Citation

Fitzpatrick, F. (2019), "Index", Understanding Intercultural Interaction: An Analysis of Key Concepts, Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 317-326. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-83867-397-020191001

Publisher

:

Emerald Publishing Limited

Copyright © 2020 Frank Fitzpatrick

---

INDEX

Index

Absolutist perspective

, 8

Acceptance

, 155

Access

to information

, 45

of minorities

, 307

to technology

, 307

Accommodation

, 18

Accountability

, 280

Acculturation

, 17, 55, 137

analysis

, 19

assignment

, 19

CoCT

, 18–19

and host society

, 18

process

, 214

strategies

, 17–18, 55

Acculturative stress

, 17, 134

Achievement

, 284, 305

Adaptation

, 50, 155, 214

skills

, 226

Adjustive resources

, 51

Adjustment

, 214

CCAT and

, 55–56

Adorno, Theodor

, 113

Adult Third Culture Kids (ATCKs)

, 298

Affective, Behavioural and Cognitive model (ABC model)

, 142

African Development Bank

, 44

Agency

, 96

Althusser, Louis

, 113

Amnesty International

, 104

Anglo cultures

, 182

Anthropology

, 61

Anti-essentialism

, 68–69

Antilocution

, 107

Anxiety dominance

, 108

Anxiety uncertainty management theory (AUM theory)

(see also Communication accommodation theory (CAT))

Anxious attachment style

, 54

Arab cultures

, 182

Area studies

, 145

Ariane

, 230

Ascription

, 305

Assertive approaches (see Assertiveness)

Assertiveness

, 19, 73, 181

Assimilation

, 17–19, 262

Assimilation-preoccupied acculturation strategies

, 55

Asylum seekers

, 134–135

Asynchronous communication

, 33

Attachment

, 55

styles

, 54–55

theory

, 54–55

Attribution

, 24–25

Attribution theory (AT)

, 24–25

Authoritarian regimes

, 152

Autonomous leadership

, 182

Baku process

, 231

Barthes, Roland

, 114

Basic Human Needs

, 292

Baudrillard, Jean

, 274

Baumann, Zygmunt

, 274

Behavioural

context

, 64

environment

, 10

flexibility

, 146, 226

uncertainty

, 21

Beliefs

, 120, 310

Benevolence

, 284

Beyond Culture

, 186

Big ‘C’ culture

, 222

Boas, Franz

, 62, 103

Body adornment

, 266

Body language

, 30, 265

Body positioning

, 138, 166, 185, 220, 265

Boundaries

, 218

Bricolage

, 6, 79, 81, 124

Bridges

, 290

British Cultural Studies

, 112

Butler, Judith

, 274

Capitalism

, 275

Censorship

, 307

Center for Financial Stability

, 281

Center for Intercultural Dialogue (CID)

, 231

Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies

, 112

Charismatic/value-based leadership

, 182

Child labour

, 177

Child slavery

, 177

Chinese Values Survey (CVS)

(see also World Values Survey (WVS))

Chomsky, Noam

, 61

Civil liberties

, 151

Closed network

, 289

Co-cultural theory (CoCT)

, 18–19

Coercion

, 126

Coercive power

, 126

Cognitive CMC

, 33–34

Cognitive dissonance theory (CDT)

, 41–43

Cognitive flexibility

, 145, 226

Collaborative working

, 34

Collectivism

, 25, 72, 117, 128, 138, 171, 181, 218

Collectivist

, 167

approach

, 42

orientation

, 205

societies

, 212, 278

Commodification

, 131

Communicability

, 33

Communication

(see also Computer-mediated communication (CMC)Critical intercultural communication (CICC)Cross-cultural communication (CCC)Integrative communication theory (ICT)Intercultural communication (ICC)Interdiscourse communication (IDC)Non-verbal communication (NVC))

asynchronous

, 33

context of language and

, 221

paucity of

, 35

phatic

, 266

styles

, 172

synchronous

, 33

Communication accommodation theory (CAT)

