International Journal of Commerce and ManagementTable of Contents for International Journal of Commerce and Management. List of articles from the current issue, including Just Accepted (EarlyCite)https://www.emerald.com/insight/publication/issn/1056-9219/vol/25/iss/4?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss_journalLatestInternational Journal of Commerce and ManagementEmerald Publishing LimitedInternational Journal of Commerce and ManagementInternational Journal of Commerce and Managementhttps://www.emerald.com/insight/proxy/containerImg?link=/resource/publication/journal/b7591cb7a83923d4b988b5e956a6a00f/UNKNOWNhttps://www.emerald.com/insight/publication/issn/1056-9219/vol/25/iss/4?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss_journalLatestImpact of personality on risk tolerance and investment decisionshttps://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/IJCoMA-01-2013-0002/full/html?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss_journalLatest– The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between personality traits, risk-taking attitude and investment decisions among potential private investors in a post-Soviet transition country, i.e. Kazakhstan. The study provides valuable insights to investment experts and policymakers to understand investors’ behavior in post-Soviet transition countries. – A quantitative research method is used to measure personality traits, risk-taking behavior and investment decisions of the respondents. A survey was conducted among the students and teachers of a business school in Kazakhstan. Based on literature review, two multiple regression models were development and tested in this study. Software packages SPSS and EViews were used to analyze the data. – The findings revealed that personality traits have some impact on an individual’s risk-tolerance behavior, which, in turn, influences investment decisions about stock, securities and bonds. The results of this study imply that investment advisors should consider personal characteristics and individual risk tolerance, among other factors, when giving investment advice to private investors. – At present, there is no study or research available about investors’ behavior and risk-taking attitudes on post-Soviet transition economies. Therefore, this study will contribute significantly toward the understanding of investors’ behavior in these countries and will help policymakers and investment bankers make appropriate suggestions on financial advising.Impact of personality on risk tolerance and investment decisions
Olga Pak, Monowar Mahmood
International Journal of Commerce and Management, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp.370-384

– The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between personality traits, risk-taking attitude and investment decisions among potential private investors in a post-Soviet transition country, i.e. Kazakhstan. The study provides valuable insights to investment experts and policymakers to understand investors’ behavior in post-Soviet transition countries.

– A quantitative research method is used to measure personality traits, risk-taking behavior and investment decisions of the respondents. A survey was conducted among the students and teachers of a business school in Kazakhstan. Based on literature review, two multiple regression models were development and tested in this study. Software packages SPSS and EViews were used to analyze the data.

– The findings revealed that personality traits have some impact on an individual’s risk-tolerance behavior, which, in turn, influences investment decisions about stock, securities and bonds. The results of this study imply that investment advisors should consider personal characteristics and individual risk tolerance, among other factors, when giving investment advice to private investors.

– At present, there is no study or research available about investors’ behavior and risk-taking attitudes on post-Soviet transition economies. Therefore, this study will contribute significantly toward the understanding of investors’ behavior in these countries and will help policymakers and investment bankers make appropriate suggestions on financial advising.

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Impact of personality on risk tolerance and investment decisions10.1108/IJCoMA-01-2013-0002International Journal of Commerce and Management2015-11-02© 2015 Olga PakMonowar MahmoodInternational Journal of Commerce and Management2542015-11-0210.1108/IJCoMA-01-2013-0002https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/IJCoMA-01-2013-0002/full/html?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss_journalLatest© 2015
Personal values and entrepreneurial orientations in Malay entrepreneurs in Malaysiahttps://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/IJCoMA-01-2013-0001/full/html?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss_journalLatest– The purpose of this paper is to discuss how personal values and internal motivation interact to influence entrepreneurial orientations. Personal values and internal motivation are among personal characteristics that have an impact on entrepreneurial orientation. However, these two personal variables are studied in isolation; therefore, how these two interact to influence entrepreneurial orientation is not yet fully understood. – This study comprised a sample of Malay-owned small and medium enterprises (SMEs) located in the Klang Valley in Malaysia. A cross-sectional research design was used to examine the relationships between personal values, self-efficacy motivation and entrepreneurial orientation among small-scale Malay SMEs. To focus on SMEs, lists were sought from the Majlis Amanah Rakyat (MARA). Malay was chosen for this study because Malaysia has a majority of the Malay population compared to other races. Data were gathered based on mailed and personally administered questionnaires. – The findings indicate that self-efficacy of Malay SMEs in the Shah Alam area acted as a mediator in the relationship between personal values and entrepreneurial orientation. Malay SMEs were found to have high self-efficacy and entrepreneurial orientation. – An important implication of this research is that the interesting findings provide some insight to management consultants for focusing on improving the self-efficacy of Malay SMEs, in their training, as this would improve their entrepreneurial orientations. – The findings are original and unique and are based on established theories from the literature on Malay-based SMEs in Malaysia. The results are based on a sample of Malay-owned SMEs in the Klang Valley in Malaysia. The research findings are useful to academics and policymakers interested in fostering SMEs in Malaysia.Personal values and entrepreneurial orientations in Malay entrepreneurs in Malaysia
Syed Shah Alam, Rohani Mohd, Badrul Hisham Kamaruddin, Noor Gani Mohd Nor
International Journal of Commerce and Management, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp.385-401

– The purpose of this paper is to discuss how personal values and internal motivation interact to influence entrepreneurial orientations. Personal values and internal motivation are among personal characteristics that have an impact on entrepreneurial orientation. However, these two personal variables are studied in isolation; therefore, how these two interact to influence entrepreneurial orientation is not yet fully understood.

– This study comprised a sample of Malay-owned small and medium enterprises (SMEs) located in the Klang Valley in Malaysia. A cross-sectional research design was used to examine the relationships between personal values, self-efficacy motivation and entrepreneurial orientation among small-scale Malay SMEs. To focus on SMEs, lists were sought from the Majlis Amanah Rakyat (MARA). Malay was chosen for this study because Malaysia has a majority of the Malay population compared to other races. Data were gathered based on mailed and personally administered questionnaires.

– The findings indicate that self-efficacy of Malay SMEs in the Shah Alam area acted as a mediator in the relationship between personal values and entrepreneurial orientation. Malay SMEs were found to have high self-efficacy and entrepreneurial orientation.

– An important implication of this research is that the interesting findings provide some insight to management consultants for focusing on improving the self-efficacy of Malay SMEs, in their training, as this would improve their entrepreneurial orientations.

– The findings are original and unique and are based on established theories from the literature on Malay-based SMEs in Malaysia. The results are based on a sample of Malay-owned SMEs in the Klang Valley in Malaysia. The research findings are useful to academics and policymakers interested in fostering SMEs in Malaysia.

