African American male murder rates

, 147, 148

Age-adjusted suicide rate

, 97–99

Age-graded theory

, 16

“Aging boomers” theory

, 139

Akathisia

, 78

American Association of Public Opinion Research (AAPOR) guidelines

, 40

Anti-Black force

, 150

Atypical neuroleptics

, 78

Black masculinity

, 210

Brown’s social economic status

, 216–217

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) study

, 103

National Center for Injury Prevention and Control

, 138

technical package

, 114, 115

Cigarette smoking

arrest rates and histories

, 46

blood-borne illnesses

, 36

chronic health conditions

, 36

criminal justice system

, 36

drug-related charges

, 36

Eighth Amendment standard

, 46, 47

health-care staff

, 49

incarceration

and oral health

, 37–39

and physical health

, 37

limitations

, 47

methods

criminal justice, regression analysis

, 43–45

data collection

, 40

dependent variables

, 40–42

descriptive characteristics

, 43

independent variables

, 40, 42

linear regression analyses

, 42

multinomial logistic regression

, 42–43

National Survey of American Life (NSAL)

, 40

ordinary least squares regression analysis

, 42

self-rated health

, 43

sociodemographic characteristics

, 42

Taylor expansion approximation technique

, 43

multiple chronic health problems

, 46

prevention and treatment

, 36

risks and resources

, 48–49

smoking relapse

, 47

treatments

, 47

Collective consciousness

, 187, 188, 202

black communities

, 196

characteristics

, 191

definition

, 191

fatal incidents

, 194

Grand Rapids Police Department

, 197

health issue

, 198–201

information and autopsy reports

, 191

law enforcement

, 197

negative health outcomes

, 195

organic solidarity

, 193

systemic police terror

, 192, 193, 197

Connectedness

, 116

“Crack is wack” thesis

, 140

Cultural social isolation

, 24

Culture-specific beliefs

, 113

Death penalty

, 136

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

, 77

Drug-induced parkinsonism

, 78

Eighth Amendment standard

, 46, 47

Electroconvulsive therapy

, 78

Emotional labor and emotion work

, 187–188

management of

, 189

negative health outcomes

, 187

policing outcomes

, 188

social structure

, 190

Emotional trauma

, 76

Fear-inducing behaviour

, 84

Federal Bureau of Prisons

, 38

Federal Communications Commission

, 18

Ferguson Police Department

, 210

Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study

, 19

Framing physicality and public safety

Black masculinity

, 210

Brown’s social economic status

, 216–217

content analysis

, 213

death rates

, 208

exclusion criteria

, 216

Ferguson Police Department

, 210

frame analysis

, 214–215

health consequences

, 208

hegemonic masculinity

, 213–214

intersectionality

, 213

Lexis Nexis database

, 215

limitations and strengths

, 224

mass media

, 214

media framing

, 214

NVivo 10 qualitative analysis software

, 216

policing and black men

, 210–212

race-police-perception-health-status feedback loop

, 209

social science literature

, 222

socioeconomic background

, 221

Wilson’s social, economic status

, 217–218

Wilson’s testimony

, 219–221

working-class neighborhood

, 222

Gatekeeper training

, 116–117

Gendered racism

criminal justice outcomes

, 157

cultural forces and mechanisms

, 157

federal database

, 156

institutional racism

, 160–161

Mapping Police Violence

, 156–157

negative race- and gender-based stereotypes

, 159

public safety and public health, police role

, 161–163

racial ideologies

, 158

racism, definition

, 158

stereotypes and myths

, 158

structural racism

, 158

unarmed Black men, police-involved shootings

, 156

criminal justice system

, 165

decision-making

, 166

“fear of life”

, 165

inequities

, 163

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

, 164

violent responses

, 165

unarmed White Americans rate

, 157

Grand Rapids Police Department

, 197

“Happy pill thesis”

, 139

Homicide death

“abortion filter”

, 139

African American male murder rates

, 148, 149

African Americans populations

, 142, 143

“aging boomers” theory

, 139

anti-Black force

, 150

Black gender gap

, 135

cause

, 129, 130, 136

CDC’s National Center for Injury Prevention and Control

, 138

crime rates

, 140, 141

dead and missing black babies

abortions vs. US population

, 132

fertility rates

, 132, 133

infant mortality rate

, 131

death penalty

, 136

death rate, Black men

, 145

death-related facts

, 135

government-sanctioned segregation policy

, 151

“happy pill thesis”

, 139

“immigration and gentrification” thesis

, 140, 141

incarceration and early deaths

, 135

Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System

, 137

investigation

, 128

“lead hypothesis”

