratings have in relation to the texts. The study seeks to fill this gap.

High quality and low cost: the lean service centre (European Journal of Marketing, Volume 43, Issue 11/12)

Niall Piercy, Nick Rich — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – There are two objectives of this paper: first, to examine the application of lean production improvement techniques to the pure-service context; and, second, to evaluate the contribution of lean production techniques to services marketing improvement. Design/methodology/approach – Three case companies from the UK financial services sector are tracked through the process of lean improvement. Analysis of management change of a common process within each company forms the basis of the investigation. Findings – Research findings highlight that, through the adoption of lean service tools, service call centres can serve the traditionally competing priorities both of operational cost reduction and of increased customer service quality. The lean approach is validated in the service context and proposed as a valuable addition to traditional service marketing approaches to services improvement. Practical implications – The techniques described are easily replicable by academics, practitioners and managers and can be applied to a wide range of service centres or service businesses. In the contemporary marketplace, the difficulty of delivering quality service at any costs suggests that there is a great opportunity for the business that can deliver better service at a reduced cost of operation. Originality/value – Lean transformation in the manufacturing sector is well established. However, the use of lean improvement tools to improve the quality of service delivery within the service sector is relatively new, with limited understanding of approaches and benefits in the academic or managerial arenas. In addition, coverage of lean tools is still rare in the marketing literature.

Niche firms and marketing strategy: An exploratory study of internationally oriented niche firms (European Journal of Marketing, Volume 43, Issue 11/12)

Kjell Toften, Trond Hammervoll — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – This paper aims to explore how internationally oriented niche firms define and choose their markets and customers and how they position their products, and thereby add to the limited research knowledge regarding niche marketing. Design/methodology/approach – The paper presents exploratory research based on structured in-depth interviews of key informants in five firms. Findings – Niche firms do not seem to follow the STP-process. The selection of customers and markets is the result of tradition, chance or the firm's production philosophy, and the firms make few attempts to position their products. The firms rely on resource-based advantages, high-quality products and personal relationships when competing in the market. Research limitations/implications – The selected methodology makes these results alone unfit for generalising to a larger population. Improved theoretical models are needed for generating more knowledge about niche firms and their efforts in crafting marketing strategies, possibly by extending relationship marketing theory. Practical implications – A niche firm's marketing strategy should be based on a customer-valued competitive advantage and differentiation should be applied in terms of both intangible and actual use criteria. Niche firms should strive for long-term, personal relationships and customer commitment. Also, there seems to be some room for following one's own personal convictions and ideas when crafting a marketing strategy, even though this approach certainly is not in line with the structured marketing strategy process suggested in textbooks. Originality/value – This study offers exploratory findings on how export-oriented niche firms define and choose their markets and customers, and how they position their products. The standard STP-process as proposed in general textbooks is not appropriate for international niche firms.

Advertising and promotions budgeting and the role of risk (European Journal of Marketing, Volume 43, Issue 11/12)

Douglas West, Gerard P. Prendergast — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – This study aims to look at the conventional wisdom with regards to budgeting methods, processes, and sophistication in light of recent macro work relating budgetary approaches to risk-taking. Design/methodology/approach – Based on a survey of UK advertisers and personal interviews, current advertising and promotions budgeting methods and processes are summarized. A series of hypotheses relating risk, process and experience to advertising and promotions budgeting sophistication were tested. Findings – UK advertisers were found to use a variety of budgeting methods (two methods on average per company). Judgmental methods dominate, especially the “what is affordable” method, but at the same time more sophisticated methods like objective and task and measurement techniques (in particular return on investment) were solidly represented. The relationship between budgeting sophistication and risk was investigated, the premise being that risk and budgeting sophistication are inversely related, as well as budgetary processes and marketing experience. Research limitations/implications – Considerable insight is provided into the methods and processes being used. It is concluded that the explanation as to why firms use sophisticated or unsophisticated methods for setting their advertising and promotion budgets is largely related to organizational culture. Originality/value – Just over 1.5 percent of the UK's gross domestic product is spent on advertising and promotions (£19 billion). The study suggested that the primary reason for the lack of consensus on budgetary sophistication is that stakeholders involved with budgeting are far less concerned with specific methods than dealing with cultural norms, personalities, access to supporting data and policies and practices.

Incorporating network perspectives in foresight: a methodological proposal (foresight, Volume 11, Issue 6)

Yanuar Nugroho, Ozcan Saritas — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – A particular feature that makes foresight powerful is its capability to learn from past trends to help guide decision-making for future policy. However, in studying both past and future trends, network perspectives are often missing. Since networks are capable of revealing the structure that underpins relationships between stakeholders, key issues and actions in the past, they are powerful to help envisage the future. The purpose of this paper is to propose a methodological framework to incorporate network analysis in foresight. Design/methodology/approach – The paper develops a generic framework to incorporate network analysis into foresight's five stages. Trends identified by respondents of the Big Picture Survey are used to demonstrate how we operationalize this framework. Findings – A network perspective can enrich foresight analysis in that it helps reveal structural linkages between trends and thus can better identify emerging future issues, both of which are critical in foresight. Research limitations/implications – The inclusion of network analysis can shed light on the process of understanding complex data and assist in building a model based on links and relationships. Network analysis can reveal otherwise unobservable structural features of the data and can help boundary setting discussions in foresight. Practical implications – Network concepts and measures could usefully enrich the interpretation of foresight data for further analysis, or plausible scenarios. Originality/value – Network analysis offers a new way of looking at the foresight data by disentangling complicated issue webs. As shaping the future becomes more essential because of the complexity of science, technology and society interrelationships, the incorporation of network perspectives in foresight might be one of the ways to propel future studies.

Forecasting energy storage technologies (foresight, Volume 11, Issue 6)

Georgina Harell, Tugrul U. Daim — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – In order to compliment the growing use of renewable energies in the US, additional technologies must be employed on the bulk power system. This paper aims to forecast the most probable energy storage technologies. Design/methodology/approach – The methodology was deployed in two steps: evaluate the potential energy storage technologies that could complement a wind turbine or photovoltaic system; and forecast which of these technologies is best poised to become a viable solution to the energy storage problem facing these renewable technologies. Findings – Based on the publication and patent data, compressed air energy is set to be the fastest growing complimentary technology to wind energy. Two of these types of plants are currently in existence today as mentioned previously indicating the technology is commercially available. This technology has great potential; however, implementing this technology involves finding or creating underground airtight caverns in usable locations. Research limitations/implications – The number of variables have been limited due to the methodologies chosen for this analysis. The research can be expanded using other criteria such as cost, cost of capital, economies of scale, environmental concerns, social and political constraints. Originality/value – This paper provides an assessment that was indicated as necessary by those who identified the need for the development of energy storage technologies for future electricity generation.

Forecasting effectiveness of policy implementation strategies: working with semi-experts (foresight, Volume 11, Issue 6)

Nicolas D. Savio, Konstantinos Nikolopoulos — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – Policy implementation strategies (PIS) are schemes designed by a government with an aim of hitting targets or attaining objectives set out by a policy. Forecasting by analogies (FBA) has been shown to be successful in situations of high uncertainty and low quantitative data as is that of PIS effectiveness forecasts. What is more, a structured approach to FBA helps the expert structure his thoughts in an organized manner before making a prediction, which is hypothesized to improve accuracy. This paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – This research suggests a semi-structured analogies (S-SA) approach for such a task. A pilot experiment was carried to test the performance of the S-SA approach in the hands of semi-experts when compared with unaided judgment (UJ). Findings – The results of the experiment showed that for this level of expertise, there is no statistical evidence to suggest any approach is better than the other. Possible explanations of this result is that analogy recall of experts was hindered by four constructs: information, complexity, worldview, and expertise. It was concluded that the structured analogies approach for forecasting PIS effectiveness must be investigated further by means of a study involving “true experts”. Research limitations/implications – The sample sizes were small. Practical implications – Forecasting PIS effectiveness is seen as an important tool for deciding upon which PIS to ultimately adopt (as there may be many available!) and this then has important implications for governmental budgeting. Originality/value – The paper offers further insight into the performance of a structured analogies approach to forecasting PIS effectiveness in the hands of individuals with a mid-level of expertise.

Uncertainty, the critical basis of risk management (foresight, Volume 11, Issue 6)

Jacques G. Richardson — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The objective of this paper is to scan the extent of uncertainty and hesitation in the development of plans and strategy. Design/methodology/approach – The author evokes concrete cases of risk aversion, when the action either goes ahead or is stymied by lack of certitude. The incidents cited are of practical – rather than of theoretical – connotation. Findings – This essay shows that the willful overcoming of missing assuredness may sometimes incur, in its turn, hazardous risk. Originality/value – The paper illustrates the roles of intelligence, the measurement of precaution, and the willingness or failure to gamble on the (sometimes) long shot.

Morphological prospection: profiling the shapes of things to come (foresight, Volume 11, Issue 6)

Joseph Voros — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is two-fold. First, to describe in detail a particular sub-class of powerful prospective methods based on the method of “morphological analysis”. And second, to extend their use to create a basis for strengthening strategic analysis and policy development. Design/methodology/approach – The paper examines the history and use of morphological methods in foresight work, and briefly describes three main “lineages” currently in use, and proposes some extensions to models of practice. Findings – Recent research in cognitive psychology suggests that requiring a detailed and systematic examination of future possibilities before a decision is made leads to more effective assessments of futures. Morphological methods, by design and construction, are perfectly suited to this, and so can form an exceptionally strong basis for thinking systematically about the future. Practical implications – The paper also describes how to go about designing a foresighting capacity based on a systematic evaluation of future systemic contexts, as well as discussing what aspects of the external environment to include in robust competitive intelligence, strategic monitoring, environmental scanning, and “horizon scanning” activities. Originality/value – The paper proposes some extensions to existing practice and describes some ways to tie the development of a strategic meta-language to clearly-targeted intelligence scanning. This paper should be of interest to anyone involved in trying to strengthen strategy development, policy planning or intelligence analysis.

Forecasting long-term paper demand in emerging markets (foresight, Volume 11, Issue 6)

Maija Hujala, Olli-Pekka Hilmola — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – Typically, the graphic paper demand is being forecasted with the development of GDP, population and the price of paper. Recently, diffusion of information and communication technologies (ICT) has been identified as one possible driver of its consumption. It could be assumed that in emerging markets paper demand is a combination of these classical and new factors. Design/methodology/approach – The research examines the situation in the emerging Russian market with panel data regression analysis, accompanied with system dynamics simulation using Monte Carlo sensitivity analysis. So, the paper integrates different quantitative approaches to sketch long-term paper demand forecasts through different alternative scenarios. Findings – Results show that mobile telephones are complementary to both newsprint and magazine paper demand and the internet is a substitute, but these two factors are still relatively small compared to the effect of GDP per capita. Research limitations/implications – This research is limited to Russian markets, and in order to have more generalization power, it should be repeated in other emerging economies like, for example, former East European countries and Asia. However, used data in our analysis is longitudinal and has numerous observation points; therefore giving more reliability over the results. Originality/value – The research work is seminal from the methodological point of view: it incorporates numerous quantitative methods to produce demand forecast using Monte Carlo simulation. Also, research studies taking into account the impact of ICT on emerging markets concerning paper demand are rare.

A more proactive approach to addressing gender-related employment disparities in the United States (Gender in Management: An International Journal, Volume 24, Issue 8)

Mary E. Graham, Julie L. Hotchkiss — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to propose a proactive public policy approach to complement relatively reactive existing policies addressing gender-related employment disparities in the USA, and to provide an initial empirical illustration of the proposal. Design/methodology/approach – The paper provides a conceptual application of theories of total quality management (TQM) to the topic of gender-related employment disparities, followed by an empirical illustration using US Current Population Survey data and a gender equal employment opportunity (EEO) scorecard. Findings – Using the TQM framework, company outliers were conceptualized on the EEO scorecard as “special” causes of economy-wide equal employment variation and the industries in which companies are situated as “common” causes. The paper identifies two underperforming industries on gender-related employment outcomes: Mining and Construction, and Transportation, Communication and Utilities. Research limitations/implications – Further conceptual work on the application of TQM to gender disparities in employment is recommended. Also, the study considered broad industry categories; future research should refine these categories further. Practical implications – It is recommended that US enforcement agencies incorporate industry considerations more explicitly into their activities. Employer insights may be beneficial to improving equal employment opportunity performance at the industry level. Originality/value – The application of TQM theory to the topic of gender-related employment disparities is a novel approach that may motivate new public policies.

Revisiting women managers and organisational acceptance (Gender in Management: An International Journal, Volume 24, Issue 8)

Glenice J. Wood — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to revisit earlier predictions by Judi Marshall in 1991 to explore whether similar issues were evident in a sample of contemporary female managers. Design/methodology/approach – Qualitative data from six Australian female managers who had participated in a longitudinal study over a period of ten years were examined. Career advancement aspirations and outcomes were compared with those of male managers, and reflections on the managerial role, and organisational practices were sought. Findings – Examples of organisational resilience “to involve women in organisations on equal terms” were evident in all the six female managers in the study. In addition, even when levels of success were achieved, it could be questioned whether these women could be seen as “definers of meaning (or culture)”. Practical implications – Organisational culture appears to continue to create difficulties for contemporary women in management. A system of accountability is strongly recommended, based on a similar reporting programme adopted by the Equal Opportunity for Woment in the Workplace Agency (EOWA) to measure the equal opportunity programmes on offer in the workplaces of organisations with 100 or more employees. Originality/value – The paper is highly original as it seeks to compare predictions made by an eminent UK scholar in the field of women in management in 1991 with the experiences of a small sample of contemporary Australian female managers over a ten-year period in their management roles.

The spouse of the female manager: role and influence on the woman's career (Gender in Management: An International Journal, Volume 24, Issue 8)

Suvi Välimäki, Anna-Maija Lämsä, Minna Hiillos — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – This paper aims to examine the role of the spouse, specifically the husband, for the woman manager's career by focusing on the gender role construction between spouses, and the relationship of these roles to the woman's career. Design/methodology/approach – The topic was investigated within a Finnish context by analyzing the narratives of 29 female managers. A common feature among the women was their managerial position and extensive work experience. All the women had or had had one or more spouses in the course of their careers, and all but one were mothers, mostly of teenage or adult children. Findings – A typology distinguishing five types of spouses was constructed: determining, supporting, instrumental, flexible, and counterproductive. The results suggest that fluidity in gender roles between spouses is associated with the woman manager's sense of success and satisfaction in her career compared with more conventional gender role construction. It seems that traditional gender roles between spouses can be one reason for women's difficulties in attaining (top) managerial positions in Finland. Originality/value – The study contributes to the prior literature concerning the work-family relationship by extending research into an area so far overlooked: namely, the role of the spouse in relation to the woman manager's career. The study calls into question the straightforward and unequivocal view of the family – so typical in discussions about work-family issues – by showing the many different meanings that women managers attach to one of the family members.

Cross-gender networking in the workplace: causes and consequences (Gender in Management: An International Journal, Volume 24, Issue 8)

Ignace Ng, Irene Hau-siu Chow — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – This study seeks to examine how individual and organizational characteristics as well as attitudinal factors can affect the network composition of female managers. Another of its objectives is to examine the effect of cross-gender network on the quit intention of female managers. Design/methodology/approach – A survey questionnaire was administered, seeking information on the personal characteristics and attitudes of the 91 managers, the characteristics of the organization for which the respondent works, and the network characteristics of the respondents in Hong Kong. Findings – The results show that positive attitudes towards women's leadership qualities and higher ratio of females in top management positions are associated with a lower cross-gender instrumental network for females. Perceived discrimination or being married encourages female managers to seek a cross-gender network. Cross-gender networks reduce the quit intentions of female managers. Originality/value – The study offers a better understanding of how networks change involves an examination of both the characteristics of the network holder and the larger context in which the network holder is located. It contributes to the scant evidence on the consequences of cross-gender networking for female managers in the Chinese context.

Shine your light: using talent management as a driver for business success (Human Resource Management International Digest, Volume 17, Issue 7)

Judith Leary-Joyce — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – Emphasises the close links between how a company manages its talent and lasting business success. Design/methodology/approach – This paper aims to argue the case for effective talent-management policies and practices. It also aims to describe the case for the Life Alignment Curve®, which is a process of change that high achievers can go through, learning more each time, so they can reposition themselves for the next interesting challenge. Findings – The paper reveals that, to make the best of talent at all levels of an organization: the working culture needs to promote success behaviors; managers need to understand their role as talent scout; and high performers need to be given their head and supported to deliver innovative solutions. Practical implications – The paper warns organizations against taking great technicians, accountants or sales people out of what they do well, to reward them with a management job they cannot do or do not want to do. It argues that these reluctant managers no longer deliver the exceptional results that delighted them and their boss, leave talented people to languish or move to a better manager elsewhere and ignore under performance, as this tough job is beyond their people skills, so they do not even try. Originality/value – The paper warns against allowing the practicalities of the business to take over, especially in challenging times, so that people development goes on to the back burner, affecting performance management, reducing creativity and increasing recruitment costs.

Hillingdon Council employees are healthy, happy … and here: Well-being package improves staff attendance, engagement and morale (Human Resource Management International Digest, Volume 17, Issue 7)

Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to describe the origins, development and success of an employee well-being package at Hillingdon Council, London, UK, which has helped to reduce sickness absence from an average of around 15 days per person per year at its worst to just above eight days per person today. Design/methodology/approach – The paper reveals that the package, drawn up in close consultation with the employees and their trade unions, not only involved stricter absence-management processes, but also reducing the complexity and length of key HR policies and processes and publicizing the range of benefits available to help employees to look after themselves and reduce their own absence levels. Findings – The paper highlights gains in staff engagement and morale. Practical implications – The paper shows that employees themselves like the approach the council has taken to managing sickness absence. Originality/value – The paper demonstrates that cutting sickness absence does not have to involve simply taking a hard-line approach.

From human resources to human beings: managing people at work (Human Resource Management International Digest, Volume 17, Issue 7)

Yochanan Altman — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to highlight the drawbacks of viewing an organization's employees as simply “resources”, rather than as individual human beings with their own rights, needs and aspirations. Design/methodology/approach – The paper presents the author's personal viewpoint. Findings – The paper urges organizations to acknowledge and celebrate each employee's individuality. It argues that the economic upheaval offers an opportunity to rethink the current stress is on specified, targeted outcomes. Practical implications – The paper advances the view that such reforms will promote the competitive advantage of organizations. Originality/value – The paper indicates why organizations should give real meaning to the slogan “our people are our most important asset”.

Policy to workforce plans – a guide to application: The details of an induction course in the NHS (Human Resource Management International Digest, Volume 17, Issue 7)

John Deagle — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to illustrate how the NHS Workforce Review Team's induction to workforce planning course works with attendees on how to extract workforce implications from policy documents. Design/methodology/approach – The paper provides a structure for policy assessment, and describes some key lessons learned. Findings – The paper contends that, although the documents can seem daunting at first, they may provide an important framework for strategic workforce planning. The danger of not doing this work is that the enabling workforce decisions, such as training and development, may not be made in time for suitable implementation of policy. Practical implications – The paper argues that, while it is not always easy to link policy to workforce, it is definitely worth the effort. Originality/value – The paper highlights the fact that the ability to access policy documents and apply their content to future planning is an essential tool in developing robust plans.

Suits you, sir: Pertemps puts its people in prime position (Human Resource Management International Digest, Volume 17, Issue 7)

Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – This paper aims to consider how Pertemps People Development Group (PPDG) uses a gift card management system (GCMS), developed for Asda Business Rewards, to help its clients to buy suitable outfits for their interviews. Design/methodology/approach – The paper draws on information from interviews with Amanda Astley, buyer at PPDG, and Graham Sellors, the director of Asda Business Rewards. Findings – The paper reveals that Asda is one of the first gift-card issuers in the UK to offer an online management system allowing plastic gift cards to be used in the business-to-business market as an alternative to paper vouchers. Practical implications – The paper highlights the additional security of gift cards over vouchers. Originality/value – The paper shows how the gift cards, mainly used in the incentive, reward and employee-benefit markets, can be used productively by recruitment organizations.

Merck salesman “haunted” by his past: The challenge of adapting to a different organizational culture (Human Resource Management International Digest, Volume 17, Issue 7)

Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – This paper aims to contrast the cultures of two organizations – the US Navy's nuclear-submarine force and large pharmaceutical firm Merck – through the experiences of former naval officer turned pharmaceutical salesman, Howard Roark. Design/methodology/approach – The paper starts and finishes with Howard Roark's appraisal. It considers the history of Merck, and Admiral Rickover and the nuclear navy, and explains Roark's employment history. Findings – The paper shows how Roark's challenges in adjusting to Merck were interpersonal and political, and how leadership skills need to be adapted according to the environment. Practical implications – The paper gives an insight into managerial skills, human resource strategy and organizational behavior. Originality/value – The paper illustrates the importance of being able to adapt to different organizational cultures.

Sandwell Homes reduces employee absence by 30 percent: … and boosts productivity, morale and customer service (Human Resource Management International Digest, Volume 17, Issue 7)

Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – This paper aims to demonstrate how Sandwell Homes, UK, significantly reduced sickness absence through an absence-management scheme which, launched in parallel with a series of “wellness days”, helped to improve the management of staff health, productivity, morale and customer service. Design/methodology/approach – The paper draws on the experience of Sandwell Homes' implementation of a sickness absence-management program, driven by the partnership between the Human Resources department, Sandwell Homes employees and Active Health Partners (AHP). Findings – The paper describes how Sandwell Homes had been committed to tackling absenteeism and had shaved four days off its average absence level, but the figure then stagnated, despite continued efforts. The high levels of absence were harming the organization's performance and delivery of service. Sandwell Homes then selected an absence-management service led by nurses to provide effective, timely medical advice, as well as encouraging staff to take responsibility for their health. Practical implications – The paper shows how taking an active approach to staff absence and wellbeing, and aligning reporting systems to identify and implement good practice, can have a positive impact on staff morale, productivity and profitability. Sandwell Homes calculates that for every £1 spent on the absence-management interventions, it has got £3.80 back in terms of value to the business. Originality/value – The paper highlights a significant reduction in average absence figures per employee, cost savings for the company as well as improved employee availability and productivity.