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Personal values and entrepreneurial orientations in Malay entrepreneurs in Malaysia10.1108/IJCoMA-01-2013-0001International Journal of Commerce and Management2015-11-02© 2015 Syed Shah AlamRohani MohdBadrul Hisham KamaruddinNoor Gani Mohd NorInternational Journal of Commerce and Management2542015-11-0210.1108/IJCoMA-01-2013-0001https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/IJCoMA-01-2013-0001/full/html?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss_journalLatest© 2015
Financial performance analysis of mergers and acquisitions: evidence from Indiahttps://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/IJCoMA-11-2012-0075/full/html?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss_journalLatest– The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of mergers and acquisitions (M & A) on corporate performance. It addresses the major question related to the long-term performance of the acquiring firm. – The paper uses the long-term pre- and post-merger financial data to investigate the long-term performance. It compares performance of the acquiring firms before and after M & A. The present work conducts a comprehensive ratio analysis of 14 major ratios related to profitability, efficiency, leverage and liquidity. To ascertain the sources of the better long-term post-M & A returns, the present work decomposes the measure of operating performance into its constituents in terms of Du Pont analysis. – Taking a sample of 305 M & As during the period of January 2003 to December 2008, it has been observed that there is significant improvement in the profitability of the acquiring companies involved in M & A. The results pertaining to profitability, efficiency (in terms of utilization of fixed assets), expense and liquidity ratios show that there is an improvement in performance of the acquiring firms in the post-M & A period. The analysis in terms of Du Pont shows improvement in the long-term operating profit margin of the acquiring firms. This means higher profit is generated per unit net sales by the acquiring firms after the M & A. The higher profits (profit before interest and taxes and non-operating income) are generated primarily due to the better operating margins. The improved operating cash flows are on account of the improvement in the post-M & A operating margins of the acquirers, not due to the efficient utilization of the assets turnover to generate higher sales. – The paper contributes to the existing literature by comparing operating performance and profitability of acquirers before and after M & A using a comprehensive set of 14 ratios for a substantially large sample.Financial performance analysis of mergers and acquisitions: evidence from India
Neelam Rani, Surendra S Yadav, P K Jain
International Journal of Commerce and Management, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp.402-423

– The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of mergers and acquisitions (M & A) on corporate performance. It addresses the major question related to the long-term performance of the acquiring firm.

– The paper uses the long-term pre- and post-merger financial data to investigate the long-term performance. It compares performance of the acquiring firms before and after M & A. The present work conducts a comprehensive ratio analysis of 14 major ratios related to profitability, efficiency, leverage and liquidity. To ascertain the sources of the better long-term post-M & A returns, the present work decomposes the measure of operating performance into its constituents in terms of Du Pont analysis.

– Taking a sample of 305 M & As during the period of January 2003 to December 2008, it has been observed that there is significant improvement in the profitability of the acquiring companies involved in M & A. The results pertaining to profitability, efficiency (in terms of utilization of fixed assets), expense and liquidity ratios show that there is an improvement in performance of the acquiring firms in the post-M & A period. The analysis in terms of Du Pont shows improvement in the long-term operating profit margin of the acquiring firms. This means higher profit is generated per unit net sales by the acquiring firms after the M & A. The higher profits (profit before interest and taxes and non-operating income) are generated primarily due to the better operating margins. The improved operating cash flows are on account of the improvement in the post-M & A operating margins of the acquirers, not due to the efficient utilization of the assets turnover to generate higher sales.

– The paper contributes to the existing literature by comparing operating performance and profitability of acquirers before and after M & A using a comprehensive set of 14 ratios for a substantially large sample.

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Financial performance analysis of mergers and acquisitions: evidence from India10.1108/IJCoMA-11-2012-0075International Journal of Commerce and Management2015-11-02© 2015 Neelam RaniSurendra S YadavP K JainInternational Journal of Commerce and Management2542015-11-0210.1108/IJCoMA-11-2012-0075https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/IJCoMA-11-2012-0075/full/html?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss_journalLatest© 2015
Conceptualisation of the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) modelhttps://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/IJCoMA-12-2012-0077/full/html?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss_journalLatest– This paper aims to review and analyze the validity and relevance of the conceptualization of the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) model, especially within an African context. The BSC model was developed to address the problems and limitations of relying solely on traditional financial measures. This paper carries out a critical review and detailed analysis on perspectives surrounding the BSC model. – The paper critically reviews relevant literature on the BSC model by focusing on the pertinent issues surrounding the applicability of the BSC model in modern business environment. A critical review of conceptualization issues regarding the BSC model especially with a focus toward its application within an African framework was also done. – It is established that the BSC model plays a pivotal role in assisting business executives in making holistic long-term management decisions. However, the model puts undue emphasis on shareholders’ wealth maximization at the sacrifice of other equally important stakeholders. The model puts less emphasis or completely ignores such stakeholders as competitors, suppliers, lenders, government, the local community and the natural environment. The model is fraught with many conceptualization assumptions that are not realistic in the modern environment. – It is envisaged that the study should add to the literature on corporate performance measures and the BSC model. The revelations gained through this paper will enable researchers to have an open mind on the way the BSC model is supposed to be modified and applied for various business environments. – The revelations of the paper point out application limitations of the BSC model, there is an imperative need to upgrade and redesign the BSC model to reflect realities of modern business activities, especially within an African context.Conceptualisation of the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) model
James Kamwachale Khomba
International Journal of Commerce and Management, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp.424-441

– This paper aims to review and analyze the validity and relevance of the conceptualization of the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) model, especially within an African context. The BSC model was developed to address the problems and limitations of relying solely on traditional financial measures. This paper carries out a critical review and detailed analysis on perspectives surrounding the BSC model.

– The paper critically reviews relevant literature on the BSC model by focusing on the pertinent issues surrounding the applicability of the BSC model in modern business environment. A critical review of conceptualization issues regarding the BSC model especially with a focus toward its application within an African framework was also done.

– It is established that the BSC model plays a pivotal role in assisting business executives in making holistic long-term management decisions. However, the model puts undue emphasis on shareholders’ wealth maximization at the sacrifice of other equally important stakeholders. The model puts less emphasis or completely ignores such stakeholders as competitors, suppliers, lenders, government, the local community and the natural environment. The model is fraught with many conceptualization assumptions that are not realistic in the modern environment.

– It is envisaged that the study should add to the literature on corporate performance measures and the BSC model. The revelations gained through this paper will enable researchers to have an open mind on the way the BSC model is supposed to be modified and applied for various business environments.

– The revelations of the paper point out application limitations of the BSC model, there is an imperative need to upgrade and redesign the BSC model to reflect realities of modern business activities, especially within an African context.

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Conceptualisation of the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) model10.1108/IJCoMA-12-2012-0077International Journal of Commerce and Management2015-11-02© 2015 James Kamwachale KhombaInternational Journal of Commerce and Management2542015-11-0210.1108/IJCoMA-12-2012-0077https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/IJCoMA-12-2012-0077/full/html?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss_journalLatest© 2015
Trends and practices of consumers buying online and offlinehttps://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/IJCoMA-02-2013-0012/full/html?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss_journalLatest– The purpose of this paper is to assess the trends and practices of consumers buying their products online and offline. Further, it also analyses the factors which influence consumers to go online and offline for their purchases. – To analyse the factors influencing consumer’s buying behaviour, 18 variables have been identified and questionnaire using a seven-point scale (where 1 indicating very unimportant and 7 very important) was designed. It was circulated among 875 consumers residing in Delhi and National Capital Region between February 2012 and April 2012, who buy offline or online or from both sources. The responses so collected have been tabulated and analysed with the help of a factor analysis method. The principal component method has been used to determine the minimum number of factors that would account for the maximum variance in the data collected. The data have been analysed by using SPSS version 19. – The study identifies Factor 1 (F1) as a Pre-sales Offer which includes the following variables that influence consumers mostly: less price, special sales, rebates and coupons, easy to get product information, physical examination of product, immediate possession of a product, uncertainty about getting the right item, accept all forms of payment and helpfulness of sales people. Thereafter, the study identifies Factor 2 (F2) as Better Assortment and After Sales Policy which includes the following variables: brand selection and variety, post-purchase service, exchange refund policy, quality of merchandise, availability of products in stock and ability to compare products. Finally, it identifies Factor 3 (F3) as Product and Its Importance which includes the following variables: speed of selection and purchase, social and family experience, shipping and handling charges and easy browsing of the products which influence consumer behaviour. – The findings of this study are purely based on the information provided by the respondents. The sample forms little part of the total population. – Though online retailing in India is in nascent stage, yet it has shown its presence. To sustain and grow in a competition, the retailers need to understand the purchasing behaviour and factors influencing purchase behaviour of consumers. The behaviour of consumers is unpredictable and dynamic. The study suggests offline and online retailers to adopt policies or strategies after considering three factors extracted from the study to attract and retain consumers to their stores. Further, it also provides ideas to consumers to choose their retailers on comparative advantages basis.Trends and practices of consumers buying online and offline
. Sunil
International Journal of Commerce and Management, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp.442-455

– The purpose of this paper is to assess the trends and practices of consumers buying their products online and offline. Further, it also analyses the factors which influence consumers to go online and offline for their purchases.

