Air pollution

, 18, 44, 94–95, 164–165

Biodiversity

, 127, 195–196, 235–236

erosion and implications

, 68

population increase

, 67

protection

, 26

urbanisation

, 67

Brazil

, 116

Building information modelling (BIM)

adoption

, 171–173

advantages of

, 171

awareness and utilisation

, 181–183

concepts of

, 173–174

definition

, 173–174

efficiency

, 170

India

, 177

Nigeria

, 171–172

origin

, 173–174

productivity

, 170

sustainability

, 170

technology of

, 170–171

utilisation

, 171, 183

Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM)

, 21, 27, 175–176

Canada

, 171

Catholic Agency for Overseas Development

, 116–117

China

air pollutants emission

, 145

air quality

, 145

annual urban population growth rate

, 144

Beijing Capital International Airport

, 143

city of Jining

, 93, 96

COVID-19. See COVID-19

eco-cities

, 84–86, 92–93

ecosystem evaluation

, 146

environmental externalities

, 145–146

governmentality

, 92–93

gross domestic product (GDP)

, 143

hedonic price models

, 147

individualisation

, 91

log-linear

, 148

North Lake Ecological New Town (NLENT)

, 87

pollution treatment

, 144

urban and rural population

, 142

Urban Green

, 148

China General Nuclear Power Corp (CGN)

, 56–57

Chi-square (x ² ) statistics

, 15–16

City of Jining

, 93–96

City of Ndola

, 65, 70–72

Civil society organizations (CSOs)

, 119

Climate change

, 3–4, 117, 120–121

global agreement

, 117

global warming and

, 121

greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions

, 120–121

CO₂ emissions

, 130

Computer-aided design (CAD)

, 173

Construction, demolition and excavation (CDE)

, 202–203

Construction quality

, 18

Control systems

, 197

Cost effectiveness analysis

, 28–34

COVID-19

aviation industry

, 213–214

banking sector

, 215

education sector

, 216

entertainment industry

, 214

environmental impacts

, 211–212

financial markets

, 212–213

global response

, 221–223

grocery industry

, 216–217

hospitality industry

, 213

job losses and contraction

, 218

19 May 2020

, 210

oil-dependent countries

, 215–216

origin

, 209

pharmaceutical industry

, 217

real estate sector

, 217

social impacts of

, 218–221

sports industry

, 215

tourism sector

, 214

Demand

, 40–41

green building

, 26, 41–42

office space

, 46

real estate (RE)

, 41

sustainable attributes

, 46, 48–49

sustainable features

, 41

urban land

, 67–69

Demolish–rebuild process

, 18

Earthquakes

, 17

Eco-cities

, 84, 86

China

, 84–86, 92–93

growth of

, 96–98

North Lake Ecological New Town (NLENT)

, 87

Eco-desire

, 86

Ecological sustainability

, 195

Economic Dividends for Gender Equity (EDGE)

, 21

Economic growth

, 67–68

Economic incentives

, 203

Economic Recovery rogramme (ERP)

, 198

Energy

consumption

, 54–55, 59

green buildings

, 59–60

nuclear

, 56–57

production

, 56

solar

, 56–57, 59

thermoelectrical

, 56–57

wind

, 56–57

Energy Commission of Ghana (ECG)

, 131

Energy efficiency technologies

, 196

Energy Identity Document (EID)

, 18

ENERGY STAR

, 27

Environmental impacts

, 122, 146

city of Ndola

, 70–78

COVID-19

, 211–212

Environmental problems

, 22, 94–95, 208

Environmental sustainability

, 195

determining/promoting

, 195–197

Ghana

, 199–203

housing

, 197

Environment protection

, 143–144

Environment threat

, 233–235

European Parliamentary Forum (EPF)

, 218–219

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)

, 40–41

Fossil fuel consumption

, 18

France

, 171

Germany

, 143, 171

Ghana

environment sustainability

, 199–203

greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions

, 127–128, 130

housing development

, 197, 199, 203

Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital (KATH)

, 135

Meridian Port Services Tema Port

, 135–136

One Airport Square

, 133

Ridge hospital, Accra

, 132–133

sustainability

, 130–136

Ghana Green Building Council (GHGBC)

, 131, 199–200

Ghana Investment Promotion Centre (GIPC)

, 198–199

Ghana Real Estate Developers Association (GREDA)

