Academic achievement

, 17–18

Academic outcomes

, 89

African-American community

, 131–132, 139

African American culture

, 40

African-American women faculty

, 133

African higher education

apartheid-era educational structures

, 276

Association of African Universities (AAU)

, 277

Bibliotheca Alexandrina complex

, 265

Black-centric intellectual movement

, 279

Black Consciousness

, 279, 280

colleges and universities deconstruction

African language development

, 269

aid-based foundation

, 271

anti-African indoctrination

, 270

colonialism and imperialism

, 268

Equal Education

, 272

governmental infrastructures

, 268

individual students progress

, 267–268

intellectual and ideological freedom

, 271

sustainable poverty reduction

, 273

colonial racism

, 273

cultural and linguistic contexts

, 278

decolonized higher education infrastructure

, 284

do-it-yourself isolationism

, 283

equality recognition

, 283

European American ideologies and perspectives

, 274

higher education system transformation

, 283

intellectual framework

, 281

Intentionally Indigenous African Higher Education (IIAHE)

, 281–282, 284

knowledge-based societies

, 280

leadership roles

, 265

Muslim knowledge

, 266

nationalized mission

, 283

nation-states conglomeration

, 264

one-student-one-grade competitive model

, 278

post-apartheid racism

, 273

racial disparities

, 275

Rights-Based Education

, 282

societal inequalities

, 282

societal transformation models

, 276

state policy making

, 273

systemic whiteness

, 276

transformative actions

, 276

Western-framed knowledge-based universities

, 264

Western leaders

, 277

African Methodist Episcopal (AME) church

, 53

African National Congress (ANC)

, 227

American Baptist Home Mission Society (ABHMS)

, 53

“American” democracy

, 2

Anglophone Caribbean

black self-determination

, 208

Denmark to United States

, 214–216

Development Decade

, 209

english-speaking institution

academic program

, 218

Agricultural Experiment Station

, 219

colonial public education

, 216

implementation stage

, 217

intellectual resources

, 218

native-born Virgin Islander participation

, 217

occupational program

, 218

Higher Education Act

, 208

slave states

, 208

sociohistorical perspectives

British colonization

, 211–212

decolonized education system

, 214

European domination agendas

, 211

global markets

, 213

Imperial College of Tropical Agriculture (ICTA)

, 212

internationalization process

, 211

Inter-university Council (IUC)

, 213

Negro Education Grant

, 212

oppressive educational system

, 210

reverse racism

, 211

whiteness privilege

, 211

Anita Borg Institute

, 118

Anti-black filter

, 9

Anti-diversity programs

, 248–251

Association of African Universities (AAU)

, 277

Baccalaureate degree holders’ earnings and benefits. See Labor market outcomes

Bantu Education Department

, 228

Berlin Conference

, 6

Bibliotheca Alexandrina complex

, 265

Black achiever isolation

, 162–163

Black-centric intellectual movement

, 279

Black Church

, 131–132

Black Consciousness

, 279, 280

Black dehumanization

, 17

Black Greek-lettered organizations (BGLOs)

, 192

academic and social integration

, 73

academic outcomes

, 76–77

African-American community

, 70

civil rights and social justice

, 70

critical race theory (CRT)

, 73

expressive action

, 72

Fraternity and Sorority Experience Survey

, 80

instrumental action

, 72

pledging and hazing

, 77–78

“postracial” era of accountability

, 70

research and documentation

, 71–72

“segregated” institutions

, 71

social capital, definition

, 72

student engagement and social integration

African-American students

, 75

Black history

, 76

Competing Values Managerial Skills Instrument (CVMSI)

, 75

Leadership Assessment Scale

, 75

multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA)

, 74

National Survey of Student Engagement

, 75

Student Involvement and Leadership Scale

, 75

student outcomes and experiences

, 73–74

Black males

academic outcomes

, 89

campus climate

, 90

campus engagement

, 89–90

college-level work

, 86

college remediation

, 93

dismal participation rate

, 86

educational and career goals

, 87

education and society

, 86

faculty and staff engagement

, 90–92

faculty–mentor program

, 96

family and home environment

, 92–93

graduation rates

, 87

National Center for Education Statistics (NCES)

, 87

National Survey of Student Engagement (NSSE)

, 88, 96

peer support

, 94–95

predominantly White institutions (PWIs)

