Air Canada (AC)

, 248

Air cargo

, 35–36, 207–208, 242, 264–265, 284

cartelization

, 2

demand

, 210–218

exports in Nigeria

, 290–292

mode

, 1–2

operations

, 2, 142

productivity

, 3–4

profitability

, 83–84

research on air cargo industry

, 44–46

review of air cargo sector

, 244–245

sector

, 197

services

, 7

transfer

, 142

transport

, 1–2

Air cargo as determinant of economic diversification in Nigeria

, 292–295

Air Cargo Belgium (ACB)

, 175

Air cargo carriers

, 36, 38, 63

characteristics of supply chains served by air cargo carrier networks

, 38–44

Air cargo shipment planning problem

, 9–10

with agent risk assessments

, 13–14

generation of test examples and definition of best parameters

, 24–28

literature review

, 11–12

mixed 0–1 LP model for air cargo shipment planning problem

, 14–19

numerical investigations

, 24–32

research methodology and solution approaches

, 19–24

Air carrier

liberalization

, 260

served supply chain components

, 38–39

Air connectivity

, 209

Air France (AF)

, 248

Air freight

integrators

, 118

operators

, 192–193

Air hub

, 264

Air routes

, 264

Air service agreements (ASAs)

, 265

Air trade accounts

, 209

AirBridgeCargo

, 161

Aircraft assets

, 184

exports of

, 193–195

imports of

, 195–197

Aircraft leasing

, 184, 187–188

Airfreight forwarder companies

, 10, 13

Airline Deregulation Act of 1978

, 244–245

Airlines share of cargo exports

, 298–299

Airport cargo strategy canvas

, 156, 172

airport market

, 164–168

airport product

, 157–164

Brussels Airport

, 173–177

disruptors

, 170–172

shareholder objectives

, 168–170

Airport cargo supply chain operations reference model (ACSCOR model)

, 219

Airport competitiveness

, 156–157

Airport management

, 156–157

Airport market

, 164–168

competition

, 167–168

key strategic products

, 164–167

regulation

, 164

Airport product

, 157–164

airport operations

, 161–163

cargo market place

, 159–161

product differentiation

, 163–164

territory component

, 157–159

Akaike Information Criteria (AIC)

, 295

Alaska Airlines

, 150

Alaska Bypass

, 142, 149, 151

competitive advantage in geography

, 142–144

competitive advantage in operations

, 144–149

Alaska Bypass Mail

, 150–151

All Nippon Airways Co., Ltd. (NH)

, 248

All-cargo air transport companies

, 84

All-cargo aircrafts

, 88

All-cargo airline workers

, 88

All-cargo US airline sector

, 84

cost estimation results

, 101–110

data

, 89–92

empirical approach

, 92–101

factors influencing air cargo productivity

, 85–89

Amazon Air

, 4, 133, 135

American Airlines (AA)

, 248

Anchorage International Airport (ANC)

, 4–5, 142, 145, 147–148

direct flights to/from

, 145

management team

, 149

Ansett Worldwide Aviation Services (AWAS)

, 184–185

Ant colony optimization (ACO)

, 3, 10, 12, 20, 24

Antitrust

, 243–244

ARIMA

, 249

ASL Aviation Ireland

, 193

Augmented Dickey–Fuller test (ADF test)

, 249, 295

Autocorrelation function plots (ACF plots)

, 248–249

Autoregressive distributed lag model (ARDL model)

, 219–220

Average growth rate (AGR)

, 207–208

Aviation

, 157–159

Aviation logistics, potential effects of FFTR liberalization on

, 274–276

AVN67

, 200

Avolon

, 184–185

“Before and after” analysis

, 246–247

Betweenness centrality

, 224–225

Boeing Field Airport Seattle

, 135–137

British Airways (BA)

, 248

BRU

, 168–169, 173, 175, 177

Brussels Airport

, 172–173, 177

Brussels Airport Company (BAC)

