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Appendices

Arthur Seakhoa-King (Mohammed bin Rashid School of Government, Dubai, UAE)
Marcjanna M Augustyn (Bournemouth University, UK)
Peter Mason (London Metropolitan University, UK)

Tourism Destination Quality

ISBN: 978-1-83909-559-7, eISBN: 978-1-83909-558-0

Publication date: 27 November 2020

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Citation

Seakhoa-King, A., Augustyn, M.M. and Mason, P. (2020), "Appendices", Tourism Destination Quality, Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 221-260. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-83909-558-020201010

Publisher

:

Emerald Publishing Limited

Copyright © 2021 Arthur Seakhoa-King, Marcjanna M Augustyn and Peter Mason

Appendix 3A Selected Examples of Definitions of a Tourism Destination

Source Definitions of a Tourism Destination
Hu and Ritchie (1993) A tourism destination is a package of tourism facilitates and services, which, like any other consumer product or service, is composed of a number of multi-dimensional attributes that together determine its attractiveness to a particular individual in a given choice situation.
Medlik (2012) Country, region, town or other areas visited by tourist.
Gunn (1994) A geographic area containing a critical mass of development that satisfies traveller objectives.
Leiper (1995) Destinations are places towards which people travel and where they choose to stay for a while in order to experience certain features or characteristics – a perceived attraction of some sort.
Buhalis (2000) Destinations are amalgams of tourism products, offering an integrated experience to consumers.
Murphy, Pritchard and Smith (2000) An amalgam of products and services available in one location that can draw tourists from beyond the destination's spatial confines.

Appendix 4A Early Versions of the Questionnaire for the Qualitative TDQ Study – Section A

Original Questions (Version 1 of Section A) a Question Formulated after the Pre-tests in England (Version 2 of Section A) b
A B
What aspects of a tourism destination contribute to the quality of a destination? In your own opinion, what factors would you look at when judging the quality of a tourism destination?
What factors best describe the quality of a tourism destination?
What do you understand by the term ‘quality of a tourism destination’?
What things should be done by mangers of tourism destination to improve the quality of the destination? What things should a tourism destination manager do to improve the quality of the destination?
When referring to ‘tourism destination’ in your response, what have you had in mind? In answering the questions above what did you have in mind as a tourism destination?
If you were asked to judge the quality of a tourism destination, what features would you look at? What is a tourism destination?
In your own opinion what factors best describe the quality of a tourism destination?
a

These questions were pre-tested at a large shopping center in England.

b

These questions were used in the first pilot tests at various locations in England and in South Africa.

Appendix 4B Early Version of the Questionnaire for the Qualitative TDQ Study – Section B


1 What is your nationality? ……………………………………
2 What is your sex? (Please tick)
3 Which of these age groups do you fall in? (Please tick)
4 What is your net household monthly income? (Please tick)
5 What was the last level you completed in your formal education? (Please tick)
6 Please name the tourism destinations, which you visited and stayed overnight as a paying guest in the past two years. (Please write in the space provided, please continue at the back if necessary)
Domestic……………………………………………………………………
Abroad………………………………………………………………………
7 Do you have children between the ages of 3 to 12 years? (Please tick)
8 If you have answered ‘Yes’, above, do you travel with your children when are going on holiday? (Please tick)

Appendix 4C The Filter Questions used for the Qualitative TDQ Study

Appendix 4D The First Versions of Section A of the Questionnaire used in the Qualitative Pilot TDQ Study Test B a

In your own opinion, what makes a high-quality tourism destination?
In your own opinion, what are the characteristics of a quality tourism destination?
In your own opinion, what makes a quality tourism destination?
In your own opinion what makes a low-quality tourism destination
In answering the question above, what did you have in mind as a tourism destination?
Number of respondents 40
a

All tests were conducted at an international airport in England. Each questionnaire was answered by 10 respondents.

Appendix 4E Recruiting Respondents for the Qualitative Pilot TDQ Study

The steps taken to recruit respondents were similar for all three techniques of data collection employed in the pilot study. These were as follows:

Step One: The researcher approached a potential respondent and formally introduced himself, followed by an explanation of the aims of the pilot study. In addition, the potential respondent was also informed of the confidentiality of the results of the pilot study. The potential respondent was then requested to participate in the pilot study.

Step Two: If a potential respondent accepted the invitation to participate in the pilot study, he or she was asked some filter questions (Appendix 4C) to establish his or her suitability as respondents for the pilot study. Specifically, these filter questions (Appendix 4C) were intended to determine whether or not the potential respondent qualified to be a ‘tourist’ as defined in this book (Section 4.3.3.1). In addition, the filter questions were also intended to ensure the participation of respondents from diverse demographic, economic and social backgrounds in the pilot study (Section 4.3.4.1). If a potential respondent met the criteria for selection, he or she was selected for the pilot study.

Step three: If a potential respondent was selected for in-depth interview, then an in-depth interview was conducted on the spot. If the volunteering respondent was selected for the open-ended questionnaires, then the open-ended questionnaire was also administered on the spot. However, if a respondent was selected for the focus group, the volunteering respondent was given an appointment to attend a focus group session. This consisted of the date, place and time when the focus group would be conducted.