, 87

quantitative study

, 88

student characteristics

, 97

Black professional class

, 172

Black women

African American community

, 102

empowerment role

, 117

female firsts presidents

, 108–110

educational paths

, 110–115

presidential role

, 115–117

formal and informal preparation

, 103

gender stratification, leadership roles

academic excellence

, 105

ambivalent sexism

, 104

educational experiences

, 106

underrepresentation factor

, 105

history of

, 103–104

Journal of Negro Education and Black Issues in Higher Education

, 103

Judeo-Christian privilege (see Judeo-Christian privilege)

leaders

, 106–107

leadership development opportunities

, 118–119

male dominance control

, 107

mentoring networks

, 119–120

statistical data

, 121

trustees and search firms

, 117–118

United Negro College Fund’s (UNCF)

, 108

US experience demographic shifts

, 120

Bluefield State College (BSC)

, 60

Campus climate

, 90

Campus engagement

, 89–90

gender-racialized aggression

, 190

interactionalist model

, 190

on-campus involvement

, 189

positional and nonpositional leadership capacities

, 190

social capital

, 191

Civic engagement

, 17–18

Civilizational disruption

, 3–4

Civil Rights Act

, 52, 54, 239

Colonialism

, 7, 13

Colonial resistance

, 17–18

Community leadership

, 152

Community-level economic development

, 175

Competing Values Managerial Skills Instrument (CVMSI)

, 75

Critical race theory (CRT)

, 73

Cultural elements

, 39–40

Cultural exploration

, 163–164

Decolonized education system

, 214

de jure system

, 57

Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW)

, 54–55

Desegregation. See also Policy perspectives

legal history

case study

, 55–57

Civil Rights Act

, 52, 54

Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW)

, 54–55

Emancipation Proclamation

, 51

NAACP Legal Defense Fund (LDF)

, 55

racial segregation

, 51

Traditionally White Institutions (TWI)

, 52

re-conceptualization

, 50

Dismal participation rate

, 86

Do-it-yourself isolationism

, 283

Education Statistics

, 178

Emancipation Proclamation

, 51

Emergent color caste system

, 14

Ethnic diversity

, 41

campus experiences and involvement

, 40–41

college selection

, 39–40

ethnic identities

, 38

first- and second-generation immigrants

, 38

home-country context

, 38

European/white patriarchal expansion

, 7

Expressive action of returns

, 72

Faculty–mentor program

, 96

Fayetteville State University (FSU)

, 62–63

Female firsts presidents

, 108–110

educational paths

, 110–115

presidential role

, 115–117

Florida A&M University’s (FAMU)

, 79

Fraternity and Sorority Experience Survey

, 80

Gender stratification, leadership roles

academic excellence

, 105

ambivalent sexism

, 104

educational experiences

, 106

underrepresentation factor

, 105

Greek-lettered organizations (GLOs)

, 76

Hegemony

anti-black violence

, 16

Black dehumanization

, 17

colonialism

, 13

colorblind society

, 13

Descartian perspectives

, 15

emergent color caste system

, 14

ethnic cleansing

, 13

historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs)

, 16, 19

intellectual and sociopolitical realities

, 15

metropolitan officials

, 13

oppressive tools

, 14

radical self-determination

, 17

reflective and active dimensions

, 12

slave masters

, 15

white-skin privilege

, 13

Higher Education Act

, 208

Hispanic Serving Institution (HSI)

, 32

Historical Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs)

, 16, 19, 42–43

Anglophone Caribbean (see Anglophone Caribbean)

Black Greek-lettered organizations (BGLOs), 78–79 (see also Black Greek-lettered organizations (BGLOs))

Black males (see Black males)

Black women (see Black women)

college choice

academic and social experiences

, 153

“Black College” context

, 154–155

cultural awareness

, 154

economic and sociological factors

, 153

merit-based scholarships

, 155

“postracial” society

, 156

community leadership

, 152

creation of

, 52–53

data collection and analysis

, 158

ethnic diversity

, 41

campus experiences and involvement

, 40–41

college selection

, 39–40

ethnic identities

, 38

first- and second-generation immigrants

, 38

home-country context

, 38

financial resources

, 159

institutional type and educational level

, 41

labor market outcomes (see Labor market outcomes)

“minority” students

, 42

non-Black student recruitment (see Non-Black student recruitment)

“open-access” institutions

, 153

participant recruitment

, 156–157

participants

, 158

precollege experiences

Black achiever isolation

, 162–163

Black culture

, 165

cultural exploration

, 163–164

racial battle fatigue

, 164–165

Unmet expectations

, 163

predominantly Black environment

, 159

qualitative research design

, 156

qualitative study

, 153

racial diversity

, 41

demographics of

, 33

experiences with

, 34–35

financial incentives

, 36

graduate and professional programs

, 33–34

Hispanic Serving Institution (HSI)

