Index
Kurt April
(University of Cape Town, SA)
Babar Dharani
(University of Cape Town, SA)
Amanda April
(LICM Consulting)
Lived Experiences of Exclusion in the Workplace: Psychological & Behavioural Effects
ISBN: 978-1-80043-309-0, eISBN: 978-1-80043-308-3
ISSN: 2051-2333
Publication date: 16 March 2023
This content is currently only available as a PDF
Citation
April, K., Dharani, B. and April, A. (2023), "Index", Lived Experiences of Exclusion in the Workplace: Psychological & Behavioural Effects (International Perspectives on Equality, Diversity and Inclusion, Vol. 7), Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 231-239. https://doi.org/10.1108/S2051-233320230000007012
Publisher
:Emerald Publishing Limited
Copyright © 2023 Emerald Publishing Limited
INDEX
Academics
, 126
education
, 50
Accent-ism
, 128
Accents
, 25, 128
prestige theory
, 26
Access
, 3, 30[ndash]31, 41, 109, 124, 177
Accessibility
, 48
Accessible
, 48
Acculturation
, 36
Acculturative stress
, 36
Accusations
, 141[ndash]144
Acid attacks
, 151
Adaptation
, 37
ADHD
, 18[ndash]19
Adjustment
, 37
Administrative positions
, 15
Affirmative action
, 2, 155, 166[ndash]168, 198
and broad-based black economic empowerment
, 155[ndash]157
conception and implementation challenges
, 159[ndash]166
post-apartheid
, 157[ndash]158
African black women
, 74
Age
, 7, 20[ndash]22, 64, 87, 150, 152
discrimination
, 20
stereotypes
, 20
Age-related prejudice
, 20
Ageism
, 20
Alienation
, 40, 43, 49, 52
dimensions
, 6
syndrome
, 43
Ally
, 34, 99
Allyship
, 41
American men in same-sex couples
, 63
Anti-discrimination laws
, 87
Anti-immigrant
, 116
Anti-racism
, 123
Anxiety
, 5, 41, 65, 82, 119, 136, 141, 147, 169[ndash]170, 182, 185
Apartheid
, 74, 121
racial spatial planning
, 44
South Africa’s international crime
, 156
Appearance
, 11[ndash]13
Approachability
, 190[ndash]191
Arabic dress codes
, 36
Asian
, 50, 103, 147, 156
Aspirational self
, 177
Assertive servant leadership
, 102
Assimilating
, 3
Assimilation
, 42, 200
Associations
, 58, 60, 62, 141
Assumptions
, 9, 25, 29, 31, 39, 47, 50[ndash]51, 54, 61, 66[ndash]67, 79[ndash]81, 83[ndash]84, 100, 117, 137, 144, 161, 186
AT&T
, 155
Attractiveness
, 12, 144, 150, 178
Attributions based on differences
, 57[ndash]61
Atypical appointees
, 21
Authentic communication
, 193
Authentic self
, 176
Authenticity
, 171, 174[ndash]177, 190
Authority
, 94
Autism
, 18[ndash]19
Autonomy violations
, 145
Availability
, 190[ndash]191
Avoidance
, 88[ndash]90
Awareness
, 3
Background
, 6, 27, 199
Barriers
, 37, 48, 163
Behavioural multidimensional capacity
, 51
Behavioural shifts
, 36
Belief
, 7
Belonging
, 192
Biases
, 35, 80, 109
Binary
, 13, 15, 69
Birth
, 7
Bisexual
, 15, 88, 148
Black
, 23, 61
Black accent
, 72
Black and minority ethnic employees (BME employees)
, 121
Black Economic Empowerment (BEE)
, 157
Black women
, 74
Broad-based Black Economic Empowerment (B-BBEE)
, 157, 165, 198[ndash]199
Bullied
, 70, 198
Bullying
, 140
Camissa
, 73, 83, 112, 116, 121, 126, 130, 142, 156[ndash]157, 164, 166
Career harm
, 145
Career progression
, 124
Categorise
, 58, 79, 84
Challenges
, 34
Codes of Good Practice
, 157
Cognitive multidimensional capacity
, 51
Colonial
, 113
Colonialism
, 74
Colonisation
, 9
Colour
, 7, 64
blindness
, 53
Coloured
