Policing: An International JournalTable of Contents for Policing: An International Journal. List of articles from the current issue, including Just Accepted (EarlyCite)https://www.emerald.com/insight/publication/issn/1363-951X/vol/47/iss/2?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss_journalLatestPolicing: An International JournalEmerald Publishing LimitedPolicing: An International JournalPolicing: An International Journalhttps://www.emerald.com/insight/proxy/containerImg?link=/resource/publication/journal/ff01dc9674bed22a9edf959fa1f442ca/urn:emeraldgroup.com:asset:id:binary:pijpsm.cover.jpghttps://www.emerald.com/insight/publication/issn/1363-951X/vol/47/iss/2?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss_journalLatestGuest editorial: Policing and Asian communities: an area that has been neglected by police scholarshttps://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/PIJPSM-04-2024-202/full/html?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss_journalLatestGuest editorial: Policing and Asian communities: an area that has been neglected by police scholarsGuest editorial: Policing and Asian communities: an area that has been neglected by police scholars
Hyeyoung Lim, Brian Lawton, John J. Sloan
Policing: An International Journal, Vol. 47, No. 2, pp.145-149]]>
Guest editorial: Policing and Asian communities: an area that has been neglected by police scholars10.1108/PIJPSM-04-2024-202Policing: An International Journal2024-03-27© 2023 Emerald Publishing LimitedHyeyoung LimBrian LawtonJohn J. SloanPolicing: An International Journal4722024-03-2710.1108/PIJPSM-04-2024-202https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/PIJPSM-04-2024-202/full/html?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss_journalLatest© 2023 Emerald Publishing Limited
Policing Asian communities in the United States: a systematic literature review and discussionhttps://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/PIJPSM-04-2023-0053/full/html?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss_journalLatestThis article aims to synthesize published research on the policing of Asian communities in the United States. This is a systematic literature review using PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Sixteen studies were reviewed. Five examined violence by police against Asian community members and reported rates for Asians closer to those against Whites than against members of other groups. One study found no relationship between violence against police and increased minority representation on the force. Four studies reported conflicting results regarding traffic stops of Asian motorists and in general perceptions of police anti-Asian bias. One study illustrated how racialization processes reproduce inequality both between racial-ethnic categories and within them. Five studies examined Asian community members’ general attitudes toward/satisfaction with police and reported—with qualifications—generally favorable attitudes and satisfaction with them. This is the first systematic literature review of policing Asian communities in the United States.Policing Asian communities in the United States: a systematic literature review and discussion
Hyeyoung Lim, Brian Lawton, John J. Sloan
Policing: An International Journal, Vol. 47, No. 2, pp.150-166

This article aims to synthesize published research on the policing of Asian communities in the United States.

This is a systematic literature review using PRISMA 2020 guidelines.

Sixteen studies were reviewed. Five examined violence by police against Asian community members and reported rates for Asians closer to those against Whites than against members of other groups. One study found no relationship between violence against police and increased minority representation on the force. Four studies reported conflicting results regarding traffic stops of Asian motorists and in general perceptions of police anti-Asian bias. One study illustrated how racialization processes reproduce inequality both between racial-ethnic categories and within them. Five studies examined Asian community members’ general attitudes toward/satisfaction with police and reported—with qualifications—generally favorable attitudes and satisfaction with them.

This is the first systematic literature review of policing Asian communities in the United States.

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Policing Asian communities in the United States: a systematic literature review and discussion10.1108/PIJPSM-04-2023-0053Policing: An International Journal2023-08-08© 2023 Emerald Publishing LimitedHyeyoung LimBrian LawtonJohn J. SloanPolicing: An International Journal4722023-08-0810.1108/PIJPSM-04-2023-0053https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/PIJPSM-04-2023-0053/full/html?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss_journalLatest© 2023 Emerald Publishing Limited
Persistence of police legitimacy: understanding Asian American perspectiveshttps://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/PIJPSM-11-2022-0147/full/html?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss_journalLatestThe purpose of this paper is to examine Asian Americans' perceptions of the police, specifically how they construct support. Although such literature has been growing in recent years, research on Asian American interactions with the police remains limited. Additionally, this paper is situated within the theoretical framework of system justification theory to account for Asian Americans' views of the police. This study relies on interview data collected from 20 Asian Americans residing in mid-Atlantic states. Participants were either recruited directly by the researchers or through the snowball-sampling method. Police support is influenced by perception of neighborhood safety, personal police contact and empathetic feelings toward the police. Specifically, regarding the latter component, humanizing or empathizing with police officers is a form of rationalizing individual police misconduct that reinforced police legitimacy. Most participants had similar characteristics and displayed police justification. Additional research is needed regarding what characteristics or patterns are likely to lead to lower levels of police justification. This article's findings improve our understanding of system justification among Asian Americans, particularly as it relates to policing.Persistence of police legitimacy: understanding Asian American perspectives
Stephanie Van Ha, Ivan Sun
Policing: An International Journal, Vol. 47, No. 2, pp.167-180

The purpose of this paper is to examine Asian Americans' perceptions of the police, specifically how they construct support. Although such literature has been growing in recent years, research on Asian American interactions with the police remains limited. Additionally, this paper is situated within the theoretical framework of system justification theory to account for Asian Americans' views of the police.

This study relies on interview data collected from 20 Asian Americans residing in mid-Atlantic states. Participants were either recruited directly by the researchers or through the snowball-sampling method.

Police support is influenced by perception of neighborhood safety, personal police contact and empathetic feelings toward the police. Specifically, regarding the latter component, humanizing or empathizing with police officers is a form of rationalizing individual police misconduct that reinforced police legitimacy. Most participants had similar characteristics and displayed police justification. Additional research is needed regarding what characteristics or patterns are likely to lead to lower levels of police justification.

This article's findings improve our understanding of system justification among Asian Americans, particularly as it relates to policing.

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Persistence of police legitimacy: understanding Asian American perspectives10.1108/PIJPSM-11-2022-0147Policing: An International Journal2023-03-27© 2023 Emerald Publishing LimitedStephanie Van HaIvan SunPolicing: An International Journal4722023-03-2710.1108/PIJPSM-11-2022-0147https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/PIJPSM-11-2022-0147/full/html?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss_journalLatest© 2023 Emerald Publishing Limited
Exploring police legitimacy and other factors in predicting cooperation with police in the Atlanta Korean American communityhttps://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/PIJPSM-02-2023-0032/full/html?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss_journalLatestLimited research exists on the perceptions of police within specific ethnic minority groups. The primary purpose of this study is to investigate the experiences of Korean and Korean American residents in the Metro Atlanta area regarding their perceptions of cooperation with the police, particularly in relation to hate crimes, along with their perceptions of police legitimacy and other relevant factors. By focusing on this specific population, the study aims to shed light on their unique perspectives and contribute to a deeper understanding of the complex dynamics between ethnic minorities and law enforcement. The authors’ sample comprised 128 Korean residents who were asked about their demographics, victimization experiences, self-rated English proficiency and police legitimacy. Multiple linear regression analyses were employed to investigate the impact of police legitimacy, victimization experiences and English-speaking skills on the participants' level of cooperation with the police. Police legitimacy and self-rated levels of English proficiency emerged as the most significant factors in predicting the level of cooperation among residents with the police. Furthermore, individuals who have experienced crime victimization in the past were more willing to cooperate with the police compared to those who have not. Additionally, men showed a higher tendency to cooperate with the police compared to women participants. The findings of this study suggest important implications for the policies and strategies aimed at enhancing the relationship between the Korean American community and the police. These implications include the need for improved language support for non-English speaking community members and the importance of building trust and fostering mutual understanding to cultivate positive police-community relations. By implementing measures based on these findings, it is recommended to promote a more inclusive and effective approach to policing within the Korean American population.Exploring police legitimacy and other factors in predicting cooperation with police in the Atlanta Korean American community
Jiseun Sohn, Insun Park, Gang Lee, Sinyong Choi
Policing: An International Journal, Vol. 47, No. 2, pp.181-198

Limited research exists on the perceptions of police within specific ethnic minority groups. The primary purpose of this study is to investigate the experiences of Korean and Korean American residents in the Metro Atlanta area regarding their perceptions of cooperation with the police, particularly in relation to hate crimes, along with their perceptions of police legitimacy and other relevant factors. By focusing on this specific population, the study aims to shed light on their unique perspectives and contribute to a deeper understanding of the complex dynamics between ethnic minorities and law enforcement.

The authors’ sample comprised 128 Korean residents who were asked about their demographics, victimization experiences, self-rated English proficiency and police legitimacy. Multiple linear regression analyses were employed to investigate the impact of police legitimacy, victimization experiences and English-speaking skills on the participants' level of cooperation with the police.

Police legitimacy and self-rated levels of English proficiency emerged as the most significant factors in predicting the level of cooperation among residents with the police. Furthermore, individuals who have experienced crime victimization in the past were more willing to cooperate with the police compared to those who have not. Additionally, men showed a higher tendency to cooperate with the police compared to women participants.

The findings of this study suggest important implications for the policies and strategies aimed at enhancing the relationship between the Korean American community and the police. These implications include the need for improved language support for non-English speaking community members and the importance of building trust and fostering mutual understanding to cultivate positive police-community relations. By implementing measures based on these findings, it is recommended to promote a more inclusive and effective approach to policing within the Korean American population.