, 32

Latina/o/x students

, 36–37

non-black students

, 33

positive academic and social experiences

, 35

Predominantly White Institutions (PWIs)

, 35–36

social and cultural experiences

, 35

student population

, 32

West Virginia State University

, 32

self-efficacy

, 152

social responsibility

, 152

student leadership engagement (see Student leadership engagement)

students’ academic interests

, 159

students and alumni

media influences

, 160–162

personal connections

, 159–160

traditionally White institutions (TWIs)

, 152

Homogenous monoliths

, 2

Human Capital Theory

, 184

Imperial College of Tropical Agriculture (ICTA)

, 212

Increasing Male Enrollment Initiative

, 62

Industrial revolution

, 6

Institutional desegregation

, 234–236

Institutional diversity

, 126

Instrumental action of returns

, 72

Integrated Postsecondary Educational Data System

, 51

Intentionally Indigenous African Higher Education (IIAHE)

, 281–282, 284

Inter-university Council (IUC)

, 213

Journal of Negro Education and Black Issues in Higher Education

, 103

Judeo-Christian privilege

African-American community

, 131–132, 139

African-American women faculty

, 133

Black Church

, 131–132

church and state separation

, 129–130

communal mechanism

, 139

complex and messy

, 126–128

culturally dispersed movement

, 138

education marketplace

, 142–143

faith

, 130–131

institutional diversity

, 126

pedagogical and scholarly development

, 141

political and economic climate

, 142

privilege of oppression

, 141

PWIs

, 140

religio-spiritual convictions

, 139

science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) educator teaching

, 140–141

self-reflexivity

, 143

state and federal policies

, 141–142

sustainability and regeneration

, 128

testimony

, 137–138

Thornton’s study

, 132

uncomplicated Christian privilege

, 128

decision-makers

, 136

demographic shifts

, 133

educational commitment

, 134

oppressive systems

, 134

religion and spirituality

, 134

stand-point theory

, 135

tension-filled conversations

, 135

violence and oppression

, 135

Labor market outcomes

analytic procedure

, 179

Black professional class

, 172

community-level economic development

, 175

Education Statistics

, 178

employment benefits

, 172

factors

, 176

Human Capital Theory

, 184

limitations

, 184–185

model predicting income

, 180–182

models predicting benefits

, 182, 183

National Longitudinal Survey

, 173

National Survey of Black Americans

, 175

regression analysis

, 173

social capital

, 174

spin-off study

, 177

theoretical framework

, 176–177

unemployment data

, 174

variables

, 178–179

work-related variables

, 181

Latina/o/x students

, 36–37

Leadership Assessment Scale

, 75

Leadership development opportunities

, 118–119

Lin’s network theory

, 72

Louisiana State University

, 238

Male dominance control

, 107

Male Initiative on Leadership and Excellence (MILE)

, 94

Maryland Higher Education Commission’s (MHEC)

, 65

Master/slave model

, 7

Mentoring networks

, 119–120

Mississippi’s public HBCUs

, 58–59

Morehouse College

, 63

Morrill Land Grant Colleges Act

, 53–54

Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA)

, 74

NAACP Legal Defense Fund (LDF)

, 55

National African American Graduate Student Association (NAAGSA)

, 193

National Association for Equal Opportunity in Higher Education (NAFEO)

, 55

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

, 231

National Center for Education Statistics (NCES)

, 31, 59–60, 87

National desegregation

Civil Rights Act

, 239

diversity programs

, 240

educational systems

, 237

federal legislation

, 236

Louisiana State University

, 238

Office of Civil Rights (OCR)

, 241

race-based discrimination

, 239

societal developments

, 242

National Longitudinal Survey

, 173

National Postsecondary Student Aid Study (NPSAS)

, 177

National Survey of Black Americans

, 175

National Survey of Student Engagement (NSSE)

, 75, 88, 96

NCES. See National Center for Education Statistics (NCES)

Negro Education Grant

, 212

Non-Black student recruitment

Bluefield State College (BSC)

, 60

desegregation, 50 (see also Desegregation)

Fayetteville State University (FSU)

, 62–63

implications and recommendations

, 63–65

Latino/a students

, 61

methods

, 50–51

Mississippi’s public HBCUs

, 58–59

Morehouse College

, 63

Morrill Land Grant Colleges Act

, 53–54

Paul Quinn College

, 61

Predominately White Institutions

, 59

Texas Southern University (TSU)

, 61–62

White enrollment

, 59

NSSE. See National Survey of Student Engagement (NSSE)

Office of Civil Rights (OCR)