, 73, 83, 112, 116, 121, 126, 130, 142, 156[ndash]157, 164, 166
Common good
, 106, 184, 199
Communicative trust
, 182
Community
, 17[ndash]18, 33, 38[ndash]39, 44, 53, 71, 112, 182, 190, 193
Company dress code
, 13
Compassion
, 3, 45, 187[ndash]189
Compassionate reconciliation
, 187
Competence
, 171, 173[ndash]174
trust
, 182
Compliance
, 3
Conception
, 159[ndash]166
Conditioning
, 80
Confidence
, 174
Confrontation
, 88, 107, 198
with authority about discrimination
, 104[ndash]107
avoidance
, 88[ndash]90
direct objection to discrimination
, 94[ndash]104
indirect objection to discrimination
, 91[ndash]94
Confronting prejudiced responses model (CPR model)
, 88
Conscience
, 7
Conscious bias
, 9, 12
Consciousness
, 41
Contact
, 18, 161
Contact theory
, 44
Context
, 5, 9[ndash]10, 17, 25, 58, 96, 175, 185
Contextual rank
, 71
Contextualised discrimination
, 109, 151[ndash]152, (see also Discrimination)
accusations and derogatory comments
, 141[ndash]144
gender discrimination
, 144[ndash]151
humour
, 136[ndash]141
organisational level
, 118[ndash]127
personal level
, 127[ndash]136
systemic level
, 110[ndash]117
Contractual trust
, 182
Conversation
, 26
Coping humour
, 92[ndash]93
Costs of litigation
, 2
Courage
, 185[ndash]187
COVID-19 pandemic
, 1, 29, 103
Creative language
, 97
Criticism
, 52
Cross-departmental collaboration (see Inter-departmental collaboration)
Cross-level trust development
, 182
Cultural intelligence
, 50
Cultural milieu
, 94
Cultural values
, 128
Culture
, 7
of belonging
, 192[ndash]193
shock
, 33
Cyberbullying
, 140
Deculturalisation
, 2
Deep smarts (see Tacit knowledge)
Defeminisation
, 2
Delay
, 101
Delayed direct objection to discrimination
, 100[ndash]104
Democracy of emotions
, 185[ndash]186
Demographic group prototypes
, 74
Depression
, 2, 5, 7, 93, 105, 118, 141, 147
Derogatory comments
, 141[ndash]144
‘Descriptive’ gender stereotypes
, 145
Designated employers
, 157
Designated groups
, 157
Destructive emotions
, 50, 90, 136
Dialect
, 25[ndash]28
Dialogue
, 46, 48
Dignity
, 1, 19, 53, 99, 145, 148, 166, 188, 193, 197
Direct approaches
, 127[ndash]130
Direct confrontation
, 198
Direct discrimination
, 90
Direct objection to discrimination
, 94
delayed direct objection to discrimination
, 100[ndash]104
immediate direct objection to discrimination
, 96[ndash]100
Disability
, 7
Disadvantaged communities
, 157, 159
Discernment
, 82
Discomfort
, 177
Discriminating acts
, 6
Discrimination
, 7, 12, 57, 83[ndash]85, 198
attributions based on differences
, 57[ndash]61
gendered roles in workplace
, 66[ndash]70
mental models and stereotyping
, 61[ndash]66
rank
, 70[ndash]76
reinforcement of stereotypes
, 76[ndash]78
remedies
, 78[ndash]83
Discriminatory acts
, 109
Discriminatory behaviour
, 88, 90, 100, 151
Discriminatory experiences
, 87
Disengagement
, 93
Distributive injustice
, 132
Distributive justice
, 119
Diversability
, 17[ndash]20, 64, 87
bullying
, 141
Diversity
, 5
Doll experiment
, 57, 60, 64
Dominant
, 2[ndash]3, 6[ndash]7, 9, 11, 16, 35, 53, 134, 172, 199
Double loop learning
, 52
Dress code
, 10
Dynamism
, 187
Dyslexia
, 19
E-mails
, 103
Econometric analysis
, 30
Economically powerful group
, 2, 9
Education
, 30[ndash]32
Effective leadership
, 99
Electronic bullying
, 140
Elite institution
, 30
Emotional maturity
, 50