, 30–32

Communicator

, 166

Communitarianism

, 73–74, 304–305

Community

of practice

, 221, 298

social networks

, 34

Compensation

, 217

Competency framework

, 227

Competitiveness

, 174–176

Computer-mediated communication (CMC)

(see also Critical intercultural communication (CICC))

Conflict resolution skills

, 226

Conformity

, 116, 284

Confucian Asia

, 182

Confucianism

, 27–28, 302

Confucius teachings

, 27–28

Conservation

, 104, 284

Consonance

, 41

Constraints

, 38

Constructionism

, 96–97

Constructivist paradigm

, 98

Context

, 9–10, 58, 64, 166, 259

and culture shock

, 142

essentialism and

, 69

of language and communication

, 221

Contextual factors

, 138

Convergence

, 30, 217

Conversational constraints theory (CCT)

, 38–39

Corporate business behaviour

, 258

Corruption

, 307

control

, 314

Corruption perceptions index (CPI)

, 44–46

Cosmopolitanism

, 100

Cost efficiency

, 34–35

Council of Communication Associations (CCA)

, 231

Country clusters

, 259

Creativity

, 164

Critical intercultural communication (CICC)

(see also Computer-mediated communication (CMC))

Critical paradigm

, 98

Critical theory

, 6, 47–48, 113

Cross-cultural

adjustment

, 50–52

analysis

, 3

cross-cultural business, FNT and

, 172

empathy

, 146, 226

management

, 12, 69

skills

, 226

Cross-cultural attachment theory (CCAT)

, 54–56

Cross-cultural communication (CCC)

(see also Critical intercultural communication (CICC))

Cross-cultural training (CCT)

, 56, 109, 144–145

Crossover

, 51

Cultural anthropology

, 61–63

Cultural artefacts

, 221

and discourses

, 267

Cultural assimilator

, 145

Cultural bias

, 24–25

Cultural blending and alternating strategies

, 79–79

Cultural celebrations

, 83

Cultural clusters

, 182

Cultural competencies

, 180–181

Cultural constructs

, 236

Cultural context

, 64–66

global indicators of

, 12–13

Cultural determinism

, 68, 96

Cultural differences at work

, 255–256

Cultural dimensions

, 72–74

Cultural diplomacy

, 76–78

Cultural dissonance

, 42

Cultural diversity management at work

, 250–253

Cultural essentialism

, 7–8, 68–70

Cultural flexibility

, 226

Cultural heritage

, 83

Cultural hybridisation

, 202, 263

Cultural hybridity

, 78–81, 237

Cultural identity

, 7, 83–85, 222

CAT and

, 31

Cultural imperialism

, 77, 86–88, 233

Cultural intelligence (CQ)

, 90–92

Cultural Intelligence Scale (CQS)

, 91

Cultural looseness

, 287

Cultural mapping

, 83

Cultural metaphors

, 93–95

Cultural materialism

, 64

Cultural narratives

, 83

Cultural norms and behavior

, 83

Cultural onion

, 189

Cultural otherising

, 95, 108, 148–149, 262

Cultural overlap

, 228

Cultural paradigms

, 96–99

Cultural pluralism

, 100–102

Cultural practices

, 191

Cultural prejudice

, 107

Cultural production

, 83

Cultural products

, 195

Cultural profile

, 76

Cultural relations

, 77

Cultural relativism

, 8–9, 62, 103–105, 231, 262

Cultural resources

, 83–84, 194

Cultural sensitivity

, 226

Cultural stereotyping

, 107–110

Cultural studies

, 62, 112–115

Cultural symbols

, 83

Cultural tightness

, 255, 287

Cultural Tightness Theory (CTL)

(see also Culture Learning Theory (CLT))

Cultural trajectory

, 98, 194, 237

Cultural typologies

, 189

Cultural universals

, 120–122

Cultural values

, 255

dimensions

, 310–311

Culturalism

, 112–113

Cultural-specific justifications

, 178

Culturally endorsed implicit leadership

, 182–183

Culture

, 5–7, 58, 128, 193, 220, 222, 295

CCT and

, 38–39

contact

, 109, 134–136

context vs.