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Exploring police legitimacy and other factors in predicting cooperation with police in the Atlanta Korean American community10.1108/PIJPSM-02-2023-0032Policing: An International Journal2023-07-05© 2023 Emerald Publishing LimitedJiseun SohnInsun ParkGang LeeSinyong ChoiPolicing: An International Journal4722023-07-0510.1108/PIJPSM-02-2023-0032https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/PIJPSM-02-2023-0032/full/html?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss_journalLatest© 2023 Emerald Publishing Limited
Exploring Southeast Asian immigrants' attitudes toward the police in Taiwanhttps://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/PIJPSM-12-2022-0150/full/html?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss_journalLatestWhile a substantial amount of research has been conducted in western societies exploring public attitudes toward police (ATP) among immigrants in recent decades, the question of how recently arrived immigrants view the police in Asian societies has been largely overlooked. This study aims to explore Southeast Asian immigrants' ATP in Taiwan and how assimilation, discrimination, affirmation, procedural justice, bifocal lenses and contact experiences – viewed simultaneously – impact their perceptions. Using a combination of convenience and snowball sampling methods, a total of 579 completed survey responses were collected in Taiwan with a response rate of 89%. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used to examine key factors that impact immigrants' attitudes toward the Taiwanese police. The findings suggest that procedural justice and assimilation are two robust and direct predictors of immigrants' attitudes toward Taiwanese police. Immigrants from Southeast Asian countries who perceive that they have been treated fairly by Taiwan police tended to report more positive ATP. Likewise, higher levels of assimilation boosted confidence in the police. In addition, both nationality and marital status had a significant impact on perceptions of the police. This pioneering study examines immigrants' ATP among four groups of Southeast Asians in Taiwan —namely, immigrants from Indonesia, Vietnam, Thailand and the Philippines. The use of SEM strengthens the robustness of the findings derived from this study.Exploring Southeast Asian immigrants' attitudes toward the police in Taiwan
Yung-Lien Lai, Fei Luo, Chia-Cheng Kang, Tzu-Ying Lo
Policing: An International Journal, Vol. 47, No. 2, pp.199-214

While a substantial amount of research has been conducted in western societies exploring public attitudes toward police (ATP) among immigrants in recent decades, the question of how recently arrived immigrants view the police in Asian societies has been largely overlooked. This study aims to explore Southeast Asian immigrants' ATP in Taiwan and how assimilation, discrimination, affirmation, procedural justice, bifocal lenses and contact experiences – viewed simultaneously – impact their perceptions.

Using a combination of convenience and snowball sampling methods, a total of 579 completed survey responses were collected in Taiwan with a response rate of 89%. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used to examine key factors that impact immigrants' attitudes toward the Taiwanese police.

The findings suggest that procedural justice and assimilation are two robust and direct predictors of immigrants' attitudes toward Taiwanese police. Immigrants from Southeast Asian countries who perceive that they have been treated fairly by Taiwan police tended to report more positive ATP. Likewise, higher levels of assimilation boosted confidence in the police. In addition, both nationality and marital status had a significant impact on perceptions of the police.

This pioneering study examines immigrants' ATP among four groups of Southeast Asians in Taiwan —namely, immigrants from Indonesia, Vietnam, Thailand and the Philippines. The use of SEM strengthens the robustness of the findings derived from this study.

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Exploring Southeast Asian immigrants' attitudes toward the police in Taiwan10.1108/PIJPSM-12-2022-0150Policing: An International Journal2023-08-10© 2023 Emerald Publishing LimitedYung-Lien LaiFei LuoChia-Cheng KangTzu-Ying LoPolicing: An International Journal4722023-08-1010.1108/PIJPSM-12-2022-0150https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/PIJPSM-12-2022-0150/full/html?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss_journalLatest© 2023 Emerald Publishing Limited
Perceptions of police ineffectiveness and street codes by nationality in South Korea: an application of Anderson's code of the street frameworkhttps://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/PIJPSM-01-2023-0010/full/html?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss_journalLatestThis study explores the applicability of Anderson's (1999) code of the street framework to an Asian context by examining the relationship between residents' perceptions of police ineffectiveness, nationality, and street codes in foreigner-concentrated areas in South Korea. The authors used survey data from 1,865 residents of diverse nationalities living in 20 foreigner-concentrated areas in South Korea. Mixed-effects ordinary least squares (OLS) regression and moderation analysis were used to examine (1) the association between residents' perceptions of police ineffectiveness and their street codes and (2) how this association varies across nationality groups. The study findings overall indicated that higher resident perceptions of police as ineffective tended to correspond with greater levels of street codes. However, the interaction analysis results found that this relationship was conditioned by nationality. Specifically, perceptions of police ineffectiveness were associated with greater levels of street codes among foreign residents, particularly Korean-Chinese residents, whereas this was not the case among Korean residents. The relationship between perceptions of the police and street codes described by Anderson (1999) has primarily been examined in the context of the U.S. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this study represents the first attempt to explore the link between residents' perceptions of the police and street codes by different nationality groups within an Asian setting.Perceptions of police ineffectiveness and street codes by nationality in South Korea: an application of Anderson's code of the street framework
Kiseong Kuen, Hyounggon Kwak, Kwang Hyun Ra
Policing: An International Journal, Vol. 47, No. 2, pp.215-229

This study explores the applicability of Anderson's (1999) code of the street framework to an Asian context by examining the relationship between residents' perceptions of police ineffectiveness, nationality, and street codes in foreigner-concentrated areas in South Korea.

The authors used survey data from 1,865 residents of diverse nationalities living in 20 foreigner-concentrated areas in South Korea. Mixed-effects ordinary least squares (OLS) regression and moderation analysis were used to examine (1) the association between residents' perceptions of police ineffectiveness and their street codes and (2) how this association varies across nationality groups.

The study findings overall indicated that higher resident perceptions of police as ineffective tended to correspond with greater levels of street codes. However, the interaction analysis results found that this relationship was conditioned by nationality. Specifically, perceptions of police ineffectiveness were associated with greater levels of street codes among foreign residents, particularly Korean-Chinese residents, whereas this was not the case among Korean residents.

The relationship between perceptions of the police and street codes described by Anderson (1999) has primarily been examined in the context of the U.S. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this study represents the first attempt to explore the link between residents' perceptions of the police and street codes by different nationality groups within an Asian setting.

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Perceptions of police ineffectiveness and street codes by nationality in South Korea: an application of Anderson's code of the street framework10.1108/PIJPSM-01-2023-0010Policing: An International Journal2023-08-02© 2023 Emerald Publishing LimitedKiseong KuenHyounggon KwakKwang Hyun RaPolicing: An International Journal4722023-08-0210.1108/PIJPSM-01-2023-0010https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/PIJPSM-01-2023-0010/full/html?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss_journalLatest© 2023 Emerald Publishing Limited
Does citizen opinion matter? An analysis of police officers’ support for democratic policing in South Koreahttps://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/PIJPSM-09-2023-0112/full/html?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss_journalLatestThis study examined the effects of organizational justice and citizen respect to support for democratic policing through self-legitimacy among South Korean police officers. The authors used survey data from 467 South Korean police officers in 2022. Structural equation model analysis was used to examine relationships between each variable. This study found a positive relationship between organizational justice and self-assessed legitimacy. Also, citizen respect had a positive relationship with both police officers' self-assessed legitimacy and audience legitimacy. Self-assessed legitimacy had a significant effect on support for democratic policing, while perceived-audience legitimacy did not have a significant effect on support for democratic policing. The current study provides evidence that self-legitimacy affects supporting democratic policing in a non-Western democracy. Additionally, to the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to examine the role of police self-legitimacy as a link between organizational justice and citizen respect and the intended behaviors of police officers toward citizens.Does citizen opinion matter? An analysis of police officers’ support for democratic policing in South Korea
Seung Hyun Kim, Kwang Hyun Ra, Sang Hun Lee, Do Sun Lee
Policing: An International Journal, Vol. 47, No. 2, pp.230-244

This study examined the effects of organizational justice and citizen respect to support for democratic policing through self-legitimacy among South Korean police officers.

The authors used survey data from 467 South Korean police officers in 2022. Structural equation model analysis was used to examine relationships between each variable.

This study found a positive relationship between organizational justice and self-assessed legitimacy. Also, citizen respect had a positive relationship with both police officers' self-assessed legitimacy and audience legitimacy. Self-assessed legitimacy had a significant effect on support for democratic policing, while perceived-audience legitimacy did not have a significant effect on support for democratic policing.

The current study provides evidence that self-legitimacy affects supporting democratic policing in a non-Western democracy. Additionally, to the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to examine the role of police self-legitimacy as a link between organizational justice and citizen respect and the intended behaviors of police officers toward citizens.