, 198–199

Global Alliance for Building and Construction (GABC)

, 127

Global economy

, 2–3

Global Environment Facility (GEF)

, 119

Global Real Estate Sustainability Benchmark (GRESB)

, 27

Global warming

, 3, 120–121

Governmentality

, 92–93

Government of Ghana (GoG)

, 192–193

Green buildings (GB)

, 4–5, 25, 121–122

cost effectiveness analysis

, 28–30, 34

demand

, 126

energy

, 59–60

features

, 125

Hong Kong

, 42

Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)

, 131–132

Malaysia

, 42

renewable energy

, 125–126

sales price of

, 26

sustainable features

, 40

Turkey

, 21

Green building technologies (GBTs)

, 123–125, 130, 136

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions

, 2–3, 14, 55, 129, 232

COVID-19

, 211–212

Ghana

, 127–128, 130

Romania

, 55–57

Green space

, 145–146

proximity

, 156

Urban Green

, 147

urbanisation

, 147

Green Star

, 175–176

Gross domestic product (GDP)

, 2, 84

China

, 143

Ghana

, 191–192

Philippines

, 214

Heating systems

, 18–20

Hedonic price modelling method

, 146

Hong Kong Building Environmental Assessment Method (HK-BEAM)

, 42

Hong Kong Green Building Council (HK-GBC) Award

, 42

Hospital buildings

, 21

Housing development

environment

, 195

environment sustainability

, 199–203

Ghana

, 192–193, 197, 199

physical structure

, 198

social structure

, 198

Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)

, 129

Illegal occupation

, 73–74

India

, 142

building information modelling (BIM)

, 177

COVID-19

, 217

Indoor environmental quality enhancement technologies

, 196–197

Industrialisation

, 67–70

Infrastructure development

, 64

Inter-city competition

, 96–98

International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees (IATSE)

, 214

International Finance Corporation (IFC)

, 131–132

International Labour Organisation (ILO)

, 127

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

, 198

International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA)

, 125–126

Israel

, 68

Italy

, 211–212

Japan

, 214

Kafubu Water and Sewerage Company (KWSC)

, 65–66, 233–234

Kenya

, 67

Kyoto Protocol

, 119, 192

Land use conflicts

, 70, 74, 78

Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)

, 21, 27, 34–35, 40, 42, 131–132

Local authorities

, 75–77

Lockdown measures

, 218–219

Log-linear

, 148

Malaysia

green buildings

, 42

green tax incentives

, 42

real estate (RE)

, 43

sustainable features

, 43

Marxist model

, 90–91

Mean score value

, 172–173

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

, 116, 192

Ndola City Council (NCC)

, 64, 233–234

Netherland

, 176

Nigeria

, 142, 170, 233–234

building information modelling (BIM). See Building information modelling (BIM)

economies

, 178–179

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)

, 40–41

licenced real estate agents/realtors

, 41

real estate (RE)

, 40–41, 43, 51

residential real estate

, 179

sustainable urban development

, 192

Non-governmental organisation (NGO)

, 211

North Lake Ecological New District

, 98

North Lake Ecological New Town (NLENT)

, 87, 98, 104–109

Jining

, 100–101

new luxury, high status development

, 102–103

regional development

, 100–101

visiting

, 103–109

North Lake Scenic Area (NLSA)

, 98, 109

Nuclear energy

, 56–57

Ocean Asia

, 211

Organisational profile

, 183

Our Common Future

, 1

Ozone depleting substances (ODSs)

, 129

Paris Agreement

, 192

Philippines

, 214

Pollution

, 40, 64, 144

Population growth

, 67, 69–70

Principles for Responsible Investing (PRI)

, 27

Real estate (RE)

, 118

building information modelling (BIM)

, 170, 176

demand

, 41

defined

, 2

development

, 68–69, 170, 178–179

development and practices

, 25–34

Ghana. See Ghana

global economy

, 2–3

green features

, 42

investment

, 15–16

Lagos

, 180

Malaysia

, 43

markets

, 14–15

Nigeria

, 40–41, 43, 51

projects

, 21, 24–25

Real Estate Developers Association of Nigeria (REDAN)

, 172

Romania

, 57–59

sustainability

, 3, 5, 27–28, 57, 59, 120–121

Turkey

, 14–15

Real Estate Developers Association of Nigeria (REDAN)

