Acting and shifting see Four As of sustainable logistics
Aerodynamics
rail transport
, 48
road transport
, 8–9, 47, 48, 55
Alternative fuels
, 9, 33, 50–3
biofuels
, 4, 9, 12, 50–1, 52, 53
compressed NG (CNG)
, 51, 52
dimethyl ether (DME)
, 51
dual fuel vehicles
, 9, 51, 52
electricity see Electric vehicles; Electricity
hybrid engines
, 52
hydrogen
, 4, 9, 51
liquid petroleum gas (LPG)
, 51
natural gas (NG)
, 5, 9, 51, 52
passenger transport
, 4
use in logistics
, 51–3
Anticipation see Four As of sustainable logistics
ArcGIS Network Analysis
, 63, 70, 71, 73–5
Austria
rail transport
, 37, 39
Avoidance see Four As of sustainable logistics
Awareness see Four As of sustainable logistics
Backloads
, 41–2, 43–4
see also Collaboration
Barges
break-even distances
, xxi, 231–4, 235, 236, 237
load factor
, 237
vehicle technology
, 49–50
see also Inland waterways
Belgium
inland waterways
, 231–4
LAMBIT
, 228, 231–4
rail transport
, 37
urban light rail
, Brussels, xxi, 255–60
Berlin
intermodal shift
, 167
bestLog programme
, 38, 58
Biofuels
, 4, 9, 12, 50–1, 52
biodiesel
, 9, 50, 52
Greenenergy
, 51–2
mixtures
, 53
rail transport
, 53
rapeseed
, 52
Renewable Transport Fuels Obligation
, 51
second-generation
, 50–1, 52
sustainability
, 50, 52, 53
Break-even distances
cost analyses
, 222, 236–8
cost modelling
, 224–5, 227
defining
, 220, 223
inland waterways
, xxi, 231–4, 235, 236, 237
intermodal transport
, xxi, 217–41
literature
, 219–27
lowering
, 234–40
measurement for distance
, 222–3
rail transport
, xxi, 227–31
reported break-even distances
, 223–7
theory on break-even analysis
, 219–23
Brussels
urban light rail
, xxi, 255–60
Bulgaria
road transport
, 37
Bundling
, xix, 10, 52, 281, 283
city logistics
, 267
EFVs
, 279
Twin Hub project
, 227–31
Business models (BM)
, 196–200
challenges
, 200–1
complete transport company model
, 198
Coop
, 201–12
customer interface
, 203–5
defining
, 196–7
financial aspects
, 207
four pillars
, 197, 202–7
infrastructure management
, 205–7
intermodal transport
, xx–xxi, 193–214
local cooperation model
, 198
nine building blocks
, 197
Osterwalder's model
, 193, 197, 198–207, 208–9
own–account transport model
, xxi, 129, 193, 195, 198–9, 201–14
product
, 202–3
subcontractor model
, 198
Volvo
, 201, 202–12
Canals see Inland waterways
Carbon footprint
, 18, 19–20, 21, 90
Cargo trams
, xxi, 245–61
Amsterdam
, 249–51
Brussels
, xxi, 255–60
Dresden
, 249–51
literature
, 248–55
Paris
, 249–51
Vienna
, 249–51
Zurich
, 249–51
see also Electric freight vehicles
Cellulosic crops
, 51
rapeseed
, 52
City logistics
, xxi, 57, 59, 266–7
bundling and
, 267
CO2 emissions reduction
, 9–10
EFVs and
, xxiii, 266–9
European Union
, 267, 268
SEVs and
, xxiii, 295–313
traffic disturbance
, 299, 300, 312
Clean air programme
, xvii
Climate change
, xxii, 166
fossil fuels and
, 4, 5
mode shift and
, 10–11
CNG (Compressed natural gas)
, 51, 52
CO2 emissions
, xvi, xvii, 1–27
biofuels and
, 4, 9, 12, 50–1, 52
carbon footprint
, 18, 19–20, 21
city logistics
, 9–10
delivery services and
, 63–80
economic growth and
, 4–5, 14, 25–6
environmental reporting
, 54–5
EU-ETS
, 24
European Union
, 3–4, 9–10, 12, 14, 19, 26, 218, 271
Lean and Green programme
, xvi, 16
levers for reducing