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Does citizen opinion matter? An analysis of police officers’ support for democratic policing in South Korea10.1108/PIJPSM-09-2023-0112Policing: An International Journal2024-02-13© 2024 Emerald Publishing LimitedSeung Hyun KimKwang Hyun RaSang Hun LeeDo Sun LeePolicing: An International Journal4722024-02-1310.1108/PIJPSM-09-2023-0112https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/PIJPSM-09-2023-0112/full/html?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss_journalLatest© 2024 Emerald Publishing Limited
Needs assessment of police pre-deployment training for dispatch experts in international development cooperation of policinghttps://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/PIJPSM-06-2023-0083/full/html?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss_journalLatestThis study identifies the policing pre-deployment training content for Korean experts based on needs assessments. Korean policing is at an excellent level to transfer knowledge and skills. Pre-deployment training should be designed systematically and training of trainers approaches should be implemented. This study used T-tests, Borich needs assessments, and Locus for Focus model analyses to determine the priorities of needs for pre-deployment training in policing. A survey of 116 experienced experts was conducted, with 87 responding (75%). The study identified 26 factors that deployed law enforcement professionals want to learn from pre-deployment training. These factors were categorized into three areas: research, training design and methods and understanding of partner countries and international development cooperation. The nine highest priorities for training needs were related to understanding the status and conditions of police training in the country to which policing experts are deployed. This study was limited to Korean policing experts. And the study did not evaluate the validity of the training curriculum or indicators. Technical assistance in international policing development cooperation aims to train future trainers who can train local police. This study found that limited learner information and poor communication skills can lead to ineffective technical assistance. This study highlights the importance of knowledge transfer and effective pre-deployment training for policing. The findings can be used to improve training programs and police human resource development.Needs assessment of police pre-deployment training for dispatch experts in international development cooperation of policing
Junseon Jeong, Minji Park, Hyeonah Jo, Chunju Kim, Ji Hoon Song
Policing: An International Journal, Vol. 47, No. 2, pp.245-259

This study identifies the policing pre-deployment training content for Korean experts based on needs assessments. Korean policing is at an excellent level to transfer knowledge and skills. Pre-deployment training should be designed systematically and training of trainers approaches should be implemented.

This study used T-tests, Borich needs assessments, and Locus for Focus model analyses to determine the priorities of needs for pre-deployment training in policing. A survey of 116 experienced experts was conducted, with 87 responding (75%).

The study identified 26 factors that deployed law enforcement professionals want to learn from pre-deployment training. These factors were categorized into three areas: research, training design and methods and understanding of partner countries and international development cooperation. The nine highest priorities for training needs were related to understanding the status and conditions of police training in the country to which policing experts are deployed.

This study was limited to Korean policing experts. And the study did not evaluate the validity of the training curriculum or indicators.

Technical assistance in international policing development cooperation aims to train future trainers who can train local police. This study found that limited learner information and poor communication skills can lead to ineffective technical assistance.

This study highlights the importance of knowledge transfer and effective pre-deployment training for policing. The findings can be used to improve training programs and police human resource development.

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Needs assessment of police pre-deployment training for dispatch experts in international development cooperation of policing10.1108/PIJPSM-06-2023-0083Policing: An International Journal2024-02-23© 2024 Emerald Publishing LimitedJunseon JeongMinji ParkHyeonah JoChunju KimJi Hoon SongPolicing: An International Journal4722024-02-2310.1108/PIJPSM-06-2023-0083https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/PIJPSM-06-2023-0083/full/html?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss_journalLatest© 2024 Emerald Publishing Limited
Shiftwork and pregnancy loss among police officers: a preliminary investigationhttps://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/PIJPSM-09-2023-0119/full/html?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss_journalLatestPolicing requires atypical work hours. The present study examined associations between shiftwork and pregnancy loss among female police officers. Participants were 91 female officers with a prior history of at least one pregnancy. Shiftwork information was assessed using daily electronic payroll work records. Any prior pregnancy loss (due to miscarriage) was self-reported. Logistic regression estimated odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for main associations. On average, the officers were 42 years old, had 14 years of service, and 56% reported a prior pregnancy loss. Officers who worked dominantly on the afternoon or night shift during their career had 96% greater odds of pregnancy loss compared to those on day shift (OR = 1.96, 95% CI:0.71–5.42), but the result was not statistically significant. A 25% increase in percent of hours worked on night shift was associated with 87% increased odds of pregnancy loss (OR = 1.87, 95% CI:1.01–3.47). Associations were adjusted for demographic and lifestyle factors. Objective assessment of shiftwork via electronic records strengthened the study. Limitations include small sample size, cross-sectional design and lack of details on pregnancy loss or the timing of pregnancy loss with regard to shiftwork. The present study is preliminary and cross-sectional. With considerable further inquiry and findings into this topic, results may have an impact on police policy affecting shift work and pregnant police officers. Implication on the health and welfare of police officers. To our knowledge, there are no empirical studies which associate shiftwork and pregnancy loss among police officers. This preliminary study suggested an association between shiftwork and increased odds of pregnancy loss and points out the need for further study.Shiftwork and pregnancy loss among police officers: a preliminary investigation
John M. Violanti, Michael E. Andrew
Policing: An International Journal, Vol. 47, No. 2, pp.260-272

Policing requires atypical work hours. The present study examined associations between shiftwork and pregnancy loss among female police officers.

Participants were 91 female officers with a prior history of at least one pregnancy. Shiftwork information was assessed using daily electronic payroll work records. Any prior pregnancy loss (due to miscarriage) was self-reported. Logistic regression estimated odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for main associations.

On average, the officers were 42 years old, had 14 years of service, and 56% reported a prior pregnancy loss. Officers who worked dominantly on the afternoon or night shift during their career had 96% greater odds of pregnancy loss compared to those on day shift (OR = 1.96, 95% CI:0.71–5.42), but the result was not statistically significant. A 25% increase in percent of hours worked on night shift was associated with 87% increased odds of pregnancy loss (OR = 1.87, 95% CI:1.01–3.47). Associations were adjusted for demographic and lifestyle factors. Objective assessment of shiftwork via electronic records strengthened the study. Limitations include small sample size, cross-sectional design and lack of details on pregnancy loss or the timing of pregnancy loss with regard to shiftwork.

The present study is preliminary and cross-sectional.

With considerable further inquiry and findings into this topic, results may have an impact on police policy affecting shift work and pregnant police officers.

Implication on the health and welfare of police officers.

To our knowledge, there are no empirical studies which associate shiftwork and pregnancy loss among police officers. This preliminary study suggested an association between shiftwork and increased odds of pregnancy loss and points out the need for further study.

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Shiftwork and pregnancy loss among police officers: a preliminary investigation10.1108/PIJPSM-09-2023-0119Policing: An International Journal2024-02-20© 2024 Emerald Publishing LimitedJohn M. ViolantiMichael E. AndrewPolicing: An International Journal4722024-02-2010.1108/PIJPSM-09-2023-0119https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/PIJPSM-09-2023-0119/full/html?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss_journalLatest© 2024 Emerald Publishing Limited
Law enforcement perceptions of job stress and barriers to supportive resources when working child sexual abuse cases in the southern United Stateshttps://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/PIJPSM-09-2023-0121/full/html?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss_journalLatestThe purpose of this paper was to examine law enforcement officers' perspectives on job stress and barriers to supportive resources when working child sexual abuse cases in a large southern state. It is well documented in the literature that professionals who work in healthcare, emergency services and law enforcement face tremendous amounts of stress and consequences to their physical and mental health. Little research has been done to examine how child sexual abuse investigations impact law enforcement, and how these specialized officers perceive access to supportive resources. This qualitative study was part of a larger quantitative study and included 20 law enforcement officers who participated in anonymous, semi-structured phone interviews. Findings included (1) child sexual abuse cases are difficult, specialized and disturbing (2) barriers to supportive resources include law enforcement culture, the stigma of asking for help, awareness and accessibility of resources and leadership as gatekeeper to the resources and (3) officers perceive both formal and informal resources to be helpful and at best should be proactively available to all officers in the state. A model of the findings was developed to illustrate the implications for practitioners and scholars. This study was not without weaknesses, specifically the small number of participants, volunteer sampling does not represent the general population and the sampling technique means some demographics may have been missed by researchers. This study adds to the literature on law enforcement mental health, occupational health and mental health resources. It confirms established research in the literature and provides insight into officer perspectives about barriers that prevent access to informal and formal supports that could improve their emotional well-being. This study is the first of its kind, to our knowledge, that asks detectives and investigators of child abuse cases about mental health resources. These law enforcement officers are at high-risk for traumatic stress, compassion fatigue and burnout due to the specialized cases they investigate.Law enforcement perceptions of job stress and barriers to supportive resources when working child sexual abuse cases in the southern United States
Lisa Nichols, Kendra N. Bowen
Policing: An International Journal, Vol. 47, No. 2, pp.273-284

The purpose of this paper was to examine law enforcement officers' perspectives on job stress and barriers to supportive resources when working child sexual abuse cases in a large southern state. It is well documented in the literature that professionals who work in healthcare, emergency services and law enforcement face tremendous amounts of stress and consequences to their physical and mental health. Little research has been done to examine how child sexual abuse investigations impact law enforcement, and how these specialized officers perceive access to supportive resources.

This qualitative study was part of a larger quantitative study and included 20 law enforcement officers who participated in anonymous, semi-structured phone interviews.

Findings included (1) child sexual abuse cases are difficult, specialized and disturbing (2) barriers to supportive resources include law enforcement culture, the stigma of asking for help, awareness and accessibility of resources and leadership as gatekeeper to the resources and (3) officers perceive both formal and informal resources to be helpful and at best should be proactively available to all officers in the state. A model of the findings was developed to illustrate the implications for practitioners and scholars.