Partners learn people skills at Ernst & Young: Nine-month development program helps to change the organization's culture (Human Resource Management International Digest, Volume 17, Issue 7)

Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – This paper aims to describe a leadership-development program that is being conducted internationally with more than 500 partners at Ernst & Young. Design/methodology/approach – The paper looks at specific issues that relate to the Ernst & Young partner-development program, including the need for leadership development at partner level, the leadership challenge of the program and the success of the initiative. Findings – The paper reveals that the partners have committed themselves to the program in a way they have never done before, client satisfaction has improved and Ernst & Young's internal people surveys are recording unprecedented levels of improvement. Practical implications – Highlights individual relationships with colleagues and clients as key leadership skills. Originality/value – The paper advances the view that being able to make successful connections internally and externally is at the heart of being a successful partner in a professional-service firm.

Graphic Packaging International slims costs with lean manufacturing: Firm taps into employee creativity and innovation (Human Resource Management International Digest, Volume 17, Issue 7)

Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – This paper aims to describe the benefits from lean production at the UK manufacturing plant of Graphic Packaging International. Design/methodology/approach – The paper outlines the origins of the reforms, how they were introduced and the results they have achieved. Findings – The paper reveals that improvement teams were formed and trained using a Score (select, clarify, organize, run and evaluate) method of maximizing return on lean improvement projects. Machine operators not only highlighted key areas for improvement, but also signaled the beginning of a dramatic shift in the company culture. Practical implications – The paper reveals that the Bristol plant has saved £175,000 a year, which represents a 3:1 return on investment. The assignment has increased the manufacturers' productivity by 90 percent, enabling better customer service and a significant reduction in overtime. Originality/value – The paper highlights the ways in which lean manufacturing helped the plant to cut waste and cost, increase the speed of manufacturing and improve the customer experience.

StepStone ET strides towards greater emotional intelligence: Program benefits individuals and organization as a whole (Human Resource Management International Digest, Volume 17, Issue 7)

Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – This paper aims to detail why emotional intelligence is important for all organizations. Design/methodology/approach – The paper describes how talent-management company StepStone ExecuTrack improved the emotional intelligence of two key employees – the client-services director and the implementation consultant – and the rewards this brought both for the individuals concerned and for the company as a whole. Findings – The paper reveals that the implementation of individual development plans for these two employees led to a number of identified competence gaps being closed, and clear improvements in the area of emotional intelligence. Practical implications – The paper shows that the training not only improved the performance of the two individuals, but also that of the company as a whole. Originality/value – The paper reveals that, following significant benefits in terms of organic growth, improved customer satisfaction and consistent customer retention rates, the program is to be rolled out to the wider organization.

Odeon earns a gong for management training: Program helps to harmonize cultures, systems and approaches after merger (Human Resource Management International Digest, Volume 17, Issue 7)

Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – This paper aims to examine a management-training program that helped to integrate different cultures, values, operating systems and approaches after the merger of Odeon and United Cinemas International. Design/methodology/approach – The paper draws on information from Odeon and from the training consultancy involved in the program, Dale Carnegie. Findings – The paper details the intense, two-day immersion program, named Redefining Leadership. Around 100 managers went through the program over three months. Significant changes in performance and behavior have been witnessed. Practical implications – The paper reveals that managers now hold each other more accountable in meetings. They know how things should be done. If standards slip, they flag it up to each other and give praise when things are going well. Managers recognize and celebrate success within their teams and the business as a whole. The way in which they lead, inspire and manage performance has improved. Originality/value – The paper describes a program that has improved performance and instilled a more professional and consistent approach to leadership.

Brookhaven involves employees in communication-management revamp: Relationship-building creates a “reservoir of goodwill” (Human Resource Management International Digest, Volume 17, Issue 7)

Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – This paper aims to examine how, following a leak of radioactive material, Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) used risk communication management strategies that resulted in an award for its excellent public communications. Design/methodology/approach – The paper draws on interviews with top managers, communication specialists, employees and members of the community. Findings – The paper reveals five major themes of BNL's risk communication practices: leadership communications; commitment to stakeholder relationships; integrated communication function; employee participation; and symmetrical cultivation strategies. Practical implications – The paper shows how non-profit organizations facing environmental risks should: develop positive relationships with their employees and involve them in risk communication programs; internally promote the work of communication departments; reward employees' efforts towards developing good relationships in the community; and train their employees to communicate with the community through grassroots or neighborly interaction. Originality/value – The paper details effective ways of risk communication management.

Funding systems for Higher Education and their impacts on institutional strategies and academia: a comparative perspective (International Journal of Educational Management, Volume 24, Issue 1)

Dr. Nicoline Frølich, Dr. Evanthia Kalpazidou Schmidt, Dr. Maria J. Rosa — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - Purpose: The article discusses how funding systems influence Higher Education Institutions and their strategies and core tasks. Design/methodology/approach - Design: Taking the results of a comparative study between Denmark, Norway and Portugal as a point of departure, it identifies and analyses the main features of these state funding systems, their strengths and weaknesses, and their impact on academia. Findings - Findings: The system-level analysis offers an illustration of a trend across Europe. The article shows that mixed funding models have been implemented in all three countries. Originality/value - Originality: Funding systems and their impacts do not come in neat packages. The systems demonstrate a mixed pattern of strengths and weaknesses. The impacts of the funding systems converge, although different mechanisms are employed. There are no clear cut differences in the perceived strengths, weaknesses and impacts of the two main types of funding systems – input-based funding and output-based funding – presented and discussed in the article.

The impact of a pathway college on reputation and brand awareness for its affiliated university in Sydney (International Journal of Educational Management, Volume 24, Issue 1)

Prof. Ann Maree Brewer, Ms. Jingsong Zhao — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to explore the effect that a prospective pathway college affiliated to a large comprehensive university in Sydney may have on the university’s reputation. In particular, the association of reputation with preference for a pathway college, brand awareness and the opinion of college brand are examined.Design/methodology/approach - An on-line survey was conducted in metropolitan Sydney, Australia, and produced 501 questionnaires responses. A correlation study was used to analyse the relationship between variables of preference for college, perceived reputation, brand awareness, and opinion of college brand. Findings - The community reacted positively to a prospective college by agreeing that its merit was in providing a second chance for disadvantaged students and added to the diversity profile of the university. Reputation predicted brand awareness, preference for the college and the opinion of the college brand. Teaching quality of the college was found to be the most important factor to enhance the reputation of the university as well as brand.Originality/value - The study explored the difference and relationship between reputation and brand awareness in a higher education context and how this influenced student’s decisions. This knowledge has useful implications for higher education management practice

Study Abroad education in New England Higher Education, a pilot survey. (International Journal of Educational Management, Volume 24, Issue 1)

Dr. John C. Niser — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - The purpose of this pilot study is to develop relevant questions for research by gaining an initial understanding of how the field of Study Abroad education is organizing itself within institution of higher education. The context is the growing numbers of students, demands and expectations made on Study Abroad programs. Design/methodology/approach - The survey was carried out by analyzing publicly available data and information, as it would be available to students, of all the accredited institutions of higher education within the six States of New England. Findings - The findings confirm that albeit for Community Colleges, the vast majority of institutions offer Study Abroad programs. However this survey also revealed the important role providers are playing in offering generic programs to students from multiple institutions.Research limitations/implications - The findings call for further investigation into Institutional strategies concerning the choice of programs, particularly those involving providers who potentially imply loosing tuition and control over educational outcomes. Limitations are discussed suggesting the need to widen the geographical area studied as well as analyzing in more detail the Community College offerings that are not easily accessible with the methodology I used in this study. Practical implications - The findings also raise some questions and future avenues of research particularly in the area of examining the integration of generic Study Abroad programs within particular institutional and programmatic objectives. It is also suggested that further research is needed to better evaluate if/how Study Abroad programs are designed to capitalize on the employability advantage they offer to participating students when they enter the job market. Originality/value - The number of US students participating in Study Abroad programs is expected to continue to grow and it seems these programs will become part of mainstream offerings in most institutions. Similar trends are observed in Europe between member states. Besides giving a broad overview of the current offerings, this pilot study principally reveals several important avenues for future research that should help institutions in their choices of programs and the orientation they give to Study Abroad.

Women Teachers’ Aspirations to School Leadership in Uganda (International Journal of Educational Management, Volume 24, Issue 1)

Dr. jill sperandio — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - The under-representation of women in the leadership of secondary schooling is a problem common to many developing countries, raising issues of social justice and sustainable development. It has its roots in societal understandings about leadership, the schooling and career aspirations of girls, the organizational characteristics of the education system, and the expectations and preparation of teachers for leadership positions. This study of female teachers in Uganda sought to identify factors, both specific to the country and common across cultures, contributing to the low numbers of women leading secondary schoolsDesign/methodology/approach - A survey of 62 female secondary school teachers from 6 coeducational schools in different areas of Uganda, was used to establish leadership aspirations and teacher perceptions of the factors helping or hindering them in realizing these aspirations. Findings - The study revealed that the majority of female teachers surveyed aspired to school leadership, but few had positioned themselves to do well in the competitive application process. Many thought the process corrupt and did not expect to get the support of their current school administrator.Practical implications - The results of this study in Uganda support existing research worldwide that suggests leadership preparation for women should be gender specific. Originality/value - Women teachers need help to visualize a career path to leadership, encouraged to gain relevant experience, and given training that builds confidence in practical school management skills and builds on personal leadership skills.

THE INFLUENCE OF UNIVERSITY IMAGE ON STUDENT BEHAVIOUR (International Journal of Educational Management, Volume 24, Issue 1)

Prof. Helena Alves, Prof. Mário Raposo — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - This study analyses the influence of image on student satisfaction and loyaltyDesign/methodology/approach - In order to accomplish the objectives proposed, a model reflecting the influence of image on student satisfaction and loyalty was applied. The model was tested through use of structural equations and the final sample was of 2,687 students.Findings - The model showed that image is the construct that most influences student satisfaction. The influence of image is also relevant on student loyaltyResearch limitations/implications - In this study, the constructs of image resulted in a reliability level of 0.846 future research is needed in order to find more reliable image measurement indicatorsPractical implications - If higher education institutions have to compete through image, the first step to take is to measure the university image held by its students. It was proven by this study that the construct which most influences student satisfaction in higher education is the image construct, with a total effect of 0.86. Thus, if the institutional image rises or falls by a unit in terms of valorisation, satisfaction increases or diminishes by a proportion of 0.86 and loyalty by a proportion of 0,73.Originality/value - Several studies have shown that, in general, corporate image is important to attract and retain customers. This study depicts the specific influences of image specifically on student satisfaction and student loyalty and also the respective level of influence

Student Course Taking and Teacher Quality: Their Effects on Achievement and Growth (International Journal of Educational Management, Volume 24, Issue 1)

Prof. Ronald Heck, Dr. Rochelle Mahoe — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose - This study examined the relationship between high school students’ curricular positions, their perceptions of the quality of their teachers, and school academic process variables on students’ growth rates and ending achievement in mathematics and science.Design/methodology/approach - Multilevel latent curve modeling was used to examine students’ growth trajectories using the National Longitudinal Educational Study (NELS) data.Findings - Within schools, both student curricular positions and perceptions of teacher quality affected growth and achievement. We found more positive student perceptions of their teachers ascending across course profiles. The effects of perceived teacher quality on growth rates and ending achievement, however, were more consequential for students in weaker academic profiles than in stronger profiles. Between schools, academic process variables also influenced outcomes. For example, individuals in schools where students collectively pursued more math and science had significantly higher growth rates than individuals in schools where lower percentages of students took these courses. Research limitations/implications - We caution that our measures of teacher quality and curricular differentiation only serve as proxy measures for more thorough information that could be collected about within-school teacher and curricular processes. Practical implications - The results imply efforts to increase student achievement will have to attack individual (e.g., poverty; early educational experiences; course taking) and organizational (i.e., school structural redesign, curricular and instructional processes) fronts simultaneously.Originality/value - Our study extends the discussion of how internal curricular differentiation and student perceptions about teacher quality may intersect to influence student growth trajectories within and between schools.

The moderating role of barriers on the relationship between drivers to supply chain integration and firm performance (International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Volume 39, Issue 10)

Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – Implementation of supply chain management techniques requires thorough integration of processes between supply chain partners in all functional areas, including sourcing, manufacturing, and distribution. Yet insufficient attention has been given to the means by which firms achieve high levels of integration. This study aims to examine moderators impacting supply chain integration barriers. Design/methodology/approach – Supply chain integration drivers and moderating barriers to supply chain integration were identified by extensive search of the literature, and in-depth interviews with supply chain managers. A survey was developed to measure levels of supply chain integration drivers, barriers to supply chain integration, and firm performance. The measures were validated using EFA, and the responses analyzed using multiple regression. Findings – The study finds that firms with a desire to improve, operating in a challenging competitive environment typically experience high levels of performance. Further, barriers to supply chain integration can actually increase the firm's ability to achieve firm performance as the firm is required to make greater efforts to overcome those barriers and develop effective supply chain linkages. Originality/value – This study answers a call for additional research into factors that enable and inhibit supply chain integration, and offers an empirical analysis of the moderating effect of supply chain integration barriers on the relationship between integration drivers and firm performance.

Coerced integration: The effects of retailer supply chain technology mandates on supplier stock returns (International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Volume 39, Issue 10)

George Deitz, John Hansen, R. Glenn Richey Jr — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – Over the past decade, channels researchers have devoted considerable attention to a potential shift in the balance of power in retailer-manufacturer relationships. At the same time, a burgeoning body of supply chain research, largely overlooked by marketing researchers, has emerged promoting the benefits of cooperation in technology-enabled supply chain integration. This study aims to investigate the confluence of these streams. Specifically it aims to consider the effects of retailer supply chain technology mandates on supplier financial performance. Design/methodology/approach – The design and method is a secondary data event analysis including cross-sectional regression analysis. Findings – The event analysis findings indicate suppliers affected by Wal-Mart's 2003 RFID mandate experienced net gains in abnormal stock returns. Subsequent cross-sectional regression analysis show abnormal returns were stronger for suppliers with greater cash flow and for more dependent suppliers. Practical implications – Study results suggested firms with stronger cash flows are better able to absorb the unexpected costs of complying with the retailer mandate. Additionally, the findings indicate mandate-associated positive abnormal returns were more pronounced for suppliers with a larger percentage of sales through the Wal-Mart channel. This means that a dependent supplier that follow technology mandates by power retailers will potentially receive above average stock returns. Originality/value – This paper is believed to be the first to address the impact of technology mandates in the supply chain.

Searching for competitive advantage through sustainability: A qualitative study in the New Zealand wine industry (International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Volume 39, Issue 10)

Daniel J. Flint, Susan L. Golicic — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – Sustainability is becoming increasingly important in supply chains, particularly in those that function in highly competitive industries. The purpose of this paper is to understand more deeply the role sustainability plays within supply chains based on a qualitative study conducted in the New Zealand wine industry. Design/methodology/approach – This research followed a grounded theory methodology which used in-depth interviews with managers from wineries, retailers, and restaurants; observations of operations; and interpretation of field documents/artifacts. Findings – The findings show that managers within the New Zealand wine supply chains are trying to find ways to leverage sustainability-related competencies for competitive advantage in what is now a highly competitive industry. Within this context, the emergent theme of searching for advantage through sustainability involves: pursuing and leveraging sustainability; telling a story that involves sustainability; managing supply chain relationships around sustainability; and experimenting with sustainability initiatives. Research limitations/implications – The research is limited to the context and participants of the study. As a qualitative inquiry, findings are exploratory. The research implications, however, involve deeper studies into how wine industry firms in other nations and regions of the world are treating sustainability and searching for competitive advantages. Further validation of the models that emerge can be accomplished through future research, which would draw on aggregate data. Originality/value – The approach and context within which sustainability is explored is unique. By seeking deep insights from managers on the cutting edge of sustainability initiatives, we are able to get close to strategic thinking and explore the impact on distribution relationships.

Mitigating environmental and density risk in global sourcing (International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Volume 39, Issue 10)

Jason K. Deane, Christopher W. Craighead, Cliff T. Ragsdale — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of the paper is to provide a conceptual foundation to enhance the body of knowledge related to supplier selection in light of global supply chain disruptions and risk. Design/methodology/approach – The proposed tool is based on a multi-criteria optimization framework, which will enable the user to gain a better understanding of how the consideration of each of these risk measures will affect the recommended solution/supply base. The model serves as a complement to existing supplier selection models by incorporating regional risks associated with potential suppliers' locations and density risks based on great circle distance measures. Findings – The paper demonstrated the proposed model by using the great circle distance measure to calculate the density risk and two secondary data sources to capture environmental risk. One measure captures a variety of environmental issues such as political, legal, security, fiscal, labor, and regulatory issues. The other measure captures the historical effects of weather on dollar and human losses in each country of the world, which represents the potential for severe weather events and the country's ability to react to these events. Research limitations/implications – Although the paper does not consider all possible risks, it augments prior research through the development of a decision support tool that offers supply risk mitigation when sourcing globally. Specifically, the tool allows for the analysis and mitigation of two key global risk measures, environmental risk and density risk, when selecting suppliers for mission-critical parts. The model is able to support various sourcing strategies such as sole, multiple and cross sourcing and can be used in conjunction with other disruption mitigation strategies such as supply redundancy. Practical implications – Global sourcing has provided significant performance enhancements, but has put firms in a vulnerable position relative to the potential devastating effects of supply disruptions. While supply managers are cognizant of the risks associated with global sourcing, limited knowledge and tools are available to allow them to mitigate these risks. Although it would need to be adapted to the nuances of company supply chains, it is believed that the tool provides value to managerial decision making relative to the sourcing of mission critical parts/products. Originality/value – Prior work in this area has not adequately incorporated contemporary issues and risks in global sourcing. The paper augments prior research through the development of a multi-objective decision support model for strategic supplier selection that is focused on two important contemporary factors: environmental risk and density risk. The proposed model captures important interdependent relationships between these two factors that have not been considered in prior selection models.

The interrelations of decision-making rationales around BSC adoptions in Finnish municipalities (International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, Volume 58, Issue 8)

Antti Ilmari Rautiainen — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyze the interrelations of the decision-making rationales around accounting performance measurement (PM) adoptions in Finnish municipalities. Previous studies informed by new institutional sociology (NIS), have tended to assume that accounting PM adoptions occur because of either “rational” or “institutional” reasons. The accuracy of this “polar” view is empirically analyzed in this paper (as called for by Ribeiro and Scapens). Design/methodology/approach – Survey data (199 responses, 48 per cent response rate) were analyzed with factor analyses using, for example, SPSS and LISREL programs. Findings – The decision-making rationales (factors) around Balanced Scorecard (BSC) adoption were labeled “mimetic”, “rational” and “normative-experimental”. Mimetic rationale correlated negatively with the other factors. Research limitations/implications – The data was small. Further, as case studies and LISREL diagnostics often suggest, there may be other forces involved in PM adoption related decision-making. Practical implications – Understanding the interplay of the various pressures may facilitate the management of PM development projects. Originality/value – Rational and institutional rationales are opposed also in the Finnish public sector (corroborating DiMaggio and Powell), but this “polar” view needs to be amended with individual or “experimental” aspects (corroborating Granlund). Acknowledging all three rationales refines public sector PM adoption literature (Lapsley and Wright). Finally, the rationales were interrelated, i.e. able to interact or counteract in PM adoption related decision-making.

Lean can be a survival strategy during recessionary times (International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, Volume 58, Issue 8)

Bhim Singh, S.K. Garg, S.K. Sharma — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to discuss a survival strategy for industry in recessionary time by means of lean principles and philosophies. Design/methodology/approach – The paper presents the views of the authors regarding the application of lean principles and philosophies to overcome recession, followed by interaction with industrial personnel about recession, its effects and prevention. Findings – Recessionary time is the time for industries to follow lean guidelines and to look in to their business chain from raw material to end customer in order to remove all types of waste. Originality/value – The paper provides some real help as to how to survive in recession as there is little published research on this topic.

Healthcare capacity measurement (International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, Volume 58, Issue 8)

David Bamford, Elizabeth Chatziaslan — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present findings from an action research intervention in the outpatient department of a National Health Service (NHS) Hospital. It investigates the perceived and actual problems of measuring capacity at a UK hospital. Design/methodology/approach – An action research methodology was adopted: relevant literature on capacity measurement and performance was reviewed; the motivation behind its usage explored. Systems requiring improvement were identified and the adoption and implementation of new working methods initiated and explored. In addition to considering capacity measurement and performance issues, the authors examined the effects this may have on the long-term potential of the organisation. Findings – The research identified gaps in the capacity and activity measures used and in the dissemination of performance information. To address these problems and meet the changing needs of the department a new performance measurement and reporting tool was implemented. Research limitations/implications – The methodology applied was appropriate, generating data to facilitate discussion and draw specific conclusions from. A perceived limitation is the single case approach, however, Remenyi argues this can be enough to add to the body of knowledge. Practical implications – The paper gives details about the introduction of new performance measures and the development of a performance measurement tool for the Outpatient Department of the Hospital. The conclusions drawn add substantially to previous commentaries, and develop interesting questions for future research. Originality/value – Specific recommendations for the implementation of a new performance tool for healthcare organisations are made.

The UK productivity gap in the service sector: do management practices matter? (International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, Volume 58, Issue 8)

Giuliana Battisti, Alfonsina Iona — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – This paper aims to contribute to the debate on the drivers of the productivity gap that exists between the UK and its major international competitors. Design/methodology/approach – From the macro perspective the paper explores the quantitative evidence on the productivity differentials and how they are measured. From the micro perspective, the article explores the quantitative evidence on the role of management practices claimed to be a key determinant in promoting firm competitiveness and in bridging the UK gap. Findings – This study suggests that management practices are an ambiguous driver of firm productivity and higher firm performance. On the methodological side, qualitative and subjective measures of either management practices or firm performance are often used. This makes the results not comparable across studies, across firms or even within firms over time. Productivity and profitability are often and erroneously interchangeably used while productivity is only one element of firm performance. On the other hand, management practices are multi-dimensional constructs that generally do not demonstrate a straightforward relationship with productivity variables. To assume that they are the only driver of higher productivity may be misleading. Moreover, there is evidence of an inverse causal relationship between management practices and firm performance. This calls into question most empirical results of the extant literature based on the unidirectional assumption of direct causality between management practices and firm performance. Research limitations/implications – These and other issues suggest that more research is needed to deepen the understanding of the UK productivity gap and more quantitative evidence should be provided on the way in which management practices contribute to the UK competitiveness. Their impact is not easily measurable due to their complexity and their complementary nature and this is a fertile ground for further research. Originality/value – This paper brings together the evidence on the UK productivity gap and its main drivers, provided by the economics, management and performance measurement literature. This issue scores very highly in the agenda of policy makers and academics and has important implications for practitioners interested in evaluating the impact of managerial best practices.