, 65, 241

One-student-one-grade competitive model

, 278

“Open-access” institutions

, 153

Oppressive educational system

, 210

Organizational/political theory

, 9

Paul Quinn College

, 61

Policy perspectives

black population and education

, 224

racial hegemonic nations

, 225

South Africa

, 256–258

desegregate efforts

, 251–255

race and education

, 225–228

United States

anti-diversity programs

, 248–251

institutional desegregation

, 234–236

legal history

, 233

national desegregation

, 236–242

race and schooling

, 229–233

regression and dissolution

, 242–248

segregation

, 234

Postracial society

, 50, 156

Precollege experiences

Black achiever isolation

, 162–163

Black culture

, 165

cultural exploration

, 163–164

racial battle fatigue

, 164–165

Unmet expectations

, 163

Predominantly White Institutions (PWIs)

, 35–36, 59, 87

Race-conscious ideology

, 11

Racial battle fatigue

, 164–165

Racial diversity

, 41

demographics of

, 33

experiences with

, 34–35

financial incentives

, 36

graduate and professional programs

, 33–34

Hispanic Serving Institution (HSI)

, 32

Latina/o/x students

, 36–37

non-black students

, 33

positive academic and social experiences

, 35

Predominantly White Institutions (PWIs)

, 35–36

social and cultural experiences

, 35

student population

, 32

West Virginia State University

, 32

Racial oppression

academic achievement

, 8

anti-black filter

, 9

economic dimension

, 9

egocentric and allocentric positionalities

, 10

hegemonic structures

, 7–8

hierarchical society

, 11

organizational/political theory

, 9

plantation politics

, 9

race-conscious ideology

, 11

“racialized color,”

, 11

social interactions

, 8

social stratification

, 12

social structure and power relations

, 10

“white-skin” superiority

, 11

Racial segregation

, 51

Re-coloring campus

diversity-related research

, 31

high-quality learning experiences

, 31

historically black college or university (HBCU), 30, 31 (see also Historically black college or university (HBCU))

National Center of Education Statistics

, 31

social order

, 31

state budget allocations

, 31

Regression analysis

, 173

Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC)

, 54

Rights-Based Education

, 282

Science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) educator teaching

, 140–141

Self-rule

, 5

“Slave” discourse

, 7

Social capital, definition

, 72

Socially Responsible Leadership Scale (SRLS)

, 192

Societal transformation models

, 276

Sociohistorical perspectives

British colonization

, 211–212

decolonized education system

, 214

European domination agendas

, 211

global markets

, 213

Imperial College of Tropical Agriculture (ICTA)

, 212

internationalization process

, 211

Inter-university Council (IUC)

, 213

Negro Education Grant

, 212

oppressive educational system

, 210

reverse racism

, 211

whiteness privilege

, 211

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SClC)

, 130

Student Government Association (SGA)

, 200

Student Involvement and Leadership Scale

, 75

Student leadership engagement

campus engagement

gender-racialized aggression

, 190

interactionalist model

, 190

on-campus involvement

, 189

positional and nonpositional leadership capacities

, 190

social capital

, 191

leadership capacities

, 191–193

motivations

annual on-campus leadership creation

, 202

benefits

, 199

challenge and support concept

, 195

female participant

, 200–201

financial resources

, 198

gendered engagement and leadership opportunities

, 201

gender-specific groups

, 200–201

human and organizational needs

, 197–198

leaders creation

, 198–199

leadership roles

, 195

mentoring

, 194

National African American Graduate Student Association (NAAGSA)

, 193

opportunities

, 199–200

organizational meetings and social settings

, 195–196

participants’ organizational demographic data

, 193, 194

Student Government Association (SGA)

, 200

student leaders preparation

, 202

student leaders with opportunities

, 201–202

whiteness navigation

, 196–197

social and personal development

, 189

Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee

, 188

Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee

, 188

Tennessee State University (TSU)

, 56

Texas Southern University (TSU)

, 61–62

Thornton’s study

, 132

Traditionally White Institutions (TWIs)

, 50, 52, 152

Trans-Atlantic slave trade

, 4

Uncomplicated Christian privilege

, 128

decision-makers

, 136

demographic shifts

, 133

educational commitment

, 134

oppressive systems

, 134

religion and spirituality

, 134

stand-point theory

, 135

tension-filled conversations

, 135

violence and oppression

, 135

United Methodist Church (UMC)

, 53

United Negro College Fund’s (UNCF)

, 108

University of Tennessee (UT)

, 56

Unmet expectations

, 163

US experience demographic shifts

, 120

Western European Christian enslavement terrors

, 4

Western-framed knowledge-based universities

, 264

West Virginia State University

, 32

White enrollment

, 59