RETRACTED: Artificial intelligence as enabler of future library services: how prepared are librarians in African university libraries

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to investigate artificial intelligence (AI) as enabler of future library services, with consideration to how prepared are librarians in African university libraries.

Design/methodology/approach

This study applied the interpretive content/document analysis of literature harvested from different databases of Scopus and Web of Science. AI could be used to perform daily routines in circulation, serial, reference and selective dissemination of information among others. It could also be applied to the provision of innovative services of recognition of library activities such as answering research quarries, cataloguing and classification of library materials and management of library system software of different databases within the library systems.

Findings

It could be deduced from the study that AI would continue to serve as a panacea to future library services irrespective of its geographical context. Due to the evolving nature of knowledge growth, AI having its roots in the field of engineering has been found useful to support future library services. The support accrued from library service delivery in the library profession has made librarians continue to interact with other intelligent machines that can demonstrate human behaviour even though they are not real human beings. The behaviour of machines and AI where human beings play a significant role has brought many renovations in the management of complex tasks of processing, communication, knowledge representation, decision making and suggestions, on potentials of diverse work operations.

Practical implications

The understanding that the present paper portrays in the context of future library services is that there is no way the AI could function without a human interaction perspective when drawing an analogy from computer science, information science and information systems fields of study.

Social implications

The interest of users across their background would be strengthen if AI advances transformed the handling complex tasks of processing, communication, knowledge representation, decision-making and giving suggestions, among other things. The possibilities of diverse work operations from empirical evidence of studies consulted in recent times gave the authors the impetus to consider AI as the enabler of future library services.

Originality/value

The increasing demands from library patrons have prompted librarians to adapt their methods of delivering services. These emerging technologies have also brought about shifts in approaches to teaching and learning. Consequently, the recent surge in digital technology-driven service innovations has ushered in a fresh paradigm for education and research. In response to these changes, librarians are actively seeking novel and innovative technologies to enhance user experiences within their libraries. They serve as catalysts for introducing modern and advanced technologies, consistently adapting to contemporary tools that enhance their offerings.

Citation

Enakrire, R.T. and Oladokun, B.D. (2023), "RETRACTED: Artificial intelligence as enabler of future library services: how prepared are librarians in African university libraries", Library Hi Tech News, Vol. ahead-of-print No. ahead-of-print. https://doi.org/10.1108/LHTN-09-2023-0173

Introduction

This study reports on the gap analysis of artificial intelligence (AI) as an enabler of future library services. Several studies by Mogali (2014), Wood and Evans (2018), Vijayakumar and Sheshadri (2019), Libris, (2019), Pence (2022), Okunlaya, Syed Abdullah, and Alias (2022) and Hussain (2023), among many other authors too numerous to mention, have addressed the future of AI in libraries and its implication in resuscitating the library space. Nonetheless, the authors do not lay emphasis on the impending scenario of how librarians could be prepared in the use of AI for future library services to support the management operations when there are no alternative measures to the erratic power supply on the increase, absence of institutional policies, lack of funds to acquire modern AI and unstable working conditions of the library environment in the context of developing nations, amidst other factors such as changes that have evolved in the 5IR necessitating AI. How prepared are the librarians if they were to be considered today? Another interesting question that resonates with the authors during their deliberation is: What is the perception of librarians towards AI being enablers of future library services? Will the infusing of AI into future library services not serve as a restraint to librarians' loss of jobs? Have librarians upgraded their technological skills for the operations of AI? Will phobia in adaptation not deter a librarian's preparedness to embrace its application? These, among others, were the enabling factors towards consideration of this study. The understanding that the present paper portrays in the context of future library services is that there is no way the AI could function without a human interaction perspective when drawing an analogy from computer science, information science and information systems fields of study. African university libraries are becoming broader and increasing due to population growth, considering their roles and position to serve in teaching, learning, research, community development and citizenship. These tasks cannot be carried out with the common regular information and communication technologies of computers, search engines, webpages and other infrastructures (telephones, internet, satellites and mobile networks) ever used in the university library space, hence the thought of AI. The increasing enrolment of students in many universities in Africa is becoming a burden with necessary planning for the information of users (students), hence the desire for AI to become a way out in meeting their broader academic activities that include future library services.