Measuring and comparing the performance of Portuguese secondary schools: A confrontation between metric and practice benchmarking (International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, Volume 58, Issue 8)

Cláudia S. Sarrico, Maria J. Rosa — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – This paper aims to discuss methods for measuring and comparing the performance of Portuguese schools, confronting metric and practice benchmarking exercises. Design/methodology/approach – Data on the schools was collected within the context of a programme for school evaluation launched by the Ministry of Education in 2007. The paper first uses a non-parametric technique, data envelopment analysis, to assess the sample of schools using the data collected, taking a value-added approach. The results obtained are compared with the results obtained by the panels of evaluators within the national evaluation programme of schools. Findings – The paper concludes that the performance of the schools under the metric benchmarking exercise does vary substantially. However, the results do not correlate with the judgements made by the panels of assessors regarding schools' results. This might be because assessors find it difficult to take a value-added approach and instead assess schools mostly on output measures, such as exam classifications and graduation rates, having difficulty in taking into account pupils' socio-economic background and other variables not under the control of the school. Research limitations/implications – The paper focuses on the Portuguese context, and its findings might not be directly applicable to other contexts. Also, if other quantitative and qualitative methods were used, other results might have been obtained. Practical implications – Although the study is focused on the Portuguese context, contributing towards a better understanding of Portuguese secondary school performance, it is believed it will be helpful to inform the debate on school evaluation, performance improvement and policy setting in other contexts. Originality/value – The paper concludes by arguing for metric benchmarking exercises of the type proposed, to inform schools, evaluators and policy decision-makers, in combination with practice benchmarking exercises, which are better suited for qualitative aspects of performance.

IT capabilities, interfirm performance, and the state of economic development (Industrial Management & Data Systems, Volume 109, Issue 9)

Buraj Patrakosol, Sang M. Lee — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – Prior studies have found that productivity gains associated with information technology (IT) adoption, measured at either the firm- or aggregate-economy levels, differ between developed and developing countries. The purpose of this paper is to extend prior cross-country research to the interfirm IT capabilities and relationship-level. Design/methodology/approach – A two-country comparative study is conducted: the USA, a developed country; and Thailand, a developing country. The measurement constructs for the interfirm IT capabilities and performance are derived from the existing literature. Data are collected from IT managers who oversee interfirm relationships as follows: 68 from the US firms; 107 from Thai firms. Several statistical tools are used to test the developed hypotheses, including correlation, regression, and t-test analysis. Findings – The important results of the paper indicate the following: IT technical capabilities are positively associated with interfirm performance across two countries. However, IT personnel IT capabilities had a positive relationship with interfirm performance only in Thai firms. Also, Thai firms realize higher innovation performance as a result of IT adoption than the US firms. Research limitations/implications – This is an exploratory study as it is based on data from only two countries. Thus, a new causal theory about interfirm relationship-level performance is not sought. The future research needs include data collection from more countries and longitudinal analyses of trends based on advances in IT capabilities in different countries. Originality/value – In today's networked global economy, many organizations have value chains that involve interfirm relationships. This paper is the first attempt to explore productivity gains associated with IT adoption, measured at interfirm relationship-level, based on cross-country comparative analysis.

Determinants of satisfaction and continuance intention towards self-service technologies (Industrial Management & Data Systems, Volume 109, Issue 9)

Shih-Chih Chen, Huei-Huang Chen, Mei-Fang Chen — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – Self-service technologies (SSTs) allow customers to offer their own service encounters via the interaction of electronic service interfaces or machines rather than by interacting with a firm's service personnel. This paper aims to develop an integrated model designed to predict and explain an individual's continuous use of SSTs based on the concepts of technology readiness (TR), technology acceptance model (TAM), and theory of planned behavior (TPB). Design/methodology/approach – The participants are from 481 SST users as the sample finally. Structural equation modeling is applied to demonstrate the stability of the proposed model and the results of hypotheses testing. Findings – This paper finds that consumers' satisfaction significantly influences continuance intention, while the perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, subjective norm (SN), and perceived behavioral control (PBC) simultaneously influence satisfaction. Optimism and innovativeness are also the significant motivators of satisfaction. However, TR's inhibitors (discomfort and insecurity) have no significantly negative influence on continuance intention towards adopting SST services. Research limitations/implications – Different from previous SSTs studies, this paper suggests that SN and PBC play critical factors in users' adoption at SSTs encounters. However, additionally empirical evidences should be discussed why the inhibitors (discomfort and insecurity) of TR have no effect. Originality/value – This paper proposes a comprehensive model to synthesize the essence of TR, TAM, and TPB for explaining customers' continuous intention of SSTs.

RFID-based intra-supply chain in textile industry (Industrial Management & Data Systems, Volume 109, Issue 9)

Siu Keung Kwok, Kenny K.W. Wu — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to describe the design of a radio frequency identification (RFID)-based intra-supply chain (intra-SC) system to facilitate coordination and integration of supply chain functions and activities, thus eventually enhancing the overall performance of a supply chain. Design/methodology/approach – The architecture of the proposed RFID-based intra-SC system is designed specifically for a chain made up of a fiber producer, fiber dyeing producer, yarn spinning producer, knitting and finishing producer, distributor, and a textile retailer. Findings – Compared with the traditional approach, operational time, costs, lead time, and accuracy of inventory holding and of cycle time operations are noticeably improved. Practical implications – The proposed RFID-based intra-SC system is implemented for trial at a distribution warehouse in Zhuhai, China. It is of benefit to the manufacturer who is able to seek obsolete stock effectively and capture real-time data automatically. Originality/value – The RFID-based intra-SC system is designed to overcome issues of information invisibility, which is considered a huge cost lost for obsolete stocks and ineffective intra-SC operations in the textile industry. In this industry, the products are highly dependent on seasonal factors. Short product life cycle and high forecast errors are also critical difficulties encountered by supply chain parties. Thus, the RFID technology is suggested to be adopted in similar supply chains. In this paper, a textile manufacturing site is selected to test the proposed RFID system. Some advantages, critical issues for implementation of the RFID system, and lessons learned from the case study are shared with other interested parties.

Demand chain management: a Swedish industrial case study (Industrial Management & Data Systems, Volume 109, Issue 9)

Per Hilletofth, Dag Ericsson, Martin Christopher — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to increase the understanding of demand chain management (DCM) by investigating how it has been structured and executed in an international manufacturing company. Design/methodology/approach – The main emphasis has been on producing descriptive results and the applied research strategy has been an embedded single case study. The case organization originates from Sweden, but it has significant international presence. Empirical data have been collected mainly from in-depth interviews with key persons representing senior management in the case company. Findings – This research shows that DCM is about developing synergies between the demand creation and the demand fulfillment processes. A completely implemented DCM approach should incorporate all the major demand creation and fulfillment processes. This kind of fully implemented approach probably does not exist in real life today but some companies have started to develop versions including some of the major processes, and this research provides an example of this. The ultimate goal of DCM is to gain competitive advantages by differentiating not only the products, but also the delivery process. This is necessary in markets characterized of intensive competition, high product variety, large amounts of customer-adapted products, and short product life cycles. It can be concluded that DCM is not another name for demand driven supply chains (SCs) or a fad. It is rather a way to finally benefit from decade long marketing discussions on how to achieve customer focus. It highlights the interplay between marketing and supply chain management (SCM) as an enabler of value creation. Research limitations/implications – This research work is limited to one Swedish company; however, the case company has large international presence and is in top three in their industry measured by sales, which provides some ground for the generalization of the research. Practical implications – This paper gives an insight for managers and practitioners to the value of coordinating marketing and SCM to develop a truly customer-driven organization and SC. Originality/value – Several studies have addressed the synergies between marketing and SCM but failed to address how to in some detail realize this in practice. This paper contributes by discussing how to realize this coordination in practice.

Knowledge sharing: game and reasoned action perspectives (Industrial Management & Data Systems, Volume 109, Issue 9)

Chien-Ta Bruce Ho, Shih-Feng Hsu, K.B. Oh — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate knowledge sharing (KS) to characterize its behavior in companies based on the concepts of theory of reasoned action and game theory (GT). Design/methodology/approach – The paper proposes two models: Model A: KS process is constructed by capturing personal psychological feelings; and Model B: KS process is not only constructed by personal psychological feelings but also takes into consideration other people's decisions. By comparing the two knowledge-sharing models' predictability performance, the authors are able to characterize the process of KS. Findings – The results show that different companies require different models. On average, Model B with game concept has lower predictive accuracy than the Model A without game concept. Research limitations/implications – The paper provides practical implications for manager to frame effective KS policies and also suggests future studies to improve measurement. Originality/value – The values of this paper are: provide a methodology to determine whether individuals analyze decisions of others in making KS decisions; test the predictive ability of GT analysis in a KS modeling, and build a single-instance two-person game to characterize individuals' tacit KS behavior.

Turning knowledge into new product creativity: an empirical study (Industrial Management & Data Systems, Volume 109, Issue 9)

Jie Yang, Mingjie Rui — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between knowledge acquisition, dissemination, and innovation and new product creativity and to identify different hidden patterns in which knowledge acquisition, dissemination, and innovation affect new product creativity. Design/methodology/approach – The paper employs additivity and variance stabilization analysis. Findings – The new product creativity is significantly related to knowledge management. Practical implications – The paper implies that if organizations fail to understand the subtle ways by which different dimensions of knowledge acquisition, dissemination, and innovation influence new product creativity, they may fail to harvest the full value of knowledge management in creativity improvement. Originality/value – It is one of the first to assess the link between knowledge management and new product creativity.

Towards a stage theory for industrial management research (Industrial Management & Data Systems, Volume 109, Issue 9)

Petter Gottschalk, Hans Solli-Sæther — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to show how stages of growth models have been applied to a number of organizational phenomena in management research. One class of models consists of maturity models for IT outsourcing relationships. There is a need for an improved theoretical foundation for stage models. Design/methodology/approach – Based on a literature review of theory research as well as stage research, a stage of growth theory is proposed in this paper. Also, a procedure for stages of growth modeling is suggested. Findings – A theoretical foundation for stages of growth models enables trust worthier modeling. Research limitations/implications – Future research modeling organizational phenomena can follow the suggested modeling procedure. This paper can be used in teaching by discussing industrial management phenomena along stages of growth by applying dominant problems and benchmark variables. Practical implications – In strategy work, this paper helps in providing a framework for assessing current stage as well as determining future strategic direction for an industrial organization. Originality/value – Theory development in this paper includes four important propositions on which this theory is based.

Customer knowledge management in the natural cosmetics industry (Industrial Management & Data Systems, Volume 109, Issue 9)

Vesselina Dimitrova, Mariana Kaneva, Teodoro Gallucci — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – This paper aims to examine the level of customer knowledge (CK) for natural cosmetic products, namely Bulgarian rose products, in three European countries – Bulgaria, Montenegro and Italy – and to propose appropriate solutions for its management. Design/methodology/approach – The research structure is based on a questionnaire and represents a part of the general investigation about the nature of the Bulgarian rose products. The study includes the responses to priority questions on customers' knowledge about these products. Feedback is received from 236 respondents in 450 distributed inquiries for the whole investigation. Findings – The results of the research indicate that the role of the customers in the cognitive process of knowledge accumulation for the specific and rare aromatic rose products is captive, based on a new learning for the nature of the product and on the application of integrated marketing ideas for product development and promotion. Practical implications – This paper gives suggestions for the customers' preferences of organizing communication systems by the use of integrated media mix of TV, internet and journals on the unique natural cosmetic products in Bulgaria. The empirical results show the opportunity to organize a collected database for healthy products as Bulgarian rose products. Originality/value – The study of CK in the natural cosmetics industry is structured on the basis of logit regression model, which targets to analyze the increase of the chance for effective knowledge transfer with customers, with the recognition of motivation for purchasing natural Bulgarian rose products and the exchange of high-grade information with customers about this product.

Chief Synergy Officer (Journal of Business Strategy, Volume 30, Issue 6)

Stuart E. Jackson — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – Chief strategy officers (CSOs) or other executives in similar roles have a range of responsibilities in the organization, often including communicating corporate strategy to key stakeholders, promoting decision making that sustains change and engendering commitment to strategic plans. This paper aims to suggest that the CSO often adds the most value to the organization by identifying and helping to capture synergies from different products and services the company can provide. In essence, playing the role of chief synergy officer. Design/methodology/approach – In this paper a number of case examples of businesses that have been able to unlock new sources of value by changing the scope of how the company meets customer needs are considered. Example businesses cited in the paper include automated vending services, travel agency, financial services and social networking. The paper then draws lessons that can be applied broadly across any business seeking to increase efficiency and value by changing the scope of services offered. Findings – Executives with responsibility for strategy should not assume that the role of increasing the firm's efficiency is only the job of those with operating responsibilities. CSOs can support this objective through business synergies that come from changing the scope of what the company does. Often this can come from expansion into new activities where overlapping functions (sales, contracting, sourcing, research and development, etc.) can be shared, thereby spreading indirect costs across multiple products, customer groups, channels or parts of a vertically integrated firm. The paper also provides a number of lessons for achieving this successfully. Originality/value – Business managers that have responsibility for strategy should not think of themselves as only documenting and communicating strategic plans. Instead they should emphasize identifying ways to improve the efficiency and value of the firm by changing the scope of its activities, and capturing untapped synergies between functions and business lines

Re-energizing a product portfolio: case study of a pharmaceutical merger (Journal of Business Strategy, Volume 30, Issue 6)

Sanjay K. Rao — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – In 2007 global mergers and acquisitions (M&A) activity totaled a record $4.38 trillion, up 21 percent from 2006. Despite current turbulence in the world financial markets, 44 percent of privately held businesses globally are planning to grow through acquisition in the next three years. Following a merger or an acquisition, a combined firm may need to streamline an inefficient product portfolio so as to increase revenues and profitability. The consequences of retaining inefficient portfolios can be more than internal competition and inadequate financial returns. This paper seeks to illustrate key processes, methods and the value of strategic marketing research and science in helping make critical decisions that reshape an inefficient portfolio of 12 pharmaceutical products, created as the result of a merger of two large, global pharmaceutical firms. Design/methodology/approach – Using a case study, the paper posits that taking a customer-centric, market-driven view of the value of products in a portfolio almost always results in significant insight that helps streamlining. Applying relevant tools and techniques from the disciplines of strategic marketing, market research and marketing science crystallizes insight into objective criteria that can then be used to make informed and valid decisions. Findings – Results illustrate the importance of customer-centric, market-driven constructs in influencing critical market outcomes, which, in turn, provide rational insight into structuring existing product portfolios. Product, customer and market drivers that drive product and portfolio performance are explicated and recommended for analysis and ongoing tracking. Results are presented in terms of altered customer behaviors, product and portfolio revenue and profitability. Originality/value – The paper highlights the critical role of relying on the core elements of strategic marketing and research in solving one of the most common and important business issues of our time. Key themes are stressed through focusing on insights reiterating the role of core marketing principles such as differentiation, positioning and strategy simulations. When combined with the insights provided by comparable other business functions such as financial modeling and valuation, this can only result in smart business strategy.

Obliterate knowledge management: everyone is a knowledge manager! (Journal of Business Strategy, Volume 30, Issue 6)

Ajit Kambil — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – Knowledge assets are a critical basis of competition, but knowledge management (KM) often fails to deliver in effectively growing the value of these assets. This paper aims to lay out four shifts required to make knowledge management more effective. Design/methodology/approach – The paper defines four shifts likely in the evolution of KM: “Knowledge Clouds” where knowledge assets within and outside the company become permeable and interconnected in a cloud computing environment; the use of social media and ratings to co-create user generated ratings, taxonomies and collective organization of knowledge; integrating KM with learning and decision support so users are better empowered to learn, decide and do useful things with knowledge; and everybody becomes a knowledge manager and is clear about how the can contribute to the creation, projection, organization and use of knowledge of assets within and outside the walls of the company. Findings – The paper presents clear reasons KM is vital to the future of business, but probably best obliterated now. Originality/value – Much of the discussion on KM is centered on the firm. This paper pushes forth provocatively to suggest that the future of KM is best served by obliterating centralized KM to create a more social process where everyone is a knowledge manager.

BRICOland brands: the rise of the new multinationals (Journal of Business Strategy, Volume 30, Issue 6)

James Bell — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate to business leaders in the developed world that many powerful brands are rising in the emerging economies; to indicate how those incumbents' branding approaches will need to adapt as a result. Design/methodology/approach – This paper uses empirical findings, segmentation into three accessible categories of fast-rising brands, and third-party research on the multipolar world to show that the twenty-first century's “powerhouse” brands are as likely to come from emerging markets such as China, Turkey, Qatar, South Africa, and Brazil as from the USA, Japan and Europe. Findings – The paper states that the dominant brands of the twenty-first century are far less likely to be household names like IBM and Coca-Cola and much more likely to be brands that today are relatively unfamiliar in the West – names such as SABIC and Emaar and Ülker. The paper argues that the rise of these emerging-market brands will change the way that business leaders in the developed world will have to shape their marketing strategies over the next decade. The paper quickly establishes the range and pace of growth of emerging-market brands and points out that business leaders today must think beyond old notions of developing markets in the BRIC nations – Brazil, Russia, India, and China, to consider fast-growing companies in the “O” (for “other”) economies of eastern Europe, Latin America, the Middle East, Africa, and Asia. The paper places the so-called “BRICOland” brands in three categories: Emerging Giants – the industrial and conglomerate brands that are largely growing through acquisition to become major global players; New Champions – the brands with domestic scale which are venturing beyond their borders, leveraging cost and scale advantages to offer compelling value; and Arabian Knights – the relatively new, outward-looking brands powered by Arab sovereign wealth and characterized by magnitude of vision and rapidity of growth. Practical implications – The paper's rich examples, together with its six-step recommendations for managers of emerging brands, create a pressing case for careful planning by developing-world executives now crafting their companies' global brand strategies. Originality/value – This paper is aimed at business leaders of the emerging brands as well as “C-suite” executives from the developed world who can benefit from clearly understanding how brand battles will intensify worldwide. The paper's greatest value lies in its many illustrations of brands that are rapidly rising to prominence outside their domestic markets.

Think the thinkable (Journal of Business Strategy, Volume 30, Issue 6)

Patrick Marren — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to emphasize the importance of anticipation rather than prediction in business strategy. Design/methodology/approach – The paper takes the form of an opinion column. Findings – This column attempts to demonstrate that supplementing standard strategy with a right-brain, inductive examination of the basic working assumptions of the organization is the best way to anticipate catastrophe. Originality/value – The paper presents an historic perspective on catastrophe and change that may be unavailable elsewhere.

The illusion of smart decision making: the past is not prologue (Journal of Business Strategy, Volume 30, Issue 6)

Sydney Finkelstein, Jo Whitehead, Andrew Campbell — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to study the role of misleading experiences, and how decision-makers' experience can sometimes lead them to think they are right when they are really wrong. Design/methodology/approach – Literature was reviewed in neuroscience, cognitive psychology and decision theory on how people make decisions and what decision-making biases influence thinking. A total of 83 strategic decisions were studied to understand what potential biases existed and how those biases affected the quality of decision making. Findings – Decision making is more often an emotional than rational process, in large part because of how our brains are wired. This process works most of the time, but not always. As a result, it is critical to identify those red flag conditions where our decisions are most vulnerable to error, with misleading experiences being one of the most central of these red flags. The paper discusses how to identify whether misleading experiences are potentially dangerous. Research limitations/implications – While the paper relies on multiple literatures and the authors' own original empirical work, a topic as complex as how our brains make decisions clearly cannot lead to definitive conclusions. Future research might investigate more of the contingency situations where misleading experiences might be dangerous. Originality/value – This study is the first that highlights how central misleading experiences can be to mistaken decision making. It is based on significant original research, and has implications that are clearly practical for business leaders.

Finance is everything: advice from turnaround managers (Journal of Business Strategy, Volume 30, Issue 6)

Herbert Kierulff, Henry L. Petersen — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – There are many reasons why companies drift – or plunge – into financial disaster. Factors such as market share loss, excess debt, management problems, technology changes or credit fluctuations can all play roles. In fact, the number of risks facing corporate officers is enormous today and simply keeping abreast of it all is a colossal task. As a result, not all managers and firms can cope, often resulting in a turnaround situation. The purpose of this paper is to highlight what sets successful turnarounds apart from failures and the most frequent underlying causes of the problems faced by companies in turnaround situations. Design/methodology/approach – This paper makes use of previous literature and work with clients to identify a relevant top ten list of management practices for keeping companies out of trouble. Findings – The academic and professional literature on turnarounds leaves many unanswered questions with respect to what sets successful turnarounds apart from failures. This paper describes ten basic lessons the authors have learned in turning around companies that managements can use to keep their companies healthy. Originality/value – This paper sets the stage for identifying fundamental, but often overlooked, management practices that lead to financial crisis. Given the disparity in the literature on turnaround success-rates, the authors suggest that this paper contributes to this literature and also provides unique and timely advice for practitioners.