Appendix 4F Qualitative Pilot TDQ Study: In-depth Interviews Results

The Respondents Viewed a Quality Tourism Destination as Follows:
The local people are hospitable towards tourist
The local people are friendly and helpful to tourist
Local people are friendly, they smile and say hello
Destination has lots of activities for children to enjoy
Destination is children friendly
Destination has games for children
Political climate at the tourism destination is stable
Tourists are not afraid of being kidnapped or taken hostage at the destination
Tourists are not afraid of being mugged at the destination
Destination offers security for tourists' personal belongings from theft
Tourist feel that they can use their credit cards without fear of fraud
Destination has good police service to deter criminals
A destination that is safe on the overall
Destination is free from crime
Place should be able to make tourist feel safe
Destination has shopping facilities that sell cheap goods
All the destination offerings are cheap
Tourists feel that they get value for money at the destination
Destination has highly affordable accommodation
Destination has cheap taxi service
Destination has good transport infrastructure
Hotels provide shuttle buses to important tourist attractions
A place with good natural environment
Buses and trains should run on time to avoid disruption of tourist plans
Place should have good transport throughout the day
A place with good choice of modes of transport
Plenty of attractions
It is about the state or standard of the things that are offered at the destination
Everything offered at the destination is of the standard required by tourists
Everything offered at the destination is of high standard
Hotels have to be of good standard
Destination has everything that makes the tourist relax
Destination has everything that makes me forget about my problems
Destination should be able to provide a good relaxing environment
Destination should be quiet and peaceful to allow tourist to relax
All the activities offered at the destination are very good
Everything at the destination well presented
A place where my holiday goes smoothly without unnecessary problem
Destination has everything that contributes to the tourist enjoyment of the place
Place has ability to bring happiness to tourist
Destination is clean
Destination has rubbish bins easily accessible to tourist
Just how clean the destination is, everything, including the environment
Destination looks hygienic
Destination has clean toilets
Destination roads are clean
Destination is free from pollution
Whole entire surrounding of the place should be clean
Place makes my children happy
I like a place that can make me forget about my job
Somewhere I can just break away from the misery life of home
A place where I can forget about bills, television and neighbours
A place that gives me a few moments to daydream
A place I go to get away from the boredom of home
A place I can get an opportunity to socialise
A place I can experience the local people's culture
A place I can mingle with the local people
A place where I do not have to worry about anything
A place where my needs are taken care of
A destination with variety and caters for everyone's needs
If the destination has facilities that can meet all your needs
It must be able to provide you with more enjoyment than you would get at home
The destination has things that will make tourists happy all the time, e.g. attractions
Destination that guarantees you total enjoyment and a chance to just relax
Everything is very good, e.g. the beaches and the sea
It is everything, it is the transport, it is the people and that is what you pay for
This means that everything at the destination takes care of my worries and troubles
A place where the all-weather is sunny throughout my stay at the destination
A place where the all-weather is nice and warm
Some nice decent place in a sunshine zone is more than enough
A lot of variety of food is good
Good restaurants for me to have breakfast or a late dinner
More the variety in activities the less you are likely going to get bored
More the variety of things to do as an individual, the better
A place where there is a good variety of attractions that cater for all age groups
Place has a little bit of everything, that is manmade and natural attractions
Lots of different things to do for everybody, I mean the family
The destination has cheap hotels
If a destination has cultures to discover, the greater the enjoyment
A place you can experience the culture of the local people
A place where I can see something different
A place easily available to tourists of information such as guide maps
If there is a tourism information office, then you can just pop in and get all the directions
Place has clearly marked street signs
Place has road signs in a language understood by tourists
Roads to tourists attractions clearly marked
Local people at the destination speak the language understood by tourists
Place provides an opportunity to party all night
A place tourists are free to do what they want without bothering about time
Places where I can afford to live a carefree life
A place that allows me to have fun without worrying about what my parents will say
A place where I have the freedom to do things I want to do
A place that offers good affordable accommodation
I would like the accommodation to cater for my needs such as nice comfortable beds
Destination has people to keep me company
Destination is free of thieves
Place has no litter in buses
Place has shopping facilities which offer a good variety of commodities
A place that can bring me the enjoyment that I do not have at home would be very nice
Everything at the destination makes you very happy and you feel relaxed
Place has clean toilets and places to change baby nappies
A place where the toilets are easy to find
A destination that provides quietness and is safe, is very good
Freedom to do a variety of things without worrying about anything
No of respondents 11 104 units of meaning; Ratio 9.45

Appendix 4G Qualitative Pilot TDQ Study – Focus Group Results

Focus Group Participants Described a Quality Tourism Destination as:
A place you go to for a holiday and come back relaxed
A place where you are guaranteed of warmth and sunshine
A place where you can see something different and lots of variety
A place with a good variety of attractions
A place with friendly local people
A place where local people smile at tourists
A place that is child-friendly
Where my children can enjoy themselves
Where the waiters speak English
Good road signage
No of respondents: 10; Total units of meaning: 11; Ratio: 1.40

Appendix 4H Qualitative Pilot TDQ Study: Open-ended Questionnaire Results

What does the term ‘quality of a tourism destination’ mean to you? In your own opinion, what are the characteristics of a quality tourism destination?
Units of Meaning Units of Meaning
Safe place Clean well-presented apartments
Standard of attractions Easy access to local traditional areas
Standard of food Good hotels
Allround standard of the place Good food
A place with lots of entertainment for children Not too crowded out of season
Friendly local people Variety of restaurants
Good accommodation Interesting places to visit
Good food Good transport
The of enjoyment level I receive Nice clean place
Being able to enjoy a holiday Friendly local people
Enjoyable and pleasurable place Offers lots of activities
Has a bit of everything: culture, sea, sun
Good sunny all-weather
Lots of activities for children
Total units of meaning: 11, No. of respondents: 31, Ratio: 0.35 Total units of meaning: 14, No. of respondents: 10, Ratio: 1.40
In your own opinion, what makes a high-quality tourism destination? What factors best describe the quality of a tourism destination?
Units of Meaning Units of Meaning
Lot of activities Cleanliness of the destination
Meeting local people Friendliness of the staff
Not too much noise Plenty of sunshine
Friendly, bilingual people Enjoyment
  Natives are friendly
The place has activities for children that are good
 Total units of meaning: 4, No. of respondents: 10, Ratio: 0.40 Total units of meaning 6: No. of respondents 9: Ratio: 0.67
In your own opinion, what factors best describe the quality of a tourism destination? In your own opinion, what factors would you look at when judging the quality of a tourism destination?
Units of Meaning Units of Meaning
Sunny All-weather Friendly local people
Good accommodation Good transport
Easy to get around the place Ability to accommodate children
Good activities for children Ability to offer services or experiences that are inexpensive
Friendly local people  
Political stability, must be nice and peaceful for all to enjoy  
Total units of meaning: 6; No of respondents: 9; Ratio: 0.67 Total units of meaning: 4; No of respondents: 12, Ratio: 0.33
In your own opinion, what makes a quality tourism destination? In your own opinion what makes a low quality tourism destination
Units of Meaning Units of Meaning
Plenty of sunshine Unfriendly staff
Local people who are happy to have tourists Lots of party life and noise
Good standard of accommodation Hotels of bad standard
Safety while visiting Bad public transport
Wide selection of attractions  
Reasonably accessible
Good All-weather
Total units of meaning: 7; No of respondents: 10; Ratio: 0.70 Total units of meaning: 4; No of respondents: 10; Ratio: 0.40

Appendix 4I Research Instrument – Questionnaire for the Quantitative TDQ Study

Appendix 5A Attributes and Dimensions of Tourism Destination Quality Established in the TDQ Study (Alphabetical Order)