Emotions
, 99
Empathetic language
, 97
Empathy
, 45
Employability
, 27, 35
Employee disabilities
, 170
Employee neurodiversity
, 170
Employment equity
, 198
Employment Equity Plans. Section 6(2) of the Act
, 157
Empowered powerlessness
, 15
Empowerment
, 193
Engagement
, 3, 22, 103, 187, 197
Environmental trust
, 182
Equality
, 109[ndash]110
Equity
, 109[ndash]110, 112, 119
theory
, 119, 171
Ethnic or social origin
, 7, 9[ndash]11
Ethnicity
, 9, 87
European Union (EU)
, 144
Exclusion
, 1[ndash]2, 5, 53
age
, 20[ndash]22
appearance
, 11[ndash]13
consequences
, 40[ndash]43
dialect
, 25[ndash]28
diversability
, 17[ndash]20
education and training
, 30[ndash]32
ethnic and social origin
, 9[ndash]11
inter-and intra-departmental disciplines
, 32[ndash]33
language
, 24[ndash]25
political view and opinion
, 28[ndash]29
race
, 8[ndash]9
relocating for work
, 33[ndash]40
remedies for
, 44[ndash]53
sex and gender
, 13[ndash]17
spirituality and religion
, 22[ndash]24
Exclusionary acts
, 7
Exclusionary behaviour
, 49
Expectation
, 9, 15, 22, 25, 47, 63, 66, 135, 182
Experiential learning
, 52
Exxon
, 155
EY
, 170
Facilitation
, 50
Fairness in psychology
, 119
Fashion statements
, 13
Feelings
, 99
Feelings of alienation
, 40
fMRI scanning
, 63
Focauldian analyses
, 112
Ford Motor Company
, 170
Free-market concern
, 159
Gay
, 15, 35, 48, 58, 75, 77, 148
Gender
, 7, 13[ndash]17, 64, 152
discrimination
, 144[ndash]151
expressions
, 87
identity
, 13, 16
inequality
, 2
spectrum
, 15
stereotypes
, 14, 66
workplace roles
, 144
Gendered roles in workplace
, 66[ndash]70
Generalisations
, 57[ndash]59
Generosity
, 30
Glass ceiling
, 2, 15
Glass cliff
, 15
Global South
, 18
Government institutions
, 126
Group affiliation
, 197
Group atmosphere
, 90
Group dynamics
, 6
Hair colour
, 152
Happy workers
, 2[ndash]3
Hard stuff
, 104
Hegemonic domains
, 131
Hegemonic masculinity
, 16
Height-based prejudice
, 12[ndash]13
Heightism
, 12
Hermeneutic listening
, 82
Hermeneutic phenomenological methodology
, 2
Heteronormativity
, 16, 146, 148
Heterosexual
, 16, 58, 68, 75, 118, 134, 146, 148, 163, 175
Heuristics
, 79, 82
Hierarchical regression analyses
, 40
Hierarchy of needs
, 1
Historical injustice
, 172, 197
Historically-based cultural norms
, 65
Homemaker
, 67[ndash]68
Homosexual
, 53, 58
Homosexuality
, 77
Homosocial reproduction
, 133
Human resources
, 15
Human rights
, 1, 17, 24, 29, 130
Humour
, 136[ndash]141
techniques
, 92
Identification
, 7
Identity/identities
, 2, 15, 25, 36, 38, 41, 62, 67, 77, 87, 92, 137, 172, 182, 192, 197, 199
Immediate direct objection to discrimination
, 96[ndash]100
Immigrant
, 34, 114[ndash]117
Implicit attitudes
, 63
Implicit bias
, 62[ndash]63
In-group
, 14, 35, 44, 101
Inauthenticity
, 10, 16
Inclusion
, 1, (see also Exclusion)
Inclusive leadership
, 42, 177[ndash]193
Inclusive-based action
, 192
Inclusivity
, 1, 8, 27, 49, 82, 163
Indian
, 62, 80, 156, 166
Indigeneity
, 9
Indirect approaches
, 130[ndash]136
Indirect confrontation
, 198
Indirect objection to discrimination
, 91[ndash]94
Individual exceptionalism
, 52
Individual/s or groups
, 6
Inequality/inequalities
, 2, 10, 28, 68, 110, 126, 156[ndash]157, 159, 166
Inequity
, 119
Information/knowledge/wisdom
, 61
Informed consent replacement process
, 133
Inquiring
, 47[ndash]48