Brain drain: why top management bolts after M&As (Journal of Business Strategy, Volume 30, Issue 6)

Jeffrey A. Krug — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – This paper aims to analyzes merger, firm, and country characteristics that may explain the root causes of long-term executive instability in target company top management teams. Design/methodology/approach – Mergers involve two different groups of executives – executives in place at the time of the acquisition (“incumbents”) and those brought into the target after the acquisition (“new-hires”). In order to understand why many target companies experience long-term instability in their top management teams, patterns of turnover in these two distinct groups were analyzed over a 17-year period in 730 target companies. Findings – Analysis of the data revealed that a range of factors create conditions in target companies that lead to prolonged leadership instability. Different deal types such as tender offers, hostile takeovers, divestitures, and leveraged buyouts, the nature of merger negotiations, growth and profitability of the target company, headquarters location of the acquirer–whether foreign or domestic, and foreign investment experience of the acquirer all lead to significantly higher turnover rates for both incumbent and new-hire executives. These effects may continue for ten or more years after the acquisition. Practical implications – Acquisitions create instability within target company top management teams. This instability can be traced back to conditions that existed at the time of the merger. Organizations involved in mergers and acquisitions (M&As) might leverage these new insights to more effectively deal with leadership issues early in the post-merger integration process. This may be an important first step in reestablishing long-term leadership continuity in acquired firms. Originality/value – This research is the first to provide insight into the root causes of long-term leadership instability in target companies. It is also the first to examine the effects of M&As on executives who join a company several years after its acquisition. Future research by the author will report on the relationship between leadership stability and long-term performance in target companies. A deeper understanding of this relationship may provide new insights into why so many M&As fail.

Engaging China: strategies for the small internationalizing firm (Journal of Business Strategy, Volume 30, Issue 6)

Rolf D. Cremer, Bala Ramasamy — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – To date, more than 400 of the Fortune 500 companies have already established their presence in China. Like their larger counterparts, smaller multinationals are also attracted by the huge potential market and cheap resources that China has to offer. Thus, the purpose of this paper to examine key strategies that small internationalizing firms (SIFs) need to focus on for a successful China engagement. Design/methodology/approach – The findings of this study are based on a year-long research of New Zealand firms in China. The study involved a survey of senior managers of New Zealand companies at home as well as a focus group discussion among executives in China. Findings – The study identifies three dimensions of strategy that SIFs need to pay particular attention – the attributes of the China bound manager, the business focus of the enterprise, and the guanxi building capabilities. Originality/value – This paper is based on the premise that the SIF cannot mirror the exact strategies of larger multinationals. Previous literature tends not to distinguish the size of the firm when discussing the China engagement. The paper emphasizes a carefully designed effort to choose the right general to lead the assault on the world's largest market.

Compétence: conceptual approach and practice in France (Journal of European Industrial Training, Volume 33, Issue 8/9)

Françoise Le Deist — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this article is to analyse the conceptual approaches to competence and practice in competence management in France. Design/methodology/approach – Extensive literature review, discussion with academic experts in the French competence network of AGRH and interviews concerning developments following the 2003 national agreement with officials of the major trade unions and employers' associations. Findings – The conceptual approach to competence is formally comprehensive and incorporates key dimensions of the other dominant competence models. Extensive academic debate on competence does not appear to be mirrored in practice within establishments. Nevertheless, competence management has been given a major stimulus by recent legislation designed to promote lifelong learning and competence is at the centre of the reform of the training and qualifications systems. Research limitations/implications – It is still too early to assess the extent of adoption of competence management overall in the economy but there is increasing evidence that the techniques are becoming diffused throughout the economy from leading edge cases, often larger enterprises, to smaller firms and establishments. Practical implications – This paper provides valuable information for practitioners engaging with organisations in France. Originality/value – This paper gives a summary of the state of the art of competence management in France.

Competence across Europe: highest common factor or lowest common denominator? (Journal of European Industrial Training, Volume 33, Issue 8/9)

Jonathan Winterton — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this article is to explore diversity in competence models across Europe and consider the extent to which there is sufficient common ground for a common European approach to underpin the European Qualifications Framework. Design/methodology/approach – The paper uses a literature review and interviews with policy makers. Findings – Despite the central role of competence in policy initiatives, conceptual approaches to competence vary not only between but also within different member states. This diversity embodies not only language issues but also fundamental cultural differences in approaches to skill formation. Whether the models have sufficient common ground to permit a “best-fit” European-wide approach is open to question, although this is clearly an essential prerequisite for removing barriers to labour mobility. Despite initiatives like the European Qualifications Framework there is still no consensus for adopting a common competence model and policy discussions continue to reveal confusion. Research limitations/implications – The focus on policy discussions at the European level may be a limitation, and readers should see this as the introductory scene setting to more detailed discussions in the following papers of important developments within member states. Beyond this, much is happening at the level of sectors and occupations that is the focus for practical implementation. Practical implications – The paper highlights the urgent need to develop a coherent conceptual underpinning for competence descriptors in qualifications frameworks that will work as a best-fit approach across Europe. Without this, occupational and inter-sector mobility will be hindered. Originality/value – The paper offers the most comprehensive assessment of European approaches to competence to date.

Developing competence frameworks in UK healthcare: lessons from practice (Journal of European Industrial Training, Volume 33, Issue 8/9)

Lindsay Mitchell, George Boak — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this article is to review the use of competence frameworks in the UK healthcare sector and to explore characteristics of the sector that may influence the success of projects to develop new frameworks. Design/methodology/approach – The paper draws on project reports and evaluations of practice in a range of recent projects to develop new competence frameworks. Findings – There are a number of competence frameworks in use in the UK healthcare sector, principally the NHS, designed for a range of purposes. There are many potential benefits of such frameworks. The main characteristics of the UK healthcare sector that can present difficulties to the development, and ultimate use, of such competence frameworks are the size, complexity, professionalisation and extent of other simultaneous change in the sector. Potential difficulties caused by these characteristics can be ameliorated by measures to align the development of the framework with priorities, interests and concerns of practitioners and stakeholder bodies. A case study of effective implementation of a framework demonstrates the benefits of integrating the competences with other measures to deliver a new service. Practical implications – The paper gives practical guidance for those who intend to develop and implement competence frameworks in healthcare and other complex environments. Originality/value – The paper applies established organisational change concepts to the specific issue of developing new frameworks of competence. The article provides high originality and high value to those who commission and those who develop competence frameworks.

“Kompetenz” and “Beruf” in the context of the proposed German Qualifications Framework for Lifelong Learning (Journal of European Industrial Training, Volume 33, Issue 8/9)

Volker Gehmlich — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to answer a set of questions related to “Kompetenz”, “Beruf” and the German Qualifications Framework for Lifelong Learning. What is a competence, can it be measured? Is the “Beruf” really endangered by the focus on learning outcomes? What are the implications as regards the learning process? Are permeability and mobility between occupations fostered? Design/methodology/approach – Literature was analysed to identify elements which are linked to the introduction of qualifications frameworks in Germany and which have an impact on the German system of education and training. Additionally some primary research was done by interviewing about 50 experts in the field. The results were published prior to this paper in the form of a study on behalf of the German government. Here they are used to highlight potentially controversial issues: “Beruf”, “Qualifikation”, “Kompetenz”, “learning outcomes” and their relationship to qualifications frameworks. Findings – It is assumed that “Beruf” will also be used in future but in different contexts. It will describe any type of occupation or profession without the need to specify the way to get there (“Berufsbild”). Instead, there will be flexible pathways, allowing for non-formal and informal learning. Its former role of structuring training will be taken over by “Kompetenz” within the qualifications frameworks. It is recommended to clearly differentiate between learning outcomes and “Kompetenz”. Research limitations/implications – As a one-year pilot phase to test the proposed qualifications framework is about to start, the final outcomes may be different from what is expected on the basis of this research. Originality/value – The paper answers a set of questions related to “Kompetenz”, “Beruf” and the German Qualifications Framework for Lifelong Learning.

Organising workplace learning: an inter-organisational perspective (Journal of European Industrial Training, Volume 33, Issue 8/9)

Lennart Svensson, Hanne Randle, Maria Bennich — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to argue that both the supply-based model and the demand-based form of vocational education and training (VET) have their limitations and propose a “third way” in which reflective learning in the workplace is a central ingredient. Design/methodology/approach – The data was collected from several studies of VET programmes in Sweden based on individual and group interviews, a survey and continuous participation in developmental work. The paper uses an interactive research approach in the research design. Findings – The paper proposes a “third way” that tries to overcome the deficiencies of both the supply- and demand-based strategies for VET by developing a more equal balance in the relationship between the education and workplace systems. Collaboration and partnership between education providers and progressive workplaces are core elements. Research limitations/implications – The paper tries to connect activities and changes at the organisational, inter-organisational and institutional levels of the VET system. It is argued that changes at different levels are strongly interconnected and necessary to an understanding of the prerequisites for workplace learning. These vertical relationships form the main focus of future research. Practical implications – It is argued that changes in the VET system should be initiated using a “bottom up” approach, start at the local level, and include change at all levels. The “bottom up” approach should include a combined employer, employee and service-user perspective. It requires that learning issues are solved in a partnership that represents both the supply side of education and the demand side of working life. Originality/value – Inter-organisational relations need to be based on equal, mutual and trustful relationships between the education and workplace systems in order to support a sustainable change process.

The new competence concept in higher education: error or enrichment? (Journal of European Industrial Training, Volume 33, Issue 8/9)

Martin Mulder, Judith Gulikers, Harm Biemans, Renate Wesselink — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to evaluate whether the new (comprehensive) concept of competence and the competence-based education approach are being used in, and perceived as being fruitful for, academic education. Design/methodology/approach – In this explorative and qualitative study individual interviews with representatives of study programs from eight universities in the Netherlands were held, and a participative case-study in one university was conducted, in which practices and perceptions from various stakeholder groups were triangulated. Findings – The opinions of the respondents on the usefulness of the competence-based education approach were quite positive. There is wide agreement on the necessity to align university curricula to the needs of society and of the labour market. University education can make effective use of the competence concept. Universities differ as to the extent to which they employ a competence-based education approach. Many hurdles exist for actually implementing this in university curricula. Research limitations/implications – Interpretations largely depend on the perceptions of the respondents in the study. For most university programs only one representative was included as respondent in the study. Practical implications – With some exceptions, the competence-based education approach is currently not much used in academic education. Possibilities and limitations of competence-based academic education should be identified in further case studies and strategies for actually implementing it should be developed. Further research should show differential relationships between the level of integration of the competence concept in higher education and the societal effects of the respective programs. Originality/value – The competence concept has been underexposed in university education practices and in research.

Descriptors for competence: towards an international standard classification for skills and competences (Journal of European Industrial Training, Volume 33, Issue 8/9)

Jörg Markowitsch, Claudia Plaimauer — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the potential of already existing skills and competence ontologies to benefit European transparency tools and especially the implementation of the European Qualification Framework. Furthermore, it asks whether any of them could serve as a starting point to develop an International Standard Classification of Skills and Competences to supplement ISCED and ISCO. Design/methodology/approach – This contribution contains a comparative analyses of three systems providing ontologies of skills and competences – DISCO, O*NET and Taxonomy_DB – under terminological and pragmatic aspects. Findings – The analysis identifies O*NET as the most promising candidate to serve European transparency instruments and the EQF. Furthermore, it demonstrates that the development of an International Standard Classification of Skills and Competences, that is suitable for statistical purposes as well as appropriate for practical applications in human resource management and in the area of education, would have to integrate very diverging demands, which so far are being best met by O*NET and DISCO. Research/limitations/implications – The depth of the analysis is not sufficient to serve as an exhaustive guideline to design an International Standard Classification of Skills and Competences. Practical implications – The paper shows the potential of a future International Standard Classification of Skills and Competences for the EQF, for European transparency tools, and for statistical purposes. Originality/value – This article brings a new topic, namely ontologies for skills and competences, into the European debate about competences and their visibility and validation.

Evolution of competence concept in Lithuania: from VET reform to development of National Qualifications System (Journal of European Industrial Training, Volume 33, Issue 8/9)

Rimantas Laužackas, Vidmantas Tutlys, Irma Spudyte — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – This paper aims to explore the development of the concept of competence in Lithuania beginning from the period of transition from the Soviet planned economy and post-totalitarian regime to the market economy and democratic society and ending with the designing and implementation of the National Qualifications System and Qualifications Framework. Design/methodology/approach – The paper takes the form of desktop research of scientific literature and analysis of documents related to competences and qualifications in Lithuania. Findings – The understanding of competence in Lithuania varies between the official usage in the laws and policy documents, common usage in education institutions and the approaches of employers, and this differentiation of understanding is caused by complex reasons related to the development of education, world of work and society in the socio-economic transformations. In the National Qualifications System and National Framework of Qualifications of Lithuania competences are understood to be a bridge between the system of activities and the system of education. Research limitations/implications – The research involves mainly those concepts of competence that are originated by different social stakeholders and have influence on the processes of initial and continuing vocational training in Lithuania. All different scientific concepts of competence proposed by different scholars and circulating only in the scientific discourse have not been considered. Practical implications – The article provides useful information for the policy makers and different stakeholders looking for information on the existing variety of the concepts of competences in Lithuania. Originality/value – The paper provides a discourse that integrates the various complex conceptual and contextual issues related to the concept of competence.

Competence and competency in the EQF and in European VET systems (Journal of European Industrial Training, Volume 33, Issue 8/9)

Michaela Brockmann, Linda Clarke, Christopher Winch — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – Though the notion of competence is common terminology in European VET policy at national and supra-national level, understandings vary widely, both across countries and within. The particular conceptions of competence adopted in the EQF are themselves problematic and the framework allows for a variety of interpretations. The purpose of this paper is to clarify those applied in the EQF and the vocational education and qualifications systems of particular European countries and to contribute to the development of a transnational understanding of the term, one which is compatible with a rapidly changing labour market. Design/methodology/approach – Drawing on evidence from work funded by the Nuffield Foundation entitled “Cross-national Equivalence of Vocational Skills and Qualifications”, the paper explores the various conceptions of competence in the EQF and the national systems – in particular in the sectors of construction, ICT and health – of England, Germany, France and The Netherlands. Findings – Interpretations are located on a continuum from the comprehensive occupational model traditionally found in many European countries to the task-focused model of the English NVQ system. Research limitations/implications – Much developmental work involving all stakeholders is necessary to arrive at a commonly agreed conception. A broad understanding of competence would relate to the potential of labour, itself determined through the occupational capacity embodied in the qualification. Practical implications – Zones of Mutual Trust need to be based on transnational categories of VET. Originality/value – The value of the paper is in seeking to go beyond identifying differences by developing transnational categories and suggesting the nature of Zones of Mutual Trust for implementing the EQF.

Does marriage pay more than cohabitation? (Journal of Economic Studies, Volume 36, Issue 6)

Katherin Barg, Miriam Beblo — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – Empirical research has unambiguously shown that married men receive higher wages than unmarried, whereas a wage premium for cohabiters is not as evident yet. This paper aims to exploit the observed difference between the marital and the cohabiting wage premium in Germany to draw conclusions about the sources, typically explained by specialisation (e.g. husbands being more productive because their wives take over household chores) or selection (high earnings potentials being more attractive on the marriage market). Design/methodology/approach – The paper analyzes the cohabiting and the marital wage premium in Germany using a shifting panel design for marriages and move-ins from 1993 to 2004 in the German Socio-Economic Panel. With non-parametric matching models men who get married (treatment group I) are matched with cohabiting respectively single men (control groups) and men who move in with a partner (treatment group II) with singles. Findings – Matching reveals that higher wages are mostly due to positive selection – into marriage as well as into cohabitation. Supplementary analysis of intra-household time use suggests that specialization, if any, is part of the selection process from single to cohabitation to marriage. Originality/value – This is the first application of non-parametric matching in a comparative study of the marital and the cohabiting wage premium and thus provides new insights into their respective sources. It is also the first investigation of family-status-related wage premiums in Germany.

Economic convergence of income distribution worldwide from 1986 to 2000 (Journal of Economic Studies, Volume 36, Issue 6)

Jhon James Mora Rodriguez, José Javier Núñez Velázquez — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to discuss the role of Markovian transitions related to the economic convergence among countries. Thus, the paper aims to develop an overview of several classical approaches, including an analysis of fallacies exposed through the literature. Design/methodology/approach – The number of modes in the distribution of the RGDPL for 100 countries in the period from 1986 to 2000 is calculated. Next, the results obtained from the relevant transition matrices are discussed and the existence of twin peaks in the distribution of income is analyzed. Finally, the adequacy of both Markovian and (time) homogeneity hypotheses in connection with the stochastic process that underlies income distribution is studied. Findings – The results across the period 1986-2000 show the evolution of countries into convergence clubs, instead of the existence of economic convergence. Originality/value – The paper discusses two important issues on the convergence hypothesis. First, the discretization process really matters. If quartiles or quintiles are used the ergodic distribution does not show twin peaks because the process shows an equiprobabilistic ergodic (stationary) distribution in the long term. Second, the twin peaks results need a Markov (time) homogeneous chain as a model for the underlying income process, and then Chapman-Kolmogorov's equation must be satisfied. However, the paper finds empirical evidences of failure in such an argument.

Tax evasion and financial repression: a reconsideration using endogenous growth models (Journal of Economic Studies, Volume 36, Issue 6)

Rangan Gupta, Emmanuel Ziramba — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – This paper aims at developing a theoretical model of a world economy characterized by tax evasion. It seeks to analyze whether financial repression can be explained by tax evasion. Design/methodology/approach – The analysis is performed in overlapping generations dynamic general equilibrium endogenous monetary growth models. Findings – The paper shows that higher degree of tax evasion within a country, resulting from a higher level of corruption and a lower penalty rate, yields higher degrees of financial repression. Practical implications – Financial repression can be explained by tax evasion but under specific conditions. Originality/value – This is the first attempt to analyze financial repression and tax evasion in an endogenous growth model.

Transient products but persistent trade patterns (Journal of Economic Studies, Volume 36, Issue 6)

James Cassing, Steven Husted — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – This paper aims to combine the authors' findings of widespread bilateral trade-share persistence with some recent empirical evidence of substantial and rapid volatility in the country source of most products in order to extend the implications of this literature in several ways. Design/methodology/approach – The paper focuses on the behavior of aggregate bilateral trade flows for a large number of countries over the period 1980-2000. Findings – The paper infers that countries are frequently switching to very different products in their export bundles to particular destinations. It also argues that the evidence of rapid product turnover in trade is not inconsistent with traditional factor endowment trade pattern predictions, as has been inferred in the literature. Finally it finds that sunk costs in international trade appear to be external to particular products going to particular destinations but internal to the sum total of bilateral trade. Originality/value – The novelty of this paper resides in documenting the remarkably constant bilateral trade shares of 93 countries over the past two decades and the combination of this result with other known trade pattern characteristics to arrive at important new conclusions.

Too much R&D? – vertical differentiation and monopolistic competition (Journal of Economic Studies, Volume 36, Issue 6)

Jan Kranich — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – This paper aims to discuss whether product research and development (R&D) in developed economies tends to be too high compared with the socially desired level. Design/methodology/approach – In this context, a model of vertical and horizontal product differentiation within the Dixit-Stiglitz framework of monopolistic competition is set up. Firms compete in horizontal attributes of their products, and also in quality that can be controlled by R&D investments. Findings – The paper reveals that in monopolistic-competitive industries, R&D intensity is positively correlated with market concentration. Furthermore, welfare and policy analysis demonstrate an overinvestment in R&D with the result that vertical differentiation is too high and horizontal differentiation is too low. The only effective policy instrument in order to contain welfare losses is a price control of R&D services. Originality/value – Considering the extent of product R&D as well as the political efforts to promote public and private research, this paper scrutinizes its benefit incorporating income and employment effects. Thus, it goes beyond partial-analytical models of the existing industrial organization literature and provides a larger base of political analysis.

Impure public goods and technological interdependencies (Journal of Economic Studies, Volume 36, Issue 6)

Andreas Löschel, Dirk T.G. Rübbelke — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – This paper aims to investigate empirically the findings of an analytical impure public good model. The impure public good model described in this study allows for the application of different technologies generating public and private characteristics. The influence of the individual technologies on the total level of (impure) public good provision is of main concern in this study. Design/methodology/approach – After the illustration of the impure public good model, the analytical results are compared to the results of a numerical approach based on climate policy in Germany. Findings – The study shows that comparative static analyses do not always generate clear results. Therefore, the numerical approach is helpful to derive unambiguous results. The paper finds that technologies which exclusively generate private characteristics may have significant effects on total impure public good provision, since they may replace the private characteristics of the impure public good. Originality/value – This paper provides useful information on the influence of the individual technologies on the total level of (impure) public good provision.

Currency substitution in selected African countries (Journal of Economic Studies, Volume 36, Issue 6)

Assandé Désiré Adom, Subhash C. Sharma, A.K.M. Mahbub Morshed — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – This paper aims to investigate the presence of currency substitution in eight African countries. Design/methodology/approach – This study investigates the presence of currency substitution in eight African countries – Egypt, Morocco, Nigeria, Ghana, Kenya, South Africa, Tunisia and Zambia – for the period 1976 to 2005 using both regional and US dollar as anchor currencies. Findings – The paper finds that currency substitution is prevalent in Ghana and Nigeria when CFA franc is used as an anchor currency. However, when US dollar is used as an anchor currency there is no evidence of currency substitution in Ghana, but the presence of currency substitution in Nigeria is still observed. The paper also finds the presence of currency substitution in South Africa, but not in Egypt when the US dollar is the anchor currency. For Kenya, Tunisia and Zambia there is no evidence of currency substitution irrespective of the anchor currencies considered. In the case of Morocco, no evidence of currency substitution is observed when the Egyptian pound is used as anchor currency, but there is weak evidence of currency substitution when the US dollar is considered. Originality/value – This paper provides useful information on the presence of currency substitution in African countries.