Dimensions:
A Quality Tourism Destination is a/an: 		Attributes:
A Quality Tourism Destination is a Place with:
Affordable place, i.e. a place with reasonably priced primary and ancillary tourism goods and services relative to tourists' financial means. Affordable accommodation facilities
Affordable attraction fees
Affordable public transport fares
Affordable restaurants
Free tourist information
Shops that sell affordable goods
All-weather place, i.e. a place with opportunities to pursue tourist activities in all types of weather. Opportunities to change tourists' day-to-day plans due to weather Conditions
Opportunities to pursue core tourist activities regardless of weather Conditions
Opportunities to pursue non-core weather-proof tourist activities
Authentic place, i.e. a place with preserved and accessible natural and/or cultural heritage that defines the character of the tourism area. No excessive commercialisation
Opportunities to get close to the natural environment
Opportunities to see the true character of the area
Plenty of undisturbed natural beauty
Child-friendly place, i.e. place with a tourism offer that caters for the needs of children and their accompanying adults. Activities for children
Baby-sitting services
Children's favourite restaurants
Opportunities for children to be happy
Hospitable place, i.e. a place with a local community disposed to give friendly response to tourists. Local people who are ready to advise tourists on the local area
Local people who are ready to help tourists
Local people who encourage tourists to participate in local activities
Local people who make tourists feel like locals
Welcoming local people
Informative place, i.e. a place with tourist-friendly information and communication. Accurate tourist information
Clear direction signs to tourist attractions
Easily available tourist information
Easy-to-understand local area maps
Local area maps that show all the attractions
Public transport drivers who know the area well
Tour guides who know the area well
Tour guides with a sense of humour
Tourist information in languages that tourists understand
Translators who speak tourists' languages
Novel place, i.e. a place with features that are new or unusual to tourists. Different character to anywhere else the tourist has been
Different character to tourist's home area
Famous tourist attractions not previously seen by the tourist
Opportunities to experience different culture
Opportunities to learn something new
Opportunities to meet people from other ethnic groups
Special events, e.g. a carnival
Relaxing place, i.e. a place with a tourist environment conducive to relaxation No noise pollution
Opportunities for enjoyment
Opportunities to experience romantic encounters
Opportunities to feel stress free
Opportunities to have a rest
Opportunities to meet other tourists
Opportunities to unwind
Safe place, i.e. a place with a tourist environment free from any danger or risk. A low crime rate
Adequate security for personal belongings
No beggars in the streets
No danger of facing any physical harm
No danger of facing verbal abuse
No political unrest
No risk of being overcharged
No risk of getting mugged
Visible police presence to assure tourists' safety
Uncrowded place, i.e. a place with sufficient space and facilities relative to tourist numbers. No congestion
No queues to see attractions
No queues to use toilets
Varied place, i.e. a place with diverse tourist attractions and facilities. Facilities for disabled persons
Opportunities to meet various dietary requirements
Variety of accommodation types
Variety of modes of transport
Variety of activities
Variety of restaurants
Variety of cuisine
Variety of night entertainment
Variety of shopping facilities
Well-kept place, i.e. a place with a clean and tidy tourist environment. Clean attractions
Clean local transport facilities
No air pollution
No graffiti
No visual pollution
Clean public toilets
Clean streets
Tidy appearance

Appendix 6A Mann-Whitney U Tests Results – Gender

Dimensions of Tourism Destination Quality Mann-Whitney U Z Sig. (2-tailed)
Authentic 75,873.500 −1.547 0.122
Safe 75,995.000 −1.506 0.132
Affordable 68,252.500 −3.858 0.000*
Well-kept 74,310.500 −2.017 0.044
Relaxing 76,438.000 −1.373 0.170
Informative 65,270.000 −4.758 0.000*
Uncrowded 77,887.000 −0.935 0.350
All-weather 76,954.000 −1.219 0.223
Varied 71,090.000 −2.994 0.003*
Hospitable 74,147.500 −2.068 0.039
Novel 74,092.000 −2.084 0.037
Child-friendly 76,242.500 −1.432 0.152

Note: *Z-value significant at less than the Bonferroni adjusted alpha level of 0.004.

Appendix 6B Mann-Whitney U Test Results – ‘with’ and ‘without Children’ Groups

Dimensions of Tourism Destination Quality Mann-Whitney U Z Sig. (2-tailed)
Authentic 49,448.500 −1.292 0.196
Safe 42,743.500 −3.804 0.000*
Affordable 48,014.500 −1.828 0.068
Well-kept 46,308.000 −2.467 0.014
Relaxing 42,483.000 −3.903 0.000*
Informative 48,063.500 −1.808 0.071
Uncrowded 40,456.500 −4.675 0.000*
All-weather 42,079.500 −4.065 0.000*
Varied 40,528.000 −4.635 0.000*
Hospitable 45,554.000 −2.752 0.006
Novel 49,067.000 −1.432 0.152
Child-friendly 38,229.500 −5.500 0.000*

Note: *Z-value significant at less than the Bonferroni adjusted alpha level of 0.004.

Appendix 6C A Mann-Whitney U Results – ‘Domestic’ and ‘International’ Groups

Dimensions of Tourism Destination Quality Mann-Whitney U Z Sig. (2-tailed)
Authentic 39,769.000 −0.232 0.817
Safe 34,506.500 −2.493 0.013
Affordable 40,113.000 −0.083 0.934
Well-kept 36,179.000 −1.774 0.076
Relaxing 32,264.000 −3.458 0.001*
Informative 38,421.500 −0.810 0.418
Uncrowded 29,353.500 −4.720 0.000*
All-weather 32,978.000 −3.159 0.002*
Varied 32,110.000 −3.523 0.000*
Hospitable 37,643.500 −1.146 0.252
Novel 38,470.000 −0.790 0.430
Child-friendly 35,853.000 −1.915 0.056

Note: *Z-value significant at less than the Bonferroni adjusted alpha level of 0.004.

Appendix 6D ANOVA Test Results – Tourist Age

Dimensions of Tourism Destination Quality Sum of Squares Degrees of freedom Mean Square F Sig. (2-tailed)
Informative Between groups 13.011 4 3.253 2.676 0.031
Within groups 973.749 801 1.216
Total 986.760 805
Varied Between groups 20.970 4 5.242 4.299 0.002*
Within groups 976.752 801 1.219
Total 997.722 805
Well-kept Between groups 56.060 4 14.015 10.772 0000*
Within groups 1,042.123 801 1.301
Total 1,098.183 805
Relaxing Between groups 13.091 4 3.273 2.759 0.027
Within groups 950.195 801 1.186
Total 963.286 805
Novel Between groups 9.537 4 2.384 2.076 0.082
Within groups 919.760 801 1.148
Total 929.296 805
Affordable Between groups 6.378 4 1.595 1.490 0.203
Within groups 857.076 801 1.070
Total 863.454 805
Hospitable Between groups 16.124 4 4.031 2.829 0.024
Within groups 1,141.479 801 1.425
Total 1,157.603 805
Child-friendly Between groups 64.544 4 16.136 4.909 0.001*
Within groups 2,632.828 801 3.287
Total 2,697.372 805
Uncrowded Between groups 100.490 4 25.122 12.806 0.000*
Within groups 1,571.402 801 1.962
Total 1,671.892 805
All-weather Between groups 13.747 4 3.437 1.687 0.151
Within groups 1,631.454 801 2.037
Total 1,645.201 805

Note: *F-value significant at less than the Bonferroni adjusted alpha level of 0.004.

Appendix 6E Kruskal-Wallis Test Results – Tourist Age

Dimensions of Tourism Destination Quality Chi-Square df Sig
Informative 8.180 4 0.085
Safe 71.857 4 0.000*
Varied 16.530 4 0.002*
Well-kept 45.030 4 0.000*
Relaxing 8.315 4 0.081
Novel 6.417 4 0.170
Affordable 0.245 4 0.374
Hospitable 13.479 4 0.009
Authentic 27.603 4 0.000*
Child-friendly 19.612 4 0.001*
Uncrowded 47.558 4 0.000*
All-weather 6.988 4 0.137

Note: *F-value significant at less than the Bonferroni adjusted alpha level of 0.004.