, 259

Culture, time and

, 302

distance

, 94, 212

as distinct way of life

, 137

EVT and

, 167

face negotiation and

, 171

IAT and

, 218–219

and identity

, 212

INT and

, 205

towards interculturality

, 10–11

and law

, 281

learning support

, 138

postmodernism and

, 275

and power

, 128

shock

, 42, 134, 141–144, 244, 290

SIT and

, 287

social construction of

, 47

as spiral

, 258

training

, 109, 138, 144–146

triangle

, 258–259

triangle metaphor

, 94

universality of

, 8, 61

zones

, 310–311

Culture 2000

, 230

Culture Learning Theory (CLT)

(see also Cultural Tightness Theory (CTL))

Culture Programme

, 230

Culture-general awareness and knowledge

, 146

Culture-general knowledge

, 90, 144

Culture-specific awareness

information

, 145

training

, 168

Culture-specific body language

, 31

Culture-specific knowledge

, 90, 144

Culturism

, 24, 95, 148–150, 275

de Saussure, Ferdinand

, 61

Debt bondage

, 177

Decision-making

, 127, 255, 277

Deculturation

, 214

Defence

, 154

Deference politeness system

, 171

Democracy Index (DI)

(see also Global Slavery Index (GSI))

Democratic rights

, 311

Demographic-descriptive

, 261

Demotic discourse

, 124, 308

Denial

, 154

Denser networks

, 289

Dependence on technology and connectivity, increasing

, 36

Derrida, Jacques

, 114

Desires (D)

, 218

Detachment, increasing

, 35

Determinism

, 96

Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity (DMIS)

, 154–156

Dialectical

approach

, 6, 48, 97

process

, 9

relationship

, 128

Diaspora

, 5–6, 80, 84–85, 263

Diffuse behaviour

, 304

Dimensions of cultures

, 189

Diplomatic relations

, 77

Discourse

, 6, 84, 239–241

communities

, 221–222, 298

Discrimination

, 107

Discursive context

, 64

Discursive formation

, 48

Disjunctive flows

, 87

Dismissive attachment style

, 54

Disparity, ICD and

, 231

Dissimilarity

, 22

Dissonance

, 41–42

Distal context

, 65

Divergence

, 31

Diversity

, 231, 251

training

, 251

Domains of adjustment

, 50–51

Dominant discourse

, 123–124, 250–251

Dutch speaking

, 183

Dyadic model of interaction adaptation

, 218

Ease of Doing Business Index (EDBI)

, 157–159

Eastern Europe

, 182

Economic

benefit

, 109

freedom

, 160

growth

, 35

migration

, 87

Economic Freedom Index (EFI)

, 160–161

Economic Freedom of World (EFW)

, 161

Economist Intelligence Unit

, 44, 151, 308, 315

Efficiency-driven economies

, 174

Ego defence

, 109

Electoral process

, 151

Emancipation values

, 311

Emerging economies

, 4, 74, 131, 151, 158, 175, 247

Emotional support

, 51

Enclavism

, 135

Enculturation

(see also Acculturation)

Enmeshment

, 202

Equality, diversity and inclusion (EDI)

, 250–253

Equality of opportunity

, 35

Erasmus programme

, 237

Essentialism

, 107

and culturism

, 149

Essentialist paradigm

, 97

Ethnocentric perspective

, 215

Ethnocentric policy

, 243

Ethnocentrism

, 108, 154, 163–165, 205, 255

Ethnography

, 62–63

Ethnorelativism

, 154–155, 163

Ethnoscapes

, 87

European Union (EU)

, 230

European Union National Institutes for Culture (EUNIC)

, 77

Exclusion

, 18

Exoticisation

, 108, 131–132, 135, 149, 163, 262

Expatriates (see Home country nationals)

Expectancy

, 166–167

violation

, 167

Expectancy Violation Theory (EVT)

(see also Culture Learning Theory (CLT)Face Negotiation Theory (FNT))

