Abuse

of athletes

, 190

athletes

, 230

digital

, 195

Abuser, secrecy, anonymity and power of

, 195–196

Abusive behaviour

, 190

Activism

, 33, 41

Activist politics and visibilities

, 33

African-American athlete

, 71–72

double standard for

, 153–155

Alphabet soup of sport fan behaviors

, 110–111

American Psychiatric Association (APA)

, 130

Anatamo-politics’

, 168–169

Anglo-American cultures

, 129

Anonymity of abuser

, 195–196

Anthropometry

, 210

Anti-racist position

, 77–79

Antunovic documents

, 2–3

Anxiousness

, 228–229

Associated Press Sports Editors (ASPE)

, 13–14

Athlete(s)

, 15, 18, 188, 224

abuse of

, 190

activism

, 146–147

athlete mental health and well-being

, 226–227

athlete mental health and well-being and social media

, 228–229

athlete self-presentation online

, 188–189

commonality in terms of athletic ability

, 225

experience

, 225

implications for

, 172–174

labor

, 226

mental health

, 224–225

mother profile

, 95–96

retirement

, 176–177

social media and social change for mental health and well-being

, 232–234

virtual maltreatment and athlete mental health and well-being

, 229–232

“Athletic labor of femininity”

, 32

Australian Football League (AFL)

, 58–59

Basking in reflected glory (BIRGing)

, 110

Battle of the Blades (BOTB)

, 96

‘Beautiful game’

, 68

Behavioural ‘nudges’

, 178–179

Big Data

, 206–209, 212

Bikini Body Guide (BBG)

, 40

Biometrics

, 206–210, 217

Black Lives Matter (BLM)

, 3, 56, 68, 76–77

Blogs

, 16

‘Boardroom racism’

, 77–78

‘Box ticking’ exercise

, 79

British Social Attitude Survey (BSAS)

, 130

Categorisation

, 77

‘Change the Routine’

, 195–196

China Central Television (CCTV)

, 157

Chinese Basketball Association (CBA)

, 157

‘Circum-social interaction’

, 190–191

Civil Rights Movement

, 149

Cloke, Travis (Australian Football League player)

, 224–225

‘Coaching mode’

, 175

Commonwealth Games

, 59

Compilation

, 77

Computing technologies

, 207

Contagion effect

, 192

Contemporary sport

, 207

Conversational analysis (CA)

, 199

“Counterhegemonic discursive practice”

, 13

COVID

, 217

Creative Native

, 19–20

Cutting Off Reflected Failure (CORFing)

, 110

Cyber-mechanisms of abuse

, 192

Cyberbullying

, 192, 228–229

Cyberstalking

, 192

Cyborg theory

, 187

Data

association

, 210–211

collection

, 211

science

, 216

Datafication

, 206

Davies, Alphonso (Bayern Munich Footballer)

, 230–231

Decontextualisation

, 77

‘Delegation’

, 175

“Democratizing” effect

, 56–57

Denial of structural racism

, 79–81

Digital abuse

, 195

Digital activism

, 18, 134–135

Digital communities for advocacy

, 15–18

Digital divide

, 211

Digital ethics

, 97

Digital Instagram stories

, 96

Digital media

, 17–18, 20

Digital platforms

, 12, 15, 19

“Digital pruning”

, 36–37

Digital research ethics

, 40

‘Digital sociology’

, 187

Digital spaces

, 186

lack of regulation in

, 194–195

Digital sublime

, 212

Digital technologies

, 1–2, 5, 30, 186, 192, 210–211

and sport

, 187–188

Direct online communication

, 191

Disability

, 230

Discriminatory abuse

, 230

‘Docility’

, 168–169, 175

Elite athlete

, 225

big and small instagram stories

, 95–96

data collection

, 96–97

digital ethics

, 97

digital landscape

, 91–92

small story

, 100

identities and lives

, 91

Instagram

, 93–94

mental health of

, 224

mothers

, 90

narrative inquiry

, 94–95

narrative thematic analysis

, 97–98

post-partum big story

, 98–100

well-being of

, 224

working mum and new mumtrepeneur’ small story

, 101–102

Elite-level athletes

, 128

Emotional abuse

, 230

English Football League (EFL)