, 5–7
mitigation see Mitigation measures
objective and reliable information
, 19–20
passenger transport
, 4, 66
policy instruments
, 14, 20–4
reduction
, xvi, xvii, 1–27
retail chains
, 90–1
supply chain management
, 6–7, 10–11
taxation
, 22–3
VMT and
, 63–80
warehouse location
, 66, 67, 71, 73
Coastal freight
, xx, 167
accessibility/load size
, xx
Collaboration
, 41–2
backloads
, 41–2, 43–4
horizontal
, xix, 115–16, 121
longitudinal
, 115
Compressed natural gas (CNG)
, 51, 52
Consolidation of goods
, 45–6
Containerisation
, 37
swap bodies
, 37, 39, 49
Contracts
green logistics contracts
, 85, 92–3, 97–8, 99, 100, 106
intermodal transport
, 206–7
Coop
intermodal transport
, 201–12
Corporate social responsibility (CSR) reporting
green retail chains
, 84, 85, 87, 88, 89, 93, 94, 96, 100, 102, 103
Czech Republic
road transport
, 37
DB Schenker
, 52, 53, 205, 206
Delivery services
, xvii-xviii, 46
ArcGIS Network Analysis
, 63, 70, 71, 73–5
depot locations
, 71–3
e-commerce
, 57, 66
emissions factors
, 70–1
environmental effects
, 63–80
greenhouse gas emissions
, 63–80
household data
, 73
large companies
, 46
last-mile passenger vehicles
, xvii-xviii, 68, 69, 73–4, 75–80
literature review
, 66–7
local depot truck delivery
, 68, 69, 75–80
network data set
, 68–70
reductions in externalities
, 66–7
regional warehouse truck delivery
, 68, 69, 75–80
vehicle travel
, 73–5
VMT and pollutants
, 63–80
warehouse location
, 66, 67, 71, 73
Depot location
, 45, 71, 73
see also Warehouse location
Diesel
, xxii, 33, 51, 53, 246
biodiesel
, 9, 50, 52
locomotives
, 48
Double-decker trailers
, 42–3
Dresden
cargo trams
, xxi, 249–51
Driver feedback
, 6, 9, 54
Driver training
, 42, 53–4
fuel efficient driving
, 6, 9, 53–4, 55
Dual fuel vehicles
, 9, 51, 52
conversion kit
, 52
Eco-driving
, 53–4
see also Fuel efficiency
Eco-efficiency
definition
, 140
packaging
, 139, 140–1
supply chain integration
, 140–1
Economic growth
CO2 emissions reduction and
, 4–5, 14, 25–6
green growth and
, 14
EFVs see Electric freight vehicles
ELAbestLog programme
, 38, 58
Electric freight vehicles (EFVs)
, xxiii, 33, 265–94
adding value
, 279
architecture
, 279
batteries
, 268, 273, 274, 276
bundling
, 279
cargo trams
, xxi, 245–61
in city logistics
, 266–9
compared to ICE vehicles
, 273, 274, 276
definition
, 268
economical performance
, 273, 274
environmental performance
, 273, 274–5
government policy and
, 275–6, 280–1
implementation
, 265, 268, 271–85
limited availability
, 272, 273, 284, 285
logistics facilities
, 277–80
long-term vision
, 280
operational performance
, 272, 273, 274
private initiatives
, 281–4
property requirements
, 279
purchase costs
, 272, 274, 284, 285
rapid technical development
, 285
social and attitudinal performance
, 273, 275
technical performance
, 272, 273
trains
, 48, 51, 53
weight of goods
, 278
Electric vehicles (EVs)
, xxii-xxiii, 4, 9, 24, 271, 284
batteries
, 268, 273, 274, 276, 311, 312
operational performance
, 272, 273, 274, 306–10
purchase costs
, 272, 274, 284, 285, 299, 310
running costs
, 299
see also Electric freight vehicles; Small electric vehicles
Electricity
prices
, 299
sources
, 9, 51
Emissions see CO2 emissions; Greenhouse gas emissions
Emissions trading