Appendix 6F Tukey HSD Test Results – Tourist Age

Dependent Variable (I) AGE2 (J) AGE2 Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error Sig. (2-tailed)
Informative (1) 15–24 (2) 25–34 −0.13 0.107 0.767
(3) 35–44 −0.28 0.118 0.129
(4) 45–54 −0.20 0.122 0.494
(5) 55+ −0.38 0.130 0.033
(2) 25–34 (1) 15–24 0.13 0.107 0.767
(3) 35–44 −0.15 0.120 0.710
(4) 45–54 −0.07 0.124 0.980
(5) 55+ −0.25 0.132 0.319
(3) 35–44 (1) 15–24 0.28 0.118 0.129
(2) 25–34 0.15 0.120 0.710
(4) 45–54 0.08 0.133 0.973
(5) 55+ −0.10 0.141 0.957
(4) 45–54 (1) 15–24 0.20 0.122 0.494
(2) 25–34 0.07 0.124 0.980
(3) 35–44 −0.08 0.133 0.973
(5) 55+ −0.18 0.144 0.722
(5) 55+ (1) 15–24 0.38 0.130 0.033
(2) 25–34 0.25 0.132 0.319
(3) 35–44 0.10 0.141 0.957
(4) 45–54 0.18 0.144 0.722
Varied (1) 15–24 (2) 25–34 −0.09 0.107 0.915
(3) 35–44 −0.37 0.118 0.014
(4) 45–54 −0.30 0.122 0.097
(5) 55+ −0.39 0.130 0.021
(2) 25–34 (1) 15–24 0.09 0.107 0.915
(3) 35–44 −0.28 0.120 0.128
(4) 45–54 −0.21 0.124 0.432
Well-kept (5) 55+ −0.30 0.132 0.146
(3) 35–44 (1) 15–24 0.37 0.118 0.014
(2) 25–34 0.28 0.120 0.128
(4) 45–54 0.07 0.133 0.983
(5) 55+ −0.02 0.141 1.000
(4) 45–54 (1) 15–24 0.30 0.122 0.097
(2) 25–34 0.21 0.124 0.432
(3) 35–44 −0.07 0.133 0.983
(5) 55+ −0.09 0.145 0.968
(5) 55+ (1) 15–24 0.39 0.130 0.021
(2) 25–34 0.30 0.132 0.146
(3) 35–44 0.02 0.141 1.000
(4) 45–54 0.09 0.145 0.968
(1) 15–24 (2) 25–34 −0.13 0.111 0.750
(3) 35–44 −0.48 0.122 0.001*
(4) 45–54 −0.51 0.126 0.001*
(5) 55+ −0.73 0.135 0.000*
(2) 25–34 (1) 15–24 0.13 0.111 0.750
(3) 35–44 −0.35 0.124 0.039
(4) 45–54 −0.38 0.128 0.026
(5) 55+ −0.60 0.137 0.000*
(3) 35–44 (1) 15–24 0.48 0.122 0.001*
(2) 25–34 0.35 0.124 0.039
(4) 45–54 −0.03 0.138 1.000
(5) 55+ −0.25 0.146 0.427
(4) 45–54 (1) 15–24 0.51 0.126 0.001*
(2) 25–34 0.38 0.128 0.026
(3) 35–44 0.03 0.138 1.000
(5) 55+ −0.22 0.149 0.579
(5) 55+ (1) 15–24 0.73 0.135 0.000*
(2) 25–34 0.60 0.137 0.001*
(3) 35–44 0.25 0.146 0.427
(4) 45–54 0.22 0.149 0.579
Relaxing (1) 15–24 (2) 25–34 −0.20 0.106 0.340
(3) 35–44 −0.29 0.116 0.092
(4) 45–54 −0.22 0.120 0.366
(5) 55+ −0.37 0.129 0.032
(2) 25–34 (1) 15–24 0.20 0.106 0.340
(3) 35–44 −0.09 0.118 0.932
(4) 45–54 −0.02 0.122 1.000
(5) 55+ −0.18 0.130 0.660
(3) 35–44 (1) 15–24 0.29 0.116 0.092
(2) 25–34 0.09 0.118 0.932
(4) 45–54 0.07 0.132 0.982
(5) 55+ −0.08 0.139 0.977
(4) 45–54 (1) 15–24 0.22 0.120 0.366
(2) 25–34 0.02 0.122 1.000
(3) 35–44 −0.07 0.132 0.982
(5) 55+ −0.15 0.143 0.815
(5) 55+ (1) 15–24 0.37 0.129 0.032
(2) 25–34 0.18 0.130 0.660
(3) 35–44 0.08 0.139 0.977
(4) 45–54 0.15 0.143 0.815
Novel (1) 15–24 (2) 25–34 −0.25 0.104 0.105
(3) 35–44 −0.24 0.115 0.239
(4) 45–54 −0.25 0.118 0.217
(5) 55+ −0.12 0.127 0.885
(2) 25–34 (1) 15–24 0.25 0.104 0.105
(3) 35–44 0.02 0.116 1.000
(4) 45–54 0.00 0.120 1.000
(5) 55+ 0.14 0.128 0.825
(3) 35–44 (1) 15–24 0.24 0.115 0.239
(2) 25–34 −0.02 0.116 1.000
(4) 45–54 −0.01 0.129 1.000
(5) 55+ 0.12 0.137 0.911
(4) 45–54 (1) 15–24 0.25 0.118 0.217
(2) 25–34 0.00 0.120 1.000
(3) 35–44 0.01 0.129 1.000
(5) 55+ 0.13 0.140 0.880
(5) 55+ (1) 15–24 0.12 0.127 0.885
(2) 25–34 −0.14 0.128 0.825
(3) 35–44 −0.12 0.137 0.911
(4) 45–54 −0.13 0.140 0.880
Affordable (1) 15–24 (2) 25–34 −0.09 0.100 0.903
(3) 35–44 −0.16 0.111 0.602
(4) 45–54 −0.18 0.114 0.540
(5) 55+ −0.27 0.122 0.176
(2) 25–34 (1) 15–24 0.09 0.100 0.903
(3) 35–44 −0.07 0.112 0.970
(4) 45–54 −0.09 0.116 0.945
(5) 55+ −0.18 0.124 0.585
(3) 35–44 (1) 15–24 0.16 0.111 0.602
(2) 25–34 0.07 0.112 0.970
(4) 45–54 −0.02 0.125 1.000
(5) 55+ −0.11 0.132 0.918
(4) 45–54 (1) 15–24 0.18 0.114 0.540
(2) 25–34 0.09 0.116 0.945
(3) 35–44 0.02 0.125 1.000
(5) 55+ −0.09 0.135 0.956
(5) 55+ (1) 15–24 0.27 0.122 0.176
(2) 25–34 0.18 0.124 0.585
(3) 35–44 0.11 0.132 0.918
(4) 45–54 0.09 0.135 0.956
Hospitable (1) 15–24 (2) 25–34 −0.14 0.116 0.751
(3) 35–44 −0.33 0.128 0.067
(4) 45–54 −0.24 0.132 0.373
(5) 55+ −0.39 0.141 0.045
(2) 25–34 (1) 15–24 0.14 0.116 0.751
(3) 35–44 −0.20 0.130 0.557
(4) 45–54 −0.10 0.134 0.948
(5) 55+ −0.25 0.143 0.395
(3) 35–44 (1) 15–24 0.33 0.128 0.067
(2) 25–34 0.20 0.130 0.557
(4) 45–54 0.10 0.144 0.962
(5) 55+ −0.06 0.153 0.996
(4) 45–54 (1) 15–24 0.24 0.132 0.373
(2) 25–34 0.10 0.134 0.948
(3) 35–44 −0.10 0.144 0.962
(5) 55+ −0.15 0.156 0.863
(5) 55+ (1) 15–24 0.39 0.141 0.045
(2) 25–34 0.25 0.143 0.395
(3) 35–44 0.06 0.153 0.996
(4) 45–54 0.15 0.156 0.863
Child−friendly (1) 15–24 (2) 25–34 −0.23 0.176 0.678
(3) 35–44 −0.77 0.194 0.001*
(4) 45–54 −0.52 0.200 0.074
(5) 55+ −0.08 0.214 0.997
(2) 25–34 (1) 15–24 0.23 0.176 0.678
(3) 35–44 −0.54 0.197 0.050
(4) 45–54 −0.29 0.203 0.626
(5) 55+ 0.16 0.217 0.951
(3) 35–44 (1) 15–24 0.77 0.194 0.001*
(2) 25–34 0.54 0.197 0.050
(4) 45–54 0.25 0.219 0.775
(5) 55+ 0.70 0.232 0.023
(4) 45–54 (1) 15–24 0.52 0.200 0.074
(2) 25–34 0.29 0.203 0.626
(3) 35–44 −0.25 0.219 0.775
(5) 55+ 0.44 0.237 0.336
(5) 55+ (1) 15–24 0.08 0.214 0.997
(2) 25–34 −0.16 0.217 0.951
(3) 35–44 −0.70 0.232 0.023
(4) 45–54 −0.44 0.237 0.336
Uncrowded (1) 15–24 (2) 25–34 −0.38 0.136 0.042
(3) 35–44 −0.73 0.150 0.000*
(4) 45–54 −0.74 0.155 0.000*
(5) 55+ −1.01 0.165 0.000*
(2) 25–34 (1) 15–24 0.38 0.136 0.042
(3) 35–44 −0.36 0.152 0.135
(4) 45–54 −0.36 0.157 0.154
(5) 55+ −0.63 0.168 0.002*
(3) 35–44 (1) 15–24 0.73 0.150 0.000*
(2) 25–34 0.36 0.152 0.135
(4) 45–54 0.00 0.169 1.000
(5) 55+ −0.27 0.179 0.549
(4) 45–54 (1) 15–24 0.74 0.155 0.000*
(2) 25–34 0.36 0.157 0.154
(3) 35–44 0.00 0.169 1.000
(5) 55+ −0.27 0.183 0.582
(5) 55+ (1) 15–24 1.01 0.165 0.000*
(2) 25–34 0.63 0.168 0.002*
(3) 35–44 0.27 0.179 0.549
(4) 45–54 0.27 0.183 0.582
All−weather (1) 15–24 (2) 25–34 −0.16 0.139 0.767
(3) 35–44 −0.36 0.153 0.123
(4) 45–54 −0.10 0.158 0.965
(5) 55+ −0.29 0.169 0.429
(2) 25–34 (1) 15–24 0.16 0.139 0.767
(3) 35–44 −0.20 0.155 0.698
(4) 45–54 0.06 0.160 0.996
(5) 55+ −0.13 0.171 0.948
(3) 35–44 (1) 15–24 0.36 0.153 0.123
(2) 25–34 0.20 0.155 0.698
(4) 45–54 0.26 0.172 0.563
(5) 55+ 0.07 0.182 0.994
(4) 45–54 (1) 15–24 0.10 0.158 0.965
(2) 25–34 −0.06 0.160 0.996
(3) 35–44 −0.26 0.172 0.563
(5) 55+ −0.18 0.187 0.861
(5) 55+ (1) 15–24 0.29 0.169 0.429
(2) 25–34 0.13 0.171 0.948
(3) 35–44 −0.07 0.182 0.994
(4) 45–54 0.18 0.187 0.861