Human-computer interactions in relation to AI as an enabler of future library services require a certain exposition of interactiveness with the AI interface, user experience (UX), user interface design, training and support of librarians and maintenance culture of the AI. This brought about the gap analysis the present study addresses in AI as an enabler of future library services in continuing progression. The authors of the study felt that it is not enough to propose the use of AI for future library services without necessarily not thinking of the cost–benefit analysis in relation to planning, implementing and evaluating its success factor in sustaining the library organization. There is a need for a feasibility study to be carried out to ascertain those library organizations in the developed world that have applied or used AI in their library operations. The outcome of such a feasibility study would help the present library organizations in their future library services determine what information is most useful to plan with. The reason that necessitates this assertion is funding, a major concern for most library organizations in developing nations like Africa considering the dwindling economy and corruption. For future library services to flourish through the infusion of AI, adequate planning and funding are essential. Another concern that the present study earlier addressed is the preparedness of librarians to upgrade their technological skills as this is still a major concern with the authors' exposition and experiences having worked in several university environments in Africa. Policy is also very crucial to library organizational growth when addressing the planning of AI as the enabler of future library services, but experience shows that many library organizations do not have a laid down policy that guides technological application for library service delivery. It is believed that the findings from this study would serve as a blueprint for librarians for the preparedness of future library services when it comes to AI. University library management in developing nations could revitalize their planning and prepare librarians for the use of AI in future library services.

This study applied the interpretive content/document analysis of literature harvested from different databases of Scopus and Web of Science. AI could be used to perform daily routines in circulation, serial, reference and selective dissemination of information, among others. It could also be applied to the provision of innovative services of recognition of library activities, such as answering research questions, cataloguing and classifying library materials and managing library system software of different databases within the library systems. AI, having its roots in the field of engineering (La Rocca, 2012), has been found useful to support and enhance service delivery in the library profession. AI is an intelligent machine capable of demonstrating human behaviour even though it is a real human being (Howard, 2019). AI is programmed to act and behave like human beings. The advance of AI has brought many transformations in handling complex tasks of processing, communication, knowledge representation, decision-making and giving suggestions, among other things. The possibilities of diverse work operations based on empirical evidence from studies consulted in recent times gave the authors the impetus to consider AI as the enabler of future library services. Libraries, recognized as service-oriented institutions, have undergone significant transformations due to the integration of advanced technologies in the realm of modern information technologies.

The increasing demands from library patrons have prompted librarians to adapt their methods of delivering services (Hussain, 2022). These emerging technologies have also brought about shifts in approaches to teaching and learning. Consequently, the recent surge in digital technology-driven service innovations has ushered in a fresh paradigm for education and research. In response to these changes, librarians are actively seeking novel and innovative technologies to enhance user experiences within their libraries. They serve as catalysts for introducing modern and advanced technologies, consistently adapting to contemporary tools that enhance their offerings. Initially, the processes of library automation and digitization were the cornerstones that expanded workflows and enriched library services (Hussain, 2022). It is interesting to note that the past two decades have witnessed remarkable shifts in library services, with AI emerging as a pivotal player. AI, described as the capability of machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence, has seamlessly integrated itself as a modern technology in library operations. The integration of AI into various industries has not only revolutionized processes but also raised new possibilities for enhancing user experiences and services (Neumann et al., 2022). African university libraries, as vital hubs of knowledge dissemination and learning, are faced with the challenge earlier mentioned in this paper, especially adapting to these technological changes to ensure continued provision of relevant and efficient services to their diverse user base.

AI, with its capacity to analyze vast amounts of data, automate tasks and offer personalized recommendations, has the potential to reshape how libraries curate and deliver information. As African nations strive to strengthen their higher education systems and promote research endeavours, university libraries play a crucial role in supporting these objectives. However, the extent to which librarians in African university libraries are prepared to harness the power of AI and integrate it effectively into their services remains a critical question. This article delves into the intersection of AI and library services within the context of African university libraries. It seeks to explore the level of readiness and preparedness among librarians to adopt AI-driven approaches to meet the evolving needs of students, researchers and academics. Through a comprehensive analysis of the current state of AI integration in African university libraries, this article intends to contribute to the discourse on the future of library services in African universities.