This study was not without weaknesses, specifically the small number of participants, volunteer sampling does not represent the general population and the sampling technique means some demographics may have been missed by researchers.

This study adds to the literature on law enforcement mental health, occupational health and mental health resources. It confirms established research in the literature and provides insight into officer perspectives about barriers that prevent access to informal and formal supports that could improve their emotional well-being.

This study is the first of its kind, to our knowledge, that asks detectives and investigators of child abuse cases about mental health resources. These law enforcement officers are at high-risk for traumatic stress, compassion fatigue and burnout due to the specialized cases they investigate.

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Law enforcement perceptions of job stress and barriers to supportive resources when working child sexual abuse cases in the southern United States10.1108/PIJPSM-09-2023-0121Policing: An International Journal2024-03-07© 2024 Emerald Publishing LimitedLisa NicholsKendra N. BowenPolicing: An International Journal4722024-03-0710.1108/PIJPSM-09-2023-0121https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/PIJPSM-09-2023-0121/full/html?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss_journalLatest© 2024 Emerald Publishing Limited
A multi-method case study of a police agency’s response to the COVID-19 pandemichttps://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/PIJPSM-09-2023-0109/full/html?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss_journalLatestWe present the results of one of the only in-depth studies of a police agency’s internal and external response to the coronavirus pandemic of 2020 (COVID-19). This study emphasizes the importance of law enforcement agencies conducting comprehensive case studies and after-action assessments to prepare, prevent and respond to prolonged public health crises and showcases the profound (and lingering) effects of COVID-19 on police organizations. This multi-method case study combines document analysis, a workforce survey, a community survey, interviews and analysis of administrative data to detail and assess the agency’s internal and operational responses to the pandemic and the reactions of employees and community members to those responses. Despite agency strategies to mitigate the pandemic’s effects, employees cited very high stress levels one year after the pandemic and a third of sworn officers considered leaving the policing profession altogether during the first two years of the COVID-19 pandemic. Several policies intended by the agency to protect employee health and maintain staffing needs kept workforce levels steady but may have increased feelings of organizational injustice in both sworn and non-sworn individuals, with variation across racial and gender groups. A jurisdiction-wide community survey indicated general support for the police department’s responses but a preference for in-person rather than telephone-based responses to service calls. Officers, however, preferred continuing remote responses even after the pandemic subsided. To the best of our knowledge, this is one of the only in-depth case studies that examine a police agency’s internal and external responses to COVID-19 and the sworn, non-sworn and community reactions to those responses.A multi-method case study of a police agency’s response to the COVID-19 pandemic
Cynthia Lum, Christopher S. Koper, Michael Goodier, William Johnson, James Krause
Policing: An International Journal, Vol. 47, No. 2, pp.285-305

We present the results of one of the only in-depth studies of a police agency’s internal and external response to the coronavirus pandemic of 2020 (COVID-19). This study emphasizes the importance of law enforcement agencies conducting comprehensive case studies and after-action assessments to prepare, prevent and respond to prolonged public health crises and showcases the profound (and lingering) effects of COVID-19 on police organizations.

This multi-method case study combines document analysis, a workforce survey, a community survey, interviews and analysis of administrative data to detail and assess the agency’s internal and operational responses to the pandemic and the reactions of employees and community members to those responses.

Despite agency strategies to mitigate the pandemic’s effects, employees cited very high stress levels one year after the pandemic and a third of sworn officers considered leaving the policing profession altogether during the first two years of the COVID-19 pandemic. Several policies intended by the agency to protect employee health and maintain staffing needs kept workforce levels steady but may have increased feelings of organizational injustice in both sworn and non-sworn individuals, with variation across racial and gender groups. A jurisdiction-wide community survey indicated general support for the police department’s responses but a preference for in-person rather than telephone-based responses to service calls. Officers, however, preferred continuing remote responses even after the pandemic subsided.

To the best of our knowledge, this is one of the only in-depth case studies that examine a police agency’s internal and external responses to COVID-19 and the sworn, non-sworn and community reactions to those responses.

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A multi-method case study of a police agency’s response to the COVID-19 pandemic10.1108/PIJPSM-09-2023-0109Policing: An International Journal2024-03-04© 2024 Emerald Publishing LimitedCynthia LumChristopher S. KoperMichael GoodierWilliam JohnsonJames KrausePolicing: An International Journal4722024-03-0410.1108/PIJPSM-09-2023-0109https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/PIJPSM-09-2023-0109/full/html?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss_journalLatest© 2024 Emerald Publishing Limited
The relationship between legitimacy and cooperation with the police - an empirical assessmenthttps://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/PIJPSM-09-2023-0117/full/html?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss_journalLatestThe police require the cooperation of the public to ensure security in society. People cooperate with the police because they share norms and values reflected in the law and police action. Police face challenges in obtaining the cooperation of the public. There are studies examining the relationship between the legitimacy of the police and cooperation with the police. Using Tankebe's (2013) model of legitimacy as a multidimensional concept, this study examines the relationship between legitimacy and cooperation with the police in India. For examining the relationship, the study uses data collected from a survey of 705 victims of crime in India who had interacted with the police. The research questions were examined using structural equation modeling (SEM). On the basis of the analyses, the study concludes that legitimacy is a multidimensional concept encompassing police lawfulness, procedural justice, distributive justice and effectiveness. The legitimacy of the police has both a direct impact on cooperation with the police and the obligation to obey as a mediating variable. The study indicates that legitimacy is an important antecedent to cooperation with the police, which has significant policy implications. The study is significant as there are no studies examining the relationship between the legitimacy of police and cooperation with the police in India, which is a non-Western developing country and the largest democracy in the world. The present research is the first study of this nature.The relationship between legitimacy and cooperation with the police - an empirical assessment
Vinod Kumar TK
Policing: An International Journal, Vol. 47, No. 2, pp.306-320

The police require the cooperation of the public to ensure security in society. People cooperate with the police because they share norms and values reflected in the law and police action. Police face challenges in obtaining the cooperation of the public. There are studies examining the relationship between the legitimacy of the police and cooperation with the police. Using Tankebe's (2013) model of legitimacy as a multidimensional concept, this study examines the relationship between legitimacy and cooperation with the police in India.

For examining the relationship, the study uses data collected from a survey of 705 victims of crime in India who had interacted with the police. The research questions were examined using structural equation modeling (SEM).

On the basis of the analyses, the study concludes that legitimacy is a multidimensional concept encompassing police lawfulness, procedural justice, distributive justice and effectiveness. The legitimacy of the police has both a direct impact on cooperation with the police and the obligation to obey as a mediating variable. The study indicates that legitimacy is an important antecedent to cooperation with the police, which has significant policy implications.

The study is significant as there are no studies examining the relationship between the legitimacy of police and cooperation with the police in India, which is a non-Western developing country and the largest democracy in the world. The present research is the first study of this nature.

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The relationship between legitimacy and cooperation with the police - an empirical assessment10.1108/PIJPSM-09-2023-0117Policing: An International Journal2024-03-19© 2024 Emerald Publishing LimitedVinod Kumar TKPolicing: An International Journal4722024-03-1910.1108/PIJPSM-09-2023-0117https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/PIJPSM-09-2023-0117/full/html?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss_journalLatest© 2024 Emerald Publishing Limited
The effect of organizational justice on police officers’ perception of procedural justice in the South Korea: the mediating roles of perceived discretion and responsivenesshttps://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/PIJPSM-11-2023-0143/full/html?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss_journalLatestRecently, the interest of scholars studying procedural justice in policing has shifted from the relationship between procedural justice and citizen compliance to trust in police officers’ perceptions of who exercises it. This study explores the relationship between organizational justice and the perception of procedural justice from the perspective of police officers. Furthermore, it investigates the mediating roles of discretion and responsiveness. Using 441 survey responses from South Korean police officers, a mediation model is outlined and tested using structural equation modeling (SEM). The results showed that police officers’ perceptions of organizational justice had indirect effects on the perceived importance of procedural justice. Moreover, discretion and responsiveness mediate the relationship between organizational justice and perceived procedural justice. Officers who perceive police fairness are more likely to have a positive perception of procedural justice toward citizens when they have a higher level of discretion and responsiveness. However, police officers’ perceptions of organizational justice are not directly linked to their perceptions of procedural justice. This study contributes to the generalization of knowledge by empirically testing Van Craen’s theoretical model of the Korean police. It also expands the existing theoretical model by investigating the influence of overall organizational justice and its possible mediators on procedural justice.The effect of organizational justice on police officers’ perception of procedural justice in the South Korea: the mediating roles of perceived discretion and responsiveness
Nakbum Choi, Jaeseong Jang
Policing: An International Journal, Vol. 47, No. 2, pp.321-336

Recently, the interest of scholars studying procedural justice in policing has shifted from the relationship between procedural justice and citizen compliance to trust in police officers’ perceptions of who exercises it. This study explores the relationship between organizational justice and the perception of procedural justice from the perspective of police officers. Furthermore, it investigates the mediating roles of discretion and responsiveness.

Using 441 survey responses from South Korean police officers, a mediation model is outlined and tested using structural equation modeling (SEM). The results showed that police officers’ perceptions of organizational justice had indirect effects on the perceived importance of procedural justice. Moreover, discretion and responsiveness mediate the relationship between organizational justice and perceived procedural justice.