Note: *Significant at less than the Bonferroni adjusted alpha level of 0.004.

Appendix 6G Tamhane's T2 Test Results – Tourist Age

Dimensions of Tourism Destination Quality (I) AGE2 (J) AGE2 Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error Sig. (2-tailed)
Safe 15–24 (2) 25–34 −0.28 0.111 0.122
(3) 35–44 −0.71 0.115 0.000*
(4) 45–54 −0.57 0.130 0.000*
(5) 55+ −0.83 0.145 0.000*
25–34 (1) 15–24 0.28 0.111 0.122
(3) 35–44 −0.43 0.105 0.001*
(4) 45–54 −0.29 0.122 0.154
(5) 55+ −0.55 0.138 0.001*
35–44 (1) 15–24 0.71 0.115 0.000*
(2) 25–34 0.43 0.105 0.001*
(4) 45–54 0.14 0.125 0.956
(5) 55+ −0.12 0.141 0.993
45–54 (1) 15–24 0.57 0.130 0.000*
(2) 25–34 0.29 0.122 0.154
(3) 35–44 −0.14 0.125 0.956
(5) 55+ −0.26 0.154 0.623
55+ (1) 15–24 0.83 0.145 0.000*
(2) 25–34 0.55 0.138 0.001*
(3) 35–44 0.12 0.141 0.993
(4) 45–54 0.26 0.154 0.623
Authentic 15–24 (2) 25–34 −0.33 0.121 0.063
(3) 35–44 −0.43 0.121 0.004*
(4) 45–54 −0.50 0.130 0.001*
(5) 55+ −0.70 0.133 0.000*
25–34 (1) 15–24 0.33 0.121 0.063
(3) 35–44 −0.10 0.111 0.988
(4) 45–54 −0.17 0.121 0.838
(5) 55+ −0.37 0.124 0.032
35–44 (1) 15–24 0.43 0.121 0.004*
(2) 25–34 0.10 0.111 0.988
(4) 45–54 −0.07 0.121 1.000
(5) 55+ −0.27 0.124 0.286
45–54 (1) 15–24 0.50 0.130 0.001*
(2) 25–34 0.17 0.121 0.838
(3) 35–44 0.07 0.121 1.000
(5) 55+ −0.20 0.133 0.763
55+ (1) 15–24 0.70 0.133 0.000*
(2) 25–34 0.37 0.124 0.032
(3) 35–44 0.27 0.124 0.286
(4) 45–54 0.20 0.133 0.763

Note: *Significant at less than the Bonferroni adjusted alpha level of 0.004.