– To analyse the factors influencing consumer’s buying behaviour, 18 variables have been identified and questionnaire using a seven-point scale (where 1 indicating very unimportant and 7 very important) was designed. It was circulated among 875 consumers residing in Delhi and National Capital Region between February 2012 and April 2012, who buy offline or online or from both sources. The responses so collected have been tabulated and analysed with the help of a factor analysis method. The principal component method has been used to determine the minimum number of factors that would account for the maximum variance in the data collected. The data have been analysed by using SPSS version 19.

– The study identifies Factor 1 (F1) as a Pre-sales Offer which includes the following variables that influence consumers mostly: less price, special sales, rebates and coupons, easy to get product information, physical examination of product, immediate possession of a product, uncertainty about getting the right item, accept all forms of payment and helpfulness of sales people. Thereafter, the study identifies Factor 2 (F2) as Better Assortment and After Sales Policy which includes the following variables: brand selection and variety, post-purchase service, exchange refund policy, quality of merchandise, availability of products in stock and ability to compare products. Finally, it identifies Factor 3 (F3) as Product and Its Importance which includes the following variables: speed of selection and purchase, social and family experience, shipping and handling charges and easy browsing of the products which influence consumer behaviour.

– The findings of this study are purely based on the information provided by the respondents. The sample forms little part of the total population.

– Though online retailing in India is in nascent stage, yet it has shown its presence. To sustain and grow in a competition, the retailers need to understand the purchasing behaviour and factors influencing purchase behaviour of consumers. The behaviour of consumers is unpredictable and dynamic. The study suggests offline and online retailers to adopt policies or strategies after considering three factors extracted from the study to attract and retain consumers to their stores. Further, it also provides ideas to consumers to choose their retailers on comparative advantages basis.

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Trends and practices of consumers buying online and offline10.1108/IJCoMA-02-2013-0012International Journal of Commerce and Management2015-11-02© 2015 . SunilInternational Journal of Commerce and Management2542015-11-0210.1108/IJCoMA-02-2013-0012https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/IJCoMA-02-2013-0012/full/html?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss_journalLatest© 2015
Using time to gain competitive advantage: a framework and analysis of propositionshttps://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/IJCoMA-05-2013-0043/full/html?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss_journalLatest– The purpose of this paper is to develop and justify a theoretical framework for analyzing the relationship between manufacturing strategy, business strategy, time-based manufacturing competence, capability and competitiveness and their impact on firm performance for firms operating in the manufacturing sector. Many executives and scholars have argued that time is an important component for developing a brilliant strategy to achieve a sustainable competitive advantage for the firm. – This paper provides a theoretical framework primarily concerned with the relationship between time-based manufacturing competence, competitive priorities and firm performance. The framework suggests that firms focusing on time as a strategic factor at both strategic levels – business strategy and manufacturing strategy – can achieve a multi-competitive advantage, and, in turn, high performance. – To realize the level of performance associated with time-based manufacturing competence, it is essential for firms to identify the areas in which time can be reduced. These include reduction in design lead time, product concept to production; time-based competition for product-to-market firms; time-based manufacturing competence; product development activities; fast-to-product; and customer service. – This article provides a theoretical framework for linking manufacturing strategy to business strategy and performance to help expand the body of knowledge for other researchers to follow.Using time to gain competitive advantage: a framework and analysis of propositions
Yahya N. Al Serhan, Craig C. Julian, Zafar U. Ahmed
International Journal of Commerce and Management, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp.456-465

– The purpose of this paper is to develop and justify a theoretical framework for analyzing the relationship between manufacturing strategy, business strategy, time-based manufacturing competence, capability and competitiveness and their impact on firm performance for firms operating in the manufacturing sector. Many executives and scholars have argued that time is an important component for developing a brilliant strategy to achieve a sustainable competitive advantage for the firm.

– This paper provides a theoretical framework primarily concerned with the relationship between time-based manufacturing competence, competitive priorities and firm performance. The framework suggests that firms focusing on time as a strategic factor at both strategic levels – business strategy and manufacturing strategy – can achieve a multi-competitive advantage, and, in turn, high performance.

– To realize the level of performance associated with time-based manufacturing competence, it is essential for firms to identify the areas in which time can be reduced. These include reduction in design lead time, product concept to production; time-based competition for product-to-market firms; time-based manufacturing competence; product development activities; fast-to-product; and customer service.

– This article provides a theoretical framework for linking manufacturing strategy to business strategy and performance to help expand the body of knowledge for other researchers to follow.

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Using time to gain competitive advantage: a framework and analysis of propositions10.1108/IJCoMA-05-2013-0043International Journal of Commerce and Management2015-11-02© 2015 Yahya N. Al SerhanCraig C. JulianZafar U. AhmedInternational Journal of Commerce and Management2542015-11-0210.1108/IJCoMA-05-2013-0043https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/IJCoMA-05-2013-0043/full/html?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss_journalLatest© 2015
A framework for reverse logistics: the case of post-consumer carpet in the UShttps://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/IJCoMA-02-2013-0013/full/html?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss_journalLatest– The purpose of this paper is to apply the goals and processes of reverse logistics related to disposal and renewal to an industry example, in this case, the tufted carpet manufacturing industry. With an industry-wide coalition, the Carpet America Recovery Effort (CARE), the carpet industry offers lessons for other industries on how to create new products from waste, how to develop systems to process this waste, how to encourage the development of infrastructure for reprocessing and how to remove barriers to recovery. A major part of the US floor covering cluster is headquartered around Dalton, Georgia. The industry has formed a coalition to divert manufactured carpet from landfills and find other uses for used carpet. This industry-wide coalition, known as the Carpet America Recovery Effort, offers many lessons for other industries on creating new products from waste, developing systems to process this waste, encouraging the development of infrastructure for reprocessing and removing barriers to recovery. – Academics have proposed several frameworks for examining reverse logistics. In this study, the framework developed by de Brito and Dekker (2004) is utilized because it focuses on essential forces in reverse logistics, asking four simple questions: Why? What? How? and Who? To this list, is added a question: Where? This modified framework is applied to the carpet manufacturing industry, focusing on post-consumer carpet. – The carpet industry is becoming a model for developing renewal supply chains that take waste products and create new ones. Although disposal remains the largest part of the end-of-use supply chain for carpet, this is changing, though not rapidly enough to suit the industry. – This case focuses on what the industry is currently doing and on the impediments it has encountered in developing these chains. Renewal chains may well dominate the future of reverse logistics in the industry, but much work remains. The paper concludes with a discussion and areas for future research.A framework for reverse logistics: the case of post-consumer carpet in the US
Anthony Cline, Steve LeMay, Marilyn M Helms
International Journal of Commerce and Management, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp.466-489

– The purpose of this paper is to apply the goals and processes of reverse logistics related to disposal and renewal to an industry example, in this case, the tufted carpet manufacturing industry. With an industry-wide coalition, the Carpet America Recovery Effort (CARE), the carpet industry offers lessons for other industries on how to create new products from waste, how to develop systems to process this waste, how to encourage the development of infrastructure for reprocessing and how to remove barriers to recovery. A major part of the US floor covering cluster is headquartered around Dalton, Georgia. The industry has formed a coalition to divert manufactured carpet from landfills and find other uses for used carpet. This industry-wide coalition, known as the Carpet America Recovery Effort, offers many lessons for other industries on creating new products from waste, developing systems to process this waste, encouraging the development of infrastructure for reprocessing and removing barriers to recovery.