Institutionalised discrimination
, 61, 91, 106, 198
Integration
, 1, 8, 10, 158[ndash]160, 170, 177, 197
Intellectual disability
, 19
Intelligence
, 58[ndash]59
Inter-departmental collaboration
, 32[ndash]33
Inter-departmental disciplines
, 32[ndash]33
Interactional injustice
, 132
Interactional justice
, 122
Interdependent collaboration
, 33
Intergenerational ‘black fatigue’
, 162
Intergroup anxiety
, 6
Intergroup relations
, 38, 44, 175
Internalised forms of thought
, 87
Interpersonal relationships
, 27, 43, 46
Intersectional experiences
, 3
Intersectionality
, 197
Interventions
, 95
Intra-departmental disciplines
, 32[ndash]33
Involvement
, 6, 95, 192
isiXhosa
, 72
isiZulu
, 72
Isolation
, 6, 27
Job involvement
, 5[ndash]6
Jokes
, 139
JPMorgan Chase
, 170
Judgement
, 82
Justice
, 110, 119
Ladder of inference
, 125
Language
, 7, 10, 16, 24[ndash]25, 97
barriers
, 46
usage and accents
, 130
Leader distance
, 190
Leader emergence
, 59
Leaders
, 169
Leadership for inclusivity
, 169, 193[ndash]194
authenticity and likeability
, 174[ndash]177
competence and self-confidence
, 173[ndash]174
seven constructs
, 177[ndash]193
significance and validation
, 171[ndash]173
Leadership journeys of Namibian professionals
, 121
Leadership styles
, 185
Legislation
, 3, 111, 118, 166
Lesbian
, 15, 35, 48, 58, 63, 148
LGBTQ employees
, 70
LGBTQIA+ employees
, 148
Likeability
, 171, 174[ndash]177
Lingering negative social stereotyping
, 58
Linguistic positioning
, 27
Listen
, 47, 142
Listening
, 47, 50
skills
, 20
Lived experiences and learning experiences
, 61
Logical language
, 97
Majority
, 7[ndash]8, 15[ndash]18, 24, 69, 92, 112, 156[ndash]157, 166, 172, 175
Male-dominated occupations
, 63
Managers
, 169
Marginalisation
, 18
Marital status
, 7
Meaninglessness
, 6
Media platforms
, 78
Mental illness
, 87
Mental models
, 51, 61[ndash]66, 78[ndash]79
Meritocracy
, 31
Metacognitive multidimensional capacity
, 51
Microaggressions
, 133[ndash]134, 198
Microassaults
, 134
Microinsults
, 198
Microinvalidations
, 134
Microsoft
, 170
Migrants
, 92
Migration
, 9, 37
Minority
, 2, 8, 24, 27, 66, 70, 156, 172, 176
Mistreatment
, 133
Mixed race
, 73, 83, 112, 116, 121, 126, 130, 142, 156[ndash]157, 164, 166
Mobility
, 31
Model C schools
, 72
Modern media
, 143
Moral courage
, 98
Moral self-confrontation practices
, 178
Motherhood
, 198
Motivational multidimensional capacity
, 51
Multidimensional Inequality Trends Report
, 165[ndash]166
Narrative
, 49[ndash]50, 134, 161
National Party (NP)
, 156
Nationalism
, 73
Nationality
, 87
Native
, 38
Negative feelings
, 41
Negative language
, 97
Neurodiverse workforce
, 170
Neurodiversity
, 18
Neurodiversity @ Work Roundtable
, 170
Non-binary
, 69
Non-dedication
, 161
Non-disclosure issues
, 16
Non-dominant groups
, 27
Non-hostile approaches
, 89
Non-prejudiced people
, 60
Normative self
, 177
Normlessness
, 6
Objection
, 90
Offensive passive comments
, 16
Older workers
, 22
Openness
, 54
Oppressive racism
, 156
Organisational hierarchy
, 190
Organisational justice
, 118
Organisations
, 27, 30[ndash]32, 45, 131, 172
Orientation
, 7, 93, 133, 178, 200
Ostracism
, 40
Other
, 83
Othering
, 77, 197
Out-group
, 53, 102
‘Out-of-box’ experiences
, 52
Overgeneralisations
, 59
Overweight
, 141
Passive-aggressive behaviours
, 198
Patience