, 58
cap & trade system
, 23–4
CO2 emissions
, 18, 23–4, 58
EU-ETS
, 24
Empty running
, 11, 41–2, 90
Environmental reporting
, 54–5
retail chains CSR reporting
, 84, 85, 87, 88, 89, 93, 94, 96, 100, 102, 103
EPA MOVES model
, 63, 70, 72
ESRI StreetMap
, 68, 70, 73, 75
European Logistics Association (ELA)
ELAbestlog
, 38, 58
European Modular System
, 37
European Organisation for Forwarding and Logistics
, 48
European Union
BESTUFS
, 58
biofuels
, 12
certification
, reporting and monitoring, 19
city logistics
, 267, 268
CO2 emissions reduction
, 3–4, 9–10, 12, 14, 19, 26, 218, 271
ECOSTARS
, 58
ELAbestlog
, 38, 58
Emission Trading System (EU-ETS)
, 24
Euro Standards
, 47, 52
European Commission Transport White Paper 2011
, xxi, 3, 4, 9–10, 18, 271
EVs
, 271
Freight Action Plan
, 37
Fuel Quality Directive
, 53
GIFTS
, 58
green corridors
, 37–8
height of vehicles
, 43
Innovation and Networks Executive Agency
, 38
intermodal transport
, 218–19
Marco Polo programme
, 38, 167, 168
mode shift programmes
, 37–8
policies
, 58
Roadmap to a Single European Transit Area
, 218–19
START
, 58
Technical Specifications for Interoperability (TSI)
, 39
TEN-T
, 37–8, 58
Twin Hub project
, 227–31, 241
Waste Directives
, 57, 154
EVs see Electric vehicles
Fossil fuels
climate change and
, 4, 5
economic growth and
, 4
methane
, 51
Renewable Transport Fuels Obligation
, 51
use
, 1, 3, 4
Four As (4As) of sustainable logistics
, xvi-xxiv
acting and shifting
, xx-xxii, 117, 119, 120, 125–7
anticipation
, xxii-xxiii, 118, 119, 120, 125–7
avoidance
, xviii-xx, 117, 119, 120, 125–7
awareness
, xvi-xviii, 117, 119, 125–7
hierarchic dashboard
, xix, 114, 116, 121, 123–5, 129–32
supply chain management
, 119–20, 125–7, 131
urban logistics pooling
, 113, 117, 118–21, 125–7, 131
Freight Best Practice
, 38, 41, 44, 47, 52, 56
Freight modal split see Modal split
Freight trams see Cargo trams
Freight Transport Association (FTA)
, 41
Logistics Carbon Reduction Scheme (LCRS)
, 52, 54
Freight transport intensity
definition
, 10
Fuel efficiency
, 8, 47, 48, 55–6
automatic tyre inflation
, 48
driver training
, 6, 9, 53–4, 55
fuel intensity improvements
, 43, 47, 49, 55
fuel usage monitoring
, 55
ships
, 49
speed limiters
, 48
waste heat recovery
, 8, 49–50
Gas filled vehicles
liquid petroleum gas (LPG)
, 51
natural gas (NG)
, 5, 9, 51, 52
Germany
cargo trams
, xxi, 249–51
intermodal shift
, 167
Global Intermodal Freight Transport System (GIFTS)
, 58
Global population increase
, 3–4
Globalisation
, xiii, 33, 45, 166
Government policies
, 58
EFVs
, 275–6, 280–1
see also Policy instruments
Green Freight Europe
, xvii, 55
Green image
retail chains
, 85, 87–8, 96, 98–9, 100, 101, 102–4
Green logistics
, xiii, 2, 251
retail chains see Green retail chains
sustainable logistics distinguished
, xiii
Green retail chains
, xviii, 83–109
air emissions
, 90–1
CO2 emissions
, 90–1
CSR reporting
, 84, 85, 87, 88, 89, 93, 94, 96, 100, 102, 103
empirical study
, 95–107
energy use
, 90
fill rate/loading factors
, 90
green image
, 85, 87–8, 96, 98–9, 100, 101, 102–4
green logistics actions
, 83, 85, 86, 88–9, 91, 96, 99, 100, 101–2, 104–5
green logistics contracts
, 85, 92–3, 97–8, 99, 100, 106
green logistics measurements