Appendix 6H ANOVA Test Results – Tourist Activity

Dimensions of Tourism Destination Quality Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. (2-tailed)
Safe Between groups 27.230 3 9.077 6.880 0.000*
Within groups 1,035.708 785 1.319
Total 1,062.939 788
Informative Between groups 18.748 3 6.249 5.173 0.002*
Within groups 948.290 785 1.208
Total 967.037 788
Varied Between groups 35.133 3 11.711 9.704 0.000*
Within groups 947.390 785 1.207
Total 982.523 788
Well-kept Between groups 23.978 3 7.993 5.988 0.000*
Within groups 1,047.792 785 1.335
Total 1,071.770 788
Relaxing Between groups 21.725 3 7.242 6.119 0.000*
Within groups 929.004 785 1.183
Total 950.729 788
Novel Between groups 4.814 3 1.605 1.395 0.243
Within groups 902.756 785 1.150
Total 907.570 788
Affordable Between groups 19.763 3 6.588 6.292 0.000*
Within groups 821.826 785 1.047
Total 841.589 788
Hospitable Between groups 4.912 3 1.637 1.131 0.336
Within groups 1,136.425 785 1.448
Total 1,141.338 788
Authentic Between groups 15.512 3 5.171 3.848 0.009
Within groups 1,054.821 785 1.344
Total 1,070.333 788
Child-friendly Between groups 8.828 3 2.943 0.872 0.455
Within groups 2,647.671 785 3.373
Total 2,656.499 788
Uncrowded Between groups 17.947 3 5.982 2.929 0.033
Within groups 1,603.062 785 2.042
Total 1,621.009 788
All-weather Between groups 18.050 3 6.017 2.949 0.032
Within groups 1,601.582 785 2.040
Total 1,619.632 788

Note: *Significant at less than the Bonferroni adjusted alpha level of 0.004.

Appendix 6I Kruskal Wallis Test – Tourist Activity

Dimensions of Tourism Destination Quality Chi-Square df Sig.
Informative 11.984 3 0.007
Safe 16.394 3 0.001*
Varied 21.350 3 0.000*
Well-kept 12.838 3 0.005
Relaxing 16.324 3 0.001*
Novel 3.294 3 0.349
Affordable 13.791 3 0.003*
Hospitable 2.752 3 0.431
Authentic 8.944 3 0.030
Child-friendly 2.689 3 0.442
Uncrowded 8.346 3 0.039
All-weather 8.533 3 0.036

Note: *Significant at less than the Bonferroni adjusted alpha level of 0.004.

Appendix 6J Tukey HSD Test Results – Tourist Activity

Dependent Variable (I) ACTIV2 (J) ACTIV2 Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error Sig.
Informative Sightseeing Sporting 0.33 0.095 0.003*
Entertainment −0.01 0.113 1.000
Cultural 0.23 0.122 0.245
Sporting Sightseeing −0.33 0.095 0.003*
Entertainment −0.34 0.119 0.020
Cultural −0.11 0.127 0.837
Entertainment Sightseeing 0.01 0.113 1.000
Sporting 0.34 0.119 0.020
Cultural 0.24 0.142 0.336
Cultural Sightseeing −0.23 0.122 0.245
Sporting 0.11 0.127 0.837
Entertainment −0.24 0.142 0.336
Relaxing Sightseeing Sporting 0.20 0.094 0.145
Entertainment −0.29 0.112 0.044
Cultural 0.10 0.121 0.855
Sporting Sightseeing −0.20 0.094 0.145
Entertainment −0.49 0.117 0.000*
Cultural −0.10 0.126 0.845
Entertainment Sightseeing 0.29 0.112 0.044
Sporting 0.49 0.117 0.000*
Cultural 0.39 0.140 0.028
Cultural Sightseeing −0.10 0.121 0.855
Sporting 0.10 0.126 0.845
Entertainment −0.39 0.140 0.028
Novel Sightseeing Sporting 0.16 0.093 0.329
Entertainment 0.01 0.111 1.000
Cultural 0.16 0.119 0.515
Sporting Sightseeing −0.16 0.093 0.329
Entertainment −0.15 0.116 0.562
Cultural 0.01 0.124 1.000
Entertainment Sightseeing −0.01 0.111 1.000
Sporting 0.15 0.116 0.562
Cultural 0.16 0.138 0.661
Cultural Sightseeing −0.16 0.119 0.515
Sporting −0.01 0.124 1.000
Entertainment −0.16 0.138 0.661
Affordable Sightseeing Sporting 0.33 0.088 0.001*
Entertainment −0.08 0.106 0.880
Cultural 0.10 0.114 0.807
Sporting Sightseeing −0.33 0.088 0.001*
Entertainment −0.41 0.110 0.001*
Cultural −0.23 0.119 0.221
Entertainment Sightseeing 0.08 0.106 0.880
Sporting 0.41 0.110 0.001*
Cultural 0.18 0.132 0.520
Cultural Sightseeing −0.10 0.114 0.807
Sporting 0.23 0.119 0.221
Entertainment −0.18 0.132 0.520
Hospitable Sightseeing Sporting 0.10 0.104 0.750
Entertainment −0.10 0.124 0.850
Cultural 0.13 0.134 0.774
Sporting Sightseeing −0.10 0.104 0.750
Entertainment −0.20 0.130 0.394
Cultural 0.02 0.139 0.998
Entertainment Sightseeing 0.10 0.124 0.850
Sporting 0.20 0.130 0.394
Cultural 0.23 0.155 0.453
Cultural Sightseeing −0.13 0.134 0.774
Sporting −0.02 0.139 0.998
Entertainment −0.23 0.155 0.453
Authentic Sightseeing Sporting 0.02 0.100 0.999
Entertainment 0.00 0.120 1.000
Cultural 0.41 0.129 0.008
Sporting Sightseeing −0.02 0.100 0.999
Entertainment −0.01 0.125 1.000
Cultural 0.40 0.134 0.017
Entertainment Sightseeing 0.00 0.120 1.000
Sporting 0.01 0.125 1.000
Cultural 0.41 0.149 0.032
Cultural Sightseeing −0.41 0.129 0.008
Sporting −0.40 0.134 0.017
Entertainment −0.41 0.149 0.032
Child-friendly Sightseeing Sporting 0.17 0.159 0.702
Entertainment −0.11 0.189 0.931
Cultural 0.14 0.205 0.896
Sporting Sightseeing −0.17 0.159 0.702
Entertainment −0.29 0.198 0.475
Cultural −0.03 0.213 0.999
Entertainment Sightseeing 0.11 0.189 0.931
Sporting 0.29 0.198 0.475
Cultural 0.26 0.236 0.696
Cultural Sightseeing −0.14 0.205 0.896
Sporting 0.03 0.213 0.999
Entertainment −0.26 0.236 0.696
Uncrowded Sightseeing Sporting 0.05 0.124 0.977
Entertainment −0.25 0.147 0.334
Cultural 0.29 0.159 0.263
Sporting Sightseeing −0.05 0.124 0.977
Entertainment −0.30 0.154 0.215
Cultural 0.24 0.166 0.470
Entertainment Sightseeing 0.25 0.147 0.334
Sporting 0.30 0.154 0.215
Cultural 0.54 0.184 0.019
Cultural Sightseeing −0.29 0.159 0.263
Sporting −0.24 0.166 0.470
Entertainment −0.54 0.184 0.019
All-weather Sightseeing Sporting 0.17 0.124 0.491
Entertainment −0.22 0.147 0.437
Cultural 0.23 0.159 0.454
Sporting Sightseeing −0.17 0.124 0.491
Entertainment −0.40 0.154 0.051
Cultural 0.06 0.166 0.984
Entertainment Sightseeing 0.22 0.147 0.437
Sporting 0.40 0.154 0.051
Cultural 0.46 0.184 0.064
Cultural Sightseeing −0.23 0.159 0.454
Sporting −0.06 0.166 0.984
Entertainment −0.46 0.184 0.064