Overcoming the limitations of efficiency modeling in the health care foodservice industry (Journal of Economic Studies, Volume 36, Issue 6)

A. Assaf, K.M. Matawie — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – This paper aims to reflect on the sources of the technical inefficiency of health care foodservice operations, using a sample of Australian and American hospitals. Design/methodology/approach – The paper applies the stochastic frontier model to reflect on the technical inefficiency and its sources. The advantage of the model is that it allows the simultaneous parameters estimation of technical efficiency as well as the factors that explain variations in technical efficiency. A set of hypotheses are tested to ensure the applicability and suitability of the suggested model. Then the model parameters are estimated, discussed and checked against the theoretical requirements and the literature. Findings – Results show that all the variable coefficients are correctly signed and that the average technical efficiency is around 83 percent for Australia and 80 percent for the USA. Practical implications – The technical efficiency results, according to the introduced model, suggest that health care foodservice operations in both countries are not operating at a full efficient level. The results also reveal that factors such as manager's education, manager's experience, and size have a direct impact on reducing the level of technical inefficiency of these operations. Originality/value – This paper overcomes the limitations of the existing efficiency techniques in the area of health care foodservice and also provides policy implications by emphasizing on the sources of technical inefficiency of health care foodservice operations for Australia and USA.

Critical pedagogy in a health service management development programme: Can “critically thinking” managers change the NHS management culture? (Journal of Health Organisation and Management, Volume 23, Issue 6)

Sally Sambrook — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – Management development programmes available to NHS managers focus on a performance orientation and sustain a culture of managerial and medical domination. This paper aims to question whether it is possible to consider NHS management development from a critical (empowerment culture) perspective. Features of the critical management studies approach (CMS) are identified. A new MSc is evaluated against these characteristics, examining the teaching and learning processes and students' perceptions of the programme. The aim is to develop critical thinkers who can return to their organizations and challenge existing power structures and practices to change local cultures and enhance health services. Design/methodology/approach – Empirical research employed anonymous student questionnaires and a focus group. Findings – Student evaluations suggest the MSc can deliver a critical pedagogy and help managers understand issues of power and empowerment, challenge dominant cultures, innovate and effect small, local changes in the NHS culture. Research limitaions/implications – There is a need to continue evaluating the programme and include other stakeholders. Longitudinal research should assess the impact of the managers' changed values, attitudes and behaviours on colleagues, clients and the local cultures. Practical implications – The paper identifies some of the tensions of developing “critical” health service managers, and the problems they encounter back in the “uncritical” NHS context, as well as some of the challenges in “facilitating” a critical curriculum. It questions the ethics of developing (or not) a critical perspective in a local context unfamiliar with CMS. Originality/value – Management development in the NHS largely ignores critical pedagogy. This paper makes a small and unique contribution to understanding how developing “critically thinking” managers can challenge the dominant culture. However, the limitations of such a small-scale study and ethical implications are noted.

Organisational professional conflict and hybrid clinician managers: The effects of dual roles in Australian health care organisations (Journal of Health Organisation and Management, Volume 23, Issue 6)

Louise Kippist, Anneke Fitzgerald — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – This article aims to examine tensions between hybrid clinician managers' professional values and health care organisations' management objectives. Design/methodology/approach – Data are from interviews conducted with, and observation of, 14 managerial participants in a Cancer Therapy Unit set in a large teaching hospital in New South Wales, Australia, who participated in a Clinical Leadership Development Program. Findings – The data indicate that there are tensions experienced by members of the health care organisation when a hybrid clinician manager appears to abandon the managerial role for the clinical role. The data also indicate that when a hybrid clinician manager takes on a managerial role other members of the health care organisation are required concomitantly to increase their clinical roles. Research limitations/implications – Although the research was represented by a small sample and was limited to one department of a health care organisation, it is possible that other members of health care organisations experience similar situations when they work with hybrid clinician managers. Other research supports the findings. Also, this paper reports on data that emerged from a research project that was evaluating a Clinical Leadership Development Program. The research was not specifically focused on organisational professional conflict in health care organisations. Practical implications – This paper shows that the role of the hybrid clinician manager may not bring with it the organisational effectiveness that the role was perceived to have. Hybrid clinician managers abandoning their managerial role for their clinical role may mean that some managerial work is not done. Increasing the workload of other clinical members of the health care organisation may not be optimal for the health care organisation. Originality/value – Organisational professional conflict, as a result of hybridity and divergent managerial and clinical objectives, can cause conflict which affects other organisational members and this conflict may have implications for the efficiency of the health care organisation. The extension or duality of organisational professional conflict that causes interpersonal or group conflict in other members of the organisation, to the authors' knowledge, has not yet been researched.

Analysing the “field” of patient safety employing Bourdieusian technologies (Journal of Health Organisation and Management, Volume 23, Issue 6)

Joanne F. Travaglia, Jeffrey Braithwaite — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – This paper aims to analyse the development of patient safety as a field within which patients are peripheral stakeholders. Design/methodology/approach – The authors examined the patient safety movement from the perspective of a field in which agents struggle for control over various forms of capital, including economic, social, cultural and symbolic capital. In order to undertake this analysis the authors drew on the literature on errors and patient safety, key inquiries into patient safety, and research conducted with health professionals in New South Wales, Australia. Findings – The patient safety movement has created a heightened sense of awareness of errors and risk across health systems, thereby attracting and creating significant amounts of capital. The authors argue that in the process of struggle to constitute and contain a new field of health, patients and their narratives are rendered vulnerable to appropriation and incorporation. Research limitations/implications – By considering patient safety from a sociological rather than a technical framework, it is possible to gain new insights into why reducing the levels of medical errors have proven so difficult. Practical implications – Improved knowledge of how patient safety operates as a field may contribute to more effective strategies in reducing those types of errors. Originality/value – Despite the growth in the number of publications in patient safety there has been only minimal analysis of the field itself, rather than its technical or organisational components. This paper contributes to a new way of conceptualising and enacting patient safety, one that acknowledges the vulnerability of the parties involved, particularly patients.

Building knowledge integration systems for evidence-informed decisions (Journal of Health Organisation and Management, Volume 23, Issue 6)

Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – This paper aims to describe methods and models designed to build a comprehensive, integrative framework to guide the research to policy and practice cycle in health care. Design/methodology/approach – Current models of science are summarised, identifying specific challenges they create for knowledge to action (KTA). Alternative models for KTA are outlined to illustrate how researchers and decision makers can work together to fit the KTA model to specific problems and contexts. The Canadian experience with the evolving paradigm shift is described, along with recent initiatives to develop platforms and tools that support the new thinking. Recent projects to develop and refine methods for embedded research are described. The paper concludes with a summary of lessons learned and recommendations that will move the KTA field towards an integrated science. Findings – Conceptual models for KTA are advancing, benefiting from advances in team science, development of logic models that address the realities of complex adaptive systems, and new methods to more rapidly deliver knowledge syntheses more useful to decision and policy makers. Practical implications – KTA is more likely when co-produced by researchers, practitioners, and policy makers. Closer collaboration requires shifts in thinking about the ways we work, capacity development, and greater learning from practice. Originality/value – More powerful ways of thinking about the complexities of knowledge to action are provided, along with examples of tools and priorities drawn from systems thinking.

Understanding and improving patient safety: the psychological, social and cultural dimensions (Journal of Health Organisation and Management, Volume 23, Issue 6)

John Øvretveit — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – This paper aims to provide researchers and practitioners with an overview of how organisation behaviour research (OBR) helps to understand and resolve patient safety problems in health care. Design/methodology/approach – The paper describes psychological, sociological and other social science theories and research which help to understand the causes of patient safety problems, how to implement change effectively and how to create an organisational culture of safety. Findings – Social science perspectives and organisational behaviour research are beginning to show why improvements in patient safety are slow, and how to make lasting and effective change. Research limitations/implications – Social sciences and OBR have already helped make healthcare safer, but could make a greater contribution. Progress could be faster with greater awareness of the findings of this research and understanding of social science research paradigms. Practical implications – Better implementation and safer care could result from providing implementers and decision makers with more knowledge and access to social science research. More useful social science research could be developed by research funders and proposal reviewers gaining a greater understanding of social science methods and potential, and by including this research in a field made up largely of traditional experimental medical research methods. Originality/value – This paper provides an overview of the scientific and practical contributions of social sciences to patient safety and shows where future studies could assist understanding of current challenges and speed implementation of change.

Positively deviant networks: what are they and why do we need them? (Journal of Health Organisation and Management, Volume 23, Issue 6)

Ann Casebeer, Janice Popp, Cathie Scott — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – This paper aims to report “positively deviant” experiences of three public sector networks seeking to enhance organizational and system level capacities. It is the authors' thesis that the knowledge base concerning the true benefits and pitfalls of networks can be captured and interpreted only through intense, ongoing learning effort embedded in practice on the ground, combined with sustained in-depth observation and collaborative research. Design/methodology/approach – The paper describes through case examples why and how different kinds of networks within different jurisdictional contexts and different organizational cultures are being used to enhance the climate for change towards better health care and improved health. The authors describe the contexts, structures, processes and impacts of three “positively deviant” networks. Findings – The network form can provide opportunity for nurturing changes and innovations within large organizational and complex system environments. This opportunity to create additional and different pathways for improved decision making and service provision comes with challenges that should be recognized. Practical implications – The authors' experiences indicate that, for networks, a key component of success relates to pulling and pushing at the edges of multiple connections and boundaries in “positively deviant” ways. This pushing and pulling is intrinsically evidence of organizational and intraorganizational learning – in the examples presented – for the improvement of health care and health. Originality/value – Other networks can learn from the reported experiences and add their own cases to the empirical understanding of how networks can make a difference; this in turn can help the conceptual and theoretical understanding of them.

Technology development in China and India: a comparative evaluation (Journal of Indian Business Research, Volume 1, Issue 4)

Pradip K. Bhaumik, Alok K. Chakrabarti, Saku Mäkinen — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – During past ten years China and India have emerged as the favorite destination for R&D investment. In this paper a comparative evaluation of the process of technology development in China and India is carried out. The objective is to identify the rate of growth of technology and the patterns of development in different technology sectors. Design/methodology/approach – The analysis is based on the tangible, measurable and recorded output of the technology development process – namely grant of patents. The authors have used US patents as the surrogate measure for the technological output between 1992 to 2007. The authors obtained data on inventor's background, ownership pattern of the patents, as well as technology sectors and descriptive statistics are used to compare the trends between the two countries. Findings – The paper finds that both China and India have achieved very high growth rates in patents granted with some resident research between 1992 and 2007. Both have a high percentage of foreign-owned and low percentage of joint ownership of patents. Also, a clear polarization in the composition of research teams is detected in both China and India in that international researcher teams have largely been used only for foreign and jointly owned patents. The authors find that corporations have become much more active in recent years in patenting and multi national companies have led the local companies in patent development across many sectors. The authors also detect some significant differences in the Chinese and Indian pursuit of patent development. About 30 to 35 percent of all patents developed in China are design patents – the rest being utility patents. For India almost all such patents – more than 95 percent – are utility patents. The authors find a clear dominance along the mechanical trajectory among the patents developed in China, while for India a similar dominance is along the chemical trajectory that includes pharmaceuticals and biotechnology. Another interesting finding is the growing share of ICT patents in both China and India, particularly in the last few years China has emerged ahead of India in terms of its patent development as well as in the internationalization of its patent development as reflected in the ownership of patents developed. However, even for foreign patents developed in these countries, researcher collaboration is showing a downward trend. Originality/value – This paper carries out a comparative evaluation of the process of technology development in China and India. The analysis is based on the tangible, measurable and recorded output of the technology development process – namely grant of patents. The paper uses US patents as the surrogate measure for the technological output from China and India.

Culture, job satisfaction and organizational commitment in India and the United States (Journal of Indian Business Research, Volume 1, Issue 4)

Catherine T. Kwantes — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast the roles of culture and job satisfaction as antecedents to organizational commitment in both a Western context (the US) and in India. Design/methodology/approach – Responses come from a questionnaire distributed to engineers in India. Construct equivalence of measures is established, while hierarchical regression analysis is used to assess the extent to which each hypothesized antecedent is related to affective, continuance, and normative commitment. Responses from each national context are compared and contrasted. Findings – Job satisfaction is found to relate to affective commitment in both the Indian and American samples. Moderate support is found for the hypothesized effect of collectivism on normative commitment in both samples, while the hypothesized antecedents to continuance commitment are not found in any sample. Different patterns of relationships emerge in the US and India. Research limitations/implications – The results provide further cautionary evidence against uncritically applying organizational theories developed in a Western context to developing nations such as India. The sample in this research is restricted to engineers, future research should examine other occupations/professions as well as determining the applicability of these results to different levels in the organization. Originality/value – This research examines theoretically suggested antecedents to organizational commitment, explicitly testing these relationships in two cultural contexts. The results presented in this paper suggest that context must be taken into account when developing organizational theories. Further, the results suggest specific activities that can be useful in the Indian context to increase both normative and affective commitment.

Indian gamers' recall, recognition and perceptions of in-game placements (Journal of Indian Business Research, Volume 1, Issue 4)

Sonal Kureshi, Vandana Sood — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of in-game placements on the explicit memory of Indian gamers and understand their attitude towards this form of communication. It attempts to find out whether the memory effects differ due to the nature of the games. The avenues for in-game placements for the rapidly growing Indian video gaming industry are discussed. Design/methodology/approach – The effect of the nature of the game on the recall and recognition is measured using a sample of 240 gamers; two games of different nature (fast versus slow) are used as stimuli and the recall and recognition of the in-game placements are compared. Subsequently the perceptions towards this type of placement are tapped. The moderating effect of gaming experience on the explicit memory is also tested. Findings – The paper finds that in-game placements do affect the explicit memory of gamers. Games with lower perceptual load (slow game) result in a significantly higher recall and recognition as compared to the games with higher perceptual load (fast game). Indian players have a positive attitude towards placements in this medium and do not find this practice either intrusive or unethical. Research limitations/implications – Further research using different combinations of games is required to confirm, expand and generalize the findings. Practical implications – This medium provides an opportunity to brand managers and game developers as an alternative communication vehicle. In-game placements provide an avenue to companies as they are cost effective, they facilitate building brand awareness and are not viewed negatively. Originality/value – The arena of in-game placements is an unexplored one in India. This study is the first step towards understanding views and effects of in-game placements on Indian gamers and may encourage more research in this field.

Exploring psychological contract contents in India: the employee and employer perspective (Journal of Indian Business Research, Volume 1, Issue 4)

Upasana Aggarwal, Shivganesh Bhargava — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – This paper aims to examine psychological contract contents, as perceived by two parties of the employment relationship, the employee and the employer. Design/methodology/approach – The study is conducted in two phases. Study 1 employs critical incidence technique (CIT) to elicit from individuals their perceptions regarding organization obligations. Study 2 is designed to corroborate the findings of the first study through a survey of 401 employees and 66 employer representatives (functional heads). Findings – The results of the two studies are consonant with existing literature; nevertheless the role of culture on psychological contract contents is visible. The study reveals variation in employee and employer perspective regarding organizational obligations. Practical implications – In India, recruiters need to go far beyond the discussions on compensation and focus on building relational aspects of job such as the job content avenues for career growth as well as creating a supportive work culture. Originality/value – The study contributes to existing literature by examining content of psychological contract, a relatively neglected area of research in a fast growing Asian economy, India.

Cross-cultural equivalence of price perceptions across American, Chinese, and Japanese consumers (Journal of Product & Brand Management, Volume 18, Issue 7)

Juan (Gloria) Meng, Suzanne Altobello Nasco — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to apply Lichtenstein et al.'s price perception model to American, Chinese and Japanese cultures, to test the measurement equivalence across three cultures, and to compare the price perception constructs across three cultures using equivalent instruments. Design/methodology/approach – A questionnaire is used to collect information on more than 500 student respondents from America, China, and Japan. Findings – Utilizing structural equation modeling, a 21-item version of Lichtenstein et al.'s scale is created that has good fit across the three cultures. In progressively constraining tests, good model fit is found when constraining or partially constraining the factor loadings, error correlations, factor variances, and correlations between factors to be equal across three cultures tested. In addition, after creating price perception subscales, no significant differences emerge between Chinese, Japanese, and US consumers on value consciousness or price/quality schemas. Significant differences emerge on price consciousness, prestige sensitivity, and sales proneness. Practical implications – The 21-item scale of Lichtenstein et al.'s price perception model can be generalized to both China and Japan. The primary conclusions (i.e. that Chinese consumers reported significantly higher price and prestige sensitivity, compared to USA and Japanese consumers, while US consumers showed higher levels of sales proneness than Chinese and Japanese consumers) provide a rationale for international retailers to develop different pricing and promotional strategies when expanding their business into these three cultures. Originality/value – A 21-item scale to measure five of Lichtenstein et al.'s price perception constructs that has been validated through measurement invariance tests and compared across consumers in China, Japan, and the USA is provided.

The effects of product digitalization and price dispersion on search intentions in offline versus online settings: the mediating effects of perceived risks (Journal of Product & Brand Management, Volume 18, Issue 7)

Dipayan Biswas, Bidisha Burman — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine how a product-related variable like digitalization and a market-related variable like price dispersion might differentially influence consumer search intentions across offline versus online shopping interfaces, and how this relationship might be mediated by consumers' perceived risks. Prior research findings are extended and examines how the perceived risk – search intention relationship might be different in online contexts. The distinction is drawn between perceived performance risk versus perceived transaction risk and examines how each of these risks would differentially influence search intentions across the two shopping interfaces (offline versus online). Design/methodology/approach – Two experimental studies are conducted. Findings – Study 1 shows that under conditions when perceived performance risks are enhanced, such as for non-digitalized (versus digitalized) products, consumers' search intentions are enhanced, with the effects getting magnified in online shopping interfaces. In Study 2, the effects of a condition are examined when instead of performance risks, transaction risks are enhanced by a market-related variable – price dispersion. The results of Study 2 show that when there is higher price dispersion in the marketplace, in the offline environment, participants have higher search intentions, while in the online environment, participants have lower search intentions. In addition, the effects of price dispersion on search intention in the online environment are mediated by perceived transaction risk. Originality/value – Limitations of the studies suggest that future research may extend these findings to include non-student samples, differential search costs, customer-related factors like trust and involvement, other types of risks like social and psychological, social networking sites, and multichannel search behaviors.

Individual effects of product quality signals in the presence versus absence of other signals: differential effects across brick-and-mortar and online settings (Journal of Product & Brand Management, Volume 18, Issue 7)

Dipayan (Dip) Biswas, Sujay Dutta, Abhijit (Abe) Biswas — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to study the effectiveness of multiple signals. Specifically, the paper investigates how the individual strength of a marketplace signal varies as a function of whether consumers are exposed to that signal alone or in combination with another signal. Design/methodology/approach – The research uses experimental designs to empirically address the research questions. Hypotheses are formulated primarily based on signaling theory and these hypotheses are tested with laboratory experiments using real consumers. Findings – The key finding is that a signal's stand-alone credibility largely determines whether its individual strength would be diluted or augmented by the coexistence of another signal. Further, when signals with different stand-alone strengths coexist, the individual strength of the weaker signal is higher than when that signal is present alone. These effects are observed in brick-and-mortar and online shopping media. Originality/value – Past research reports mixed findings about whether the individual strength of a signal is diluted (dilution effect) or augmented (augmentation effect) by the presence of another signal. This research attempts to resolve this issue, for the first time, by demonstrating that whether dilution effect or augmentation effect occurs depends on the stand-alone credibility of the individual signals in a mix.

A demand-based model for the advance and spot pricing of services (Journal of Product & Brand Management, Volume 18, Issue 7)

Irene C.L. Ng — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to study the non-consumption of a service by advance buyers, the re-selling of relinquished capacity at spot time and the effect on the pricing of advance and spot demand of services. Design/methodology/approach – The paper employs mathematical economics modeling technique. Findings – The model shows that advance prices are always lower than spot prices due to the non-consumption effect and also that providing a refund to advance buyers, as insurance against non-consumption, may be. By modeling in the capacity of the firm, the paper also presents the firm's capacity conditions when the firm does not sell in advance and also when market failure occurs i.e. when the firm does not sell in advance nor at consumption time. Research limitations/implications – The model does not consider uncertainty in the spot price and assumes a one-stage optimization. Furthermore, the model extension with refund is numerically derived. Practical implications – This model informs industry on the significance of non-consumption of a service and the re-selling of relinquished capacity. It also highlights the importance of the interaction between capacity and refunds in advance and spot selling. Originality/value – This paper contributes to extant literature by demonstrating that when heterogeneous demand behavior is explicitly modeled with non-consumption, capacity and refunds, firms would then be able to understand where and how service revenue is being obtained (higher price or higher demand) and the impact of various sensitivities on revenue.

Cross-country analysis of price levels and dispersion in online and offline environments: an empirical analysis in France and Germany (Journal of Product & Brand Management, Volume 18, Issue 7)

Fabio Ancarani, Frank Jacob, Frédéric Jallat — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this research is to take into consideration the country effect in online and offline environments and compares price levels and dispersion online v. offline across the two largest Continental European markets, thus adding a new dimension in price comparisons and multichannel pricing strategies. Design/methodology/approach – Based on an empirical analysis of data collected in one product category (CDs), our findings for France and Germany show that price levels -including shipping costs – are always higher online than offline in each country and price dispersion is persistent across markets. Calculating mean prices for the two countries, ANOVA tests reveal significant differences among the two sets of data. Using standard deviation as the measurement for price dispersion, Levene statistics reveal a higher degree of online price dispersion than offline and statistically significant differences between the two sample countries. Findings – Even if our approach need to be extended to more product categories and more countries, our article may be interesting for practitioners, policy makers and managers. It clearly shows that the “frictionless capitalism and cost transparency hypothesis” has proven to be wrong most of the time even if many retailers still believe they must sacrifice the possibility of pricing up when they go on the internet. As demonstrated by our findings, retailers can take advantage of online relative indifference to price to capture some margin premium and enjoy excellent results. Originality/value – Our results also demonstrate that, even if results show some similarities and common trends, differences among France and Germany still remain important. As a consequence, marketers should continue to approach the European marketplace with full awareness of its diversity.