– Academics have proposed several frameworks for examining reverse logistics. In this study, the framework developed by de Brito and Dekker (2004) is utilized because it focuses on essential forces in reverse logistics, asking four simple questions: Why? What? How? and Who? To this list, is added a question: Where? This modified framework is applied to the carpet manufacturing industry, focusing on post-consumer carpet.

– The carpet industry is becoming a model for developing renewal supply chains that take waste products and create new ones. Although disposal remains the largest part of the end-of-use supply chain for carpet, this is changing, though not rapidly enough to suit the industry.

– This case focuses on what the industry is currently doing and on the impediments it has encountered in developing these chains. Renewal chains may well dominate the future of reverse logistics in the industry, but much work remains. The paper concludes with a discussion and areas for future research.

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A framework for reverse logistics: the case of post-consumer carpet in the US10.1108/IJCoMA-02-2013-0013International Journal of Commerce and Management2015-11-02© 2015 Anthony ClineSteve LeMayMarilyn M HelmsInternational Journal of Commerce and Management2542015-11-0210.1108/IJCoMA-02-2013-0013https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/IJCoMA-02-2013-0013/full/html?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss_journalLatest© 2015
Meaningful obstacles remain to standardization of international services advertisinghttps://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/IJCoMA-10-2013-0108/full/html?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss_journalLatest– This study aims to explore advertising strategies by US corporations selling consumer services overseas. Attention is extended to determining the type of standardized advertising (pattern vs prototype) that US headquarters tend to use in international campaigns, identifying major obstacles that impede advertising standardization and examining linkages between the use of creative approaches (standardized vs localized) and firms ' length of business and sales volume. – Using a descriptive approach and rigorous sample, the authors surveyed international advertising managers of US firms selling consumer services. A 57 per cent response rate provided the basis for testing two research questions and two hypotheses. – US firm headquarters tend to lean more toward the use of prototype standardization than pattern standardization. The major impediments of standardized campaigns are perceived to be cultural differences, alternatives in consumer lifestyles, language diversity, variations in worldwide market infrastructure and government regulations. – While demonstrating correlations in some areas, the authors offer some suggestions for future investigation of this important topic. By focusing on services marketing, the study does contribute to the extant discussion concerning advertising standardization/localization from the context of US-based services businesses marketing internationally. – The outcomes indicate that established business firms and firms with large sales volumes, compared to younger business firms and firms with small sales volumes, are more likely to use the standardized advertising approach than the localized approach. – The paper offers new insights into the standardized/localized debate where advertising researchers have tended to overlook the significance of service businesses in the international context.Meaningful obstacles remain to standardization of international services advertising
Ali Kanso, Richard Alan Nelson, Philip James Kitchen
International Journal of Commerce and Management, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp.490-511

– This study aims to explore advertising strategies by US corporations selling consumer services overseas. Attention is extended to determining the type of standardized advertising (pattern vs prototype) that US headquarters tend to use in international campaigns, identifying major obstacles that impede advertising standardization and examining linkages between the use of creative approaches (standardized vs localized) and firms ' length of business and sales volume.

– Using a descriptive approach and rigorous sample, the authors surveyed international advertising managers of US firms selling consumer services. A 57 per cent response rate provided the basis for testing two research questions and two hypotheses.

– US firm headquarters tend to lean more toward the use of prototype standardization than pattern standardization. The major impediments of standardized campaigns are perceived to be cultural differences, alternatives in consumer lifestyles, language diversity, variations in worldwide market infrastructure and government regulations.

– While demonstrating correlations in some areas, the authors offer some suggestions for future investigation of this important topic. By focusing on services marketing, the study does contribute to the extant discussion concerning advertising standardization/localization from the context of US-based services businesses marketing internationally.

– The outcomes indicate that established business firms and firms with large sales volumes, compared to younger business firms and firms with small sales volumes, are more likely to use the standardized advertising approach than the localized approach.

– The paper offers new insights into the standardized/localized debate where advertising researchers have tended to overlook the significance of service businesses in the international context.

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Meaningful obstacles remain to standardization of international services advertising10.1108/IJCoMA-10-2013-0108International Journal of Commerce and Management2015-11-02© 2015 Ali KansoRichard Alan NelsonPhilip James KitchenInternational Journal of Commerce and Management2542015-11-0210.1108/IJCoMA-10-2013-0108https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/IJCoMA-10-2013-0108/full/html?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss_journalLatest© 2015
Consumers’ perceptions of consumer rights in Jordanhttps://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/IJCoMA-02-2013-0011/full/html?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss_journalLatest– This paper aims to examine consumers’ attitudes toward marketing practices and consumer rights in Jordan, based on an empirical investigation of university students. The study refers to John Kennedy’s bill of four consumer rights: the Right to Safety, the Right to be Informed, the Right to Choose and the Right to be Heard. – This paper depends on a convenience sample of 381 students, using a drop-off method, with a structured, self-administered questionnaire to measure consumer attitudes regarding the four basic consumer rights, as listed above, utilizing a five-point Likert scale measure. – The overall findings show that the current consumers’ attitudes toward marketing practices related to protection of consumer rights is not highly favorable, indicating that more work will be needed for improvement, with more attention to consumers’ Right to be Heard. The study urged marketers and public policymakers in Jordan to reconsider the way consumer rights were being approached by marketing practitioners. – The study is unique by virtue of its nature, scope and way of empirical investigation, as it explores the status of perceived consumer rights for the first time in Jordan, drawing on John Kennedy’ model. The study calls upon marketers and public policymakers to pay more attention to the current status of consumer rights, with implications for better business strategies and more useful legislations pertaining to consumer protection.Consumers’ perceptions of consumer rights in Jordan
Sami Alsmadi, Tariq Khizindar
International Journal of Commerce and Management, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp.512-530

– This paper aims to examine consumers’ attitudes toward marketing practices and consumer rights in Jordan, based on an empirical investigation of university students. The study refers to John Kennedy’s bill of four consumer rights: the Right to Safety, the Right to be Informed, the Right to Choose and the Right to be Heard.

– This paper depends on a convenience sample of 381 students, using a drop-off method, with a structured, self-administered questionnaire to measure consumer attitudes regarding the four basic consumer rights, as listed above, utilizing a five-point Likert scale measure.

– The overall findings show that the current consumers’ attitudes toward marketing practices related to protection of consumer rights is not highly favorable, indicating that more work will be needed for improvement, with more attention to consumers’ Right to be Heard. The study urged marketers and public policymakers in Jordan to reconsider the way consumer rights were being approached by marketing practitioners.