, 73–74, 135

English Premier League (EPL)

, 136

eSports

, 118–119

Ethnicity

, 225

Experience abuse in virtual spaces

, 192

Expert Consensus Statement

, 224

Facebook

, 187–188

Fan-athlete interactions

, 192

Feelings of anxiousness

, 228–229, 231–232

Female athletes

, 191, 226–227

Festinger’s theory

, 108–109

Folau, Israel (Australian Rugby player)

, 231

Football

, 68, 212

articulations of anti-racist position

, 77–79

denial of structural racism

, 79–81

fandom and social media

, 74–76

qualitative content analysis approach

, 77

Rooney Rule

, 69, 71–74

English football

, 73–74

structural racism

, 70–71

systemic racism

, 68, 70–71

UK football management

, 76

Football Offences Act

, 75

Foucault, Michel

, 168–169

‘Free speech’

, 194

Freedom of speech

, 193–194

Gender

, 225

gender-panicked culture

, 129

questioning

, 230

Gendered identities

, 114–115

Glass ceiling

, 70

Glory Out of Refelected Failure (GORFing)

, 115–116

‘Go with flow’ approach

, 99–100

Harris, Tayla

, 230

Hate speech

, 56–57

Hegemonic masculinity

, 16–17, 52, 188–189

Hegemonic practices

, 12–15

Heteronormativity

, 53, 59

Home Office

, 75

Homophobia

, 51–52, 54–55, 58–59

apex of

, 130–131

“Homophobic language”

, 54

“Homosexually-themed language”

, 54

Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR)

, 156

“Hypermasculinity”

, 129

“Imagined communities”

, 108

Inclusive Masculinity Theory (IMT)

, 52

Information systems

, 206

Instagram

, 93–94, 187–188

big and small Instagram stories

, 95–96

International Olympic Committee (IOC)

, 224

Internationalism

, 112

Internet, masculinity and sport and

, 56–60

Internet-based social media

, 187

Intersectionality approach

, 230

“Jordan era”

, 149

“Kick it Out” (anti-racism football group)

, 230–231

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, intersex, and queer community (LGBTIQ community)

, 231

LGBT community

, 53

Life (magazine)

, 206

London Olympic Games

, 224

Maladaptive PSI

, 191

Masculinity

, 128

and internet

, 56–60

language

, 54–56

and sexualities

, 128–135

in sport

, 50

and sport relationship

, 50–53

Mental health

, 5, 225

athlete mental health and well-being

, 226–227

awareness

, 232

disclosures

, 233–234

disorders

, 224

of elite athletes

, 224

social media and

, 227–228

sociological attributes of

, 226

stigmatization of

, 226

of young athletes

, 227

Minority Candidate(s)

, 73–74

Mobile smartphones

, 186

Modern sport

, 207

Motherhood

, 90

and sport in cultural context

, 91–92

sportswomen and

, 93–94

Motherhood and Olympics

, 91

Narrative inquiry

, 94–95

Narrative thematic analysis

, 97–98

Nassar, Larry

, 195–196

Nation’s athletes

, 116–118

National Basketball Association (NBA)

, 4

National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA)

, 78, 154

National Football League (NFL)

, 59–60, 69, 146–147

National Hockey League (NHL)

, 59–60

National identity

, 108

alphabet soup of sport fan behaviors

, 110–111

bonds to social media

, 111–112

in future social media

, 118–121

gendered identities

, 114–115

GORFing

, 115–116

nation’s athletes

, 116–118

in social media and sport

, 112–114

sociology informs nationalism

, 108–110

Nationalism

, 4, 112, 150, 152

sociology informs

, 108–110

Natural language processing (NLP)