Education, mobility and rural business development (Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, Volume 16, Issue 4)

Gary Bosworth — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – In a period of rural economic change, knowledge and skills transfers and the generation of new economic opportunities are seen as essential for promoting rural development. The purpose of this paper is to provide evidence of the impact of educated in-migrants establishing new business activity in rural areas. Design/methodology/approach – The research employs qualitative interviews with rural business owners informed by an earlier postal survey of rural microbusinesses in the North East of England. The interview data are used to explore the implications of owners' past education and work experience for the development of their businesses. The attitudes and networking behaviour of business owners are also explored in order to assess the extent to which social capital facilitates the exchange of valuable knowledge and opportunities between rural businesses. Findings – Data indicate that rural in-migrants, defined as having moved at least 30 miles as adults, arrive with significantly higher education qualifications than their local business-owning counterparts. It also indicates that those with higher levels of education are most likely to engage with networking groups and business advice providers. This leads to the conclusion that as well as bringing higher levels of human capital, the integration of in-migrants into local economies is indirectly increasing the potential levels of human and social capital across the rural economy. Originality/value – The research highlights important data concerning the levels of education among in-migrants and local business owners. It continues by developing theoretical explanations about the way that a business owner's background can influence their business activity. This raises awareness of the diversity of skills and networks among rural business owners that are enhancing the stocks of human and social capital in the rural economy.

The revenge of the gifted amateur … be afraid, be very afraid … (Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, Volume 16, Issue 4)

Lisa Harris, Alan Rae — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of the paper is to demonstrate the characteristics and impact of “gifted amateurs” who are maximising the potential of Web 2.0 technologies to grow their businesses creatively and in a cost-effective manner. They are “punching above their weight” in their dealings with larger competitors who are less exposed to these new skills and more restricted in their structures. Design/methodology/approach – A total of 378 small businesses in the South East of England are surveyed and 30 detailed empirical case studies charting the activities of these “early adopters” of Web 2.0 tools are developed. Findings – Proactive “gifted amateurs” can systematically raise their profile through blogging, networking and judicious use of search engine optimisation techniques. They are competing effectively against larger organisations by applying network effects to their marketing activities, often circumventing the need for increasingly complex IT systems by continuing to rely upon cost-effective Web 2.0 tools and their own networking skills as the business grows. Practical implications – Technology has now developed to the point where the entry costs and barriers to remote and collaborative working have disappeared. “Gifted amateurs” can acquire new online marketing skills and secure IT systems, plus the ability to network and collaborate globally if necessary on knowledge projects, by creating virtual (and even disposable) organisations without having to commit themselves to a traditional IT infrastructure. Therefore they can avoid reliance on IT suppliers and grow their businesses in more flexible ways. Originality/value – By recording the characteristics and experiences of these early adopters, this paper is one of the first to document the significant changes in business growth patterns and priorities that these tools are starting to facilitate.

The role of the marketing function in small and medium sized enterprises (Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, Volume 16, Issue 4)

Michael F. Walsh, John Lipinski — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine marketing in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), its role as a driver of competitive advantage, and, therefore, its importance to the firm. Design/methodology/approach – The study is conducted with 100 SMEs located in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States. Findings – The marketing function is not as well developed or influential in SMEs as it is in large corporations. Two environmental factors, type of market (consumer) and firm orientation (hierarchal), facilitate marketing's influence within a firm. Research limitations/implications – Analyses conducted and conclusions reached in this research are based on a very limited sample of SMEs located in one region of one country. Broader sampling would help in generalization of the findings. Practical implications – The results of this study are particularly troubling because marketing resources are one driver of competitive advantage. For marketing to increase in influence, individuals trained in marketing must gain a seat at the management table. Although marketing departments are responsible for marketing the firm's products and services, the job of marketers themselves internally remains unclear. Marketing departments must do more to ensure that marketing's voice is heard when key decisions are made. Originality/value – This research fills a gap in the literature relating to the influence of marketing in SMEs. More importantly, the findings differ from conclusions raised by a similar study conducted for larger firms.

The relationship between the manager and growth in small firms (Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, Volume 16, Issue 4)

Svante Andersson, Joakim Tell — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to improve the understanding of the relationship between the manager and growth in small firms, through a review of earlier research. Design/methodology/approach – A review of articles published during the last 25 years is carried out in order to answer the question: How does the top manager influence growth in small firms? Findings – Three key relationships are identified: between growth and, respectively, managerial traits and characteristics, managerial intentions, and managerial behavior or roles. The diverse findings in the literature are contradictory and give a paradoxical picture of the impact of the manager. A deeper analysis of the results from the review, supplemented with leadership theory, yields a better understanding of small-firm growth with a special focus on the behavior of the manager. Research limitations/implications – This paper problematizes the complexity in managing small-firm growth, and can be further empirically validated by using multiple methods including qualitative ones such as observational studies. Practical Implications – The findings have a bearing on education and policy implications. If a behavior can be identified that promotes small firms' growth, education and policy implications can be developed in line with these results. Originality/value – In small firms there seems to be a general consensus that managers do influence the performance of small firms, but so far there has not been a systematic review of earlier empirical research, that is done in this paper. From this review, a more complete picture of how managers influence growth in small firms is presented.

Training in Thai SMEs (Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, Volume 16, Issue 4)

Kitiya Thassanabanjong, Peter Miller, Teresa Marchant — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to profile Thai small-medium enterprises (SMEs) and fill a research gap about their investment in training and approaches to training. Design/method/approach – The paper uses a quantitative, descriptive design with a drop-off survey among 438 SMEs in Thailand. Findings – The study reveals a relatively young, highly-educated cohort of SME owner/managers, with greater business longevity than other countries. They do not invest a great deal of time or money in training and prefer informal, unstructured on-the-job (OTJ) training. Most SMEs train a few or none of their members for two hours a week and thus are “low” or “tactical” trainers. However there are some “strategic” trainers particularly in contemporary industries such as IT and services as well as larger and higher-earning SMEs. Research limitations – The study focuses on urban Thai SMEs and thus may not represent rural or regional areas, or SMEs in other countries. The quantitative approach does not explain why investment in training was relatively low. Originality/value – This is the first systematic study, to the best of the authors' knowledge, dealing with training in Thai SMEs. This paper encourages debate on the presumed universality of training and argues that academics need to “go back to basics” to understand training in family run SMEs, particularly in developing nations such as Thailand, and to recognise the utility of OTJ training in this context.

The determinants of equity needs: size, youth or innovation? (Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, Volume 16, Issue 4)

Valeria Venturelli, Elisabetta Gualandri — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to set out to critically review the approaches developed for the assessment of the equity gap, extending the quantitative approaches to the equity gap and developing a demand-side model that allows accurate prediction of the future demand for equity. Design/methodology/approach – The first part of the paper deals with financial constraints for innovative SMEs and the possible existence of an equity gap. The next step concentrates on calculating the additional amount of equity needed in order to finance the expected growth in sales. Findings – With regard to the approaches developed to estimate the scale of the equity gap, our main finding is that demand-side analysis is the least well developed. Through the application of an original model to a sample of Italian firms, we find that the degree of innovation cannot be considered the main discriminating factor when it comes to the differences in equity requirement per unit of marginal sale; the analysis reveals the pivotal role played by the enterprise's year of foundation. Research limitations/implications – The empirical data considered in this paper are from a large database that does not cover the period before the company starts to sell its goods on the market; moreover, the estimation of the amount of equity needed cannot be considered explicit evidence of an equity gap problem, since the gap itself implies an unfulfilled demand for additional sources of finance, only measurable in qualitative terms. Practical implications – The research will be of interest to policy makers and practitioners in defining appropriate mechanisms for bridging the equity gap for SMEs. Originality/value – The attempts to quantify the scale of the equity gap at the international level have been limited by the availability of data. As a result, they have tended to be largely qualitative, and their conclusions anecdotal. The model presented here allows precise prediction of the future demand for equity: the results could indirectly confirm that there is indeed a gap in the availability of risk capital for SMEs.

Entrepreneurship: an organisational learning approach (Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, Volume 16, Issue 4)

Mário Franco, Heiko Haase — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to shed new light on the interface between learning and entrepreneurship, i.e. to show how entrepreneurship can be studied as a never-ending, dynamic learning process. Design/methodology/approach – By applying the typology of learning concepts at different organisational levels, the paper will elucidate how the entrepreneur's learning process is fundamental in his quest for new business opportunities and describe learning as a crucial factor for entrepreneurial activity. Findings – From observations, a new definition of the entrepreneur is derived (entrepreneur as a learner) and a conceptual model of entrepreneurial learning theory is synthesized. Research limitations/implications – The newly developed conceptual model has not been empirically validated. In terms of the guidelines for future research, this topic should be addressed by collecting information to expand the conceptual model presented here. Originality/value – Key entrepreneurial learning components are identified and included in the model: intuiting and interpreting, external motivation, alertness and creativeness. The paper concludes with some theoretical ideas on what may influence the entrepreneur's learning and which entrepreneurship educators are suitable for empirical evaluation in future research.

What do UK small and medium sized enterprises think about employing graduates? (Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, Volume 16, Issue 4)

Adrian Woods, Charles Dennis — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The UK government is committed to increasing the proportion of young people entering higher education. This means that graduates will make up a greater proportion of the labour market. To some extent, this applies to all businesses, but will particularly affect small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs), that have traditionally employed a lower proportion of graduates. Accordingly, the purpose of this paper is to help universities understand better what they could do to both prepare their graduates for jobs in small firms and to help them communicate better with small firms. Design/methodology/approach – The empirical findings are based on a telephone questionnaire survey of SMEs (n=396), drawn from a range of sectors. Findings – The findings indicate that, dependent on: the size of the firm, the proportion of graduates currently employed, the sector that the firm is in, its location and the role played in the organisation by the respondent, the firm's attitude towards employing graduates can be explained reasonably well. Overall, while nearly 60 per cent of respondents reported that their firm needed graduates, only 22 per cent felt that the graduates they had seen were well prepared for the world of work. Research limitations/implications – The study is limited on account of the difficulty of obtaining a representative sample of SMEs across all sectors and geographical areas. The main implication is that universities need to work much harder in convincing smaller firms with a low percentage of graduates already working to take on graduates, especially when the owner-manager is the key decision maker with respect to the employment decision. Further, universities in the London area have a much more difficult job in building relations with firms than those in other locations. Originality/value – The main value of the paper is in opening a window on what SME employers think about employing graduates.

The dyadic bank-SME relationship: Customer adaptation in interaction, role and organisation (Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, Volume 16, Issue 4)

Lars Silver, Fatima Vegholm — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – This paper aims to emphasise the theory of adaptation in the analysis of banks' ability to meet the needs of their SME customers. This analysis involves examining the interaction process between the two parties, determining how the role of bankers is perceived and studying how banks as organisations function. Design/methodology/approach – In the study a total of 60 interviews are conducted, of which 45 are conducted with SME owners. For this specific study, data drawn from in depth interviews conducted with SME owners and with bankers are presented. Findings – The following main factors affect the adaptation process and can help explain the difficulties of banks to adapt to their SME customers: the lack of communication and contact in the interaction process, the lack of knowledge and competence of individual bankers as regards their customers' specific businesses and the centralised and standardised system that prevails within the banking organisation. Also, in this study it is found that the organisational structure influences how individual bankers perceive themselves and their ability to adapt to the needs of SMEs, which in turn affects the individual bankers' adaptability when interacting with their SME customers. Originality/value – To the best of the authors' knowledge, adaptation has not been examined in relation to the concepts of interaction, role and organisation, or within the banking industry.

An investigation into the initial barriers to internationalization: Evidence from small UK retailers (Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, Volume 16, Issue 4)

Karise Hutchinson, Emma Fleck, Lester Lloyd-Reason — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – This paper is the result of empirical research funded by The British Academy. The overall purpose of the study is to investigate the initial barriers to internationalization experienced and perceived by small retailers based in the UK and the role of government support in addressing such obstacles. Design/methodology/approach – A qualitative, multiple case research design is adopted. This involves semi-structured in-depth interviews with the senior manager/decision-maker in six retail SMEs based in the UK and the analysis of company documentation and information from a range of secondary sources. Findings – The findings from the case study data highlight internal and external barriers to internationalization relating to management: lack of vision, fear of losing control, lack of knowledge; the company: transfer of retail concept overseas, lack of resources, lack of consolidation in domestic market; and the external environment: legislation, currency, cultural differences and logistics. The findings also highlight an overall negative experience and perception of government support in assisting smaller retailers to overcome these barriers and aid expansion outside the UK. Originality/value – The findings of this study provide important insight into the perceived and actual barriers encountered by retail SMEs. On one hand, the focus on SMEs provides fresh evidence to the retail internationalization literature, which has focused primarily on the barriers faced by large multinational retailers. On the other hand, the context of this study, yields new insight into research conducted in the field of SME internationalization, which has to date ignored smaller firms in the retail industry. The findings of this study also allow for recommendations to be made to both owner-managers and government organizations.

How library practitioners view knowledge management in libraries: A qualitative study (Library Management, Volume 30, Issue 8/9)

Md Roknuzzaman, Katsuhiro Umemoto — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The main purpose of this paper is to explore library practitioners' views of knowledge management (KM) and its incorporation into library practice. Design/methodology/approach – The study is based on the review of literature available in secondary sources, and the result of interviews of ten library practitioners worldwide. The respondents are purposively selected from the participants' lists of two international conferences held in 2008. The interviews were conducted through e-mail using a short, structured, and open-ended questionnaire. Findings – The ways of knowing and degrees of understanding of KM concepts among the library practitioners are varied. But the most library practitioners have focused on a shallow perception of KM for its incorporation into library practice – dealing with only explicit information and/or knowledge. This study also finds some of the reasons for responding to KM, e.g. increasing value of knowledge in the knowledge economy, role of information technologies, opportunities for improved library practices. Research limitations/implications – The study is limited in its scope, conducting interviews of only ten library practitioners worldwide, and hence, generalization may not be derived from the findings. Practical implications – The paper suggests that library practitioners need to broaden their understanding, change their traditional mindset, and to apply a holistic approach of KM system design and library practice, focusing on both explicit and tacit knowledge. Originality/value – The paper investigates the original views of library practitioners regarding KM in libraries.

The right person, in the right job, with the right skills, at the right time: A workforce-planning model that goes beyond metrics (Library Management, Volume 30, Issue 8/9)

Judy Stokker, Gillian Hallam — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The paper aims to describe a workforce-planning model developed in-house in an Australian university library that is based on rigorous environmental scanning of an institution, the profession and the sector. Design/methodology/approach – The paper uses a case study that describes the stages of the planning process undertaken to develop the Library's Workforce Plan and the documentation produced. Findings – While it has been found that the process has had successful and productive outcomes, workforce planning is an ongoing process. To remain effective, the workforce plan needs to be reviewed annually in the context of the library's overall planning program. This is imperative if the plan is to remain current and to be regarded as a living document that will continue to guide library practice. Research limitations/implications – Although a single case study, the work has been contextualized within the wider research into workforce planning. Practical implications – The paper provides a model that can easily be deployed within a library without external or specialist consultant skills, and due to its scalability can be applied at department or wider level. Originality/value – The paper identifies the trends impacting on, and the emerging opportunities for, university libraries and provides a model for workforce planning that recognizes the context and culture of the organization as key drivers in determining workforce planning.

Developing leadership to transform our library: The library leadership development program (LLDP) at the University of Saskatchewan (Library Management, Volume 30, Issue 8/9)

Vicki Williamson — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The paper aims to provide an overview of the background and context of the decision by a Canadian research library to invest in developing and implementing its own in-house library leadership development program (LLDP). Design/methodology/approach – This paper is a case study and is presented in three parts: leadership circumstances within the Canadian research libraries, with particular reference to The Future of Human Resources in Canadian Libraries (the 8Rs Study), the University Library at the University of Saskatchewan and its Strategic Plan, with particular reference to its relationship and engagement strategy and other strategic HR initiatives; and the conceptualisation, content and competencies of the LLDP. This paper discusses why and how a leadership development program has been implemented. Findings – The paper shows that LLDP is a work-in-progress and is a practical step in a journey to change organizational culture, and build individual and organizational leadership capacity. Practical implications – While some of the context is Canadian specific, the local strategy implementation has relevance and applicability in other academic and research library contexts. Originality/value – This paper provides a discussion of current leadership challenges for Canadian research libraries, including a leadership development strategy exemplified by the experiences and work underway at the library at the University of Saskatchewan.

Nurturing new talent: running a corporate internship program (Library Management, Volume 30, Issue 8/9)

Alyson Dalby — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to describe the internship programme developed in the Knowledge Centre of the Institute of Chartered Accountants in Australia. Design/methodology/approach – In partnership with Zenith Management Services an internship program was developed that was designed to give students experience in the corporate sector. Findings – The interns assist with a range of ad-hoc and ongoing projects, allowing experienced staff to deliver more value-added customer services, such as research and content-development. Interns also question established practices, offer new ideas, and ensure that the systems and behaviours remain relevant and transparent. In addition to gaining experience, interns have access to the existing team of experienced staff. They were assisted in developing understanding of the wider information profession, work with ideas encountered in their study, and when the time comes, encouraged in their first professional positions. Practical implications – Understanding the needs of all stakeholders is vital, as is communicating with all involved in a realistic, straightforward and open fashion. Documentation is identified as a challenge of such a programme. Following this model should allow similar libraries to investigate whether an internship programme could be beneficial. Originality/value – The paper shows that the programme differs significantly from other internships or cadetships available in information management, and was developed to suit a small, special library.

Campus priorities and information literacy in Hong Kong higher education: A case study (Library Management, Volume 30, Issue 8/9)

Dianne Cmor — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to describe the strategic efforts of the Hong Kong Baptist University Library to build institutional support for information literacy in an environment of major curriculum reform. Design/methodology/approach – The paper outlines the current state of information literacy efforts in Hong Kong higher education, provides a context for renewed potential of these efforts, and describes a number of approaches that were undertaken to build institutional support. Further, a change agency approach is used to assess these efforts thus far and provide guidance for the future. Findings – Campus-wide information literacy programmes have been virtually non-existent in Hong Kong. The current higher education environment and mindset is conducive to recognizing information literacy as a vital component in teaching and learning. Librarians can turn this opportunity into reality by gaining authority, credibility and visibility on campus, and by strategically aligning with institutional priorities such as outcomes-based education, assessment, and lifelong learning. Originality/value – This paper provides a Hong Kong perspective on integrating information literacy at the institutional level, and offers several specific strategies that have successfully been undertaken by librarians at one institution.

Do library staff have what it takes to be a librarian of the future? (Library Management, Volume 30, Issue 8/9)

Karen Kealy — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to outline strategies and approaches in the workforce plan to address skill shortages in the university of Melbourne library to ensure that staff have the appropriate skills for the future. Design/methodology/approach – The objectives were achieved by developing a workforce plan to identify skills gaps, and then to work with training providers to develop a training plan. There was collaboration with two TAFE colleges to deliver accredited courses to staff to develop the skills required, ensuring key competencies were achieved and the staff received accreditation for their learning Findings – The workforce plan showed an aging workforce but also skill shortages across the library. If the library was to be able to deliver services to meet the needs of future students then it needed to develop training programs to enable staff to develop the appropriate skill sets required to meet the needs of the library in the future. A brief survey of participants of the course discovered staff found the course very useful, although not all staff were able to utilize their new skills as effectively as they might in their current roles. This showed a need to review and re-write position descriptions for staff. Practical implications – The outcomes and implications for the future are to ensure there is: an ongoing staff development and training program in place for staff to enable them to continually update their skills as required to meet the needs of the library; that staff have opportunities to utilize the new skills they have acquired to improve and deliver library services; and that staff have the appropriate time to learn and develop themselves Originality/value – The paper shows that some of the key competencies required by staff are not always learnt in the workplace, or in universities, but can be delivered by vocational training providers such as a TAFE college. The idea of working with TAFE teachers to develop and adapt a training program is quite a different approach to solving this skill gap problem.

Investing in your people works – can 40,000 organisations be wrong? (Library Management, Volume 30, Issue 8/9)

Stuart Burgess, Ian Williams — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present an outline of research, and provide a range of ideas and strategies that an organisation can adopt to improve its performance, in both financial and non-financial measures. Design/methodology/approach – A Cranfield University research paper used the Investors in People (IIP) quality standard to link the engagement of people to the development of high-performance organisations Findings – The research shows that by implementing commitment based HR strategies creates long-term and quality engagement of employees. Furthermore, such strategies impact positively on financial as well as non-financial performance of organisations. Research limitations/implications – The Standard has been the subject of research since its inception. Much of the previous research found that the IIP Standard has a positive impact on business performance although the conclusions were not unanimous. In addition, the Standard is reviewed and revised every three to five years, so past findings cannot always be related to the current Standard Practical implications – A total of 40,000 organisations use the Investors in People standard because it: is a useful framework for organisations undergoing significant or a rapid change and it is business improvement focused – whatever the business priorities. Originality/value – The paper focuses on business improvement research and practice.

Library staff development at the University of Auckland Library – Te Tumu Herenga: Endeavouring to “get what it takes” in an academic library (Library Management, Volume 30, Issue 8/9)

Claudia Adams — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – This paper aims to describe the approach taken by a staff development committee at a large academic library in New Zealand to reinvigorate professional and personal development. It seeks to examine the processes used, projects carried out and to highlight the outcomes. Design/methodology/approach – To identify training needs, a skills and attributes matrix was developed to which current courses were mapped. Priorities identified in the matrix informed the creation of a programme for which courses were commissioned. An orientation programme for new staff was re-introduced which included the creation of a new staff development and training web site. Findings – The approach taken by the Library Staff Development Advisory Group created a sustainable process, whereby staff development could periodically be reviewed. A relevant staff development programme could be created to meet the most important current training needs of staff. Reintroducing an orientation programme was successful – it was well attended and favourably received by staff. Research limitations/implications – An in-depth needs analysis for specialist tasks to identify specific training needs for those areas could be conducted. Measuring the impact of training on services or behaviour has not yet been attempted. Originality/value – This paper may be useful to any group deciding to review staff development in any workplace and is not restricted to libraries.