– The study is unique by virtue of its nature, scope and way of empirical investigation, as it explores the status of perceived consumer rights for the first time in Jordan, drawing on John Kennedy’ model. The study calls upon marketers and public policymakers to pay more attention to the current status of consumer rights, with implications for better business strategies and more useful legislations pertaining to consumer protection.

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Consumers’ perceptions of consumer rights in Jordan10.1108/IJCoMA-02-2013-0011International Journal of Commerce and Management2015-11-02© 2015 Sami AlsmadiTariq KhizindarInternational Journal of Commerce and Management2542015-11-0210.1108/IJCoMA-02-2013-0011https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/IJCoMA-02-2013-0011/full/html?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss_journalLatest© 2015
Relative and incremental value relevance of book value and earnings during the global financial crisishttps://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/IJCoMA-11-2012-0072/full/html?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss_journalLatest– The purpose of this study is to examine the relative and the incremental value relevance of book value and earnings in the Australian market in the context of the 2008-2009 global financial crisis (GFC) and the non-crisis period (NCP). – Least square regressions are used to examine the research questions. Changes in the coefficient estimates and the relative explanatory power (adjusted R2) of book value (BV) and earnings between the GFC and the NCP are examined. – The findings suggest that both BV and earnings are value relevant in the Australian market surrounding the GFC. There were structural breaks in the association of BV and earnings with firms’ market value. The value relevance of earnings has increased and that of BV has decreased during the GFC compared to the NCP. During the study period, the explanatory power of earnings was greater than that of the BV. – The single country context examined limits the generalisability of the findings. – The importance of this study lies in its showing the sustained importance of earnings in security valuation even during a period of macroeconomic uncertainty. Australian accounting standards have been shaped by a balance sheet focus. The recent move towards the fair value-based International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) has further enhanced the focus on the balance sheet. Nevertheless, the evidence in the present study demonstrates that even for a country with a balance sheet focus, the value relevance of earnings increases during a GFC. Hence, it is the earnings number, rather than the balance sheet, which should receive greater attention from accounting regulators and auditors. – This is the first known study to examine the value relevance of fundamental accounting information, such as BV and earnings, in the context of the 2008-2009 GFC. It extends prior research in the context of the 1997 Asian financial crisis and provides evidence on the impact of a worldwide exogenous shock on the value relevance of BV and earnings from a relatively mature and developed country with different legal, institutional and enforcement backgrounds.Relative and incremental value relevance of book value and earnings during the global financial crisis
Md Khokan Bepari
International Journal of Commerce and Management, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp.531-556

– The purpose of this study is to examine the relative and the incremental value relevance of book value and earnings in the Australian market in the context of the 2008-2009 global financial crisis (GFC) and the non-crisis period (NCP).

– Least square regressions are used to examine the research questions. Changes in the coefficient estimates and the relative explanatory power (adjusted R2) of book value (BV) and earnings between the GFC and the NCP are examined.

– The findings suggest that both BV and earnings are value relevant in the Australian market surrounding the GFC. There were structural breaks in the association of BV and earnings with firms’ market value. The value relevance of earnings has increased and that of BV has decreased during the GFC compared to the NCP. During the study period, the explanatory power of earnings was greater than that of the BV.

– The single country context examined limits the generalisability of the findings.

– The importance of this study lies in its showing the sustained importance of earnings in security valuation even during a period of macroeconomic uncertainty. Australian accounting standards have been shaped by a balance sheet focus. The recent move towards the fair value-based International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) has further enhanced the focus on the balance sheet. Nevertheless, the evidence in the present study demonstrates that even for a country with a balance sheet focus, the value relevance of earnings increases during a GFC. Hence, it is the earnings number, rather than the balance sheet, which should receive greater attention from accounting regulators and auditors.

– This is the first known study to examine the value relevance of fundamental accounting information, such as BV and earnings, in the context of the 2008-2009 GFC. It extends prior research in the context of the 1997 Asian financial crisis and provides evidence on the impact of a worldwide exogenous shock on the value relevance of BV and earnings from a relatively mature and developed country with different legal, institutional and enforcement backgrounds.

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Relative and incremental value relevance of book value and earnings during the global financial crisis10.1108/IJCoMA-11-2012-0072International Journal of Commerce and Management2015-11-02© 2015 Md Khokan BepariInternational Journal of Commerce and Management2542015-11-0210.1108/IJCoMA-11-2012-0072https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/IJCoMA-11-2012-0072/full/html?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss_journalLatest© 2015
Ethical leadership and job insecurityhttps://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/IJCoMA-02-2013-0015/full/html?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss_journalLatest– This study aims to investigate the relationship between ethical leadership and the employee’s perception of job insecurity in the Egyptian public sector. It also investigates the mediating effect of work locus of control on the hypothesized relationship. – The study uses a questionnaire that consists of measures adopted from existing and tested scales. The hypothesized model has been tested using multiple regression analysis. – The findings reveal that the character of ethical leadership significantly reduces the employee’s perception of threats to job features and the powerlessness to counteract threats. However, the empowerment dimension of ethical leadership has adverse effects in the employee’s perception of powerlessness. – The adverse effects of the empowerment behavior dimension of ethical leadership may be attributed to East–West differences in the conceptualization of empowerment. The Arab style of management promotes the Islamic principle of Shura, which may slightly deviate from that of empowerment. – This study extends job insecurity research in the often untapped Egyptian culture and provides new insights into the perceived role of leadership character and empowerment in a non-western context.Ethical leadership and job insecurity
Hisham Hamid Hawass
International Journal of Commerce and Management, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp.557-581

– This study aims to investigate the relationship between ethical leadership and the employee’s perception of job insecurity in the Egyptian public sector. It also investigates the mediating effect of work locus of control on the hypothesized relationship.

– The study uses a questionnaire that consists of measures adopted from existing and tested scales. The hypothesized model has been tested using multiple regression analysis.

– The findings reveal that the character of ethical leadership significantly reduces the employee’s perception of threats to job features and the powerlessness to counteract threats. However, the empowerment dimension of ethical leadership has adverse effects in the employee’s perception of powerlessness.

– The adverse effects of the empowerment behavior dimension of ethical leadership may be attributed to East–West differences in the conceptualization of empowerment. The Arab style of management promotes the Islamic principle of Shura, which may slightly deviate from that of empowerment.

– This study extends job insecurity research in the often untapped Egyptian culture and provides new insights into the perceived role of leadership character and empowerment in a non-western context.