Perception of librarians towards artificial intelligence

The perception of librarians towards AI in the context of library services is a complex and evolving phenomenon. While some librarians view AI as a potential tool to enhance efficiency and user experience, others harbour concerns about its impact on job roles, user privacy and the quality of human interaction within libraries (Oladokun et al., 2023). Regardless, many librarians perceive AI as a promising avenue to streamline routine tasks and improve the delivery of services. Adetayo (2023) views AI as a tool that can automate time-consuming processes such as cataloging, indexing and data analysis, allowing them to focus on more strategic and personalized aspects of their roles. Many librarians recognize the potential of AI to enhance efficiency and user experiences. Omame and Alex-Nmecha (2020) found that some librarians believe that AI can enable them to provide quicker and more accurate search results, ultimately enhancing user satisfaction and engagement. According to a survey conducted by the Library and Information Technology Association (LITA), 54% of respondents believed that AI has the potential to significantly impact library services, with 36% already exploring or implementing AI-related projects (LITA, 2018). Going further, Okunlaya et al. (2022) stated that librarians recognize the potential of AI to facilitate more personalized interactions with library users. They went further to state that chatbots and virtual assistants, powered by AI, can offer real-time assistance, answering common queries and guiding users through resources, thus enhancing the overall user experience. A study by Lee and Shim (2017) found that librarians appreciated AI-powered recommendation systems that helped users discover resources aligned with their preferences and research needs. However, despite the potential benefits, there are concerns among librarians regarding the widespread adoption of AI in library services. Supporting this, Oladokun et al. (2023) found that some librarians fear that as AI systems take over routine tasks, there may be a decrease in the demand for traditional librarian roles. A study by Orr and Niegaard (2020) highlighted fears of job displacement due to automation. Librarians worry that as routine tasks become automated, their expertise and value in assisting users may be diminished. The implication is that librarians are worried about AI replacing certain job functions.

Another critical concern relates to user privacy and data security. AI systems often require access to user data to provide personalized recommendations and services (Oyetola et al., 2023). Librarians are cautious about how user data is collected, stored and used by AI algorithms, fearing breaches of privacy and potential misuse of sensitive information. In so doing, Lund and Wang (2023) emphasized the need for robust data protection measures to ensure that AI implementations do not compromise user privacy. Given these, librarians are conscious of the need to address these biases and ensure that AI-driven recommendations are inclusive and equitable. It is important for librarians to acknowledge the need to adapt to technological changes, including AI. A study by Kvenild and Calkins (2017) found that while some librarians were apprehensive about technology, many recognized the importance of staying informed and learning new skills to effectively integrate AI tools into their services. Overall, the perceptions of librarians towards AI in library services encompass a range of perspectives, from optimism about its potential to enhance efficiency and user experiences to concerns about job displacement, user privacy and algorithmic biases. As AI technologies continue to evolve and integrate into libraries, addressing these perceptions and concerns will be crucial to fostering successful implementation and ensuring that AI truly becomes an enabler of improved library services in line with the needs and values of both librarians and library users.

Infusing artificial intelligence into library services may serve as restraining to loss of jobs by librarians

The infusion of AI into library services can potentially serve as a restraint on the loss of jobs for librarians. While concerns have arisen about job displacement due to automation, there are strong arguments to suggest that AI can enhance the roles of librarians and lead to more dynamic and fulfilling professional engagements. Oladokun et al. (2023) found that AI technologies are used for routine and repetitive tasks such as cataloging, basic inquiries and data entry. By automating these tasks, librarians are freed from mundane responsibilities, allowing them to focus on more complex and creative aspects of their roles. AI-powered tools, like chatbots and virtual assistants, can provide immediate responses to routine queries, guiding users to relevant resources (Lund and Wang, 2023). This enables librarians to engage in deeper, meaningful interactions with users, providing specialized assistance, research support and teaching information literacy skills. Omame and Alex-Nmecha (2020) are of the view that AI assists librarians in offering personalized recommendations to users based on their preferences and previous interactions. The introduction of AI into library services need not be seen solely as a threat to librarian jobs. Instead, it can be used to analyze large sets of data to identify trends, usage patterns and user preferences, which librarians can use to optimize collection development, enhance services and make informed decisions about resource allocation. Furthermore, Hussain (2022) states that routine tasks offloaded to AI allow librarians to have the opportunity to engage in more innovative projects with which they can work on designing new services, collaborating with researchers, curating specialized collections and contributing to the strategic development of the library.

Librarians’ knowledge and skills for the operations of artificial intelligence

Librarians' knowledge and skills play a critical role in effectively integrating and operating AI technologies within library services. Neumann et al. (2022) highlighted key areas of knowledge and skills that librarians should possess or develop to successfully navigate the operations of AI in libraries. It is expected that librarians should have a foundational understanding of what AI is, its capabilities, limitations and various AI techniques such as machine learning, natural language processing and data mining. Since AI relies on data for training and decision-making, several studies have indicated that librarians should be proficient in data literacy, including understanding data types, sources, quality, privacy concerns and ethical considerations related to data collection and usage (Lund and Wang, 2023; Neumann et al., 2022; Oyetola et al., 2023). Awareness of algorithmic transparency and interpretability is crucial to ensuring the fairness and accuracy of AI-driven services.