Looking beyond the horizon: Founding an executive leadership program for senior library managers in Australasia (Library Management, Volume 30, Issue 8/9)

Richard Sayers, Annie Talvé — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – This paper aims to provide an overview of the inaugural CAVAL Horizon Executive Leadership Program from the commencement of planning in 2006 through to the graduation of the first cohort in February 2009. Design/methodology/approach – In February 2009, the inaugural CAVAL Horizon Executive Leadership Program (Horizon) graduated its first cohort of 12 senior library and information managers from Australia and New Zealand. The inaugural Horizon offered an integrated program of executive learning and development inspired by lighthouse leadership programs within Australia and overseas. The four month Horizon program included two residential workshops (the first at Werribee Park outside Melbourne and the second in Sydney), individual projects, unprecedented access to industry leaders from within the library sector and CEO's from large private companies, and a highly successful series of coaching tele-workshops. Following their graduation from the program, Horizon alumni have used an e-list and other networking opportunities to form a strong and mutually supportive community of practice. Findings – The paper shares a range of insights about the development and facilitation of the program and discusses the critical lessons learned in relation to future executive programs of this type. Originality/value – This paper illustrates illustrates that Horizon is Australasia's first and currently only executive program specifically designed to prepare senior library and information managers for appointments at director-level and above.

Out west and down under: New geographies for staff development (Library Management, Volume 30, Issue 8/9)

Janelle Zauha, Garry Potter — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – This paper aims to provide case studies of staff development programs at two university libraries: those of Montana State University in the USA and Victoria University Library in Victoria, Australia. Design/methodology/approach – The paper examines how these differently sized institutions are using distinct approaches to grapple with the challenges of staff development in difficult economic and technological times. By providing examples of two very different environments and timelines, this paper provides ideas for a broad spectrum of library types and sizes at all points on the development continuum. Findings – Despite differences, what emerges is that many concepts and principles span disparate library situations and are applicable to almost any staff development plan. These include the importance of establishing staff development methodologies, identifying competencies, linking with workforce planning, dealing with legacy issues, prioritizing communication and staff involvement, identifying needs and priorities, embedding accountability and consistently monitoring and evaluating to establish and maintain a successful program. Originality/value – This paper will be valuable to large university libraries with mature staff development plans who wish to rethink basic principles or consider altering their established approach. It will also be valuable to smaller university libraries who are just beginning to chart staff development programs and who want to start off on the right track.

Education and continuing professional development for Indonesian academic librarians: A survey (Library Management, Volume 30, Issue 8/9)

Imas Maesaroh, Paul Genoni — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – This paper aims to report base-line data on the current levels of education, skills, and knowledge of Indonesian academic librarians, and provides an insight into their continuing professional development. The paper also seeks to report: the current level of qualifications of librarians working in Indonesian academic libraries; and the current level and type of continuing professional development and work place training in Indonesian academic libraries. Design/methodology/approach – This paper includes the results of a questionnaire delivered to all librarians working in Indonesian public universities. The survey instrument was based on that used in the NEXUS survey distributed to Australian library and information studies (LIS) professionals in 2006. The paper includes a comparison of survey results on key indicators for Indonesian and Australian library and information staff. Findings – The research reports comparative shortcomings in the level and standard of education available to Indonesian academic librarians. The issue of continuing professional development is more complex, with quite high levels of participation in some types of training reported by the Indonesian respondents, but generally lower levels of satisfaction with that training than reported by their Australian counterparts. Research limitations/implications – Some of the conclusions made comparing the situations in Indonesia and Australia are tentative due to the different understandings of key terms and concepts in the two countries. The data reported in the paper are quantitative and comprehensive findings require further qualitative research. Practical implications – The results have implications for the future development of library education in Indonesia, and workplace training for Indonesian academic librarians. Originality/value – The research reported is the first to collect large-scale data relating to LIS workforce education and continuing professional development from a developing country.

Competency-based service reviews and workforce planning at Deakin University library (Library Management, Volume 30, Issue 8/9)

Paul Cardwell — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – This paper seeks to describe an approach to staff development and workforce planning which is implemented as part of a process of internal reviews of service areas within an academic library. Design/methodology/approach – The paper describes the factors leading to the development of such a process within the Deakin University Library. Findings – A number of different factors – internal to the library, at the university level and in the wider environment – have driven the need for such reviews and influenced their design. The approach developed focuses on comparing current workforce capabilities (competencies and resource levels) with the set of competencies and resources required to deliver the projected services to the standards required. This account highlights the links between the review process and the implementation of a library-wide staff development framework. Practical implications – A number of practical implications may be drawn: the value of a flexible approach taking into account the local and institutional environment; the critical importance of organizational needs driving individual staff development and the benefits of mapping links from strategic goals to staff development. Originality/value – The paper focuses on an emerging process for service delivery in an academic library.

Social influence in military leadership training (Leadership & Organization Development Journal, Volume 30, Issue 8)

Kristian Firing, Ragnheidur Karlsdottir, Jon Christian Laberg — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to develop a renewed understanding of social influence in the military by exploring officers' decision-making processes in a stressful situation. The intention is to develop self-awareness as a central leadership capability in authentic leadership. Design/methodology/approach – During wintertime in Norway, standing half-naked and blindfolded on a wharf, officer cadets were offered the choice of jumping or not jumping into the icy ocean. From that starting point, a qualitative dialogue evolved in which the cadets reflected on their decision-making processes and explored their reasons for making their decision. Finally, the decision was executed by the cadets on whether to jump into the icy water or not. Findings – The results from “the water jump” showed that most of the cadets jumped, indicating that they preferred physical inconvenience over social inconvenience, and that officers are highly influenced by their group and the military organization. Research limitations/implications – The research was conducted with a relatively small group and the findings may not generalize readily to other populations. Practical implications – The “water jump” has been adopted by the Royal Norwegian Navy, and is under consideration by the Army and Police in Norway. Using the physical environment as a background to tap into the cadets' thinking in action provides knowledge about the individual self and social influence relevant to growth as leaders. Originality/value – The paper is one of few to explore the role of social influence in the context of a military real-world leadership training activity. Moreover, addressing social influence as a potential drawback in decision making is done to enhance self-awareness as a central leadership capability of authentic leaders in operations.

Leader-member exchange differentiation in the military platoon (Leadership & Organization Development Journal, Volume 30, Issue 8)

Hoirul Hafiidz Bin Maksom, Richard Winter — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify demographic variables that may impact the quality of leader-member exchange (LMX) relationships within a military platoon. Design/methodology/approach – A total of 109 non-commissioned officers (NCOs) and 421 recruits from 27 platoons in the Singapore Armed Forces independently assessed the quality of their relationship with their platoon commander using the LMX7 survey instrument. Findings – Bivariate analyses indicated rank and type of service differentiated the quality of LMX between leaders (platoon commanders) and followers (NCOs, recruits). Research limitations/implications – The paper considers LMX only from the perspective of followers and does not take into account the broader context of the military platoon. Practical implications – The performance of the entire platoon may be more effective when platoon commanders operate at a distance, respect rank and formal authority relationships, and build closer personal relationships with NCOs than with recruits. Originality/value – There have been no studies examining the demographic basis for LMX differentiation in an Asian military organization. This paper fills the gap.

Individual spirituality, workplace spirituality and work attitudes: An empirical test of direct and interaction effects (Leadership & Organization Development Journal, Volume 30, Issue 8)

Badrinarayan Shankar Pawar — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – This paper aims to examine the direct effects of three workplace spirituality aspects – meaning in work, community at work, and positive organizational purpose – and individual spirituality on three work attitudes – job satisfaction, job involvement, and organizational commitment. It also seeks to examine the interactive effects of these three workplace spirituality aspects and individual spirituality on these three work attitudes. Design/methodology/approach – The paper briefly outlines the existing workplace spirituality research, indicates the required research and places this study in that backdrop. It then outlines theory building for specifying a set of hypotheses. It uses data from a sample of managerial level employees from India to test the hypotheses. Findings – The study results provided considerable support for the hypothesized relationships between workplace spirituality aspects and work attitudes but not for the hypothesized relationships between individual spirituality and work attitudes. The results provided only marginal support for the interactive effect model, which hypothesized that individual spirituality will moderate the effect of workplace spirituality aspects on work attitudes. Research limitations/implications – Research implications of the findings outlined in this paper will encourage research to link various organizational topics such as leadership with workplace spirituality. They also highlight the need to examine more complex models to examine joint effects of workplace spirituality and individual spirituality on work attitudes. Practical implications – The findings can provide some relevant inputs for leadership actions and organization development efforts aimed at implementing workplace spirituality in organizations. Originality/value – The paper's value partly comes from the outlined research and practice implications.

A Buddhist view of leadership: the case of the OTOP project (Leadership & Organization Development Journal, Volume 30, Issue 8)

Suvaroj Kemavuthanon, Joanne Duberley — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – This paper is concerned with the role of leadership in community organisations in Thailand. While previous studies of leadership have focused on leadership theories influenced by male-dominated North American studies, the present paper aims to demonstrate that it is necessary to take the influence of cultural, historical and social structure into account. The purpose is to develop a model of leadership constructed through accounts of the leaders and their subordinates. The model of leadership can potentially enable the leaders, and their subordinates to have a better understanding of the qualities, structure, boundaries and processes of leadership, which can be useful in testing the application of the model in other settings and contexts. Design/methodology/approach – To support the aim, the study uses two main qualitative methods of data collection, which are in-depth semi-structured interviews and a focus group. These two methods offer insight and help to explore unexpected phenomena and the complexity of leadership. Findings – The results and analysis lead to the conclusion that there are three levels of leadership process beginning with the benefits to oneself, the benefits to others and mutual benefits. The findings suggest that “philanthropy” and “thinking beyond self-interest” are the crucial qualities of leadership that make other people want to follow a leaders' path. Practical implications – The process of leadership will help leaders and their subordinates to be more self-reliant and develop themselves in the long term. Originality/value – The paper highlights the influence of Buddhism on the role of leadership in community organisations in Thailand.

Discriminate analysis gender public school principal servant leadership differences (Leadership & Organization Development Journal, Volume 30, Issue 8)

Max Fridell, Rebecca Newcom Belcher, Phillip E. Messner — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – This paper seeks to apply discriminate analysis to determine principal's leadership styles differences between genders in USA Midwest public schools. A distinction is to be made between “servant” (seen as aligned with emotional intelligence) and “traditional” (or top-down) leadership. The debate between the traditional (or, top-down) leadership approach, versus the servant (which is seen as aligned with emotional intelligence) leadership approach is ripe for investigation. Design/methodology/approach – E-mail based surveys from 445 responding public school principals comprised of men (n=265) and women (n=180) were quantitatively analyzed. The self-selected sample for the study was drawn from public schools in three Midwest states in the USA. The inventory contained 40 content items prepared on a five-point Likert scale and one demographic question. Content and construct validity were evaluated and significant difference tests were performed. The study sought to clarify which cluster of items from the Servant-leadership Styles Inventory (SSI) best described gender membership and, thereby, proffered possibly gender oriented servant-leadership styles utilizing discriminant function analysis methods. Findings – This study has established that SSI items identified with Servant-leadership dimension are reliable and valid; however items aligned with Traditional leadership dimensions were found to be less reliable and valid. Additionally these results have shown that Servant-leadership items can be effective in differentiating between men and women principals. It is important to note that both men and women equally reported that they were reluctant to use Traditional leadership styles. No differences between genders in Traditional leadership styles usage were found. However, there were significant differences between men's and women's Servant-leadership style usage. Research limitations/implications – Current research shows that men and women operate differently. What has been lacking, however, is an instrument that discriminated between male and female leadership styles. This study is bounded by the following limitations: by location, the study is restricted to USA Midwest practicing public school principals; to the gender based perceptions of principals in Midwest USA, other factors such a training, experience and longevity are unknown; and it is also unknown as to the instrument's cultural biases when applied to other countries and regions in the USA. However, the instrument may open opportunities for cultural and gender based leadership research studies when applied to new populations. Practical implications – This paper reports the development of a new research instrument, the SSI. The instrument utilizes 20 traditional leadership styles and 20 servant leadership styles to query subjects. The instrument was found to be reliable and valid, especially the servant leadership items. Originality/value – The paper shows that four Servant-leadership styles lend understanding to the field, and help begin a discussion of feminine servant-leadership style. These four newly identified styles are: daily reflection; consensus building; healing relationships; and drive sense of self worth. The feminine leader is more likely to hold and practice these values than male leaders.

Environmental scanning and investment decision quality: Information processing perspective (Management Research News, Volume 32, Issue 12)

Nik Maheran Nik Muhammad, Muhamad Jantan, Fauziah Md. Taib — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – Previous studies on scanning behavior have focused mainly on decisions relating to the choice of corporate strategies, leaving strategic investment decisions largely understudied. This paper aims to bridge the gap not just by examining strategic investment decisions but also by investigating the role of information processing capacity in enhancing the relationship between the extent of scanning behavior and the quality of the investment decision. Design/methodology/approach – Cross-sectional data are collected through a survey and analyzed by means of factor analysis and hierarchical regression analysis. Findings – Quality of decision is positively and significantly related to the extent of economic and competition information and the formality of method used to scan competition information. However, the extent of scanning for technology is contingent upon information processing capacity in order to affect the quality of the investment decision. Similarly, the method of scanning for economy, technology and competition information would depend on the information processing capacity to bring about a quality decision. Research limitations/implications – Use of convenience sampling may restrict the generalizability of the findings. Practical implications – As more economy and competition data are scanned, this would improve the quality of decision making, but for technology scanning the data have to be processed further before they can bring about changes in decision quality. For technology-related matters, firms should be investing in the information processing capacity to produce quality decisions. Originality/value – This study uses the decision as its unit of analysis to avoid having to average out the effects of making good and bad decisions often associated with a decision maker.

Exploring business ethics research in the context of international business (Management Research News, Volume 32, Issue 12)

Christopher J. Robertson, Nicholas Athanassiou — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The aim of the paper is to examine the scope, level and content of business ethics research in three leading international business (IB) journals: Journal of International Business Studies (JIBS), Journal of World Business (JWB) and Management International Review (MIR). A subsequent examination of comparable themes published in the Journal of Business Ethics (JBE) is performed to establish commonalities and gaps on the topic of IB ethics between the leading IB journals and the leading business ethics journal. Design/methodology/approach – A total of 42 articles are identified in JIBS, JWB and MIR that are deemed IB ethics research, and 62 articles in JBE over the same timeframe. A content analysis of these articles is conducted. Findings – The main thematic clusters in the three IB journals are ethical judgment analyses, violation of laws and regulations, national moral environments, and corporate governance. Codes of ethics are an underlying issue across many of these themes but this is not explicitly studied. Articles published in JBE show a wider range of themes than those published in the three IB journals. Research limitations/implications – A broader selection of business ethics journals and of leading management journals that do not focus exclusively on IB could have produced additional important themes. Even so, there is an opportunity for IB ethics research to get into as yet unexamined important themes. Practical implications – The ethical themes identified can help managers in their efforts to deliver focused and clustered ethical training. Originality/value – This study establishes the themes that have been of interest to the authors and editors of academic articles in leading IB journals. What appears in such journals directly influences the research, teaching, and ultimately practice of IB. Such a perspective has not been studied in the past.

The value of assurance service: an example from the market for baseball cards (Management Research News, Volume 32, Issue 12)

David H. Sinason, Sally A. Webber, Alex Nikitkov — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The need for reliable information for decision makers is a fundamental principle underlying the demand for audit and assurance services. Yet, individuals and companies often do not understand the value that users place on independent third-party assurance. This paper aims to address this issue. Design/methodology/approach – This paper uses the market for baseball cards to provide an empirical analysis of the value users associate with third-party assurance services. Paired observations for baseball cards are identified on eBay; one with a third-party assurance regarding its quality and one with only the seller's statement. Findings – Comparative analysis indicates that bidders are willing to pay significantly more for the items when third-party assurance was provided. Originality/value – These findings indicate that third-party assurance is valued by consumers, and where information asymmetry exists between buyer and seller, sellers should consider the use of third-party assurance to increase sale price.

Extending the intellectual bandwidth model: a case study from the bioscience industry (Management Research News, Volume 32, Issue 12)

Christian Bach, Jing Zhang, Salvatore Belardo — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The paper aims to demonstrate the usefulness of the intellectual bandwidth model (IB model) and expand its basic foundation to the bioscience industry. Design/methodology/approach – A case study of a real work example from the bioscience industry is presented. Findings – The study discusses an end-user information system and reveals that the information assimilation dimension can be meaningfully extended, adding automated utilization and implementation. Research limitations/implications – The vertical research approach does not provide certainty that the case is truly representative. Practical implications – Practical implications of the study include having a useful management tool to plan solutions for complex business problems and investment decisions. Originality/value – The extension of the IB model is useful to practitioners and organizations seeking to manage scientific networks in knowledge-intensive and complex collaborative environments.

What mother never told you about Excel .?.?. it's not all number crunching (Management Research News, Volume 32, Issue 12)

Elliot Bendoly — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to inform the general management community on the qualitative and visualization capabilities available to them through Excel. Design/methodology/approach – The paper provides a basic overview and illustration of a subset set of qualitative capabilities, along with some brief tutorials and tips on how to make use of these capabilities. Discussions are aimed at novices and those with experience in Excel alike. A reference for more in-depth discussions and guidance is provided. Practical implications – Access to novel and powerful capabilities that have traditionally been under-utilized in Excel are within grasp of any management research or practitioner, provided they know where to find some basic guidance and are intrepid enough to test it out. The wave of new, tech-savvy management users is likely to have a pivotal impact on the way technology-assisted decision making is thought of in the future. Originality/value – The opportunity to open the eyes of a wider audience to the convenience and power of Excel as a development, decision support, research and teaching tool is of critical value. This work suggests that such awareness may be instrumental in changing the climate of organizational technology perspectives across a wide range of fields of practice.

An exploratory RFID patent analysis (Management Research News, Volume 32, Issue 12)

Fataneh Taghaboni-Dutta, Amy J.C. Trappey, Charles V. Trappey, Hsin-Ying Wu — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – This paper aims to study the development of radio frequency identification (RFID) technology through an analysis of patents filed with and issued by the US Patent and Trademark Office. A close analysis of these clusters reveals the patent development strategies of two competing factions of RFID technology developers. This paper provides an analysis of the patents along with insights into the contents of the patents held by these two groups. Design/methodology/approach – The analysis is based on Intermec Technologies and the RFID Patent Pool, the two major players in this domain. The comparison of Intermec Technologies and RFID Patent Pool is conducted using meta-data analysis and patent content clustering. The methodology and approach includes data pre-processing, key phrase extraction using term frequency-inverse document frequency, ontology construction, key phrase correlation measurement, patent technology clustering and patent document clustering. Clusters are derived using the K-means approach and a prototype Legal Knowledge Management Platform. Findings – The findings support a strong link between intellectual property and competitive advantage – specifically Intermec Technologies, which have not joined the RFID Patent Pool. The patent search results show that Intermec Technologies hold basic RFID patents in the early stages of technology development, which has placed the company in a dominant position. Research limitations/implications – The features of each cluster clearly depict the niches and specialties of companies and provide a historical framework of RFID technology development. Practical implications – The RFID patent analysis shows that if a company holds crucial patents in the early stages of a developing technology which relate to the fundamental key aspects of the technology, then the company will be more likely to maintain a leading and dominant position in that industry segment (i.e. RFID in this study). Originality/value – This research uses patent content cluster analysis to explain the rationale behind an alliance strategy decision.

Advertising disclosures and CSR practices of credit card issuers (Management Research News, Volume 32, Issue 12)

Alex Wang — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – This paper aims to test the relations among consumers' attitudes toward disclosures in credit card issuers' print ads, attitudes toward credit card issuers' CSR practices, and attitudes toward credit card issuers in general, with a survey study. Design/methodology/approach – A survey study with a convenient sampling consisting of college students is used to test the relations among consumers' attitudes toward disclosures in credit card issuers' print ads, attitudes toward credit card issuers' CSR practices, and attitudes toward credit card issuers in general. Findings – The results suggest that students' positive attitudes toward disclosures positively enhance their attitudes toward credit card issuers and credit card issuers' CSR practices. More importantly, students' attitudes toward credit card issuers' CSR practices mediate their attitudes toward disclosures on enhancing their attitudes toward credit card issuers. Research limitations/implications – Disclosures are increasingly common in advertisements for a range of products, including banking, cigarettes, over-the-counter drugs, and diet products. Thus, the study's results can also be applicable for corporations that advertise financial and health-related product or services. Despite the inherent limitations of this study (e.g. context-specific, convenience sample, and limited product types) that have to be confirmed in future research, future research should examine the relationship between various practices of disclosures and different aspects of CSR practices. Practical implications – Based on this study's results, credit card issuers should improve their practices of disclosures and communicate their disclosures better to college students. Since a positive relationship between consumer responses and CSR practices is evident, projecting good CSR practices can also enhance credit card issuers' corporate images. Originality/value – The paper primarily studies the impact of advertising disclosures and CSR practices on corporate image from college students' perspective. The research adds value to the existing literature on CSR, which is important to both academic researchers and practitioners.

Neighborhood amenity packages, property price, and marketing time (Property Management, Volume 27, Issue 5)

Justin D. Benefield — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of the study is to introduce modeling of common neighborhood amenities as packages, rather than as separate independent variables in a single model. Results from the standard modeling technique of including separate controls for each amenity are provided for comparison. A secondary purpose is to provide price and time-on-market implications for amenities in seasoned versus newly constructed properties. Design/methodology/approach – Common neighborhood amenities are grouped according to the total amenity bundle offered by each neighborhood. Hedonic pricing, hazard modeling, and two-stage least squares regression are used to estimate price and time-on-market impacts for six common amenities. Findings – Neighborhood tennis courts, clubhouses, boating facilities, and golf courses, as well as several amenity packages, significantly impact property values. Valuation of particular amenity packages differs between newly constructed and seasoned homes. Time-on-market results are less convincing. Research limitations/implications – Neighborhood amenities considered separately can produce misleading results, so amenity packages should be included in future research. Specific numerical results would not apply to other markets and perhaps not to other time periods. Practical implications – The study offers evidence regarding which neighborhood amenities are valued most highly in newly constructed properties, which is of interest to developers. The study also offers evidence on which amenities are valued more highly in seasoned properties, which is of interest to buyers due to concerns about re-sale values. Originality/value – The study offers the first grouping of neighborhood amenities into packages to more closely resemble the way buyers consider amenities during the purchase decision. The study is also the first comprehensive survey of commonly-offered neighborhood amenities.