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Ethical leadership and job insecurity10.1108/IJCoMA-02-2013-0015International Journal of Commerce and Management2015-11-02© 2015 Hisham Hamid HawassInternational Journal of Commerce and Management2542015-11-0210.1108/IJCoMA-02-2013-0015https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/IJCoMA-02-2013-0015/full/html?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss_journalLatest© 2015
Communicating with shareholders in the post-financial crisis periodhttps://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/IJCoMA-02-2013-0017/full/html?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss_journalLatest– The purpose of this paper is to investigate textual issues and communication patterns of CEOs/chairmen/presidents’ letters to shareholders in the post-2008 financial crisis period. By taking a global perspective, the work specifically explores how 307 banks from 15 countries communicated the issues of financial crisis with shareholders, customers and other stakeholders in their letters to shareholders published in the banks’ annual reports. – By using content analysis and qualitative research, the work specifically analyzes 307 letters to shareholders that constitute 1,028 pages. – Results of the work suggest that textual features and communication patterns of letters to shareholders remain distinct regarding corporate messages that banks delivered to their shareholders. There was little resemblance between financial institutions regarding their communicative patterns. This could be the result of cultural issues, diverse business environments, regulatory standards, discursive information and hidden business practices. – Within our limited data (307 banks), the significance of this paper lies in its timeliness and relevance to the post-2008 financial crisis period and its worldwide business disruptions. – Practitioners need to use the results of this research and should be familiar with the main causes of the crisis that remain controversial and complex. – Global markets and society as a whole were impacted by the severity and longevity of this crisis because of losses, socioeconomic disruptions and business bankruptcies. – Original value of this work falls within the domains of global financial markets and multinational banks.Communicating with shareholders in the post-financial crisis period
Syed Tariq Anwar
International Journal of Commerce and Management, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp.582-602

– The purpose of this paper is to investigate textual issues and communication patterns of CEOs/chairmen/presidents’ letters to shareholders in the post-2008 financial crisis period. By taking a global perspective, the work specifically explores how 307 banks from 15 countries communicated the issues of financial crisis with shareholders, customers and other stakeholders in their letters to shareholders published in the banks’ annual reports.

– By using content analysis and qualitative research, the work specifically analyzes 307 letters to shareholders that constitute 1,028 pages.

– Results of the work suggest that textual features and communication patterns of letters to shareholders remain distinct regarding corporate messages that banks delivered to their shareholders. There was little resemblance between financial institutions regarding their communicative patterns. This could be the result of cultural issues, diverse business environments, regulatory standards, discursive information and hidden business practices.

– Within our limited data (307 banks), the significance of this paper lies in its timeliness and relevance to the post-2008 financial crisis period and its worldwide business disruptions.

– Practitioners need to use the results of this research and should be familiar with the main causes of the crisis that remain controversial and complex.

– Global markets and society as a whole were impacted by the severity and longevity of this crisis because of losses, socioeconomic disruptions and business bankruptcies.

– Original value of this work falls within the domains of global financial markets and multinational banks.

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Communicating with shareholders in the post-financial crisis period10.1108/IJCoMA-02-2013-0017International Journal of Commerce and Management2015-11-02© 2015 Syed Tariq AnwarInternational Journal of Commerce and Management2542015-11-0210.1108/IJCoMA-02-2013-0017https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/IJCoMA-02-2013-0017/full/html?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss_journalLatest© 2015
The ascent of resource-based theory as constructive rational-behavioral integration for looking inward and outwardhttps://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/IJCoMA-05-2013-0044/full/html?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss_journalLatest– This paper aims to review the rise of the resource-based theory (RBT) in light of the perennial tension between rationalism and behaviorism. The authors appraise the RBT’s strengths and its potential fault-line, the erodibility of resources. – A nontraditional melding of the review and conceptual development methodological modes sheds light on the limitations and future prospects of the three main strands within the RBT, with a special emphasis on its rapidly developing dynamic capabilities (DC) strand. – The paper proposes a framework for modeling the transformation of resources into usable highly specific assets. – The ascent of the DC strand will itself have to be revisited some day. – The findings imply that the decline of resources should not be left to chance, but be regulated according to one’s strategic intent. – Driven by a constructive perspective aimed at integrating theoretical coherence with practical relevance, a nontraditional synoptic tour situates the contribution of the RBT with respect to earlier approaches, in particular the evolving notion of fit.The ascent of resource-based theory as constructive rational-behavioral integration for looking inward and outward
William Acar, Brian Polin
International Journal of Commerce and Management, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp.603-626

– This paper aims to review the rise of the resource-based theory (RBT) in light of the perennial tension between rationalism and behaviorism. The authors appraise the RBT’s strengths and its potential fault-line, the erodibility of resources.

– A nontraditional melding of the review and conceptual development methodological modes sheds light on the limitations and future prospects of the three main strands within the RBT, with a special emphasis on its rapidly developing dynamic capabilities (DC) strand.

– The paper proposes a framework for modeling the transformation of resources into usable highly specific assets.

– The ascent of the DC strand will itself have to be revisited some day.

– The findings imply that the decline of resources should not be left to chance, but be regulated according to one’s strategic intent.

– Driven by a constructive perspective aimed at integrating theoretical coherence with practical relevance, a nontraditional synoptic tour situates the contribution of the RBT with respect to earlier approaches, in particular the evolving notion of fit.

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The ascent of resource-based theory as constructive rational-behavioral integration for looking inward and outward10.1108/IJCoMA-05-2013-0044International Journal of Commerce and Management2015-11-02© 2015 William AcarBrian PolinInternational Journal of Commerce and Management2542015-11-0210.1108/IJCoMA-05-2013-0044https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/IJCoMA-05-2013-0044/full/html?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss_journalLatest© 2015
Do the subcomponents of country of origin trigger purchase intentions?https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/IJCoMA-05-2013-0047/full/html?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss_journalLatest– The purpose of this study is to propose a unified model to connect the three subcomponents of the country of origin (COO) with price, quality and consumer perceptions of or intentions regarding a product. COO refers to the country with which a manufacturer’s product or brand is associated. COO can be broken down into three subcomponents: the country of design, the country of assembly and the country of parts. – This study reviews the COO research that has been conducted in recent decades. These studies have primarily examined the correlation of COO’s broken-down components with marketing factors (such as price, quality and brand equity or loyalty) and consumer purchase behavior. These correlations are portrayed in a single model. This theory-building model is drawn using a philosophical conceptualization approach. – This study concludes that, as a result of globalization and advancement in technology, consumers are more aware of and have more access to product/brand information, and they evaluate brands according to the COO and its subcomponents. Variables such as price and quality are of high importance and should be considered during a purchase decision, whereas brand equity/loyalty is of low importance. – This research requires further investigation, especially in developing countries, to develop a more comprehensive picture. In addition, not all marketing factors are incorporated in the model. – When international marketers devise plans to serve consumers, they must consider differentiation between developed and developing nations from the point of COO subcomponents and their effects on purchase intentions and consumer evaluations, when moderated by price, quality and brand loyalty/equity. – Prior to this study, no unified model had been proposed to connect the three subcomponents of COO with price, quality and consumer perceptions of or intentions regarding a product.Do the subcomponents of country of origin trigger purchase intentions?
Abdulrahman Al-Aali, Kokku Randheer, Shafiullah Hasin
International Journal of Commerce and Management, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp.627-640

– The purpose of this study is to propose a unified model to connect the three subcomponents of the country of origin (COO) with price, quality and consumer perceptions of or intentions regarding a product. COO refers to the country with which a manufacturer’s product or brand is associated. COO can be broken down into three subcomponents: the country of design, the country of assembly and the country of parts.

– This study reviews the COO research that has been conducted in recent decades. These studies have primarily examined the correlation of COO’s broken-down components with marketing factors (such as price, quality and brand equity or loyalty) and consumer purchase behavior. These correlations are portrayed in a single model. This theory-building model is drawn using a philosophical conceptualization approach.

– This study concludes that, as a result of globalization and advancement in technology, consumers are more aware of and have more access to product/brand information, and they evaluate brands according to the COO and its subcomponents. Variables such as price and quality are of high importance and should be considered during a purchase decision, whereas brand equity/loyalty is of low importance.

– This research requires further investigation, especially in developing countries, to develop a more comprehensive picture. In addition, not all marketing factors are incorporated in the model.