Officers who perceive police fairness are more likely to have a positive perception of procedural justice toward citizens when they have a higher level of discretion and responsiveness. However, police officers’ perceptions of organizational justice are not directly linked to their perceptions of procedural justice.

This study contributes to the generalization of knowledge by empirically testing Van Craen’s theoretical model of the Korean police. It also expands the existing theoretical model by investigating the influence of overall organizational justice and its possible mediators on procedural justice.

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The effect of organizational justice on police officers’ perception of procedural justice in the South Korea: the mediating roles of perceived discretion and responsiveness10.1108/PIJPSM-11-2023-0143Policing: An International Journal2024-03-20© 2024 Emerald Publishing LimitedNakbum ChoiJaeseong JangPolicing: An International Journal4722024-03-2010.1108/PIJPSM-11-2023-0143https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/PIJPSM-11-2023-0143/full/html?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss_journalLatest© 2024 Emerald Publishing Limited
The final frontier: police culture for women in men’s spaceshttps://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/PIJPSM-01-2024-0002/full/html?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss_journalLatestThis study explores how police culture is experienced by women officers serving in positions where they are significantly underrepresented (i.e. leadership and elite specialty units) and the environmental factors that shape these experiences. A qualitative analysis of transcripts from interviews with 71 women serving in male-dominated roles was conducted (N = 39 ranking women; N = 32 women on elite units). Participants described five occupational, organizational and assignment-level factors that shaped their workplace experiences. While some contextual forces at play are similar for women working patrol (e.g. traditional police culture, the underrepresentation of women in law enforcement) unique position-level factors were also identified (e.g. the high-risk and consequential nature of the work). While the cultural environment for women patrol officers has improved in the past few decades, the same cannot be said for women working in positions that are still dominated by men. More attention to this area of policing is needed to ensure gender diversity is achieved throughout organizations and not only in positions deemed suitable for women. The study extends research on women in policing beyond the focus on patrol. Further, it explores the assignment- and rank-based perspectives of police culture, which are largely absent from the literature.The final frontier: police culture for women in men’s spaces
Natalie Todak
Policing: An International Journal, Vol. ahead-of-print, No. ahead-of-print, pp.-

This study explores how police culture is experienced by women officers serving in positions where they are significantly underrepresented (i.e. leadership and elite specialty units) and the environmental factors that shape these experiences.

A qualitative analysis of transcripts from interviews with 71 women serving in male-dominated roles was conducted (N = 39 ranking women; N = 32 women on elite units).

Participants described five occupational, organizational and assignment-level factors that shaped their workplace experiences. While some contextual forces at play are similar for women working patrol (e.g. traditional police culture, the underrepresentation of women in law enforcement) unique position-level factors were also identified (e.g. the high-risk and consequential nature of the work).

While the cultural environment for women patrol officers has improved in the past few decades, the same cannot be said for women working in positions that are still dominated by men. More attention to this area of policing is needed to ensure gender diversity is achieved throughout organizations and not only in positions deemed suitable for women.

The study extends research on women in policing beyond the focus on patrol. Further, it explores the assignment- and rank-based perspectives of police culture, which are largely absent from the literature.

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The final frontier: police culture for women in men’s spaces10.1108/PIJPSM-01-2024-0002Policing: An International Journal2024-03-25© 2024 Emerald Publishing LimitedNatalie TodakPolicing: An International Journalahead-of-printahead-of-print2024-03-2510.1108/PIJPSM-01-2024-0002https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/PIJPSM-01-2024-0002/full/html?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss_journalLatest© 2024 Emerald Publishing Limited
Police custody in rural Scotland: negotiating boundaries, risk and organisational changehttps://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/PIJPSM-01-2024-0007/full/html?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss_journalLatestThis paper explores the challenging nexus of police custody, risk and intra-organisational boundaries in the context of a recently reformed national police service. Police custody is an often-hidden aspect of policing, away from the public gaze and scrutiny. Although there is increasing recognition of the importance of rural policing (e.g. Harkness (2020); Mawby and Yarwood (2011); Ruddell and Jones (2020); Yarwood and Wooff (2016)), there has been little or no focus on rural police custody. This paper seeks to begin to redress this by focussing on the challenges faced by rural police custody in the context of large-scale organisational change. This paper draws on data from a study funded by the Scottish Institute for Policing Research (2016–2018), entitled “Measuring Risk and Efficiency in Police Custody in Scotland”. The paper adopts a qualitative methodology to develop an understanding of the varying nature of police custody across Scotland. Two contrasting case study locations were selected, one urban and one rural. 12 semi-structured interviews and 15 hours of observation were carried out. Data was transcribed, coded and analysed and thematic analysis enabled themes to be developed. This paper draws on the data from the rural custody suite. Drawing on the theoretical framework of Giacomantonio (2014) and more recent considerations of abstract policing Terpstra et al. (2019), this paper offers insights into the ways that police custody in rural Scotland has been organised, against the backdrop of challenging organisational change. I argue that as policing services in Scotland have become increasingly “abstract” from communities, police custody as a national division has witnessed the impact of this more greatly than other parts of local policing. Intra-organisational management around staffing has led to complex management of risk, illustrating some of the challenges of national organisational change on police custody. This paper focuses on the impact of large scale organisational change on rural police custody and intra-organisational relationships and dynamics. Rural policing is still a largely neglected area of study and rural police custody is even less understood. This paper therefore provides an original contribution by focusing on this under-researched area of policing. It also illustrates complexity around risk, staffing and management of people being held in rural police custody suites. It is therefore of value to policing scholars in other contexts, as well as rural criminology more generally. It has applicability to international contexts where macro level policing reform is occurring.Police custody in rural Scotland: negotiating boundaries, risk and organisational change
Andrew Wooff
Policing: An International Journal, Vol. ahead-of-print, No. ahead-of-print, pp.-

This paper explores the challenging nexus of police custody, risk and intra-organisational boundaries in the context of a recently reformed national police service. Police custody is an often-hidden aspect of policing, away from the public gaze and scrutiny. Although there is increasing recognition of the importance of rural policing (e.g. Harkness (2020); Mawby and Yarwood (2011); Ruddell and Jones (2020); Yarwood and Wooff (2016)), there has been little or no focus on rural police custody. This paper seeks to begin to redress this by focussing on the challenges faced by rural police custody in the context of large-scale organisational change.

This paper draws on data from a study funded by the Scottish Institute for Policing Research (2016–2018), entitled “Measuring Risk and Efficiency in Police Custody in Scotland”. The paper adopts a qualitative methodology to develop an understanding of the varying nature of police custody across Scotland. Two contrasting case study locations were selected, one urban and one rural. 12 semi-structured interviews and 15 hours of observation were carried out. Data was transcribed, coded and analysed and thematic analysis enabled themes to be developed. This paper draws on the data from the rural custody suite.

Drawing on the theoretical framework of Giacomantonio (2014) and more recent considerations of abstract policing Terpstra et al. (2019), this paper offers insights into the ways that police custody in rural Scotland has been organised, against the backdrop of challenging organisational change. I argue that as policing services in Scotland have become increasingly “abstract” from communities, police custody as a national division has witnessed the impact of this more greatly than other parts of local policing. Intra-organisational management around staffing has led to complex management of risk, illustrating some of the challenges of national organisational change on police custody.

This paper focuses on the impact of large scale organisational change on rural police custody and intra-organisational relationships and dynamics. Rural policing is still a largely neglected area of study and rural police custody is even less understood. This paper therefore provides an original contribution by focusing on this under-researched area of policing. It also illustrates complexity around risk, staffing and management of people being held in rural police custody suites. It is therefore of value to policing scholars in other contexts, as well as rural criminology more generally. It has applicability to international contexts where macro level policing reform is occurring.

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Police custody in rural Scotland: negotiating boundaries, risk and organisational change10.1108/PIJPSM-01-2024-0007Policing: An International Journal2024-03-19© 2024 Emerald Publishing LimitedAndrew WooffPolicing: An International Journalahead-of-printahead-of-print2024-03-1910.1108/PIJPSM-01-2024-0007https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/PIJPSM-01-2024-0007/full/html?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss_journalLatest© 2024 Emerald Publishing Limited
Police legitimacy in urban, suburban and rural settings: a study in Sloveniahttps://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/PIJPSM-08-2023-0102/full/html?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss_journalLatestPolice legitimacy presents a social value of the institution based on citizens' normative, moral and ethical feelings that they should voluntarily comply with and support the authority of the police. The present study focuses on residents' perceptions of police legitimacy in different settings in Slovenia. Drawing on data from a survey of 1,022 citizens in Slovenia, this study examined the correlates of police legitimacy and differences in citizen perceptions of police legitimacy in urban, suburban and rural settings. Multivariate statistical analyses showed that feelings of obligation to obey, trust in police, procedural justice, police effectiveness, relations with police officers and gender influence perceptions of police legitimacy. Significant differences between residents' perceptions of police legitimacy, obligation to obey, trust in police, procedural justice, police effectiveness and legal cynicism in urban, suburban and rural settings were also observed. In general, residents of rural areas were found to have more positive attitudes towards the police than those in urban and suburban settings. The article is useful for police leaders and practitioners planning policies and training of police officers for democratic policing. Police legitimacy reflects the legitimacy of governance, as the police are the most visible representatives of the state authority. Therefore, police legitimacy is crucial for policing in urban, suburban and rural settings. The study presents the first test of police legitimacy in a non-Western cultural environment based on a national sample of citizens, which enables the generalisation of concepts of legitimacy, and its correlates in a different cultural setting. The study also presents the first attempt to test and compare the effect of the settings (i.e. rural, suburban and urban) on variables influencing residents' perceptions of police legitimacy.Police legitimacy in urban, suburban and rural settings: a study in Slovenia
Gorazd Meško, Rok Hacin
Policing: An International Journal, Vol. ahead-of-print, No. ahead-of-print, pp.-

Police legitimacy presents a social value of the institution based on citizens' normative, moral and ethical feelings that they should voluntarily comply with and support the authority of the police. The present study focuses on residents' perceptions of police legitimacy in different settings in Slovenia.