, 89–91, 97, 99, 100, 102, 105–6
greenwashing
, 84, 85–6, 98, 101, 107, 108
literature review
, 86–93
management of transport resources
, 97, 99, 100, 102, 104–5
physical structure of logistics system
, 96, 99, 100, 101, 104
scheduling of freight flows
, 96–7, 99, 100, 101, 104
technology
, 90
Greenhouse gas emissions
, 1, 2, 12, 33–4
criteria pollutants
, 64–6, 67, 79, 80
delivery services and
, 63–80
direct
, 32
indirect
, 32–3
mitigation see Mitigation measures
passenger transport
, 4
reduction targets
, 3
reporting
, 54
SCOPE 1 emissions
, 32, 33, 54
SCOPE 2 emissions
, 32, 54
SCOPE 3 emissions
, 33
VMT and pollutants
, 63–80
warehouse location
, 66, 67, 71, 73
see also CO2 emissions
Greenwashing
, 84, 85–6, 98, 101, 107, 108
Grocery delivery services see Delivery services
High-cube vehicles
, 42, 43, 49
Horizontal collaboration
, xix, 115–16, 121
Hungary
rail transport
, 39
Hydrogen vehicles
, 4, 9, 51
ICT (Information and Computer Technology)
, xix, 235
vehicle routing
, 44–5
Inland waterways
, xx
Belgium
, 231–4
break-even distances
, xxi, 231–4, 235, 236, 237
see also Barges
Innovations and Networks Agency
, 38
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
, 3
Intermodal transport
, 11, 37
break-even distances
, xxi, 217–41
brokerage and tracking system
, 39
business models
, xx-xxi, 193–214
contracts
, 206–7
Coop
, 201–12
customer interface
, 203–5
economies of scale
, 221–2
European Modular System
, 37
European Union
, 218–19
infrastructure management
, 205–7
own-account model see Own-account business model
road-rail transport
, 193–214
synchromodality/synchronized multimodality
, 11
Volvo
, 201, 202–12
International Green House Gas Protocol Initiative (2001)
, 32–3
Ireland
empty running
, 41
Kyoto Protocol
, 5, 117, 132, 271
Last-mile passenger vehicles
, xvii-xviii, 68, 69, 73–4, 75–80
Latvia
road transport
, 37
Lean and Green programme
, xvi, 16
Less-than-full truck loads (LTL)
, 38
Life-cycle assessment
, 42, 147, 154
Liquid petroleum gas (LPG)
, 51
Lithuania
road transport
, 37
Load consolidation/deconsolidation
, 45–6
Load factor
, xix
barges
, 237
Location Analysis Model for Belgian Intermodal Terminals (LAMBIT)
, 228, 231–4
Logistics Carbon Reduction Scheme (LCRS)
, 52, 54
Low-loaders/liners
, 37, 49
Marco Polo programme
, 38, 167, 168
Mitigation measures
, 6, 7–12, 31–59
alternative fuels see Alternative fuels
biofuels
, 4, 9, 12, 50–1, 52
bundling see Bundling
cap & trade system
, 23–4
cost-effectiveness
, 1–2, 6, 12–18, 21, 24, 25, 26, 27
driver training
, 6, 9, 42, 53–4, 55
e-commerce
, 57, 66
electric vehicles see Electric vehicles
emissions trading
, 18, 23–4, 58
environmental reporting
, 54–5
EU policies
, 58
freight modal split
, 10–11
fuel efficient driving
, 6, 9, 53–4
fuel tax
, 23
government policies
, 58
ICT
, 44–5
intermodal transport
, 37
load factor
, xix
logistical options
, 10–11
long haul logistics
, 31–59
management issues
, 55–6
modal shift and
, 10–11, 18–19
modal split
, 35–40
operational options
, 7, 9–10
options
, 7–12
reverse logistics
, 56–7
supply chain structure
, 45–6
technology see Alternative fuels; Vehicle technology
vehicle utilisation see Vehicle utilisation
Modal shift
benefits
, 167
CO2 emissions and
, 10–11, 18–19