– When international marketers devise plans to serve consumers, they must consider differentiation between developed and developing nations from the point of COO subcomponents and their effects on purchase intentions and consumer evaluations, when moderated by price, quality and brand loyalty/equity.

– Prior to this study, no unified model had been proposed to connect the three subcomponents of COO with price, quality and consumer perceptions of or intentions regarding a product.

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Do the subcomponents of country of origin trigger purchase intentions?10.1108/IJCoMA-05-2013-0047International Journal of Commerce and Management2015-11-02© 2015 Abdulrahman Al-AaliKokku RandheerShafiullah HasinInternational Journal of Commerce and Management2542015-11-0210.1108/IJCoMA-05-2013-0047https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/IJCoMA-05-2013-0047/full/html?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss_journalLatest© 2015
Diaspora affluence in rural markets: consumers’ shift from traditional to global productshttps://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/IJCoMA-06-2013-0059/full/html?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss_journalLatest– The purpose of this paper is to focus on two main aspects: the extent of shift in consumer demand from traditional to global products and the factors that influence this change in consumption behavior. The growing size of the Diaspora and corresponding increase in disposable income form one reason for examining shifts in buying behavior of rural consumers in Kerala. Most of the studies describe a shift in consumption styles, but have not yet explored the extent to which this shift is being influenced by Diaspora culture and, if so, why? Focusing on the extent of the shift in Kerala consumers’ choice from traditional to global products, this paper aims to fill the gaps in past reviews. – Six villages were randomly selected from three districts ranking top in foreign remittances. Applying a 50-50 combination of Diaspora and non-Diaspora consumers, 300 respondents were included in the survey. – Two hypotheses were formulated to test salient shifts in consumers’ choice and revealed a significant influence of the Diaspora community in the shift from traditional to global products. An equal number of non-Diaspora consumers preferred traditional products, but the purchase volume of Diaspora consumers and sales of global products by small rural shops reveal the influence of Diaspora affluence. The findings illustrate emerging changes in rural consumers’ choice. – Kerala rural markets and Keralites’ consumption choices are an apt example on which to base research. This paper focuses on two main aspects: the extent of the shift in consumer demand from traditional to global products and the factors that influence this change in consumption behavior. The findings would support global distributors in designing a business platform to penetrate rural markets.Diaspora affluence in rural markets: consumers’ shift from traditional to global products
Vanaja Menon Vadakepat
International Journal of Commerce and Management, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp.641-653

– The purpose of this paper is to focus on two main aspects: the extent of shift in consumer demand from traditional to global products and the factors that influence this change in consumption behavior. The growing size of the Diaspora and corresponding increase in disposable income form one reason for examining shifts in buying behavior of rural consumers in Kerala. Most of the studies describe a shift in consumption styles, but have not yet explored the extent to which this shift is being influenced by Diaspora culture and, if so, why? Focusing on the extent of the shift in Kerala consumers’ choice from traditional to global products, this paper aims to fill the gaps in past reviews.

– Six villages were randomly selected from three districts ranking top in foreign remittances. Applying a 50-50 combination of Diaspora and non-Diaspora consumers, 300 respondents were included in the survey.

– Two hypotheses were formulated to test salient shifts in consumers’ choice and revealed a significant influence of the Diaspora community in the shift from traditional to global products. An equal number of non-Diaspora consumers preferred traditional products, but the purchase volume of Diaspora consumers and sales of global products by small rural shops reveal the influence of Diaspora affluence. The findings illustrate emerging changes in rural consumers’ choice.

– Kerala rural markets and Keralites’ consumption choices are an apt example on which to base research. This paper focuses on two main aspects: the extent of the shift in consumer demand from traditional to global products and the factors that influence this change in consumption behavior. The findings would support global distributors in designing a business platform to penetrate rural markets.

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Diaspora affluence in rural markets: consumers’ shift from traditional to global products10.1108/IJCoMA-06-2013-0059International Journal of Commerce and Management2015-11-02© 2015 Vanaja Menon VadakepatInternational Journal of Commerce and Management2542015-11-0210.1108/IJCoMA-06-2013-0059https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/IJCoMA-06-2013-0059/full/html?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss_journalLatest© 2015
Adjustment in Western European overseas assignmentshttps://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/IJCoMA-07-2013-0074/full/html?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss_journalLatest– The purpose of this study is to assess differences between the adjustment of expatriates in Germany and France. Most research has focused on the individual in relation to expatriate adjustment. The general conditions of the host country, however, could represent an important contextual factor that needs to be explored further. – Based on an empirical study of 130 expatriate managers on foreign assignments in France (61) and Germany (69), the authors take a comparative perspective and examine differences for sociocultural and psychological adjustment as well as time to proficiency in both countries. – The authors found that expatriates assigned to France show higher degrees of work adjustment and general adjustment than those in Germany. This was unexpected as Germany is generally described as a more transparent, open and welcoming country. Results may thus challenge stereotypical conceptions of national differences and indicate that globalization processes are gradually changing country-specific conditions. – Only scant research has dealt with expatriates adjusting to Western European countries and no other studies have compared the adjustment of expatriates in Germany and France.Adjustment in Western European overseas assignments
Jan Selmer, Jakob Lauring, Markus Kittler
International Journal of Commerce and Management, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp.654-672

– The purpose of this study is to assess differences between the adjustment of expatriates in Germany and France. Most research has focused on the individual in relation to expatriate adjustment. The general conditions of the host country, however, could represent an important contextual factor that needs to be explored further.

– Based on an empirical study of 130 expatriate managers on foreign assignments in France (61) and Germany (69), the authors take a comparative perspective and examine differences for sociocultural and psychological adjustment as well as time to proficiency in both countries.

– The authors found that expatriates assigned to France show higher degrees of work adjustment and general adjustment than those in Germany. This was unexpected as Germany is generally described as a more transparent, open and welcoming country. Results may thus challenge stereotypical conceptions of national differences and indicate that globalization processes are gradually changing country-specific conditions.

– Only scant research has dealt with expatriates adjusting to Western European countries and no other studies have compared the adjustment of expatriates in Germany and France.

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Adjustment in Western European overseas assignments10.1108/IJCoMA-07-2013-0074International Journal of Commerce and Management2015-11-02© 2015 Jan SelmerJakob LauringMarkus KittlerInternational Journal of Commerce and Management2542015-11-0210.1108/IJCoMA-07-2013-0074https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/IJCoMA-07-2013-0074/full/html?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss_journalLatest© 2015
Effects of ethical sales behaviour on satisfaction, trust, commitment, retention and words-of-mouthhttps://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/IJCoMA-04-2013-0040/full/html?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss_journalLatest– This study aims to investigate the influence of ethical sales behaviour on relationship quality and its consequences in the context of telemarketing to identify the complex nature of relationship marketing. – A survey with 312 qualified observations from financial institutions’ customers in Taiwan was conducted. A structural equation modelling approach was used. – Ethical sales behaviour components, that is, avoiding overharvest, security, honesty, privacy and non-harassment, have significant effects on relationship quality. Satisfactory relationship quality has positive effects on relationship commitment and customer loyalty. – This paper identifies ethical sales behaviour components, namely, avoiding overharvest, security, honesty, privacy and non-harassment, in the context of telemarketing and proposes that ethical sales behaviour is an important factor of maintaining high level of relationship quality.Effects of ethical sales behaviour on satisfaction, trust, commitment, retention and words-of-mouth
Wei-Ming Ou, Chia-Mei Shih, Chin-Yuan Chen
International Journal of Commerce and Management, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp.673-686

– This study aims to investigate the influence of ethical sales behaviour on relationship quality and its consequences in the context of telemarketing to identify the complex nature of relationship marketing.