, 173

Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS)

, 118, 121, 247

Business Model Canvas

, 156–157

Business-to-Consumer (B2C)

, 166–167

Cabotage

, 148

Cargo carrier networks

, 38

Cargo community systems (CCS)

, 86–87

Cargo export

, 284–285

Cargo integrator

, 84

Cargo market place

, 159–161

Cargo types

, 290–291

Cargo-dominant hubs

, 123–124

Cargo-First Policy

, 267–268

Cargo-focused hub airports

, 118, 121–123

comparing size and growth of cargo-focused and mixed-purpose airports

, 129–133

emerging cargo-handling airports and Amazon Air

, 133–135

evolution

, 123–129

geographic analysis

, 127–129

methods used and typology

, 121–123

profiles

, 135–137

varying ratio of cargo to passenger traffic at airports

, 132–133

Cargo-only hubs

, 123–124

Cargolux

, 161

Cargolux Airlines International S. A. (CV)

, 248

Cartel

, 243–244

data and methods

, 247–252

formation and behavior

, 245–247

interpretation of results

, 252–260

review of air cargo sector

, 244–245

Cathay Pacific Airways Limited (CX)

, 248

Center of Excellence for Independent Validators (CEIV)

, 166

Central Bank of Ireland

, 184–185

Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN)

, 286

Central Statistics Office (CSO)

, 184

Centrality metrics

, 224–225

Certificated maximum gross takeoff weight (CMGTW)

, 149

Chicago Rockford International Airport

, 135–137

China Airlines Ltd. (CI)

, 248

China-US Air Transport Agreement

, 266–267

Chinese cities’ competition for FFTR points

, 268–273

CIT

, 184–185

Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC)

, 266, 270

Civil Aviation Law of China

, 265

Closeness centrality

, 224–225

Cointegration analysis of air cargo exports and Nigerian GDP

, 295

Comext

, 185–186

Computerized tracking systems

, 87

Connecting complex

, 123

Consolidation

, 13–14

COVID-19 pandemic

, 2, 11, 171, 207–208

Customs declarations

, 185

Degree of centrality

, 224–225

Deutsche Lufthansa AG (LH)

, 248

DHL

, 176–177

Dickey–Fuller Generalized Least Squares test (DF-GLS test)

, 249

Disruptors

, 170–172

Domestic carriers

, 184, 188, 192

air freight operators

, 192–193

data and methodology

, 185–186

demand factors and market cycles

, 186–187

and freight belly capacity

, 192

future headwinds and Brexit

, 199–201

ITGS data on Irish imports and exports

, 193–197

leased assets treatment in macroeconomic statistics

, 198–199

sources of demand in Ireland

, 187–193

E-commerce

, 166–167, 176

Economic diversification

, 284

air cargo as determinant of economic diversification in Nigeria

, 292–295

air cargo exports in Nigeria

, 290–292

airlines share of cargo exports

, 298–299

cointegration analysis of air cargo exports and Nigerian GDP

, 295

literature review

, 285

policy implication

, 300–301

study area and methodology

, 286–287

trends of cargo volume in Nigeria

, 287–289

Economic growth

, 284–285

Economic performance

, 43–44

Eigenvector centrality

, 224–225

EL AL Israel Airlines Ltd. (LY)

, 248

Elliot, Rothenberg & Stock test (ERS test)

, 249

Environmental performance

, 43–44

Error correction model (ECM)

, 220

Everts Air Cargo

, 150

Export diversification

, 285

Exports of aircraft assets

, 193–195

F-test

, 225–226

Fairbanks International Airport (FAI)

, 146

Federal Airport Authority of Nigeria (FAAN)

, 286

Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)

, 148

Federal Express (FedEx)

, 3, 63, 118–119

Fifth freedom traffic right (FFTR)