, 139

murder rate drop

, 144

National Vital Statistics System

, 138

peak homicide rates and percentage decline

, 144

percentage differences

, 147, 149–150

“police on the beat” theory

, 140

“prison boom” thesis

, 140

pro-immigration thesis

, 141

psychological abuse

, 151

“roaring ’90s, and Obamamania”

, 140

“tech thesis”

, 139

US murder rates

, 138, 139

US population

, 129, 130

“Immigration and gentrification” thesis

, 140

Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System

, 137

Insulin coma therapy

, 78

“Justifiable homicides”

blackness and black-maleness

, 172–173

health disparities

, 180

Public Health Critical Race Praxis (PHCRP)

contributions

, 179

intersectional framework

, 179

principles

, 178

systemic and structural barriers

, 178

research methods

, 181

social determinants

, 180

social institution

, 180

violence

interracial violence

, 173–174

public health problem

, 173

self-defense doctrines

, 174

social control

, 174

social media

, 175–178

US violent crime rate

, 174

Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act

, 175

Law enforcement

, 197

“Lead hypothesis”

, 139

Lexis Nexis database

, 215

Linear regression analysis

, 42

Logistic regression models

, 59, 62, 63

Macrosystem

collateral consequences

, 24

cultural social isolation

, 24

economic and social benefits

, 22

evidence documents

, 23

policies and initiatives

, 23

post-civil rights

, 23

prison system and structural inequalities

, 23

racial segregation

, 22

residential segregation

, 24

state-sanctioned mechanism

, 24

structural disorganization

, 24

Mapping Police Violence

, 156–157

Mental Health Foundation

, 89

Meso/ecosystem

education systems

exclusionary school discipline, juvenile justice outcomes

, 19

health behaviors

, 20

incarceration rates

, 20

levels

, 20

non-incarcerated parents

, 20

paternal and maternal incarceration

, 21

policies and practices

, 19

post-release employment

, 19

practices and outcomes

, 19

programs

, 19

recidivism

, 19

school exclusion

, 19

school-to-prison pipeline

, 19

social resources

, 20

healthcare systems

, 21–22

Microsystem

age-graded theory

, 16

criminal justice

, 17

disciplinary reports

, 17–18

family disruption

, 19

indirect effects, imprisonment

, 18

marital functioning

, 17

marriage and parenthood research

, 17

parental incarceration impacts

, 18

Multinomial logistic regression

, 42–43

National Electronic Injury Surveillance System-All Injury Program

, 100

National Strategy for Suicide Prevention

, 114

National Survey of American Life (NSAL)

, 39, 40

National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG)

, 54

National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH)

, 100

National Vital Statistics System

, 138

NVivo 10 qualitative analysis software

, 216

Odds ratios

, 60, 63

Oral health

black markets

, 39

cosmetic dental problems

, 37

Federal Bureau of Prisons

, 38

incarcerated populations

, 37

incarceration and

, 37–38

inmates report

, 37

second-hand smoke

, 37

smoke-free prison policies

, 39

tobacco policy

, 38

Ordinary least squares regression analysis

, 42

“Police on the beat” theory

, 140

“Prison boom” thesis

, 140

Program on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods

, 56

Psychosis

akathisia effect

, 78

atypical neuroleptics

, 78

biologistic approach

, 76

carceral confinement

, 86–87

case study

, 74

diagnosis

“Black culture”

, 81

first-rank psychotic symptoms

, 81

psychological consequences, racism

, 81, 82

rates of

, 80

“White culture”

, 81

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

, 77

drug-induced parkinsonism

, 78

electroconvulsive therapy

, 78

emotional trauma

, 76

hallucinations and delusions

, 76

insulin coma therapy

, 78

life experiences

, 75

Mental Health Foundation

, 89

mental illness

, 76, 88

myths and stereotypes

, 75

bipolar disorder

, 85

characteristics

, 84

fear-inducing behaviour

, 84

institutional violence

, 85

mental health professionals

, 84

neuroleptics

, 85

neurochemical imbalance

, 77

neuroleptics usage

, 77

racism and vulnerability

, 83

schizophrenia rates

, 74

scientific and pseudoscientific discourses

, 87

selective destigmatization

, 76

sexual abuse

, 79

shock therapies

, 78

social death

, 80

societal attitudes

, 75

“ voice hearers”

, 88

Public Health Critical Race Praxis (PHCRP)