– A survey with 312 qualified observations from financial institutions’ customers in Taiwan was conducted. A structural equation modelling approach was used.

– Ethical sales behaviour components, that is, avoiding overharvest, security, honesty, privacy and non-harassment, have significant effects on relationship quality. Satisfactory relationship quality has positive effects on relationship commitment and customer loyalty.

– This paper identifies ethical sales behaviour components, namely, avoiding overharvest, security, honesty, privacy and non-harassment, in the context of telemarketing and proposes that ethical sales behaviour is an important factor of maintaining high level of relationship quality.

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Effects of ethical sales behaviour on satisfaction, trust, commitment, retention and words-of-mouth10.1108/IJCoMA-04-2013-0040International Journal of Commerce and Management2015-11-02© 2015 Wei-Ming OuChia-Mei ShihChin-Yuan ChenInternational Journal of Commerce and Management2542015-11-0210.1108/IJCoMA-04-2013-0040https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/IJCoMA-04-2013-0040/full/html?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss_journalLatest© 2015
Gender differences in personal values: a business perspectivehttps://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/IJCoMA-10-2013-0104/full/html?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss_journalLatest– The purpose of this paper is to explore gender differences in personal values in an Arab country. – Based on a sample of 137 participants, the Kruskal-Wallis test was used to identify if the mean scores or ranks of personal values scores were significantly different between males and females. A scale developed by McDonald and Gandz (1991, 1992) was used in this study. – The findings show that females place a higher weight on personal values related to the broad categories of “ethics” and “citizenship”, while males put a stronger emphasis on “masculinity”. There were no significant differences between males and females on personal values concerned with the “vision” factor. – The results show that organizations may have to increase their training programs in the area of ethics especially for males. Second, females can be trained on how to demonstrate some masculine traits necessary for career growth without receiving the negative reactions common to such a practice. Third, organizations could offer diversity training to minimize bias toward females. Fourth, organizations should build a culture that emphasizes citizenship in organizations such as adhering to rules and policies and maintaining and protecting the work environment. – This is the first research study which explores gender differences in personal values in an Arab country, and one which promises to offer important HR implications. Moreover, an important departure from all previous studies is that the study measures personal values that are more related to the business context.Gender differences in personal values: a business perspective
Hussein Ismail
International Journal of Commerce and Management, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp.687-698

– The purpose of this paper is to explore gender differences in personal values in an Arab country.

– Based on a sample of 137 participants, the Kruskal-Wallis test was used to identify if the mean scores or ranks of personal values scores were significantly different between males and females. A scale developed by McDonald and Gandz (1991, 1992) was used in this study.

– The findings show that females place a higher weight on personal values related to the broad categories of “ethics” and “citizenship”, while males put a stronger emphasis on “masculinity”. There were no significant differences between males and females on personal values concerned with the “vision” factor.

– The results show that organizations may have to increase their training programs in the area of ethics especially for males. Second, females can be trained on how to demonstrate some masculine traits necessary for career growth without receiving the negative reactions common to such a practice. Third, organizations could offer diversity training to minimize bias toward females. Fourth, organizations should build a culture that emphasizes citizenship in organizations such as adhering to rules and policies and maintaining and protecting the work environment.

– This is the first research study which explores gender differences in personal values in an Arab country, and one which promises to offer important HR implications. Moreover, an important departure from all previous studies is that the study measures personal values that are more related to the business context.

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Gender differences in personal values: a business perspective10.1108/IJCoMA-10-2013-0104International Journal of Commerce and Management2015-11-02© 2015 Hussein IsmailInternational Journal of Commerce and Management2542015-11-0210.1108/IJCoMA-10-2013-0104https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/IJCoMA-10-2013-0104/full/html?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss_journalLatest© 2015
Study of market orientation intelligence generation and organizational variablehttps://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/IJCoMA-05-2013-0041/full/html?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss_journalLatest– The purpose of this paper is to establish the relationship of Marketing Orientation Intelligence Generation (MOIG) with five internal organizational variables, namely, Transformational Leadership Articulating a Vision (TLAV), Organizational Change (OC), Leader Monitoring (LM), Creative Process Engagement Problem Identification (CPEPI) and Organizational Support for Innovation (OSI). – Responses of 403 middle- and junior-level managers were gathered. The sample was drawn from different industries representing both Indian manufacturing and services sector. The five antecedent variables were identified from literature to relate with MOIG. The variables were measured by using closed-ended structured questionnaire. The data were analyzed using SPSS 20 for descriptive statistics and AMOS 18 for structured equation modeling (SEM). – The results of the study indicated that the exogenous variables were TLAV, OC and LM. The intervening variables were CPEPI and OSI. The endogenous variable was MOIG. TLAV showed a significant positive relationship with CPEPI and OSI. OC had a significant positive relationship with OSI. LM was found to have a significant positive relationship with CPEPI and MOIG. CPEPI has a significant positive relationship with MOIG. – This is one of the first studies relating the endogenous variable MOIG with the three internal organizational exogenous variables TLAV, OC and LM with two intervening organizational variables. – Organization development managers involved in emerging economy firms can use the findings of study to understand how MOIG of their firm can get influenced by various organizational antecedent variables. – In the context of emerging economy markets, this is one of the very first studies relating MOIG with TLAV, OC, LM, CPEPI and OSI.Study of market orientation intelligence generation and organizational variable
Som Sekhar Bhattacharyya, Sumi Jha
International Journal of Commerce and Management, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp.699-710

– The purpose of this paper is to establish the relationship of Marketing Orientation Intelligence Generation (MOIG) with five internal organizational variables, namely, Transformational Leadership Articulating a Vision (TLAV), Organizational Change (OC), Leader Monitoring (LM), Creative Process Engagement Problem Identification (CPEPI) and Organizational Support for Innovation (OSI).

– Responses of 403 middle- and junior-level managers were gathered. The sample was drawn from different industries representing both Indian manufacturing and services sector. The five antecedent variables were identified from literature to relate with MOIG. The variables were measured by using closed-ended structured questionnaire. The data were analyzed using SPSS 20 for descriptive statistics and AMOS 18 for structured equation modeling (SEM).

– The results of the study indicated that the exogenous variables were TLAV, OC and LM. The intervening variables were CPEPI and OSI. The endogenous variable was MOIG. TLAV showed a significant positive relationship with CPEPI and OSI. OC had a significant positive relationship with OSI. LM was found to have a significant positive relationship with CPEPI and MOIG. CPEPI has a significant positive relationship with MOIG.

– This is one of the first studies relating the endogenous variable MOIG with the three internal organizational exogenous variables TLAV, OC and LM with two intervening organizational variables.

– Organization development managers involved in emerging economy firms can use the findings of study to understand how MOIG of their firm can get influenced by various organizational antecedent variables.

– In the context of emerging economy markets, this is one of the very first studies relating MOIG with TLAV, OC, LM, CPEPI and OSI.

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Study of market orientation intelligence generation and organizational variable10.1108/IJCoMA-05-2013-0041International Journal of Commerce and Management2015-11-02© 2015 Som Sekhar BhattacharyyaSumi JhaInternational Journal of Commerce and Management2542015-11-0210.1108/IJCoMA-05-2013-0041https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/IJCoMA-05-2013-0041/full/html?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss_journalLatest© 2015