Drawing on data from a survey of 1,022 citizens in Slovenia, this study examined the correlates of police legitimacy and differences in citizen perceptions of police legitimacy in urban, suburban and rural settings.

Multivariate statistical analyses showed that feelings of obligation to obey, trust in police, procedural justice, police effectiveness, relations with police officers and gender influence perceptions of police legitimacy. Significant differences between residents' perceptions of police legitimacy, obligation to obey, trust in police, procedural justice, police effectiveness and legal cynicism in urban, suburban and rural settings were also observed. In general, residents of rural areas were found to have more positive attitudes towards the police than those in urban and suburban settings.

The article is useful for police leaders and practitioners planning policies and training of police officers for democratic policing.

Police legitimacy reflects the legitimacy of governance, as the police are the most visible representatives of the state authority. Therefore, police legitimacy is crucial for policing in urban, suburban and rural settings.

The study presents the first test of police legitimacy in a non-Western cultural environment based on a national sample of citizens, which enables the generalisation of concepts of legitimacy, and its correlates in a different cultural setting. The study also presents the first attempt to test and compare the effect of the settings (i.e. rural, suburban and urban) on variables influencing residents' perceptions of police legitimacy.

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Police legitimacy in urban, suburban and rural settings: a study in Slovenia10.1108/PIJPSM-08-2023-0102Policing: An International Journal2024-01-09© 2023 Gorazd Meško and Rok HacinGorazd MeškoRok HacinPolicing: An International Journalahead-of-printahead-of-print2024-01-0910.1108/PIJPSM-08-2023-0102https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/PIJPSM-08-2023-0102/full/html?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss_journalLatest© 2023 Gorazd Meško and Rok Hacinhttp://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode
Illegal rural enterprise – developing a framework to help identify and investigate shadow infrastructures and illicit criminal networkshttps://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/PIJPSM-10-2023-0132/full/html?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss_journalLatestThis study builds on the extant research of the authors on illegal rural enterprise (IRE). However, instead of taking a single or micro case approach within specific sections of the farming and food industries we examine the concept holistically from a macro case perspective. Many IRE crimes simply could not be committed without insider knowledge and complicity, making it essential to appreciate this when researching or investigating such crimes. Using data from published studies, we introduce the theoretical concept of “Shadow infrastructure” to analyse and explain the prevalence and endurance of such criminal enterprises. Using a multiple case approach, we examine data across the cases to provide an analysis of several industry wide crimes—the illicit halal meat trade; the theft of sheep; the theft of tractors and plant; and the supply of illicit veterinary medicines. We examine IRE crimes across various sectors to identify commonalities in practice and in relation to business models drawing from a multidisciplinary literature spanning business and criminology. Such enterprises can be are inter-linked. We also provide suggestions on investigating such structures. We identify academic and practical implications in relation to the investigation of IRE crime and from an academic perspective in relation to researching the phenomenon. This study combines data from numerous individual studies from a macro perspective to provide practical solutions to a multifaceted problem.Illegal rural enterprise – developing a framework to help identify and investigate shadow infrastructures and illicit criminal networks
Robert Smith, Gerard McElwee
Policing: An International Journal, Vol. ahead-of-print, No. ahead-of-print, pp.-

This study builds on the extant research of the authors on illegal rural enterprise (IRE). However, instead of taking a single or micro case approach within specific sections of the farming and food industries we examine the concept holistically from a macro case perspective. Many IRE crimes simply could not be committed without insider knowledge and complicity, making it essential to appreciate this when researching or investigating such crimes.

Using data from published studies, we introduce the theoretical concept of “Shadow infrastructure” to analyse and explain the prevalence and endurance of such criminal enterprises. Using a multiple case approach, we examine data across the cases to provide an analysis of several industry wide crimes—the illicit halal meat trade; the theft of sheep; the theft of tractors and plant; and the supply of illicit veterinary medicines.

We examine IRE crimes across various sectors to identify commonalities in practice and in relation to business models drawing from a multidisciplinary literature spanning business and criminology. Such enterprises can be are inter-linked. We also provide suggestions on investigating such structures.

We identify academic and practical implications in relation to the investigation of IRE crime and from an academic perspective in relation to researching the phenomenon.

This study combines data from numerous individual studies from a macro perspective to provide practical solutions to a multifaceted problem.

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Illegal rural enterprise – developing a framework to help identify and investigate shadow infrastructures and illicit criminal networks10.1108/PIJPSM-10-2023-0132Policing: An International Journal2024-02-12© 2024 Emerald Publishing LimitedRobert SmithGerard McElweePolicing: An International Journalahead-of-printahead-of-print2024-02-1210.1108/PIJPSM-10-2023-0132https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/PIJPSM-10-2023-0132/full/html?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss_journalLatest© 2024 Emerald Publishing Limited
Active shooter incidents: training, safety, culture and officers’ support for prioritizing victims’ lives above their ownhttps://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/PIJPSM-11-2023-0151/full/html?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss_journalLatestActive shooter incidents have risen considerably in recent years, elevating public and law enforcement focus on improving response to these incidents. The contemporary policy for reacting to an active shooter event is for the officers who first arrive on the scene to move quickly to engage and neutralize a shooter, prioritizing victim safety and minimizing loss of life. This study provides a preliminary understanding of the police view regarding their role in active shooter events and their experiences with active shooter training. We conducted a survey of 413 sworn personnel across three US cities. Analyses examine differences in officers’ training experiences across the agencies and predictors of a sense of duty to prioritize victims’ lives over that of officers. Officers’ training experiences differed by agency, yet most officers supported a duty to sacrifice their lives to prioritize victims’ safety during active shooter incidents. Officers with more years of experience have lower odds of supporting a duty to sacrifice their lives to save victims during an active shooter situation relative to less experienced officers. Respondents who recall officer safety among the top three most memorable topics from their recent active shooter training also have lower odds of supporting a duty to sacrifice. The authors add knowledge about police officers’ experiences with active shooter training and officers’ opinions about their role in responding to active shooter incidents. We discuss implications of the findings relative to police culture and training and suggest directions for future research.Active shooter incidents: training, safety, culture and officers’ support for prioritizing victims’ lives above their own
Scott W. Phillips, Tammy Rinehart Kochel
Policing: An International Journal, Vol. ahead-of-print, No. ahead-of-print, pp.-

Active shooter incidents have risen considerably in recent years, elevating public and law enforcement focus on improving response to these incidents. The contemporary policy for reacting to an active shooter event is for the officers who first arrive on the scene to move quickly to engage and neutralize a shooter, prioritizing victim safety and minimizing loss of life. This study provides a preliminary understanding of the police view regarding their role in active shooter events and their experiences with active shooter training.

We conducted a survey of 413 sworn personnel across three US cities. Analyses examine differences in officers’ training experiences across the agencies and predictors of a sense of duty to prioritize victims’ lives over that of officers.

Officers’ training experiences differed by agency, yet most officers supported a duty to sacrifice their lives to prioritize victims’ safety during active shooter incidents. Officers with more years of experience have lower odds of supporting a duty to sacrifice their lives to save victims during an active shooter situation relative to less experienced officers. Respondents who recall officer safety among the top three most memorable topics from their recent active shooter training also have lower odds of supporting a duty to sacrifice.

The authors add knowledge about police officers’ experiences with active shooter training and officers’ opinions about their role in responding to active shooter incidents. We discuss implications of the findings relative to police culture and training and suggest directions for future research.