Expectations

, 218

Expert power

, 126

Exploitation

, 36

External control

, 305

External locus of control

, 24, 225

Extra-situational context

, 64

Extra-situational forces

, 9

Face

, 170

face-negotiation

, 138

face-restoration acts

, 171

face-saving acts

, 171

face-threats

, 170

Face negotiation

, 201

Face Negotiation Theory (FNT)

(see also Culture Learning Theory (CLT)Expectancy Violation Theory (EVT))

Facework

, 170

Facial expressions

, 266

Factor-driven economies

, 174

Failure rates, IHRM and

, 244

False consciousness

, 113

Family adjustment

, 51

Feminine/femininity

, 73, 181

Femininity index

, 190

Field experience

, 145

Financescapes

, 87

Financial risk

, 35

Flawed democracies

, 152

Flexibility

, 34, 164

Forced and early marriage

, 177

Forced labour

, 177

Forced migration

, 134–135

Formal organisation

, 270

Foucault, Michel

, 114

Fourth Industrial Revolution

, 175

Frankfurt School

, 113–114

Free speech

, 45

Freedom

democracy and

, 151–151

from fear

, 104

of religion

, 103–104

of speech

, 103–104

from want

, 104

Fulbright programme

, 237

Full democracies

, 152

Functioning of government

, 151

Fundamental attribution error

, 24

Future orientation

, 181

Gaze

, 149

tourist

, 130–132, 135

Gender development index (GDI)

, 197–198

Gender egalitarianism

, 73, 181

Gender inequality index (GII)

, 198

Generalisability

, 218

Genres

, 221

Geocentric policy

, 243

Germanic Europe

, 182–183

Gestures

, 265

Ghettoisation

, 262

Giddens, Anthony

, 114, 274

Global business

, 315

Global Competitiveness Index (GCI)

(see also Global Slavery Index (GSI))

Global cultural mapping

, 311

Global Leadership and Organizational Behaviour Effectiveness project (GLOBE project)

, 73, 180–183

Global People project

, 227

Global position and politics

, 194

Global Slavery Index (GSI)

(see also Global Competitiveness Index (GCI))

Globalisation

, 80–81, 86–87, 254

Governance

, 120, 313–315

Government size

, 160

Grammar systems

, 220

Gramsci

, 114

Geertz, Clifford

, 62

Gross domestic product (GDP)

, 293

slavery and

, 178

Group allegiance

, 286

Group cohesion

, 108

Group identity

, 24, 207

Habermas, Jürgen

, 113

Hall, Stuart

, 112

Haptics

, 30, 266

Hard power–soft power assets

, 76

Hedonism

, 284

Hegemony

, 114, 123–124

Heritage Foundation

, 160

Hidden Dimension

, 72, 185–186

Hidden power

, 127

Hierarchical metaphors

, 93–94

Hierarchical politeness system

, 171

High context situations

, 186

High power-distance

, 171

High-context

, 65–66

High-low context distinction

, 186

Hofstede’s national cultural dimensions

, 72–73, 189–190

Hoggart, Richard

, 112

Holliday’s Grammar of Culture

, 193–196

Home country nationals

, 242

home country culture

, 298

Homogenisation

, 86–87

Horizontal culture

, 208–209

Horizontal-collectivist culture (HC culture)

, 208

Horizontal-individualist culture (HI culture)

, 208

Horkheimer, Max

, 113

Host country

nationals

, 242

of residence culture

, 298

Host society

, 18

Human communication

, 120–121

Human development index (HDI)

(see also Social Progress Index (SPI)World Press Freedom Index (WPFI))

Human needs

, 283

Human Rights Watch

, 104

Human trafficking

, 177

Humane orientation

, 73, 181

Humane-oriented leadership

, 182

Hybrid identities

, 84–85

Hybrid regimes

, 152

Hybridisation

, 80–81, 87, 202, 215, 237

Hybridity

, 79

IBM studies, comparison with

, 28

Iceberg metaphor

, 93

Identity

alternating

, 80

blending

, 80

consistency

, 204

freezing

, 108, 201

harmonization

, 80

hybridising

, 80

in INT

, 204

security

, 204

strategies

, 205

transformation

, 204

vulnerability

, 204

Ideological conditioning

, 117

Ideological-normative multiculturalism

, 261

Ideology

, 123–125, 274

Ideoscapes

, 87

Immigration

, 134

Impartial dispute resolution

, 281

In-group

, 286

collectivism

, 181

Inclusivity

, 35, 204

Individual factors

, 138

Individual traits

, 225–226

Individualism (IDV)