, 172

Research and Development (R&D)

, 21

Residential buildings

, 18

Residential real estate

, 170

awareness

, 181–183

building information modelling (BIM)

, 171–172, 182, 184–185

types of

, 181

utilisation

, 181–183

Respondents

characteristics of

, 44

profile

, 179–181

Romania

greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions

, 55

illegal deforestation

, 60

real estate sustainability

, 57–59

sustainability

, 54–57

Singapore

, 42–43

Social Security and National Insurance Trust (SSNIT)

, 198

Solar energy

, 56–57

South Africa

, 68–69

Spain

, 211–212

Special Administrative Region (SAP)

, 99

State Housing Corporation (SHC)

, 198

Stove systems

, 18

Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP)

, 198

Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)

, 198

Sustainability

, 1–2, 31

availability of

, 44–46

building information modelling (BIM)

, 170

commercial buildings

, 46

company manager approaches

, 21–25

concept of

, 193–195

demand

, 40–42

economic

, 192–193

environmental

, 14–15, 49, 117, 145–146, 193, 195, 197

Ghana

, 130, 136, 199–200

green building technologies (GBTs)

, 123

housing development

, 203

Malaysia

, 43

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

, 117

Nigeria

, 43–44

real estate (RE)

, 3, 5, 120–121

relevance

, 235–237

revolution

, 191–192

Romania

, 54, 57, 59

World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED)

, 208

Sustainable attributes

commercial buildings

, 46–47

demand for

, 46, 48–49

willingness to pay

, 49–51

Sustainable building

, 3–4, 121, 123

Sustainable construction

, 123

Sustainable development (SD)

, 1, 4, 208

Brundtland Report

, 208–209

definitions

, 1

environmental performance

, 118–119

Johannesburg Declaration

, 120

vs. real estate (RE)

, 24

triple bottom line (TBL)

, 118–119

UN conferences

, 119

Sustainable development goals (SDGs)

, 14, 116

global community agreement

, 117

goals

, 123

Taibaihu New District

, 87

Tema Development Corporation (TDC)

, 198

Thailand

, 214

Tianjin eco-city

, 85–86

Triple bottom line (TBL)

, 118

Turkey

buildings and flats

, 17

environmental problems

, 14

green buildings (GB)

, 21

rapid urbanisation

, 14–15

urban development

, 16–17

urbanisation

, 16–17

urban population

, 14

UK Green Building Council (UKGBC)

, 3–4

UN Climate Change Conference

, 3

UN Conference on Sustainable Development (UNCSD)

, 116

UN Convention on Biological Diversity (UNCBD)

, 119

UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD)

, 119

UN Development Programme (UNDP)

, 117

UN Environment Programme (UNEP)

, 1, 118

UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

, 196–197

United Kingdom

, 143, 171, 211–212

United States

, 171, 195–196

UN Office for Project Services (UNOPS)

, 192–193

Unplanned settlements

, 73–74

UN World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED)

, 1

Urban Blue

, 147, 157–160

Urban development

, 64, 69–70

land alienation tools

, 75–76

management tools

, 76–78

planning tools

, 74–75

water protection

, 76–78

Urban Green

, 147–148, 152, 155, 157

Urban Grey

, 147, 160–161, 163–164

Urbanisation

categories

, 147

China

, 142, 145

incidence of

, 231–232

pollution

, 143

population increase

, 67

rapid and unplanned

, 14

space requirements

, 14

traffic congestions

, 143

Turkey

, 16–17

Zambia

, 69–70

Urban land

illegal occupation

, 73–74

land allocation, vulnerable areas

, 72

unplanned settlements

, 73–74

water pollution

, 72–73

US Environmental Protection Agency

, 4–5

Vietnam

, 214

Water efficiency technologies

, 196

Water pollution

, 72–73

Water Resources Management Authority (WARMA)

, 65, 78, 233–234

Weberian model

, 90–91

Wind energy

, 56–57

World Bank

, 3, 69, 192–193

World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED)

, 118, 208

World Economic Forum (WEF)

, 2–3, 121, 170

World Health Organization (WHO)

, 125, 143

Zambia

, 64, 233–234

industrialisation

, 69–70

population growth

, 69–70

urbanisation

, 69–70

Zambia Environmental Management Agency (ZEMA)

, 65, 77, 233–234