Note: *Significant at less than the Bonferroni adjusted alpha level of 0.004.

Appendix 6K Tamhane's T2 Test – Tourist Activity

Dependent Variable (I) ACTIV2 (J) ACTIV2 Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error Sig.
Safe 1 Sightseeing 2 Sporting 0.32 0.105 0.015
3 Entertainment −0.20 0.104 0.297
7 Cultural 0.19 0.130 0.586
2 Sporting 1 Sightseeing −0.32 0.105 0.015
3 Entertainment −0.52 0.121 0.000*
7 Cultural −0.13 0.144 0.946
3 Entertainment 1 Sightseeing 0.20 0.104 0.297
2 Sporting 0.52 0.121 0.000*
7 Cultural 0.39 0.143 0.039
7 Cultural 1 Sightseeing −0.19 0.130 0.586
2 Sporting 0.13 0.144 0.946
3 Entertainment −0.39 0.143 0.039
Varied 1 Sightseeing 2 Sporting 0.41 0.103 0.001*
3 Entertainment −0.17 0.099 0.454
7 Cultural 0.11 0.111 0.893
2 Sporting 1 Sightseeing −0.41 0.103 0.001*
3 Entertainment −0.58 0.118 0.000*
7 Cultural −0.30 0.128 0.120
3 Entertainment 1 Sightseeing 0.17 0.099 0.454
2 Sporting 0.58 0.118 0.000*
7 Cultural 0.28 0.125 0.149
7 Cultural 1 Sightseeing −0.11 0.111 0.893
2 Sporting 0.30 0.128 0.120
3 Entertainment −0.28 0.125 0.149
Well-kept 1 Sightseeing 2 Sporting 0.33 0.107 0.015
3 Entertainment −0.16 0.103 0.557
7 Cultural 0.11 0.123 0.933
2 Sporting 1 Sightseeing −0.33 0.107 0.015
3 Entertainment −0.48 0.120 0.000*
7 Cultural −0.21 0.138 0.543
3 Entertainment 1 Sightseeing 0.16 0.103 0.557
2 Sporting 0.48 0.120 0.000*
7 Cultural 0.27 0.134 0.246
7 Cultural 1 Sightseeing −0.11 0.123 0.933
2 Sporting 0.21 0.138 0.543
3 Entertainment −0.27 0.134 0.246

Note: *Significant at less than the Bonferroni adjusted alpha level of 0.004.

Appendix 6L ANOVA Test Results – Tourist Income

Dimensions of Tourism Destination Quality Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. (2-tailed)
Safe
Between groups
Within groups
Total		 25.666
1,052.768
1,078.434		 5
800
805		 5.133
1.316		 3.901 0.002*
Informative
Between groups
Within groups
Total		 5.145
981.615
986.760		 5
800
805		 1.029
1.227		 0.839 0.522
Varied
Between groups
Within groups
Total		 7.464
990.258
997.722		 5
800
805		 1.493
1.238		 1.206 0.304
Well-kept
Between groups
Within groups
Total		 20.634
1,077.549
1,098.183		 5
800
805		 4.127
1.347		 3.064 0.010
Relaxing
Between groups
Within groups
Total		 8.653
954.633
963.286		 5
800
805		 1.731
1.193		 1.450 0.204
Novel
Between groups
Within groups
Total		 11.568
917.728
929.296		 5
800
805		 2.314
1.147		 2.017 0.074
Affordable
Between groups
Within groups
Total		 4.301
859.153
863.454		 5
800
805		 0.860
1.074		 0.801 0.549
Hospitable
Between groups
Within groups
Total		 8.278
1,149.325
1,157.603		 5
800
805		 1.656
1.437		 1.152 0.331
Authentic
Between groups
Within groups
Total		 6.749
1,074.973
1,081.723		 5
800
805		 1.350
1.344		 1.005 0.414
Child-friendly
Between groups
Within groups
Total		 38.391
2,658.981
2,697.372		 5
800
805		 7.678
3.324		 2.310 0.042
Uncrowded
Between groups
Within groups
Total		 26.103
1,645.789
1,671.892		 5
800
805		 5.221
2.057		 2.538 0.027
All-weather
Between groups
Within groups
Total		 9.256
1,635.944
1,645.201		 5
800
805		 1.851
2.045		 0.905 0.477

Note: * F-value significant at less than the Bonferroni adjusted alpha level of 0.004.

Appendix 6M Kruskal-Wallis Test Results – Tourist Income

Dimensions of Tourism Destination Quality Chi-Square df Sig. (2-tailed)
Informative 4.456 5 0.486
Safe 20.186 5 0.001*
Varied 6.452 5 0.265
Well-kept 16.239 5 0.006
Relaxing 9.653 5 0.086
Novel 8.580 5 0.127
Affordable 3.164 5 0.675
Hospitable 4.816 5 0.439
Authentic 4.155 5 0.527
Child-friendly 9.452 5 0.092
Uncrowded 13.313 5 0.021
All-weather 6.384 5 0.271

Note: *Significant at less than the Bonferroni adjusted alpha level of 0.004.