, 199

Negative psychological implications of Twitter

, 229

Negotiating intensive mothering and career’ big story

, 98

Neoliberal post-feminist approach

, 189

Neoliberalism

, 18

Non-accidental violence

, 229

Non-athletes

, 231

Non-direct online communication

, 191

Non-virtual relationships

, 190

North American Society for Sociology of Sport (NASSS)

, 11

Objective tools

, 208

Office of Communications (Ofcom)

, 192

Old Boy’ Networks

, 72

“One country, two systems” framework

, 156

Online abuse

, 198, 229

sport

, 194

Online child sexual grooming

, 192

Online coercion

, 192

Online environment. See Virtual environment

Online harassment

, 14

Online media

, 189

Online social commentary

, 199

Online spaces

, 188, 193–194

Online toxicity

, 191–192

Online vilification

, 194

“Organic intellectuals”

, 212–213

Para-athletes

, 231

Parasocial interaction (PSI)

, 190

‘Participatory surveillance’

, 174

Patriotism

, 111

Patriotism

, 111–112

‘Perfect tool’

, 193

Peterson, Ben (Head of Player Health and Performance for San Francisco 49ers)

, 208

Phelps, Michael (American swimmer)

, 224

Phoenix Suns

, 147

Physical abuse

, 230

Physical culture

, 33, 40

Physically active women

, 31–38

social media by

, 31–38

‘Political correctness’

, 193

Politics

, 147

golden state warriors

, 153

nationalism, sport and social media

, 150–152

shut up and dribble, double standard for African-American

, 153–155

social media, US sport and international politics

, 156–158

in sport

, 148–150

sport and social media and

, 148

white athletes

, 153–155

Positive aspects’

, 166

Positive psychological implications of Twitter

, 229

Post-partum big story

, 98–100

Postfeminism

, 18

“Postfeminist biopedagogies”

, 35

Power of abuser

, 195–196

Predictive analytic models

, 206

Premier League

, 74–75

Premier League

, 111

Premodern sport

, 207

“Pro-gay language”

, 54

Professional Footballers’ Association (PFA)

, 76–77

Professionals

, 207

PSR

, 190

Psycho-medical studies

, 36

Qualitative content analysis approach

, 77

Qualitative methods

, 199

Quantification

, 209

Quantified Self

, 212

Quantitative measurement of athletic performance

, 207

Quantitative performance assessment

, 207

Race

, 225, 230

Racial abuse

, 230–231

Racial-ethnic minority student-athletes experience

, 227

Racism

, 68

structural racism

, 70–71

systemic racism

, 70–71

“Racist-sexist matrix”

, 230

‘Real-world’ experiences

, 187

Recontextualisation

, 77

‘Reverse racism’

, 79, 81

Rooney Rule

, 69, 71–73

and English football

, 73–74

Runner’s World magazine

, 92–93

Safeguarding of athletes

, 198

‘Screen grabbing’

, 96–97

Secrecy of abuser

, 195–196

Self-categorization

, 109

Self-efficacy

, 229

‘Self-presentation’