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Active shooter incidents: training, safety, culture and officers’ support for prioritizing victims’ lives above their own10.1108/PIJPSM-11-2023-0151Policing: An International Journal2024-03-26© 2024 Emerald Publishing LimitedScott W. PhillipsTammy Rinehart KochelPolicing: An International Journalahead-of-printahead-of-print2024-03-2610.1108/PIJPSM-11-2023-0151https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/PIJPSM-11-2023-0151/full/html?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss_journalLatest© 2024 Emerald Publishing Limited
Responding to domestic and family violence in resource-constrained contexts: a case study on rural policing innovations in Melanesiahttps://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/PIJPSM-11-2023-0154/full/html?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss_journalLatestDiscussions about progressive gender reform across Melanesia highlight the need for more gender-inclusive policies and improved conditions for women and girls throughout all sectors. However, for many of these countries, attempts to address the problems are marred by insufficient resources and low prioritization of the issue and traditional, cultural and religious perspectives about gender and gendered roles. This article discusses how police responses are coordinated to address domestic and family violence (DFV) and provides a critical reflection on both internal responses and the complexities of multi-partner operations beyond urban spaces. This article draws on the findings from a stakeholder engagement focus group with 20 participants from four Melanesian countries – Fiji, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu – to provide insight into policing innovations in rural contexts. There is a need for improved multisector partnerships, increased police presence and greater reliance on indigenous strategies to improve responses to DFV in resource-constrained contexts. The article provides insight into an under-researched area and makes recommendations for improving responses to DFV in rural areas in small-island developing states.Responding to domestic and family violence in resource-constrained contexts: a case study on rural policing innovations in Melanesia
Danielle Verlene Christal Watson, Sara N. Amin, Amanda L. Robinson
Policing: An International Journal, Vol. ahead-of-print, No. ahead-of-print, pp.-

Discussions about progressive gender reform across Melanesia highlight the need for more gender-inclusive policies and improved conditions for women and girls throughout all sectors. However, for many of these countries, attempts to address the problems are marred by insufficient resources and low prioritization of the issue and traditional, cultural and religious perspectives about gender and gendered roles. This article discusses how police responses are coordinated to address domestic and family violence (DFV) and provides a critical reflection on both internal responses and the complexities of multi-partner operations beyond urban spaces.

This article draws on the findings from a stakeholder engagement focus group with 20 participants from four Melanesian countries – Fiji, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu – to provide insight into policing innovations in rural contexts.

There is a need for improved multisector partnerships, increased police presence and greater reliance on indigenous strategies to improve responses to DFV in resource-constrained contexts.

The article provides insight into an under-researched area and makes recommendations for improving responses to DFV in rural areas in small-island developing states.

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Responding to domestic and family violence in resource-constrained contexts: a case study on rural policing innovations in Melanesia10.1108/PIJPSM-11-2023-0154Policing: An International Journal2024-03-20© 2024 Emerald Publishing LimitedDanielle Verlene Christal WatsonSara N. AminAmanda L. RobinsonPolicing: An International Journalahead-of-printahead-of-print2024-03-2010.1108/PIJPSM-11-2023-0154https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/PIJPSM-11-2023-0154/full/html?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss_journalLatest© 2024 Emerald Publishing Limited
An ethnographic study of police culture in a rural Kansas police agencyhttps://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/PIJPSM-11-2023-0156/full/html?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss_journalLatestThe study examined rural police culture in one Kansas police agency. This study used a qualitative ethnographic approach using in-depth interviews and non-participant observations to construct and interpret the culture of rural police through the lens of officers working in one rural police agency. Five themes were found that described the complexities rural police officers face at this research site, including the law being at the center of officers’ actions, the nature of crime, officers serving as jack of all trades, community relationships and enforcement of crimes by teenagers, and how outside pressures from the community and increased concern for citizens' safety affect officers' daily lived experiences. There is a dearth of scholarly literature addressing rural and small-town policing. This study is the first known qualitative study to be conducted on rural Kansas police, allowing a snapshot of the workings of rural Kansas police.An ethnographic study of police culture in a rural Kansas police agency
Joshua J. Davis, Michael L. Birzer
Policing: An International Journal, Vol. ahead-of-print, No. ahead-of-print, pp.-

The study examined rural police culture in one Kansas police agency.

This study used a qualitative ethnographic approach using in-depth interviews and non-participant observations to construct and interpret the culture of rural police through the lens of officers working in one rural police agency.

Five themes were found that described the complexities rural police officers face at this research site, including the law being at the center of officers’ actions, the nature of crime, officers serving as jack of all trades, community relationships and enforcement of crimes by teenagers, and how outside pressures from the community and increased concern for citizens' safety affect officers' daily lived experiences.

There is a dearth of scholarly literature addressing rural and small-town policing. This study is the first known qualitative study to be conducted on rural Kansas police, allowing a snapshot of the workings of rural Kansas police.

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An ethnographic study of police culture in a rural Kansas police agency10.1108/PIJPSM-11-2023-0156Policing: An International Journal2024-02-20© 2024 Emerald Publishing LimitedJoshua J. DavisMichael L. BirzerPolicing: An International Journalahead-of-printahead-of-print2024-02-2010.1108/PIJPSM-11-2023-0156https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/PIJPSM-11-2023-0156/full/html?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss_journalLatest© 2024 Emerald Publishing Limited
Intertwined rural and urban policing in the local communities of the Pomurje region in Sloveniahttps://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/PIJPSM-11-2023-0157/full/html?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss_journalLatestThe purpose of the paper is to present the results of research in the region covered by the Murska Sobota Police Directorate based on semi-structured interviews we conducted with community policing officers in the rural and urban areas of Pomurje. Community policing is one of the more recent (yet hardly new) ways of ensuring security. It focuses on collaboration between citizens and the police, the joint identification of security issues and resolving them. Not long ago, it was established that policing varies depending on geographical criteria, specifically the urbanisation of the environment since police work in cities is often very narrowly specialised compared to in a rural environment. We were therefore interested in whether the Pomurje region also shows that it is easier to practise community policing in rural areas compared to cities. The research results confirm previous findings; namely, that in urban areas approximately two-thirds of the population does not know the community policing officer, leading to the mutual cooperation between residents and the police being poorer than in rural areas. The conclusion describes ways of improving the established situation facing Pomurje. We see the limitations of the study in the peculiarities of the Pomurje region; therefore the results cannot be generalised and applied in areas of other police directorates. The survey offers insight into rural and urban policing in the Pomurje region at the same time, focusing on possibilities for improvements.Intertwined rural and urban policing in the local communities of the Pomurje region in Slovenia
Katja Eman, Damir Ivančić, Dejan Bagari
Policing: An International Journal, Vol. ahead-of-print, No. ahead-of-print, pp.-

The purpose of the paper is to present the results of research in the region covered by the Murska Sobota Police Directorate based on semi-structured interviews we conducted with community policing officers in the rural and urban areas of Pomurje.

Community policing is one of the more recent (yet hardly new) ways of ensuring security. It focuses on collaboration between citizens and the police, the joint identification of security issues and resolving them. Not long ago, it was established that policing varies depending on geographical criteria, specifically the urbanisation of the environment since police work in cities is often very narrowly specialised compared to in a rural environment. We were therefore interested in whether the Pomurje region also shows that it is easier to practise community policing in rural areas compared to cities.

The research results confirm previous findings; namely, that in urban areas approximately two-thirds of the population does not know the community policing officer, leading to the mutual cooperation between residents and the police being poorer than in rural areas. The conclusion describes ways of improving the established situation facing Pomurje.

We see the limitations of the study in the peculiarities of the Pomurje region; therefore the results cannot be generalised and applied in areas of other police directorates.

The survey offers insight into rural and urban policing in the Pomurje region at the same time, focusing on possibilities for improvements.

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Intertwined rural and urban policing in the local communities of the Pomurje region in Slovenia10.1108/PIJPSM-11-2023-0157Policing: An International Journal2024-03-22© 2024 Emerald Publishing LimitedKatja EmanDamir IvančićDejan BagariPolicing: An International Journalahead-of-printahead-of-print2024-03-2210.1108/PIJPSM-11-2023-0157https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/PIJPSM-11-2023-0157/full/html?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss_journalLatest© 2024 Emerald Publishing Limited
“It's kind of preventative maintenance”: social capital and policing in rural schoolshttps://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/PIJPSM-11-2023-0159/full/html?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss_journalLatestThe purpose of this article is to examine the expectations, challenges and tensions officers describe while engaged with public schools to demonstrate that officers engage with students in public schools in a conscious, goal-oriented process to establish and maintain useful relationships. Data collection involved 104 semi-structured interviews (including follow up interviews) and 31 focus groups, conducted between 2014 and 2018 with police officers working in rural areas of a province in Atlantic Canada. Utilizing the concept of social capital, we analyze practices of investments alongside the understanding of rurality as socially interconnected and the rural school as a particular site of interconnectedness for police officers. We demonstrate how, while accumulating social capital, officers face role tension and fundamental barriers when trying to integrate into rural school communities. By demonstrating the specificities of building social capital in schools and community environments in a rural setting, we contribute to understandings regarding the unique opportunities and challenges faced by police in rural schools in integrating effectively into schools and responding to youth-specific problems.“It's kind of preventative maintenance”: social capital and policing in rural schools
Dale C. Spencer, Rosemary Ricciardelli, Taryn Hepburn
Policing: An International Journal, Vol. ahead-of-print, No. ahead-of-print, pp.-

The purpose of this article is to examine the expectations, challenges and tensions officers describe while engaged with public schools to demonstrate that officers engage with students in public schools in a conscious, goal-oriented process to establish and maintain useful relationships.

Data collection involved 104 semi-structured interviews (including follow up interviews) and 31 focus groups, conducted between 2014 and 2018 with police officers working in rural areas of a province in Atlantic Canada.

Utilizing the concept of social capital, we analyze practices of investments alongside the understanding of rurality as socially interconnected and the rural school as a particular site of interconnectedness for police officers. We demonstrate how, while accumulating social capital, officers face role tension and fundamental barriers when trying to integrate into rural school communities.