, 24–25, 28, 72, 117, 128, 138, 171, 175, 208–209, 304

and collectivism

, 207–209

index

, 190

Individualism-Collectivism

, 285, 287

Individualist societies

, 278

Individualistic

approaches

, 42

individualistic–collectivist dichotomy

, 205

orientation

, 205

societies

, 212

Individuation

, 215

Indulgence

, 73

Indulgence vs. self-restraint Index (IVR)

, 190

Inequality-adjusted HDI (IHDI)

, 196–198

Informal organisation

, 270

Information availability

, 34

Informational power

, 126

Informational support

, 51

Innovation-driven economies

, 174

Institutional collectivism

, 181

Institutional resources

, 51

Institutionalised power

, 127

Integrated threat theory (ITT)

, 211–213

Integration

, 17, 19, 155

Integration-secure acculturation strategies

, 55

Integrative communication theory (ICT)

, 142, 214–216

Interaction

power and

, 127

predictability

, 204

Interaction adaptation theory (IAT)

, 217–219

Interactive CMC

, 33–34

Interactive position (IP)

, 218

Interactive strategy

, 21

Intercultural

analysis

, 3

learning

, 237

sensitivity

, 154

skills

, 226

space

, 236–237

strategies

, 226

Intercultural communication (ICC)

(see also Computer-mediated communication (CMC)Critical intercultural communication (CICC)Non-verbal communication (NVC))

competence

, 227

Intercultural competence (IC)

, 145–146, 225–228, 234

Intercultural dialogue (ICD)

, 101, 109–110, 230–232

Intercultural interaction

competence

, 227–228

factors affecting

, 137–138

sites of

, 3–4

Intercultural literacy

, 233–234

Intercultural personhood

, 215

Intercultural team management

(see also International human resource management (IHRM))

Intercultural training (ICT)

, 144

for intercultural competence

, 145–146

Intercultural transformation

, 214

Interculturality

, 3, 19, 80–81, 202, 215, 236–237, 254, 256, 271

culture towards

, 10–11

Interdiscourse communication (IDC)

(see also Non-verbal communication (NVC))

Intergroup anxiety

, 211

Internal control

, 305

Internal locus of control

, 24

International

agreements

, 45

business

, 314

connection

, 204

reputation

, 76

skills training

, 145

skills

, 226

tourism

, 130–132

International human resource management (IHRM)

(see also Intercultural team management)

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

, 174

International relocation

, 134

IHRM and

, 243–244

Interpretive approach

, 96

Interpretive perspective

, 7–8

Interpretivist perspective

, 6

Interstitial space

, 80

Intimate proxemics

, 167

Intolerance of ambiguity

, 225

Kaleidoscope

, 230

Kinesics

, 265

Knowledge

, 197

culture-general

, 90, 144

culture-general awareness and

, 146

culture-specific

, 90, 144

Language

, 12, 120, 137, 239, 221, 274

training

, 145

Language acquisition device (LAD)

, 61

Large cultures

, 193

Latin America

, 182

Latin Europe

, 182

Laws

, 280

culture and

, 281

Legal constraints

, 117

Legal framework

, 307

Legitimate power

, 126

Levi-Strauss, Claude

, 61, 113

Lewis, R. D.