Appendix 6N Tukey HSD – Tourist Income

Dependent Variable Tourist Income (J) Income Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error Sig. (2-tailed)
Safe 1 Under £10,000 £10,000–£14,999 −0.26 0.136 0.384
£15,000–£19,999 −0.41 0.135 0.029
£20,000–£29,999 −0.40 0.132 0.029
£30,000–£39,999 −0.42 0.131 0.016
£40,000 above −0.51 0.138 0.003*
2 £10,000–£14,999 Under £10,000 0.26 0.136 0.384
£15,000–£19,999 −0.15 0.146 0.914
£20,000–£29,999 −0.14 0.144 0.927
£30,000–£39,999 −0.16 0.143 0.871
£40,000 above −0.25 0.149 0.546
3 £15,000–£19,999 Under £10,000 0.41 0.135 0.029
£10,000–£14,999 0.15 0.146 0.914
£20,000–£29,999 0.01 0.142 1.000
£30,000–£39,999 −0.01 0.141 1.000
£40,000 above −0.10 0.148 0.982
4 £20,000–£29,999 Under £10,000 0.40 0.132 0.029
£10,000–£14,999 0.14 0.144 0.927
£15,000–£19,999 −0.01 0.142 1.000
£30,000–£39,999 −0.02 0.139 1.000
£40,000 above −0.11 0.146 0.974
5 £30,000–£39,999 Under £10,000 0.42 0.131 0.016
£10,000–£14,999 0.16 0.143 0.871
£15,000–£19,999 0.01 0.141 1.000
£20,000–£29,999 0.02 0.139 1.000
£40,000 above −0.09 0.145 0.989
6 £40,000+ Under £10,000 0.51 0.138 0.003*
£10,000–£14,999 0.25 0.149 0.546
£15,000–£19,999 0.10 0.148 0.982
£20,000–£29,999 0.11 0.146 0.974
£30,000–£39,999 0.09 0.145 0.989

Note: *Significant at less than the Bonferroni adjusted alpha level of 0.004.

Appendix 6P Summary Test Results for Hypotheses 7–9 in the TDQ Study

Demographic Factors #Short and Long Holiday ΩTime Lapse Since Last Holiday ΦTourist Origin
Dimensions of Tourism Destination Quality T-test Mann-Whitney U ANOVA Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA Kruskal-Wallis
T-values Sig. z Sig. F Sig. χ2 Sig. F P χ2. Sig.
Authentic −0.886 0.376 −1.002 0.317 0.713 0.491 2.745 0.253 2.480 0.084 3.904 0.142
Safe −1.753 0.080 −1.682 0.093 0.844 0.430 1.943 0.379 0.564 0.569 0.946 0.623
Affordable −0.813 0.417 −0.797 0.425 1.249 0.287 2.667 0.264 0.534 0.587 1.824 0.402
Well-kept −1.588 0.113 −1.335 0.182 2.517 0.081 9.662 0.008 0.201 0.818 0.820 0.664
Informative −0.362 0.718 −0.320 0.749 1.269 0.282 3.793 0.150 0.029 0.972 0.183 0.912
Relaxing −1.287 0.200 −0.848 0.396 0.604 0.547 1.107 0.575 1.628 0.197 3.546 0.170
Uncrowded −0.851 0.396 −1.203 0.229 0.178 0.837 0.182 0.913 0.574 0.564 1.095 0.578
Varied −0.403 0.687 −0.797 0.632 1.427 0.241 3.618 0.164 0.570 0.566 2.729 0.255
All-weather −1.825 0.070 −1.418 0.156 0.703 0.496 0.983 0.612 1.933 0.145 2.465 0.292
Hospitable −0.315 0.753 −0.381 0.704 1.543 0.214 3.404 0.182 0.003 0.997 0.111 0.946
Novel −0.508 0.612 −0.448 0.654 0.425 0.654 0.951 0.622 1.974 0.140 4.851 0.088
Child-friendly −1.207 0.228 −1.311 0.190 0.247 0.781 0.101 0.951 0.832 0.435 1.784 0.410

Notes: *Significant at less than the Bonferroni adjusted alpha level of 0.004.

# H 7 . There are meaningful significant differences in what tourists associate with tourism destination quality between short-stay and long-stay tourists.

Ω H 8 . There are meaningful significant differences in what tourists associate with tourism destination quality amongst tourists who last visited a tourism destination less than 6 months ago, 6–12 months ago and more that 12 months ago.

Φ H 9 . There are meaningful significant differences what tourists associate with tourism destination quality amongst tourists of different origin.

Appendix 6R Summary Test Results for Hypotheses 1–6 in the TDQ Study

Demographic Factors Gender ‘With Children’ and ‘Without Children’ ‘Domestic’ and ‘International’ Tourist Age Tourist Activity Income
Dimensions of Tourism Destination Quality T-values Mann U η2. T-values Mann U η2. T-tests Mann U η2. ANOVA Kruskal Wallis η2. ANOVA Kruskal Wallis η2. ANOVA Kruskal Wallis η2.
Authentic −1.55 −1.55 n/a 1.42 −1.29 n/a 0.72 −0.23 n/a ψ7.7* 27.6* 0.04 3.85 8.9 n/a 1.06 4.16 n/a
Safe −1.56 −1.51 n/a 3.61* −3.80* 0.02 2.81 −2.49 n/a ψ14.2* 71.9* 0.07 ψ6.81* 16.4* 0.03 3.90* 20.19* 0.02
Affordable −3.74* −3.86* 0.02 1.97 −1.83 n/a 1.29 −0.08 n/a n/a 0.2 n/a 6.29* 13.8* 0.02 0.80 3.16 n/a
Well-kept −2.26 −2.02 0.01 2.58 −2.48* 0.01 2.33 −1.77 n/a 10.8* 45.0* 0.05 ψ5.76 12.8* 0.02 3.06 16.24 n/a
Relaxing 1.39 −1.37 n/a 3.98* −3.90* 0.02 3.50* −3.46* 0.01 n/a 8.3 n/a 6.12* 6.3* 0.02 1.45 9.65 n/a
Informative −4.54* −4.76* 0.02 2.04 −1.81 0.01 1.11 −0.81 n/a n/a 8.2 n/a 5.17* 12.0 0.02 0.84 4.46 n/a
Uncrowded 0.93 −0.94 n/a 4.36* −4.68* 0.02 4.47* −4.72* 0.02 12.9* 47.6* 0.06 2.93 8.3 n/a 2.54 13.31 n/a
All-weather 0.89 −1.22 n/a 3.81* −4.07* 0.02 3.06* −3.16* 0.01 n/a 7.0 n/a 2.95 8.5 n/a 0.91 6.38 n/a
Varied −2.66 −2.99* 0.01 4.27* −4.66* 0.02 3.44* −3.52* 0.01 4.3* 16.5* 0.02 ψ8.53 21.4* 0.04 1.21 6.45 n/a
Hospitable −1.68 −2.07 n/a 2.59 −2.75* 0.01 1.42 −1.15 n/a n/a 13.5 n/a 1.13 2.8 n/a 1.15 4.82 n/a
Novel −2.15 −2.08 n/a 1.61 −1.43 n/a 0.65 −0.79 n/a n/a 6.4 n/a 1.40 3.3 n/a 2.02 8.58 n/a
Child-friendly −1.21 −1.43 n/a 5.42* −5.50* 0.04 1.91 −1.92 n/a 4.9* 19.6* 0.02 0.87 2.7 n/a 2.31 9.45 n/a

Notes: *Significant at less than the Bonferroni adjusted alpha level of 0.004. .All ANOVA results are based on standard F-statistic except for those denoted (ψ), which are based on Welch's F-statistic.
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