, 264

challenge lying in FFTR liberalization

, 276–277

in China

, 7

Chinese cities’ competition for FFTR points

, 268–273

liberalization of FFTR operation in China

, 265–268

operations

, 265

potential effects of FFTR liberalization on aviation logistics

, 274–276

promoting economic development

, 273–274

prospects and challenges of using FFTR in China

, 273–277

routes

, 264–265

strategies

, 277–278

FlightAware

, 122

Foreign direct investment (FDI)

, 5–6, 208–209, 221–222

Foreign trade zone operations (FTZ operations)

, 148–149

Fort Worth Alliance

, 135–137

Free trade zone

, 264–265

Freight Analysis Framework (FAF)

, 226

Freight belly capacity

, 192

Freight integrators

, 4

Fully Modified Least Squares (FMOLS)

, 220

Gas-and-go refueling operations

, 145

GE Capital Aviation Services (GECAS)

, 184–185

Generalized method of moments (GMM)

, 225–226

Genetic algorithm (GA)

, 12

Global Trade Analysis Project-Product Classification (GTAP)

, 226

Global value chains (GVC)

, 208, 221–222

Goods

, 185

Granger causality

, 219–220

Gravity model

, 220

Great circles

, 142

Greedy randomized adaptive search procedure (GRASP)

, 11–12

Gross domestic product (GDP)

, 36, 220–221, 286

Guinness Peat Aviation (GPA)

, 184–185, 187–188

Gulf Three

, 186

Hub-and-spoke distribution system

, 87

Hubs

, 119

Imports of aircraft assets

, 195–197

Industrial and Commercial Bank of China Ltd. (ICBC)

, 184–185

Infrastructure performance

, 43–44

Integration

, 13–14

International air cargo industry

, 2

costs and competitiveness

, 3–5

demand

, 5–6

international competition and economic development

, 6–7

International air cargo operations

, 2

International Air Transport Association (IATA)

, 1–2, 36, 268

International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)

, 242

International Lease Finance Corporation (ILFC)

, 184–185, 196

International trade flows

, 197

International Trade in Goods Statistics (ITGS)

, 5, 184–185

data on Irish imports and exports

, 193–197

Interorganizational information systems (IOS)

, 86–87

Japan Airlines (JL)

, 148, 248

Johansen Cointegration test

, 295

Just-in-time production (JIT production)

, 10

Kalitta Air

, 161

KLM (KL)

, 248

Korean Air Cargo

, 148

Korean Airlines (KE)

, 248

Kwiatkowski–Phillips–Schmidt–Shin test (KPSS test)

, 249

Labor saving technology

, 95

LAN Cargo S. A. /Aerolinhas Brasileiras S.A. (LA)

, 248

Leased assets treatment in macroeconomic statistics

, 198–199

LGG

, 177

Liberalization of FFTR operation in China

, 265–268

Cargo-First Policy

, 267–268

China-US Air Transport Agreement

, 266–267

relaxed arrangements on FFTR in Sino-foreign ASAs

, 266

Ljung-Box Test

, 249–252

Lloyds Form

, 200

Lucrative wage negotiations

, 87

Lynden Air Cargo

, 150

Maritime transport

, 167

Martinair Holland N.V. (MP)

, 248

Maximum gross landing weight (MGLW)

, 149

Merchandise trade

, 207–208

Mixed 0–1 LP model for air cargo shipment planning problem

, 14–19

decision variables

, 16

example

, 18–19

indices and sets

, 15

model formulation

, 16–19

parameters

, 15–16

Mixed integer programming (MIP)

, 11

Mixed-integer linear programming (MILP)

, 10, 12

formulation

, 14–15

Mixed-purpose hub airports

, 123

Multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM)

, 44–46

Multinational enterprises (MNE)

, 208–209

Murtala Mohammed International airport (MMIA)

, 286

Net Book Value (NBV)