, 106
Patriarchy
, 121
PDD-NOS
, 19
People of colour
in South Africa
, 101
and women
, 155
Perceived biases
, 120
Perceived differences
, 7, 51
Perceived discrimination
, 116
Perceptions
, 78
Performance
, 7, 24[ndash]25, 31, 92, 192, 199
Permission
, 83, 151
Perpetrator
, 88
Persona
, 176
Personal coping mechanism
, 101
Personal efficacy perceptions
, 7
Personal introspection and interrogation
, 178
Personal stories
, 52
Personality traits
, 33
Persons with disabilities (PWDs)
, 17[ndash]18
Physical beatings
, 151
Physical bullying
, 140
Physical courage
, 98
Physical features
, 13
Physical harm
, 145
‘Pink collar’ jobs
, 145
Polarisation
, 8, 28
Policy/policies
, 3, 24, 91, 99, 105, 162
Political view and opinion
, 28[ndash]29
Positionality
, 58
Post-apartheid
, 157[ndash]158
Post-traumatic stress (PTS)
, 141
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
, 141
Poverty
, 121
Power
, 97, 166
Powerful language
, 97
Powerlessness
, 6
Precarious situations
, 114
Preferences
, 117, 133, 192
Preferential treatment
, 119
Pregnancy
, 7
Prejudgement
, 198
Prejudice
, 77, 141[ndash]144
Prejudiced leaders
, 118
Prejudiced managers
, 118
Prejudiced people
, 60
Prejudiced personnel
, 118
Preschool teachers and staff
, 63
‘Prescriptive’ gender stereotypes
, 145
Primitive ‘equity model’ of social justice
, 119
Prioritising
, 178
Privilege
, 74[ndash]75
Procedural injustice
, 132
Promotability
, 27, 35
Protected group
, 7, 41, 151[ndash]155
Prototype
, 51, 59, 74
Prototypical woman
, 74
Psychological
, 2
Psychological barriers
, 109
Psychological needs
, 1
Psychological rank
, 70[ndash]71
Psychological safety
, 189[ndash]190
Psychological stress
, 141
Psychological well-being
, 7
Psychometric testing
, 32
Public activism
, 106
Queen bee
, 15
Queer
, 15, 35
Race
, 7[ndash]9, 58[ndash]59, 64, 87, 123
Race-related discrimination
, 8
Race[ndash]occupation
, 125
Racial bullying
, 140
Racial differences
, 10
Racial discrimination
, 101
Racial exclusion
, 121
Racial identities
, 62
Racialised social systems
, 111
Racism
, 123
Racist
, 8, 119
Rank
, 70[ndash]76
dynamics
, 72
Ranking professions
, 72
Rankism
, 70, 74
Reaction
, 37
Realignment
, 178
Reflecting
, 47[ndash]48
Reflection
, 79
Reflection-in-action
, 80
Reflection-on-action
, 80
Reinforcement of stereotypes
, 76[ndash]78
Relatability
, 52
Religion
, 7, 22[ndash]24, 87
Religious beliefs
, 10, 23
Religious bullying
, 140
Relocation
, 33, 38[ndash]39
Reprimand civility
, 97
Reprimand privacy
, 97
Respect
, 1, 9, 32, 46, 98, 132, 190, 193
Responsibilities
, 15
Reverse culture shock
, 38
Reversibility
, 193
Risk management strategy
, 159
Role attribution schema
, 69
Role combinations
, 68
Sanuk
, 136
SAP
, 170
Schema
, 68
Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM)
, 63, 126
Sears
, 155
Second sexism
, 145
Segregation
, 40
Self-alienation
, 135[ndash]136
Self-awareness
, 178[ndash]181
Self-concept construction
, 118
Self-confidence
, 171, 173[ndash]174
Self-constancy
, 190
Self-depreciation
, 135[ndash]136
Self-development techniques
, 198
Self-discrepancy theory
, 89
Self-efficacy
, 173
Self-esteem
, 142
Self-estrangement
, 6
Self-interest
, 171
Self-leadership development
, 19
Self-perceived mistreatment
, 143
Self-persecuting function
, 147
Self-reflection
, 81