, 181

contributions

, 179

intersectional framework

, 179

principles

, 178

systemic and structural barriers

, 178

Public safety and public health, police role

, 161–163

Racial segregation

, 22

Regression analysis, criminal justice

, 43–45

Residential segregation

, 24

Schizophrenia. See Psychosis

School-to-prison pipeline

, 19

Self-directed violence

, 96, 117

Self-rated physical health and oral health

, 43, 46

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)

demographic and behavioral factors

, 57

dependent variable

, 60

incarceration status, respondents percentage

, 62

independent variables

, 60

limitations

, 68

logistic regression models

, 59

results

, 62, 63

mass incarceration and racial disparities

criminal justice system

, 54

employment problems

, 55

health-care resources

, 55

health outcomes

, 56

Program on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods

, 56

short- and long-term consequences

, 55

multivariate analysis

, 59

National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG)

, 54

near-zero coefficient

, 60

non-random sample design

, 57–58

odds ratios

, 60, 63

operationalizations

age

, 58

age at first sex

, 58

anal sex

, 59

concurrent partners

, 59

condom use

, 59

core members

, 59

drug use

, 59

education

, 58

income

, 58

marital status

, 58

MSM

, 59

periphery members

, 59

racial background

, 58

racial bridge

, 59

risky partner

, 59

percentage distribution

, 60, 61

predicted probabilities

, 64–67

sample data

, 57–58

sexual network factors

, 56–57

social inequalities

, 54

Social ecological framework

direct pathways

, 9

economic disadvantage

, 8

empirical examinations

, 9

high-income countries

, 8

human development

, 10

macrosystem

, 11

(See also Macrosystem)

meso/exosystem

, 10, 11

(See also Meso/exosystem)

microsystem

, 10

(See also Microsystem)

illness and mortality

, 8

incarcerated vs. non-incarcerated persons

, 8

individual-level health effects

, 10

age-standardized prevalence

, 11

chronic conditions

, 11–12

criminal injustice

, 16

criminological theory

, 12

employment discrimination

, 16

equal access healthcare system

, 10, 14–15

health following release

, 10, 15–16

hypertension and diabetes population

, 12

noninstitutionalized population

, 12

obesity prevalence

, 12

prison life deprivation

, 10, 13–14

population-based survey

, 9

prison population

, 8

stress-related process

, 9

State-sanctioned mechanism

, 24

STIs. See Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)

Suicidal behavior

age-adjusted suicide rate

, 97–99

by age group and circumstances

, 104, 109–111

alcohol usage

, 112

“black suicide”

, 97

circumstance information

, 104–106

culture-specific beliefs

, 113

death causes

, 97, 98

depression/dysthymia diagnosis

, 112

descriptive analysis

, 96

health-care worker

, 113

method and location

, 104, 107–108

morbidity and mortality

, 119

National Electronic Injury Surveillance System-All Injury Program

, 100

National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH)

, 100

non-fatal suicide attempts

, 98

prevention strategies

access and delivery, suicide care

, 115

CDC’s technical package

, 114, 115

connectedness

, 116

economic supports

, 114

evidence-based

, 118

gatekeeper training

, 116–117

lessen harms

, 117

National Strategy for Suicide Prevention

, 114

online prevention education

, 117

protective environments creation

, 115–116

public health approach

, 113

resources communities

, 114

teaching coping and problem-solving skills

, 116

psychological autopsy studies

, 112

racial discrimination and oppression

, 96

risk and protective factors

, 96, 97

age and sex differences

, 102

at-risk populations

, 104

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) study

, 103

cultural influences

, 100

depressive symptoms

, 102

economic and social inequities

, 101

epidemiological data

, 100

interpersonal and community violence

, 101

monitoring and research

, 103

risk factors

, 101

social and cultural factors

, 102

source documents

, 103

toxicology analysis

, 101

risk factor

, 112

sadness and depression

, 96

self-devaluation

, 96

self-directed violence

, 96, 117

suicidal ideation

, 100

surveillance system

, 113

US hospital emergency departments

, 100

years of potential life lost (YPLL)

, 98

Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System

, 100

Systemic police terror

, 192, 193, 197

Taylor expansion approximation technique

, 43

“Tech thesis”

, 139

Unarmed Black men, police-involved shootings

, 156

criminal justice system

, 165

decision-making

, 166

“fear of life”

, 165

inequities

, 163

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

, 164

violent responses

, 165

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

, 164

University of Michigan Institutional Review Board

, 40

Violence

interracial violence

, 173–174

public health problem

, 173

self-defense doctrines

, 174

social control

, 174

social media

, 175–178

US violent crime rate

, 174

Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act

, 175

Years of potential life lost (YPLL)

, 98

Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System

, 100