flexibility issues
, 40
government policies
, 58
interoperability
, 39–40
major EU mode shift programmes
, 37–8
New Zealand
, xx, 165–91
rank-ordered logit (ROL) model
, 165, 168, 169–70, 181–9
revealed preference (RP) survey
, 165, 168–9, 171, 176, 181, 190
shipping sector
, 38–9
transport time
, xx
Modal split
, 35–40
CO2 emissions reduction
, 10–11
efficiency of vehicle routing
, 43–5
efficiency of vehicle usage
, 40–3
environmental credentials
, 35–6
major EU mode shift programmes
, 37–8
rail see Rail transport
ships see Ships
use of modes
, 36–7
Mode choice
New Zealand
, xx, 165–91
rank-ordered logit (ROL) model
, 165, 168, 169–70, 175–81
Mode shift see Modal shift
Natural and Biogas Vehicle Association (NGVA)
, 52
Natural gas (NG)
, 5, 9, 51, 52
compressed NG (CNG)
, 51, 52
conversion kit
, 52
dual fuel vehicles
, 9, 51, 52
Netherlands
cargo trams
, 249–51
Cargohopper
, 277, 282–4
Lean and Green programme
, xvi, 16
printing on demand
, 10
Night-time deliveries
, xxi-xxii, 251–2
cargo trams
, 259
NOx emissions
, 63–80
see also Greenhouse gas emissions
Oil
prices
, 4
shale gas and oil
, 5
shortages
, 4, 5, 298
Operations management
, 54
Osterwalder's business model
, 193, 197, 198–207, 208–9
Own-account transport business model
, xxi, 129, 193, 195, 198–9, 201–14
Packaging
, xix-xx, 137–60
case selection
, 143–4
cross-functionality of process
, 142, 152–5, 157–8
data analysis procedure
, 146
data collection
, 144
design
, 10
eco-efficiency
, 139, 140–1
environmental efforts
, 143, 147, 154–5
external supply chain actors
, 142, 155–6, 158
life-cycle assessment
, 147, 154
logistical conditions
, 142–3, 147, 148, 152, 155
packaging requirements
, 142, 146–7, 148, 150–1, 152, 154, 155–6
packaging system levels
, 141–2, 151–2, 156–7
product characteristics
, 142, 146, 148, 149–50, 151–2
product development and
, 141, 149–51, 156
recycling
, 99, 100
supply chain integration (SCI)
, 140–1
Paris
cargo trams
, 249–51
intermodal shift
, 167
SEVs
, 300
urban logistics pooling
, 129
Passenger transport
alternative fuels
, 4
avoidance
, xviii
emissions
, 4, 66
EVs
, 284
last-mile passenger vehicles
, xvii-xviii, 68, 69, 73–4, 75–80
replacing with delivery services
, 63–80
trams
, 249, 251, 255, 257, 260
PM10
, 63–80
see also Greenhouse gas emissions
Poland
IKEA
, 45
rail transport
, 228–31
road transport
, 37
Twin Hub project
, 227–31
Policy instruments
, 14, 20–4
cap & trade system for CO2 emissions
, 23–4
carbon footprinting
, 21
CO2 legislation for vehicles
, 22
CO2-tax on fuels
, 23
demonstration projects
, 22
EFVs
, 275–6, 280–1
European Union
, 58
internalising external costs by means of taxation
, 22–3
modal shift
, 58
pilots
, 22
standardized testing and evaluation procedures
, 22
Pooled distribution see Urban logistics pooling
Rail transport
, xx, 33, 34, 36
aerodynamics
, 48
barriers to rail use
, 39–40
biofuels
, 53
break-even distances
, xxi, 227–31
cargo trams
, xxi, 245–61
containerisation and
, 37, 39
decline in use
, 37
developments in
, 38–9
diesel locomotives
, 48
eco-driving
, 54
electric trains
, 48, 51, 53
European Union
, 34
flexibility issues
, 40
fuel intensity
, 49
Fuel Quality Directive
, 53
handling technology
, 49
intermodal road-rail transport