Self[ndash]other orientation, triadic pattern of
, 43
Semi-structured interviews
, 121
Seniority
, 94
Sensitivity
, 54
sePedi
, 72
Servant leadership approach
, 102
Setting work values
, 187
Sex
, 7, 13[ndash]17, 64
Sexist
, 89
Sexual bullying
, 140
Sexual harassment
, 13, 15, 69, 140, 150, 198
Sexual LGBTQI+ minorities
, 173
Sexual orientation
, 7, 16
Sexualisation
, 198
Shame
, 2, 68[ndash]69, 119, 136, 147
Shared power
, 33
Significance
, 171[ndash]173
Silence
, 22, 47, 48, 100, 150, 173
Simple beliefs
, 61
Social bullying
, 140
Social categorisation
, 80
Social competence
, 100
Social discrimination
, 63[ndash]64
Social exclusion
, 1
Social harm
, 145
Social identity
, 175
theory
, 136
Social justice
, 119, 193
Social media
, 102[ndash]103
private messaging and posting/commenting
, 103
Social orientations
, 36
Social origin
, 7, 9[ndash]11
Social positioning
, 27
Social rank
, 70
Socialisation
, 50, 152
Societal stereotypes
, 80
Socio-economic contexts
, 128
Socio-historical factors
, 58
Socio-medical stigma
, 69
Soft language
, 97
Solidarity theory
, 65
Somatisation
, 141
South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC)
, 65
Spirals of silence
, 48
Spiritual rank
, 71
Spirituality
, 22[ndash]24
Stereotypes
, 13, 58, 62
impact of
, 146[ndash]147
threat
, 62
Stereotypical mental models
, 69
Stereotypical work roles
, 66
Stereotyping
, 61[ndash]66
Stresses
, 15
Structural discrimination
, 110
Sub-hierarchies
, 130
Subjective bias
, 58
Subjective forms of thought
, 87
Subjective lived experiences
, 200
Subtle discrimination
, 114
Suspending judgement
, 46
Swift trust framework
, 182
Sympathy
, 45
System
, 42, 76, 110, 192
Systemic discrimination
, 112[ndash]113, 127
Systemic injustice
, 132
Tacit knowledge
, 79
Talent
, 22, 68
Team(s)
, 3, 14, 123, 158, 172, 184, 200
Teasing
, 137[ndash]138
Technology
, 143
Tenure
, 20
Tokenism
, 163
Tolerance
, 53
Tolerate
, 182
Traditional family-unit paradigm
, 17
Training
, 30[ndash]32
Training and development programs
, 96
Transference
, 21, 84
Transformation
, 158, 166, 169
Transformative engagement
, 49, 186
Transgender men
, 111
Trust
, 182[ndash]185
building cycles
, 182
Unconscious bias training
, 123
Unfiltered self
, 177
Unlearning[ndash]relearning work
, 52
Unprotected classes
, 87
Upbringing
, 5[ndash]6, 11, 34, 50, 68, 79, 89, 93
Validation
, 171[ndash]173
Values
, 10, 71
Variously abled individuals and groups
, 163
Verbal bullying
, 140
Victim
, 63, 72, 91, 119, 143, 165
Victimisation
, 77
Violations of descriptive stereotypes
, 147
Violence against women (VAW)
, 151
Visibility
, 146
Voice in organisations
, 171
Weight
, 11, 69, 91, 130
Well-being
, 1, 3, 5, 174, 188
Western style consumer-driven economies
, 20
White people
, 74
White privileges
, 121
White supremacy
, 199
Whiteness
, 59
Withdraw
, 42, 141
Withdrawal
, 37
Work
, 17
environments
, 5
relocating for
, 33[ndash]40
Workplace
, 31, 49, 58
competency
, 128
cultural schemas
, 187
culture
, 15
gendered roles in
, 66[ndash]70
initiatives
, 3
interactions
, 25
intergroup interactions
, 136
performance
, 32
racialisation
, 123
systems and processes
, 109
workplace-excellence foundations
, 104
World Health Organization (WHO)
, 17
Writing skills
, 20
Yale Child Study Center
, 63
Yellow-boned individuals in South Africa
, 59
Young girls
, 63