By demonstrating the specificities of building social capital in schools and community environments in a rural setting, we contribute to understandings regarding the unique opportunities and challenges faced by police in rural schools in integrating effectively into schools and responding to youth-specific problems.

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“It's kind of preventative maintenance”: social capital and policing in rural schools10.1108/PIJPSM-11-2023-0159Policing: An International Journal2024-03-01© 2024 Emerald Publishing LimitedDale C. SpencerRosemary RicciardelliTaryn HepburnPolicing: An International Journalahead-of-printahead-of-print2024-03-0110.1108/PIJPSM-11-2023-0159https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/PIJPSM-11-2023-0159/full/html?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss_journalLatest© 2024 Emerald Publishing Limited
Race, local context, and traffic stops: an examination of racial profiling in traffic stops in rural and non-rural placeshttps://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/PIJPSM-12-2023-0167/full/html?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss_journalLatestThe current study examines the effects of race, agency and environment on traffic stops in rural and non-rural spaces. Using traffic stop data collected in a Midwest US County from January 1, 2020 to December 31, 2021, the current study uses logistic regression to examine racial disparities in traffic stops. The results indicate that police decision-making in traffic stops may be influenced by other factors besides a driver’s race or ethnicity. In other words, the police officer’s decision making in a traffic stop varies between small and large agencies as well as rural and non-rural places. This study provides one of the few examinations of racial disparities in traffic stops in rural places.Race, local context, and traffic stops: an examination of racial profiling in traffic stops in rural and non-rural places
Janice Iwama
Policing: An International Journal, Vol. ahead-of-print, No. ahead-of-print, pp.-

The current study examines the effects of race, agency and environment on traffic stops in rural and non-rural spaces.

Using traffic stop data collected in a Midwest US County from January 1, 2020 to December 31, 2021, the current study uses logistic regression to examine racial disparities in traffic stops.

The results indicate that police decision-making in traffic stops may be influenced by other factors besides a driver’s race or ethnicity. In other words, the police officer’s decision making in a traffic stop varies between small and large agencies as well as rural and non-rural places.

This study provides one of the few examinations of racial disparities in traffic stops in rural places.

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Race, local context, and traffic stops: an examination of racial profiling in traffic stops in rural and non-rural places10.1108/PIJPSM-12-2023-0167Policing: An International Journal2024-02-26© 2024 Emerald Publishing LimitedJanice IwamaPolicing: An International Journalahead-of-printahead-of-print2024-02-2610.1108/PIJPSM-12-2023-0167https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/PIJPSM-12-2023-0167/full/html?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss_journalLatest© 2024 Emerald Publishing Limited
Police relationships and engagement with rural citizens: perspectives of front-line police in the United Kingdom, Australia, and Francehttps://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/PIJPSM-12-2023-0173/full/html?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss_journalLatestThis article examines challenges and strategies related to police relationships and engagement with rural communities in England and Wales, Australia and France. It aims to bridge a gap in knowledge around how police balance public demands with organisational and contextual constraints, exploring the role of communication technology in overcoming geographical and cultural barriers in rural policing. The research draws upon 121 semi-structured interviews conducted across three distinct jurisdictions. In the United Kingdom and Australia, interviews were conducted via Microsoft Teams, while face-to-face interviews were conducted in France. Participants were recruited through the purposive sampling of police working in rural areas. The data were thematically analysed using NVivo Software. Rural communities have low expectations of policing services, a consequence of geography, organisational structures and limited resource allocation. Building relationships can be challenging owing to isolation and terrain, the need for officers to have local and cultural knowledge, and difficulties in recruiting officers in rural posts. Technology-mediated communication has played a part in the solutions (e.g. social media). However, this may not always be suitable owing to limited connectivity, citizen and police preferences for communication and engagement, and the institutional and cultural nuances surrounding the application of technology. This article provides empirical insights into the attitudes and experiences of rural police officers, highlighting the distinctive policing context and engagement needs of rural communities. The research underscores the necessity for contextually aware engagement. It suggests that while technology-mediated communication offers some solutions to spatial challenges, its effectiveness may be limited by access, generational preferences and the adaptability of police institutions and cultures.Police relationships and engagement with rural citizens: perspectives of front-line police in the United Kingdom, Australia, and France
Kyle Mulrooney, Karen Bullock, Christian Mouhanna, Alistair Harkness
Policing: An International Journal, Vol. ahead-of-print, No. ahead-of-print, pp.-

This article examines challenges and strategies related to police relationships and engagement with rural communities in England and Wales, Australia and France. It aims to bridge a gap in knowledge around how police balance public demands with organisational and contextual constraints, exploring the role of communication technology in overcoming geographical and cultural barriers in rural policing.

The research draws upon 121 semi-structured interviews conducted across three distinct jurisdictions. In the United Kingdom and Australia, interviews were conducted via Microsoft Teams, while face-to-face interviews were conducted in France. Participants were recruited through the purposive sampling of police working in rural areas. The data were thematically analysed using NVivo Software.

Rural communities have low expectations of policing services, a consequence of geography, organisational structures and limited resource allocation. Building relationships can be challenging owing to isolation and terrain, the need for officers to have local and cultural knowledge, and difficulties in recruiting officers in rural posts. Technology-mediated communication has played a part in the solutions (e.g. social media). However, this may not always be suitable owing to limited connectivity, citizen and police preferences for communication and engagement, and the institutional and cultural nuances surrounding the application of technology.

This article provides empirical insights into the attitudes and experiences of rural police officers, highlighting the distinctive policing context and engagement needs of rural communities. The research underscores the necessity for contextually aware engagement. It suggests that while technology-mediated communication offers some solutions to spatial challenges, its effectiveness may be limited by access, generational preferences and the adaptability of police institutions and cultures.

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Police relationships and engagement with rural citizens: perspectives of front-line police in the United Kingdom, Australia, and France10.1108/PIJPSM-12-2023-0173Policing: An International Journal2024-03-19© 2024 Emerald Publishing LimitedKyle MulrooneyKaren BullockChristian MouhannaAlistair HarknessPolicing: An International Journalahead-of-printahead-of-print2024-03-1910.1108/PIJPSM-12-2023-0173https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/PIJPSM-12-2023-0173/full/html?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss_journalLatest© 2024 Emerald Publishing Limited
Exploring changes in urban, small town and rural policing during the COVID-19 pandemic: does urbanicity matter?https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/PIJPSM-12-2023-0178/full/html?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss_journalLatestWe explore the relationship between urbanicity and police officers’ perceptions of changes in their reactive and proactive work during the COVID-19 pandemic. Using the 2021 survey of 1,262 Croatian police offices (436 police officers from a large urban community, 471 police officers from small towns and 155 from rural communities), we examine the perceived changes in their reactive activities (e.g. responses to the calls for service, arrests for minor crimes) and proactive activities (e.g. community policing activities, directed patrols) during the peak month of the pandemic compared to before the pandemic. The majority of police officers in the study, regardless of the size of the community where they lived, reported no changes before and during the pandemic in reactive and proactive activities. Police officers from urban communities and small towns were more likely to note an increase in domestic violence calls for service. Police officers from urban communities were also more likely than the respondents from small towns and rural communities to report an increase in the responses to the disturbances of public order. Finally, police officers from small communities were most likely to observe a change in the frequency of traffic stops during the pandemic. This study is the first one to explore the differences in perceptions of COVID-19-related changes in reactive and proactive police activities in a centralized police system.Exploring changes in urban, small town and rural policing during the COVID-19 pandemic: does urbanicity matter?
Sanja Kutnjak Ivković, Marijana Kotlaja, Yang Liu, Peter Neyroud, Irena Cajner Mraović, Krunoslav Borovec, Jon Maskály
Policing: An International Journal, Vol. ahead-of-print, No. ahead-of-print, pp.-

We explore the relationship between urbanicity and police officers’ perceptions of changes in their reactive and proactive work during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Using the 2021 survey of 1,262 Croatian police offices (436 police officers from a large urban community, 471 police officers from small towns and 155 from rural communities), we examine the perceived changes in their reactive activities (e.g. responses to the calls for service, arrests for minor crimes) and proactive activities (e.g. community policing activities, directed patrols) during the peak month of the pandemic compared to before the pandemic.

The majority of police officers in the study, regardless of the size of the community where they lived, reported no changes before and during the pandemic in reactive and proactive activities. Police officers from urban communities and small towns were more likely to note an increase in domestic violence calls for service. Police officers from urban communities were also more likely than the respondents from small towns and rural communities to report an increase in the responses to the disturbances of public order. Finally, police officers from small communities were most likely to observe a change in the frequency of traffic stops during the pandemic.

This study is the first one to explore the differences in perceptions of COVID-19-related changes in reactive and proactive police activities in a centralized police system.

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Exploring changes in urban, small town and rural policing during the COVID-19 pandemic: does urbanicity matter?10.1108/PIJPSM-12-2023-0178Policing: An International Journal2024-03-29© 2024 Emerald Publishing LimitedSanja Kutnjak IvkovićMarijana KotlajaYang LiuPeter NeyroudIrena Cajner MraovićKrunoslav BorovecJon MaskályPolicing: An International Journalahead-of-printahead-of-print2024-03-2910.1108/PIJPSM-12-2023-0178https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/PIJPSM-12-2023-0178/full/html?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss_journalLatest© 2024 Emerald Publishing Limited