, 193–214
international transport
, 34
interoperability
, 39–40, 49
less-than-full truck loads (LTL)
, 38
loading gauges
, 39
low-deck rolling stock
, 39
modal shift
, 39–40
P400 megatrailers
, 39
piggybacking
, 39
regenerative braking
, 53
rolling roads
, 39
semi-trailers
, 37, 39, 49
service-related problems
, 40
ships and
, 38–9
size of trains
, 42, 49
sulphur emissions
, 53
trams see Cargo trams; Trams
urban light rail
, 245–61
vehicle size/type
, 42, 49
vehicle technology
, 48–9
vehicle utilisation see Vehicle utilisation
see also Trains
Rank-ordered logit (ROL) model
, 165, 168, 169–70
mode choice
, 175–81
mode shift
, 181–9
Recycling
, 10, 48, 57
packaging
, 99, 100
see also Reverse logistics
Regional warehouse truck delivery
, 68, 69, 75–80
Renewable Transport Fuels Obligation (RFTO)
, 51
Retail chains see Green retail chains
Revealed preference (RP) survey
, 165, 168–9, 171, 176, 181, 190
Reverse logistics
, 10, 56–7, 87, 117, 139
Road transport
, 36, 37
aerodynamics
, 8–9, 47, 48, 55
alternative fuels see Alternative fuels
backloads
, 41–2, 43–4
delivery services see Delivery services
double-decker trailers
, 42–3
gas filled vehicles
, 5, 9, 51, 52
intermodal road-rail transport
, 193–214
speed limiters
, 48
tare weights
, 47, 48
tyres
, 48, 55
vehicle routing
, 43–5
vehicle size/type
, 42
vehicle technology
, 46–8
vehicle utilisation see Vehicle utilisation
VMT and pollutants
, 63–80
Roadmap to a Single European Transit Area
, 218–19
Routing see Vehicle routing
Scheduling
, 43
see also Vehicle routing
Sea and coastal freight see Ships
SECAs (sulphur emission control areas)
, 52
Semi-trailers
, 37, 39
low-loaders/liners
, 37, 49
piggybacking
, 39
size
, 42
SEVs see Small electric vehicles
Ships
cold ironing
, 50
efficiency of vehicle usage
, 40–3
engine efficiency
, 49
filters
, 50
fuel efficiency
, 49
hull design and performance
, 50
kites
, 49
propellers
, 50
rail transport and
, 38–9
rudders
, 50
sails
, 49
scrubbers
, 50
sea and coastal freight
, 167
shore-based power
, 50
size
, 42
slow steaming
, 49
sulphur emissions
, 52, 53
vehicle technology
, 49–50
vehicle utilisation see Vehicle utilisation
waste heat recovery
, 49–50
Short Term Actions to Reorganize Transport of Goods (START)
, 58
Slovakia
road transport
, 37
Slovenia
road transport
, 37
Small electric vehicles (SEVs)
, xxiii, 295–313
advantages
, 297–8, 299–300
battery issue
, 311, 312
definition
, 297
external costs
, 306–10
operational performance
, 306–10
purchase costs
, 310
stakeholder perspectives
, 310–11, 312
state of the art
, 298–300
traffic performance
, 304–6
see also Electric vehicles
Sulphur emissions
rail transport
, 53
SECAs (sulphur emission control areas)
, 52
ships
, 52, 53
Supply chain integration (SCI)
, 140–1
Supply chains
4As approach
, 113, 117, 118–21, 125–7, 131
CO2 emissions reductions
, 6–7, 10–11
contract logistics
, 46
ELAbestlog
, 38, 58
integration (SCI)
, 140–1
large logistics companies
, 46
level of integration
, 46
load consolidation/deconsolidation
, 45–6
manufacturing location
, 45
packaging
, xix-xx, 137–60
performance measurement
, 118–21
structure
, 45–6
urban logistics pooling
, xix, xx, 113–32
warehouse location
, 45
Sustainable development
, 85, 95, 116–18, 297