, 189–192

Network centrality metrics

, 224–225

Network economies of scale

, 142, 152

Nigeria

air cargo as determinant of economic diversification in

, 292–295

air cargo exports in

, 290–292

demand for air cargo exports in

, 284–285

economic diversification

, 284

GDP

, 286

trends of cargo volume in

, 287–289

Nigerian Aviation Handling Company Ltd (NAHCo)

, 286

Nippon Cargo Airlines

, 161

Nippon Cargo Airlines Co., Ltd. (KZ)

, 248

Northern Air Cargo

, 150

Ocean-cargo shipping consolidation problem

, 11–12

Office of Airline Information

, 247

Ohio’s Dayton International Airport

, 126

Ohio’s Wilmington Air Park

, 127

OLS-CUMSUM test

, 249–252

Operational focal point

, 123

Operational performance

, 43–44

Optimization modeling

, 44–46

Origin-destination (O-D)

, 157, 159

Orix

, 184–185

Pairwise VAR-Granger Causality tests

, 234

Paperwork

, 170–171

Partial autocorrelation function plots (PACF plots)

, 248–249

Performance indicators

, 48–62

Perishables

, 176

Pharmaceuticals

, 166, 176

Phillips–Perron test (PP test)

, 249

Product differentiation

, 163–164

Productivity growth

, 97–98, 101

Qantas Airways Ltd. (QF)

, 248

Random access memory (RAM)

, 27–28

Ravn Alaska

, 150

Regulatory oversight

, 244

Return on investment (ROI)

, 169–170

Returns to density

, 96

Returns to firm size

, 96

Revenue Freight Ton Miles (RFTM)

, 247–248

Revenue ton kilometers (RTK)

, 88–89

Rickenbacker–Columbus Ohio

, 135–137

Risk factors

, 10

Sacramento Mather Airport

, 135–137

SAS Cargo Group A/S (SK)

, 248

Seemingly Unrelated Regression estimation technique (SUR estimation technique)

, 92–93, 101, 223–224

Share equations

, 95

Shareholder objectives

, 168–170

Singapore Airlines Cargo Pte Ltd. (SQ)

, 248

Sino-foreign ASAs, relaxed arrangements on FFTR in

, 266

SkyTeam Cargo

, 148

Social performance

, 43–44

Spatial configuration of air cargo networks

, 40

Stockton Metropolitan Airport

, 135–137

Strategy

, 156

Structural breakpoints

, 254–256

Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation (SMBC)

, 184–185

Supply chains

, 3, 38

air component

, 48–56

application of methodology

, 62–78

assumptions

, 47, 62–63

categorization

, 42

characteristics served by air cargo carrier networks

, 38–44

characterization

, 43–44

ground component

, 56–62

inputs

, 63–68

literature review

, 44–46

methodology

, 47–62

model of performance indicators

, 48–62

objectives

, 46

operations

, 40–42

performance

, 42–44

research on

, 44

results

, 69–78

spatial configuration and operation

, 47

T-100 database

, 247–248

Tabu search algorithm (TS algorithm)

, 12

Taylor series expansion

, 93–94

Technical/technological performance

, 43–44

Time-sensitive goods

, 284

Toledo Express Airport

, 127

Tonne-kilometres (TKM)

, 164

Total factor productivity (TFP)

, 88–89

Trade statistics

, 189

Translog cost function

, 92–93

Transportation management systems (TMS)

, 87

Unit load devices (ULD)

, 246

United Parcel Service (UPS)

, 118

United States

, 208–209

air cargo demand and US air trade characteristics

, 210–218

data sources and estimation results

, 226–234

literature review

, 219–221

methodology and development of variables

, 221–226

US-China trade tension

, 208

United States Postal Service (USPS)

, 150–151

US Department of Transportation (DOT)

, 226, 247

Value-added networks (VAN)

, 86–87

Value-sensitive goods

, 284

Vector autoregression model (VAR model)

, 225–226

Wald tests

, 225–226

Weighted average cost of capital (WACC)

, 89

WOW Cargo

, 148