Oladokun et al., 2023 indicated that librarians need to comprehend how AI algorithms work, including their biases and potential impact on the information retrieved. Enakrire et al. (2023) made mention of software skills such as teamwork, adaptability, problem-solving, decisiveness, flexibility, ability to work under pressure and leadership for computing graduates in the context of 5IR that could serve as preventive measures for librarians when preparing to apply AI for future library services. It is believed that the software skills would help to equip librarians with best library practices to meet user's information needs. Proficiency with digital tools and technologies is essential, as librarians should be comfortable using various software, databases and platforms to leverage AI tools effectively in their workflows. However, Alzghoul and Al-Emran (2020) revealed that while not all librarians need to be programmers, a basic understanding of coding languages like Python and R can be beneficial. It enables librarians to work with AI tools, customize solutions and collaborate with technical experts. Also, librarians should possess skills in data management, including data cleaning, transformation and analysis. This helps in preparing and processing data for AI applications.

Integrating AI technologies often involves project management skills to plan, execute and monitor AI-related initiatives. Librarians should be able to coordinate tasks, manage resources and meet project timelines. Evans and Ward (2018) stated that librarians need to critically assess AI technologies, troubleshoot issues and identify areas where AI can add value to library services. Adding to that, librarians who possess this knowledge and skills are better equipped to leverage AI technologies to enhance library services, foster innovation and support their communities' information needs in a rapidly changing digital landscape.

Phobia in the adaptation by librarians and preparedness to embrace artificial intelligence

The adaptation of librarians to embrace AI in libraries is a complex process influenced by various factors, including the apprehension stemming from technological change and the level of preparedness to embrace these changes. Oladokun et al. (2023) discussed phobias that librarians might experience and the measures that contribute to their preparedness for AI integration. The authors further stated that librarians exhibit technophobia, a fear of new technologies, which can be exacerbated by concerns about job displacement due to AI automation. Librarians worry that AI might replace their roles in helping and curating resources. However, studies have shown that AI can complement librarians' expertise rather than replace it. Preparing librarians to understand the symbiotic relationship between AI and their roles can help alleviate this fear (Orr and Niegaard, 2020). Furthermore, resistance to change is a common human reaction when facing technological shifts. Librarians fear that AI integration will disrupt established workflows and require them to learn new skills (Kvenild and Calkins, 2017). Adequate training programmes and professional development opportunities can help librarians transition smoothly to the AI-enhanced environment. Lund and Wang (2023) found that a lack of familiarity with AI technologies leads to a fear of the unknown, and librarians who are not technologically literate might find it challenging to embrace AI solutions. Therefore, it is believed that training initiatives that provide basic technological literacy and hands-on experience with AI tools can help overcome this phobia. While it could be true that librarians often pride themselves on providing personalized, human-driven services, the introduction of AI might be perceived as a loss of the human touch in user interactions. Lee and Shim (2017) argued that librarians need to understand that AI can enhance their ability to provide personalized recommendations and insights, ultimately enhancing the user experience.

The preparedness to embrace AI in libraries involves a combination of knowledge, skills and supportive measures. Evans and Ward (2018) stated that librarians need access to training programs that cover the basics of AI, its applications in libraries and ethical considerations. Furthermore, collaborating with AI experts and data scientists can help librarians gain insights into AI technologies and their potential applications. In essence, Neumann et al. (2022) submitted that libraries can start with pilot AI projects to gradually introduce librarians to AI technologies. This approach allows librarians to gain hands-on experience and build confidence. Supporting this, Oladokun et al. (2023) indicated that librarians should be educated on how AI can complement their skills by automating routine tasks, allowing them to focus on higher-level responsibilities such as user engagement and innovative projects. Overcoming phobias related to AI integration and enhancing preparedness to embrace AI in libraries require a combination of education, support and a shift in mindset. By addressing the concerns and providing necessary training, libraries can ensure that librarians are equipped to harness AI's potential and contribute to the transformation of library services.

Concluding remarks

It could be deduced from the study that AI would continue to serve as a panacea for future library services, irrespective of its geographical context. Due to the evolving nature of knowledge growth, AI, having its roots in the field of engineering, has been found useful to support future library services. The support accrued from library service delivery in the library profession has made librarians continue to interact with other intelligent machines that can demonstrate human behaviour even though they are not real human beings. The behaviour of machines and AI, where human beings play a significant role, has brought many renovations in the management of complex tasks of processing, communication, knowledge representation, decision-making and suggestions, on potentials of diverse work operations. While it is important to consider some of the questions raised about how prepared librarians are for applications of AI for future library services, there are worries about the adequacy of knowledge and skills of librarians, restraints on librarians’ loss of jobs and phobias about their preparedness. The study established that despite these challenges, AI would continue to serve as a catalyst for future library services irrespective of geographical boundaries in areas of daily routines and management functions. These innovative services of AI have placed a broader recognition in library activities, such that the library system software of different databases would be resounding echoes in future library services. The study recommends reskilling through regular training to incorporate new knowledge and skills required to embrace the application of AI as the enabler of future library services.