, 247

Lewis Model, criticism of

, 248

Life enhancement

, 35

Life expectancy

, 197

Linear-active countries

, 74

Linear-active culture

, 247

Linguicism

, 87–88

Linguistic competence

, 227

Linguistic imperialism

, 87–88

Local staff (see Host country nationals)

Localisation

, 87

Location-neutrality

, 34

Locus of control

, 24

Long-term orientation (LTO)

, 28, 73, 181, 301–302

Long-term vs. short-term orientation index (LTO)

, 190

Low context situations

, 186

Low power–distance

, 171

Low-context

, 65–66

Lyotard, Jean-Francois

, 274

Mapping

, 289

Marcuse, Herbert

, 113

Marginalisation

, 17

Marginalisation-anxious acculturation strategies

, 55

Markedness

, 148–149

Marxism

, 113, 275

Masculinity (MAS)

, 28, 73, 181, 190

Material resources

, 117

Media freedom

, 308

Mediascapes

, 87

Melting pot

, 18

Meta-communication

, 266–267

Meta-messaging

, 266–267

Meta-theoretical assumptions

, 96, 98

Millennium Development Goals

, 199

Mindfulness

, 21, 145, 226

Minimisation

, 154

Minority culture

, 69

Modern imperialism

, 86–87

Modern slavery, causes of

, 178

Modern Slavery Act

, 178

Mole, John

, 258

Monochronic time

, 185, 301

Moving metaphors

, 94

Multiactive countries

, 74

Multiactive culture

, 247

Multiculturalism

, 18, 100, 261

analysis

, 262–264

assignment

, 264

criticism

, 262–263

omniculturalism

, 263

types

, 261–261

Multiculturism

, 209, 231, 262–264

Multidimensional poverty index (MPI)

, 198–199

Multidimensional power

, 127

Multimodality

, 267

Mutual accommodation

, 18

Mutual-face

, 171

Nation, culture and

, 58

National cultural identity

, 84

National cultures

, 5, 27, 72, 175, 193, 228, 270–271

National staff (see Host country nationals)

Nationality

, 68

Natural universal human processes

, 295

Negative face

, 170

Negative stereotyping

, 211

Neo-essentialism

, 68

Network density

, 289

Neutral behaviour

, 304

Nodding

, 31

Non-accommodation

, 30

Non-assertive approaches

, 19

Non-decision-making

, 127

Non-verbal accommodation

, 30–31

Non-verbal communication (NVC)

(see also Intercultural communication (ICC))

Non-work adjustment

, 51

Nordic Europe

, 182

Normative constraints

, 116

Observable power

, 127

Oculesics

, 30, 266

OECD

, 151–153

Omniculturalism

, 101, 263

Onion metaphor

, 93

Open government

, 281

Open markets

, 160

Open network

, 289

Open-mindedness

, 164

Openness to change

, 104, 284

Opportunity

, 292–293

Organisational culture

, 69, 221, 269–271

Organisational structure related to power distance

, 278

Orientalism

, 86

as legacy of colonialism

, 62

Other-face

, 171

Otherisation (see Cultural otherising)

Out-group

, 286

Paralanguage

, 31, 220, 266

Participative leadership

, 182

Particularism

, 138, 304

Partnership skills

, 226

Passive strategy

, 21

Paucity of communication

, 35

Performance orientation

, 73, 180–181

Person culture

, 269

Person-specific role

, 278

Personal

characteristics

, 268

cultural trajectory

, 84

identity

, 286

proxemics

, 167

resources

, 51

Personality

, 268

Phatic communication

, 266

Physical environment

, 9

Physical setting of context

, 64

Pluralism

, 151

Politeness, face negotiation and

, 170–171

Political

culture

, 151

maturity

, 117

participation

, 151

pluralism

, 152

and social change

, 35

structure

, 194

Polycentric policy

, 243

Polychronic time

, 185, 301

Positive discrimination

, 107

Positive face

, 170

Positivist approach

, 7

Positivist perspective

, 96

Postcolonialism

, 86

Postmodernism

, 47, 273–276

Poststructuralism

, 113–114, 274

Posture

, 265

Power

, 9–10, 47–48, 122–124, 126–128, 284

culture

, 269

relations

, 274

Power distance (PD)

, 28, 73, 128, 167, 175, 181, 218, 277–279

Power distance index (PDI)