Weight regression model from the sales comparison approach (Property Management, Volume 27, Issue 5)

Shih-MingYou, Chin-oh Chang — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to construct a weight model from the sales comparison approach. Design/methodology/approach – Although weighted average of comparables into sales comparison value is commonly applied in the past, most papers only focus mathematical calculation. This paper examines the correlation between weight and attributes of 6,345 sales comparable properties adopting the multiple regression model. Findings – This paper finds the price type, proximity of transaction date, inside the neighborhood area or not, total gross adjustment as percent, numbers of adjustments and the attributes of other comparables considered in one appraisal are significant on the weight of comparables. The expected MAPE and Hit rate criterions are passed after forecasting 10 percent validation samples modeled by 90 percent samples randomly surveyed. Practical implications – The weighted average to determine the sales comparison value is reasonable since the value conclusion will “correlate” to indication of value derived by different comparables. Originality/value – This paper discusses the weight model and forecasts weights directly instead of only forecasting value. By elaborating on the core question of weights, this paper hopes to assist the degree of science and objectivity of appraisal.

Calculating the cost of overheads: the real impact of HVOTLs on house price (Property Management, Volume 27, Issue 5)

Sally Sims, Peter Dent, Gina Ennis-Reynolds — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to establish whether or not asking price can provide a reliable indication of the impact of a negative externality when transaction data are scarce. Design/methodology/approach – Until recently, transaction data within the UK were either unobtainable or expensive. Subsequently, an analysis of the value impacts of living near negative externalities (such as high voltage overhead power lines (HVOTL)) relies almost entirely on valuer expertise. Since behavioural research suggests that valuers often anchor to asking price which, in theory, is based on the selling agent's opinion of the likely transaction value of a property, the argument is made that “asking price” provides a reliable indication of the impact of a negative externality when transaction data are scarce. This theory is tested through an analysis of the real versus perceived impacts of an HVOTL on proximate house prices. Findings – The results, whilst providing additional evidence to support the relationship between value diminution and the presence of an HVOTL near residential homes, suggest that agents' marketing price does not capture the true impact of this type of negative externality and should therefore be treated with caution by practitioners seeking to establish the value of this type of property. Originality/value – The results of this article add additional evidence to support the findings from previous studies in this field.

Green roof retrofit potential in the central business district (Property Management, Volume 27, Issue 5)

Sara J. Wilkinson, Richard Reed — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the potential for green roof retrofit to commercial buildings in a city centre to property managers and other property professionals. Design/methodology/approach – This paper addresses the research question: what is the potential of existing buildings in the CBD to accommodate a retrofitted green roof? Furthermore, it questions how many buildings are suitable for green roofs? The researchers compile a unique building database incorporating information about 536 commercial buidings and evaluate the potential suitability of each building to undergo a green roof retrofit. Assisted by other commercially available databases and software, the researchers are able to assess each roof based on criteria derived from an extensive literature review. Findings – A relatively small proportion of roofs are found to be suitable, partly a result of local climate conditions and rainfall patterns, and the physical property stock. On a purely physical assessment, only a very small proportion of CBD stock is found to be suited. These buildings are most likely to be in low secondary locations, ungraded or B grade buildings, privately owned, concrete framed and not overshadowed by adjoining properties. Practical implications – Property managers and other property professionals can now determine the potential of their portfolio stock for green roof retrofit based on the review of building attributes required for success adaptation in this paper. It possible that greater potential for green roof retrofit exists in the suburbs or regional towns where lower rise buildings may reduce the amount of overshadowing found in city centres. Follow-up research could focus on a comparison of regional and suburban developments. Originality/value – This is the first study of its kind and has assessed such a large number of buildings for their suitability for green roof retrofit; the findings provide a reliable guide for policymakers regarding the potential number of city centre buildings which would be possible to retrofit. Such findings should influence policymaking and incentives to target effective sustainability policies with regards to existing buildings.

Studies on the film characteristics of polyesteramide resins based on hydroxy ethyl fatty acid amide (Pigment & Resin Technology, Volume 38, Issue 6)

Sukhen Mistry, Devendra Agarwal — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to describe the synthesizing of polyesteramide (PEA) resins using an acid functional acrylic copolymer (ACR) and hydroxy ethyl fatty amide (HEFA) of dehydrated castor oil (DCO) and to study the effect of HEFA on the performance properties of the coating films of PEA resins. Design/methodology/approach – The PEA resins are synthesised by using ACR (synthesised by using butyl methacrylate (BMA) and maleic anhydride (MA)), and HEFA. Different formulations are developed by using ACR and HEFA. The coatings are made using xylene/acetone as a solvent. These coatings are applied on mild steel panels and are cured at 110°C. Various mechanical, optical and chemical properties of the coating films are evaluated. Findings – The study reveals that, HEFA of DCO is used successfully as a cross-linking agent for the ACR to form the PEA resins. Incorporation of long chain fatty acid (C18) moieties of the fatty amide in the PEA resins backbone is thought to serve as flexibliser, which lead to improved mechanical and chemical properties of the films. The optimum results are obtained from composition three of copolymer A having (3:1) (ACR:HEFA) molar ratio. Research limitations/implications – The PEA resins synthesised here are made up of ACR (synthesised by using BMA and MA), and HEFA of DCO. Besides, this ACRs can be synthesised from acrylic acid. In addition to this, one can also use HEFA synthesised from other oils. Practical implications – This method provides a simple solution for the synthesis of PEA resins and resulting to their improved mechanical properties. The developed product is also an environment friendly product. Originality/value – The method developed here for the synthesis of PEA resins form ACRs and HEFA is unique and can be used as an effective surface coating material. These studies will help to develop low volatile organic compounds product which could find numerous industrial applications in surface coatings for metal surfaces.

Dyeing of flax fabric with natural dye from chestnut shells (Pigment & Resin Technology, Volume 38, Issue 6)

Lijuan Wang, Jian Li, Hao Feng — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to develop an environmentally friendly dyeing process using brown pigment from chestnut shells (BPFCS). This material is obtained from foodstuff residues and can make a significant contribution to reusing a reproducible biomass resource, economizing petroleum, avoiding water pollution and protecting human health. Design/methodology/approach – The brown pigment is extracted from the raw material and purified with solvents containing 30 and 100 per cent EtOH. It is then used to dye flax fabric in aqueous solution with added NaCl as a dye accelerator. The effects of dyeing conditions and fastness are investigated. The pigment, and the pristine and dyed fabrics are analysed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and the fabric samples are observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Fastness to washing, rubbing and light are also measured. Findings – BPFCS show promising dyeability on cellulosic fibers. White flax fabric is successfully dyed with the pigment to a yellow-brown colour. The base dyeing conditions are as follows: pigment concentration 16?g/l, NaCl concentration 10?g/l, liquor ratio 10:1, temperature 95°C, dyeing time 40?min. The dyed fabrics have lower fastness to washing and higher fastness to rubbing and light. A total of 4 per cent Al3+ or Fe2+ treatment of dyed fabric can improve fastness to washing, but decrease fastness to rubbing. The yellowish-brown samples are transformed to brown or dark-green after Al3+ or Fe2+ treatment, respectively. The pigment is a mixture with abundant hydroxyl groups. Research limitations/implications – The studies of dyeing conditions and fastness are carried out in detail as BPFCS used as a dye. However, a qualitative analysis of the pigment could not be performed due to the difficulty of separating the mixture. The BPFCS used in this paper can dye cellulosic fiber and can also be used to dye other fibers such as silk, wool and PET. Dyeing conditions for these other fibers need to be investigated. Practical implications – BPFCS may play an important role in the dyeing industries because of its good dyeability, lack of toxicity and resistance to water, rubbing and light. The present work offers an environmentally friendly dye and a simple dyeing method. Originality/value – At present, no report exists in the literature of work on dyeing flax fabric with BPFCS. This paper represents a preliminary study to determine the relationships of dyeing conditions to fastness and the role of mordant. BPFCS appears to be a new and practically useful natural dye.

Effect of modifier and filler concentration on properties of epoxy-red mud waste composite (Pigment & Resin Technology, Volume 38, Issue 6)

Bidhan Samanta, Tithi Maity — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the concentration effect of liquid amine terminated poly (ethylene glycol) benzoate (ATPEGB) modifiers and red mud waste filler on mechanical and thermal properties of cured epoxy along with the optimum result of modified epoxy. Design/methodology/approach – For effective toughening, different compositions are made by adding various concentration of ATPEGB to epoxy. The concentration of 2, 5 and 10 parts per 100 parts of epoxy resin of aluminium silicate-based pristine red mud waste is incorporated into each modified epoxy matrix. These filled modified matrixes are cured with ambient temperature curing agent triethylene tetramine and are evaluated with respect to their impact, tensile and flexural strengths. The morphology is analysed by scanning electron microscopy and dynamic mechanical analysis. The thermal stability by thermogravimetric analysis is also reported. Findings – The modification of epoxy resin using ATPEGB and filler shows significant enhancement of mechanical strength over unmodified epoxy. The increase depends on concentration of the modifier and filler. The reason behind this is that in the initial stage of curing the ATPEGB are miscible with the epoxy and form a homogeneous solution. This good mixing promotes the chemical reaction and network formation. During the curing process, as the molecular weight increases, the component separates within the reaction medium to form a second dispersed phase. Research limitations/implications – This paper discusses only ATPEGB synthesised by using poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) of 200, 400 and 600 and only one filler red mud waste. Besides these, by changing the molecular weight of PEG, other ATPEGB could be synthesised and the efficiency of modification of epoxy resin using these modifiers and other filler besides red mud waste could also be studied. Originality/value – This paper regarding concentration effect of modifier and filler is novel and ATPEGB modified filled epoxy could be used in the fields of coating, casting, adhesives, potting and encapsulation of semiconductor devices.

Synthesis and application of novel disazo pyrazolo[1,2-a]pyrazole reactive dyes (Pigment & Resin Technology, Volume 38, Issue 6)

Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the efficiency of modifying reactive azo dyes using pyrazolo[1,2-a]pyrazole fused systems as the chromophoric moiety which could satisfy many and varied criteria drawn from economic, synthetic, physicochemical and fastness properties. Design/methodology/approach – Six novel heterocyclic disazo reactive dyes were prepared, containing monofunctional sulphatoethylsulphone (SES) and hetero-bifunctional monochlorotriazine (MCT)/SES reactive groups. Dyes intermediates based on 4-arylazo-1,5-dioxopyrazolo[1,2-a]pyrazole chromophoric moieties are initially synthesised and coupled with two different diazonium salts having the aforementioned reactive groups, thus yielding the new target reactive dyes. The synthesised dyes are applied to cotton, wool and silk fabrics under the typical exhaust dyeing conditions and their dyeing properties were investigated. Findings – The results assessed for dyeing indicate high-quality dyeing properties. However, the heterobifunctional MCT/SES dyes showed higher exhaustion and fixation values, colour yields and fastness properties than those of the monofunctional SES dyes. Research limitations/implications – The method developed provided a simple and practical procedure for producing fused pyrazolo[1,2-a]pyrazole disazo chromophoric systems that afford valuable reactive dyes. In addition, the dyes intermediates based on 4-arylazo-1,5-dioxopyrazolo[1,2-a]pyrazole as well as their disazo counterparts could be applied as acid dyes to wool and silk. Originality/value – The method for producing novel disazo reactive dyes could find numerous applications for affording a variety of reactive dyes with different binding linkages and structural reactivity. These could be valuable as reactive dyes with different colour shades.

Photochromic properties of 7',8'-dichloro-1,3,3-trimethylspiro[indoline-2,3'-[3H]benzo[b][1,4]oxazine] doped in PMMA and epoxy resin thin films (Pigment & Resin Technology, Volume 38, Issue 6)

A.A. Bahajaj, A.M. Asiri, A.M. Alsoliemy, A.G. Al-Sehemi — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the photochromic performance of photochromic compounds in polymer matrices. Design/methodology/approach – The poly(methyl methacrylate) PMMA and epoxy resin doped with photochromic spirooxazine (SO) are prepared and the effects of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation are studied using spectrophotometer. The reversible reaction is effected using white light. Photochemical fatigue resistance of these films is also studied. Findings – Irradiation of colourless 7',8'-dichloro-1,3,3-trimethylspiro[indoline-2,3'-[3H]benzo[b][1,4]oxazine] (SO) doped in PMMA and epoxy resin with UV light (366?nm) results in the formation of an intense purple-red coloured zwitterionic photomerocyanine (PMC). The reverse reaction is photochemically induced by irradiation with white light. Photocolouration and photobleaching reactions follow a first-order rate equation. It is found that photocoloration rate constant of (SO) in both matrices is almost the same, which is unexpected. On the other hand, the rate of photobleaching reaction of (PMC) in PMMA is twice slower than that in the epoxy resin. It seems that the presence of the two chlorine atoms at positions 7' and 8' of the benzooxazine moiety destabilise the PMC in epoxy resin film and results in speeding up the fading process compared to that in PMMA. SO doped in epoxy resin shows much better fatigue resistance than that doped in PMMA. Research limitations/implications – The PMMA and epoxy resin polymers doped photochromic spirobenzooxazine described in this paper were prepared and studied. The principle of study established can be applied to any type of polymer or to any type of photochromic compounds. Practical implications – The photochromic materials developed can be used for different applications, such as coatings and holography. Originality/value – The method developed may be used to enhance the performance of photochromic materials.

Electronic and optical properties of silole-based derivatives (Pigment & Resin Technology, Volume 38, Issue 6)

C.B. Li, G.X. Yang, Z.H. Huang, Y. Xin, C. Wang, J.H. Yuan — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to focus on the development of highly efficient emission materials for light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Design/methodology/approach – The equilibrium geometries of silole-based derivatives are optimised by means of DFT/B3LYP method with the 6-31G(d) basis set in this paper. The geometries of single-excitation are optimised using the ab initio configuration interaction with single excitations/6-31G(d), the first singlet excited states and optical properties are calculated by using time-dependent density-functional theory based on the 6-31G(d) basis set. Findings – The highest occupied molecular orbital and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital suffer larger effects from the variation of the substituent groups of methyls and phenyls. The absorption wavelengths of all the cases are similar, but the emission wavelengths are significantly different. Research limitations/implications – Solid-state stacking effect is not included in this paper. Originality/value – In view of the application of silole-based derivatives systems, the control of photophysical properties and electronic structures by structural modification is relevant to further molecular design.

Inhibitive effect of methyl green dye on the corrosion of low carbon steel in acidic media (Pigment & Resin Technology, Volume 38, Issue 6)

Emeka Oguzie, Chris Akalezi, Conrad Enenebeaku — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to study methyl green dye (MG) as a corrosion inhibitor for low carbon steel (LCS) in hydrochloric acid (1?M) and sulphuric acid (0.5?M) and to assess the effect of temperature variation and halide additives on the inhibition efficiency. Design/methodology/approach – Corrosion rates are monitored using the gravimetric technique. Inhibition efficiency is determined by comparing the corrosion rates in the absence and presence of additives. Attempts are also made to elucidate the inhibition mechanism from the trend of inhibition efficiency with change in temperature and type of acid anion. Findings – MG reduces the corrosion rate of the LCS specimens in both acid media within the investigated temperature range by adsorption at the metal/solution interface. Inhibition efficiency increases with MG concentration but decreases with rise in temperature. Maximum values of 67 and 73 per cent are obtained in 1?M HCl and 0.5?M H2SO4, respectively, at [MG]=0.001?mol?dm-3. Halide additives increase the inhibition efficiency mainly in the sulphuric acid medium. Research limitations/implications – The inhibiting effect of MG is studied within a fixed concentration range, which can be expanded for further studies. The same applies to the effect of halide additives. Also, the dye structure can be modified by introducing different functional groups, and the effect on inhibition efficiency is investigated. Practical implications – The research findings can find practical application for corrosion control in aqueous acidic environments. Originality/value – This paper provides new information on the application of MG for corrosion inhibiting purposes. The experimental results form part of an extensive database on the corrosion inhibiting characteristics of organic dyes.

Worker and consumer face-off on cultural distance and satisfaction (Tourism Review, Volume 64, Issue 4)

Yasin Boylu, Asli D.A. Tasci, William C. Gartner — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is threefold: measure the differences in importance of cultural values between Turkish hosts and European guests; measure perceived cultural difference (distance) to see if importance of cultural values are commensurate with cultural distance perception; and identify potential influence of perceived cultural distance on job satisfaction for Turkish service providers (hosts) and trip satisfaction for European consumers (guests). Design/methodology/approach – A survey research was conducted in tourist towns in the Southwest part of Turkey to gather data from Turkish hosts (service providers) and European tourists. Two stepwise regression analyses were conducted to assess the magnitude of the relative impact of several variables on job satisfaction for hosts and trip satisfaction for guests. Findings – Although results revealed differences in cultural values, cultural distance perception and satisfaction, the stepwise regression analyses did not reveal any influence of perceived cultural distance on satisfaction for either hosts or guests. Research limitations/implications – The findings of this study may not apply to all tourism consumption settings since respondents were surveyed in a general tourism setting context rather than limiting them to a certain consumption setting such as a restaurant, a hotel or a cruise ship. Originality/value – By shedding light on cultural distance and its influence on both demand and supply side aspects, this study addresses a long-neglected aspect in literature. Although several studies provide discussions on the impact of culture on both service providers' and consumers' attitude and behavior, there is a lack of empirical studies on the relationship between cultural distance and satisfaction.

Agri-tourism and rural development: the Low-Valdelsa case, Italy (Tourism Review, Volume 64, Issue 4)

Caterina Contini, Paola Scarpellini, Roberto Polidori — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyze the demand of tourists who stay in agri-tourist facilities and assess the impact of agri-tourism on local development in terms of income and employment. The study was conducted in Tuscany, a region which is pre-eminent in terms of the Italian agri-tourist supply and which has a strong attraction for tourists seeking natural resources, the countryside and the local culture. Design/methodology/approach – The methodology called for the use of the input output model based on a regional accounting matrix which was appropriately modified, according to data obtained from a direct investigation. Tourist spending was ascertained by means of a questionnaire submitted to tourists who stayed in agri-tourist facilities. Main weaknesses of the tourist system were highlighted by means of personal interviews which were conducted with key informants. Findings – The results emphasize a lack of coordination between the suppliers of products and services provided in the territory which limits local product visibility. An improved coordination would imply strengthening of individual actions and enhancing the value of products by linking them to the specific resources of the local system and cultural identity. This would determine a higher impact of agri-tourism on the development of the area. Practical implications – The research gains a better understanding of the community's interest in promoting agri-tourism and provides insights for the drafting of local development strategies. Originality/value – The paper intervenes in the debate on the role of rural tourism in local development with a case study in which agri-tourist demand was analyzed, its impact on local income and employment was assessed and existing constraints in achieving socio-economic development were identified and discussed.

Managing music festivals for tourism purposes in Catalonia (Spain) (Tourism Review, Volume 64, Issue 4)

Francesc González-Reverté, Oriol Miralbell-Izard — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to assess the touristic potential of music festivals in Catalonia. It is an opportune goal because even though this region is experiencing an important increase of new festivals and cultural events, there is a lack of adequate coordinating and guiding tourism policies. Design/methodology/approach – The data was gathered with a survey to managers of music festivals that provided information about their management structure and economic results. The study findings are the result of an analysis done with a statistical multivariate technique and constructing indicators of event economic feasibility and tourism specialisation. Findings – Data reveals the coexistence of two different types of festivals in Catalonia depending on their cultural or touristic orientation and with clear differences in their management style. Both types have a professionalized management structure and an economic self-sufficiency when compared with the rest of Catalan cultural events, so they can be considered as an asset for regional tourism development. Nevertheless, some problems are detected in management practices that should be improved when implementing a specific tourism event policy. Originality/value – The research has built a unique event data base that can be useful for decision making in tourism public administration. The paper suggests that local and regional administration should consider music festivals and cultural events, in general, as excellent resources to create new tourism products. Some of the characteristics of festivals, such as their important potential as tourism attractions and their cultural identity or the economical success, are critical assets to their high potential in local tourism development. These findings should justify a more resolute public policy of events and music festivals in Catalonia.

Consumer behavior at an industrial travel show (Tourism Review, Volume 64, Issue 4)

Laura M. Milner — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the behavior of consumers in an industrial trade show context – the ITB tourism trade show. Design/methodology/approach – The current study addresses whether it is strategically astute to allow final consumers into an industrial trade show. Using a mall intercept method, questions were designed to elicit whether final consumers mimic industrial segments of current, potential or nonusers? Are they repeat or first time? How serious are they? Where in the search process are they? Are they product specific or simply engaged in information collection? How do they search? How are booth choices made? Findings – Participants are current or potential and typically repeat. They are motivated and directed with booth choices being pre-planned. Research limitations/implications – The limitations of convenience samples apply here. Study should be repeated. Future research should address whether consumers be allowed into other types of industrial trade shows. Practical implications – This study addresses the utility of free promotional gifts and the strategic implications of allowing consumer access to an industrial event. Originality/value – Only one other study was uncovered which examined consumer trade shows and it focused on vendor behavior.

Increasing hotel responsiveness to customers through information sharing (Tourism Review, Volume 64, Issue 4)

Nicole Tiedemann, Marcel van Birgele, Janjaap Semeijn — Sat Nov 07 08:00:18 GMT 2009

Abstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate customer responsiveness in the hotel industry, and the role of market orientation including both internal and external information sharing. Design/methodology/approach – Based on a review of the supply chain management and marketing literature, a conceptual model was constructed and tested based on a survey of European hotel managers using PLS path modeling. Findings – Market orientation seems to be an important basis for cross-functional and inter-organizational information sharing. Information exchange, both internal and external, can explain over 50 percent of customer responsiveness, as perceived by hotel managers. Research limitations/implications – The study mainly focused on European four- and five-star hotels. The final sample is considered representative, but relatively small (50 respondents). The observed importance of information sharing warrants further investigation. Practical implications – While many hotel managers may focus on cleanliness, comfort of rooms, quality of food and friendliness, it seems that both internal and external information sharing are important antecedents of customer responsiveness, and hence satisfaction and loyalty. Originality/value – This paper, by combining marketing and supply chain management concepts into one model, offers new insights into the hotel business. Customer responsiveness can be improved through market orientation and information sharing.