, 188

Self-representation

, 188–189

Sexual abuse

, 230

Sexual minorities

, 128

Sexual orientation

, 230

Sexualities

apex of homophobia

, 130–131

English football organizations

, 135

social media practices

, 133–135

sport, masculinitites, and

, 128–135

sport as inclusive space

, 131–133

Smugness

, 112

Social change for mental health and well-being

, 232–234

Social comparison theory

, 4, 109

Social identity theory

, 109

Social justice

, 18–20

Social media

, 1–2, 156, 158, 186, 189, 224

addiction

, 224–225

athlete mental health and well-being and

, 228–229

and mental health and wellbeing

, 227–228

traditional media and sport nexus exists in

, 226

Social media

, 187

activist politics and visibilities

, 33

body image, abuse, and navigating risk

, 35–38

discrimination on

, 128

football fandom and

, 74–76

materialist theory

, 38–39

for mental health and well-being

, 232–234

methods for women’s sporting

, 38

national identification in

, 112–114

national identity

, 111–112

nationalism and

, 150–152

by physically active women

, 31–38

politics and ethics

, 39–40

politics and sport and

, 148

recreational sport, fitness, and community

, 34–35

by sportswomen

, 31–38

for women

, 30

Social reproduction

, 70

Socio-cultural narratives

, 90

Sociocultural studies

, 171

Socioeconomic status

, 225

Sociological approach

, 206–208, 210–211, 225–226

questions needing further investigation

, 213–217

to sport media

, 11–12

work done from sociological approach in sport context

, 211–213

Sociological attributes of mental health

, 226

Sociological research

, 194–195

Sociologists

, 209

Sociology informs nationalism

, 108–110

Sport

, 1, 146, 209

analytics

, 206–207

anxiety

, 228–229

digital technology and

, 187–188

as inclusive space

, 131–133

law

, 194

management

, 194

masculinity and

, 50–53

and motherhood in cultural context

, 91–92

national identification in

, 112–114

nationalism and

, 150–152

politics in

, 148–150

and sexualities

, 128–135

social media and politics and

, 148

studies scholars

, 211–212

‘Sport ethic’

, 195

Sport media

, 12–15

athletes, fans, and digital communities

, 15–18

digital media

, 18–20

digital platforms

, 12–15

directions in sociological approaches

, 20–22

organisations

, 187, 198

social justice

, 18–20

sociological approaches to

, 11–12

sociological scholarship

, 10–11

weight room issue

, 10

Sports People’s Think Tank (SPTT)

, 73

Sportswomen

, 230

and motherhood

, 93–94

self-representation by

, 31–33

social media by

, 31–38

Stigma

, 232

Stigmatization of mental health

, 226, 233–234

Strava’

, 174

Stressors

, 227

Structural racism

, 68, 70–71

Student athletes

, 228–229

“Subversive form of politics”

, 17

Super mum’

, 90

Surveillance technologies

, 166

and athlete retirement

, 176–177

behavioural ‘nudges’

, 178–179

in field/team

, 170–171

implications for athlete

, 172–174

implications for coach

, 171–172, 174–175

implications of

, 167–168

in individual sports

, 172

‘more’ technology

, 177–178

sociocultural research

, 169–170

sociology of sport and investigating

, 168–169

touchstone topics for continued analysis

, 175–176

Surveillance technology

, 4–5

Sydney Olympic Games

, 92–93

Symbolic communication

, 209

Systemic racism

, 68, 70–71

Techno-athleticism

, 173

Techno-utopianism

, 210

Technological advancements

, 187

Third wave feminist politics

, 17–18

Traditional media

, 226

‘Transformative potential’

, 189

Trolling

, 229

Twitter

, 187–188, 229

Uniqueness of fingerprint

, 210

United Kingdom (UK)

, 68

United Stand, The

, 120

United States (US)

, 68

US sport and international politics

, 156–158

User-generated content (UGC)

, 34, 186

“Velocity dashboards”

, 216

Video games

, 1

Violence

, 191

Virtual environment

, 186, 194

dark side of

, 189–192

process of consuming and engaging in

, 186

Virtual fan violence

, 190

Virtual interactions

, 190–191

Virtual maltreatment

, 37, 229–230

and athlete mental health and well-being

, 229–232

future research directions

, 234–235

Virtual reality

, 186

Virtual violence

, 191

targeting women athletes

, 191–192

Virtual worlds

, 186

“Vote Warnock” shirts

, 156

Web 2.0

, 186, 189–190

Well-being

athlete mental health and

, 226–227

of elite athletes

, 224

social media and

, 227–229

virtual maltreatment and athlete mental health and

, 229–232

White racial frame

, 71

Williams, Serena

, 230–231

Wired Magazine

, 208

Women

athletes

, 189, 191–192

in sport

, 225

Women Talk Sports

, 16

Women’s National Basketball Association (WNBA)

, 4, 132, 146–147

players impacting senate seat

, 155–156

Women’s Super League (WSL)

, 135

‘Workhorse’ positions

, 71–72

‘Working mum and new mumtrepeneur’ small story

, 101–102

Younger athletes

, 228–229

mental health of

, 227