, 189, 277

Pragmatics

, 227

Pragmatic competence

, 227

Predictive expectancy

, 166

Preferentialism

, 262

Preoccupied attachment style

, 54

Prescriptive expectancy

, 166

Press freedom

, 45

Primary coping strategies

, 226

Primary identity

, 296

Primary socialisation

, 295

Primitive peoples

, 112

Privacy reduction

, 35

Private media

, 307

Professional community

, 221

Professionalism

, 307

Programmatic-political multiculturalism

, 261

Prosodic features

, 31

Proxemics

, 30, 185, 176–177, 265–266

Proximate context

, 65

Psychological adjustment

, 50

Psychological constructs

, 8

Psychological support

, 55

Public diplomacy

(see also Cultural diplomacy)

Public interest, publish data for

, 45

Racialisation

, 262

Racism

, 149

Raphael

, 230

Reach superiority

, 34

Reactive countries

, 74

Reactive culture

, 247

Realistic threats

, 211–212

Reciprocity

, 217

Referent power

, 126

Refugees

, 134–135

Regulatory efficiency

, 160

Relational tension

, 48

Relationships

, 166

Relativist standpoint

, 8

Relocation failure

, 244

Renegotiation

, 202

Respectfulness

, 164

Respiration

, 266

Reverse culture shock

, 142–143

Reward power

, 126

Rituals

, 188

Role adjustment

, 51

Role culture

, 269

Rule of law

, 160, 314

Rule of Law Index (RLI)

(see also Social Progress Index (SPI)World Press Freedom Index (WPFI))

Schwartz’s theory of basic human values

, 283–285

Scripts

, 221

behavioural

, 6, 58, 250, 221

communicative

, 48, 250

Secondary identity

, 296

Secondary socialisation

, 296

Secondary strategies

, 226

Secular-rational values

, 310

Secure attachment style

, 54

Security

, 284

Segregation

, 18, 262

Self-direction

, 284

Self-efficacy

, 225

Self-enhancement

, 104, 284

Self-expression

, 209

values

, 310

Self-face

, 171

Self-monitoring

, 225

Self-protective leadership

, 182

Self-Restraint

, 73

Self-serving bias

, 24

Self-transcendence

, 104, 284

Sensitivity

, 164

Separation

, 17–18

Separation-dismissive acculturation strategies

, 55

Sequential time values

, 305

Seven Dimensions of Culture model

, 304–306

Shared enculturation process

, 250

Short-term orientation

, 73, 301–302

Silent Language

, 185–187

Similarity

, 22

Slavery and GDP

, 178

Small ‘c’ culture

, 222

Small cultures

, 193

Small culture formation

, 193, 195

Social

behavior

, 124

companionship

, 51

constructionist perspective

, 6

constructionist theory

, 47

control

, 11, 31, 35, 113, 123–124, 296

formation

, 123

identity

, 84, 286, 296

living

, 120

media

, 33–34, 124, 231, 308

networks

, 56

organisation

, 120

progress dimensions

, 292

role bias

, 255

sciences

, 12

social theory, postmodern turn in

, 273–274

structure

, 194, 278

support

, 51–52, 55–56

Social identity theory (SIT)

, 108, 286

analysis

, 287

assignment

, 288

in-group and out-group

, 286

social categorisation, identification and comparison

, 286–287

Social network analysis (SNA)

, 289–290

Social Progress Index (SPI)

(see also Human development index (HDI)World Press Freedom Index (WPFI))

Social-relational constraints

, 36

Socialisation

, 84, 295–297

Sociality

, 33

Society

, 295

Socio-political control

, 35

Socio-political values

, 76

Sociocultural

adjustment

, 50, 137

cohesion

, 109

learning

, 138

Sociolinguistic competence

, 239

Sociological imagination

, 62

Software metaphor

, 94

Software of the mind

, 188

analysis

, 191

assignment

, 191

cultural onion

, 189

Hofstede’s dimensions of national culture

, 189–190

Sojourners (see Home country nationals)