Sustainable logistics
, xiii-xiv
fostering
, xiv-xvi
four As see Four As of sustainable logistics
framework
, xiv
green logistics distinguished
, xiii
measures
, xv
transition process
, 25–6
value of
, 18–19
Sustainable performance measurement
, 118–21
Swap-body containers
, 37, 39, 49
Sweden
business models for intermodal transport
, xx-xxi, 193–214
green retail chains
, xviii, 83–109
KNEG
, xvii
Switzerland
Cargo Domizil
, 38
cargo trams
, 249–51
rail transport
, 38, 39, 228–31
Twin Hub project
, 227–31
Synchromodality/synchronized multimodality
, 11
Technology see Alternative fuels; Vehicle technology
Trains see Rail transport
Trams
cargo trams see Cargo trams
passenger transport
, 249, 251, 255, 257, 260
Trans-European Network (TEN-T)
, 37–8, 58
Twin Hub project
, 227–31, 241
Tyres
, 48
maintenance
, 48
pressures
, 48, 55
United Kingdom
biofuels
, 51
efficiency of vehicle usage
, 41
empty running
, 41–2
food supply chain
, 41
Freight Best Practice
, 38, 41, 44, 47, 52, 56
FreightArranger
, 39
rail transport
, 37, 38, 39, 53
Renewable Transport Fuels Obligation
, 51
road transport
, 41
SEVs
, 300
United States
greenhouse gas emissions
, 64, 65, 70
night-time deliveries
, xxi
rail transport
, 34
SmartWay
, xvi, 55
VMT and pollutants
, 63–80
Urban consolidation centres
, 67, 113, 286, 300, 312
Urban distribution centres
, 67, 260
Urban light rail
, 245–61
see also Cargo trams; Trams
Urban logistics pooling
, xix, xx, 113–32
4As approach
, 113, 117, 118–21, 125–7, 131
assessing sustainability
, 113–32
group decision support
, 113, 116, 121–5, 131
hierarchic dashboard
, xix, 114, 116, 121, 123–5, 129–32
horizontal collaboration
, xix, 115–16, 121
key performance indicators (KPI)
, 118–21, 125–7
longitudinal collaboration
, 115
sustainable development
, 116–18
sustainable performance measurement
, 118–21
Vehicle miles travelled (VMT)
pollutants and
, 63–80
Vehicle routing
, 43–5
backloads
, 43–4
ICT
, 44–5
Vehicle technology
, xxii-xxiii, 6, 7, 8–9, 46–53
aerodynamics
, 8–9, 47, 48, 55
barges
, 49–50
cab streamlining
, 47
CO2 emissions reduction
, 6, 7, 8–9, 19–20, 21
complete vehicle approach
, 21
engine technology
, 8
fuel intensity improvements
, 43, 47, 49, 55
lighter weight metals
, 48
objective and reliable information
, 19–20
ships
, 49–50
speed limiters
, 48
streamlining
, 47, 48
tare weights
, 47, 48
teardrop trailers
, 9, 47
tractor/trailer integration
, 47
trains
, 48–9
transmissions and drivetrains
, 8
trucks
, 46–8
tyres
, 48, 55
vehicle body
, 8–9
waste heat recovery
, 8, 49–50
Vehicle utilisation
backloads
, 41–2, 43–4
bundling see Bundling
collaboration
, xix, 115–16, 121
down time
, 42
efficiency
, 40–3
empty running
, 11, 41–2, 90
improving
, 41–2
maximising payload
, 41
road transport
, 11
vehicle size/type
, 42
Vienna
cargo trams
, 249–51
Volvo
, 51
intermodal transport
, 201, 202–12
Warehouse location
, 45, 66, 67, 71, 73
regional warehouse truck delivery
, 68, 69, 75–80
Waste
EU Directives
, 57, 154
recycling
, 10, 48, 57, 99, 100
reverse logistics
, 10, 56–7, 87, 117, 139
second-generation biofuels
, 50–1, 52
Waste heat recovery
, 8
ships
, 49–50
Waterways see Inland waterways
World Economic Forum (WEF)
, 8, 139
Zurich
cargo trams
, 249–5