Solidarity politeness system

, 171

Sounds

, 220

Southern Asia

, 182

Space-efficiency

, 34

Specific behaviour

, 304

Speech acts

, 221

Spillover

, 51

Staffing, IHRM and

, 242

Staffroom culture

, 69

Standard of living

, 197

State interference

, 307

Stereotyping

, 163, 201–202, 233

Stimulation

, 284

Strategic essentialism

, 69

Stress–Adaptation–Growth Dynamic (SAGD)

, 142, 214–215

Strong culture

, 270

Structural linguists

, 61

Structuralism

, 61, 113

Structuralist paradigm

, 98

Sub-Saharan Africa

, 182

Subjective perspective

, 7–8

Survival

, 120

values

, 310

Sustainable Development Goals

, 199

Symbolic interaction

, 33–34

Symbolic interdependence

, 202

Symbolic threats

, 211–212

Symbols

, 188, 220

Synchronic time values

, 305

Synchronous communication

, 33

Synchrony

, 217

Tangible assistance

, 51

Task culture

, 269

Task orientation

, 38

Task-specific role

, 278

Team-oriented leadership

, 182

Technological development

, 117

Technoscapes

, 87

Theories

, 13

Theorists

, 13

Theory of Basic Human Values (Schwartz)

, 104, 283–285

Thick description

, 62

Third culture building

, 298

Third culture identity (TCI)

, 298–299

Third culture individuals (see Third culture identity (TCI))

Third Culture Kids (TCK)

, 80, 298

Third space

, 80, 85

Third-country nationals

, 242

Thompson, E. P.

, 112

Threat

level of

, 117

types

, 211–212

Ties

, 290

Time orientation

, 301–302

Time-efficiency

, 34

Tokenism

, 262

Tolerance for ambiguity

, 145, 164, 226

Tone of voice

, 31

Touch (see Haptics)

Tourism

, 135

Tourist gaze

, 130–132, 135

Tradition

, 284

Trailing spouse

, 51

Transcultural competence

, 164

Transparency

, 35

Transparency International

, 44

Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index (TTCI)

, 130–131

Travel Journalism

, 132

Trial and error

, 202

Trompenaars, Fons

, 304

Trompenaars’ seven dimensions of culture

, 73–74, 304–306

U-curve model

, 141–142

Ultimate attribution error

, 24

Uncertainty avoidance

, 73, 167, 181, 218, 285

Uncertainty avoidance index (UAI)

, 22, 189

Uncertainty reduction theory (URT)

, 21–22

Unconscious bias

, 108, 163–164

United Nation’s World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO)

, 130

United Nations (UN)

, 100, 174, 199, 230

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)

, 100–101, 261

United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

, 45

United States Foreign Services Institute

, 185

Universal

cultural processes

, 193–194

intercultural processes

, 121, 222

structures

, 121

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

, 9, 103–104

Universalism

, 138, 284, 304

Universalist approach

, 8

Universality

, 120–122, 217

of culture

, 8, 61

Values

, 103, 188, 283–284

CTL and

, 116–117

cultural

, 255

emancipation

, 311

secular-rational

, 310

self-expression

, 310

sequential time

, 305

socio-political

, 76

synchronic time

, 305

traditional

, 310

Variability

, 218

Variable accommodation

, 218

Vertical culture

, 208–209

Vertical-collectivist culture (VC culture)

, 208

Vertical-individualist culture (VI culture)

, 208

W-curve

, 142

Weak culture

, 270

Wealth and SPI

, 293

Webs of significance

, 62

Well-being foundations

, 292–293

Western bias

, 27

When Cultures Collide

, 247

analysis

, 248

assignment

, 248–249

categorising cultures

, 247–248

criticism of Lewis Model

, 248

intercategory comparisons

, 248

Williams, Raymond

, 112

Work adjustment

, 51

World Bank (WB)

, 44, 174

World Economic Forum (WEF)

, 44, 130, 152, 174

World Justice Project (WJP)

, 44, 280

World Press Freedom Index (WPFI)

(see also Human development index (HDI)Social Progress Index (SPI))

World Values Survey (WVS)

(see also Chinese values survey (CVS))

Worldwide governance indicators (WGI)

, 313–315