Babson Entrepreneurship Thought in Action (BETA) Challenge
, 89
Bangladesh
women in family firms
, 191–192
Behavioral intention
, 131–134
Body Shop, The
, 25–26, 27, 28, 29–30, 32
direct selling
, 30–31
franchising
, 30–31
mission statement
, 27
necessity and creation of
, 26–27
Ruby Campaign
, 30
social and environmental causes, promoting
, 29–30
Trade Not Aid program
, 25–26, 28, 29, 30–31
trading
, 28–29
Brand awareness, building
, 70–71
Brand channels, determination of
, 267–268
Brand promise
definition of
, 262, 263–264
importance and impact of
, 262–264
Burton, Traci Lynn
, 200–201, 202
Business incubators
, 57
data and methods
, 60–61
findings
, 61–64
homophily theory
, 58–60
signaling theory
, 59–60
Business Source Premier database
, 59
“Can’t Stop, Won’t Stop Her Side Hustle – Women in the Gig Economy 2018”
, 196
Caribbean, women, mothers, and entrepreneurial engagement in
, 109
context
, 110–114
future research, policy, and practice, implications for
, 115–117
mumpreneurs
, 114–115
political economy
, 112–113
women entrepreneurship
, 117–118
women entrepreneurs, sociocultural realities for
, 113–114
Ceja, Amelia Morán
, 2, 17
challenges as a CEO
, 23
empowerment
, 21–23
story of
, 18–20
Ceja Vineyards
, 18–19, 20
Center for Entrepreneurship and Innovation (CEI)
, 86, 90–91
Center for Women’s Entrepreneurial Leadership (CWEL)
, 88, 90–91
CEO wives, in family firms
, 187–188
Chief Emotional Officers
, 187
China
one-child policy
, 191–192
Chrysler, Angela Loehr
, 201, 202
Cleveland Bradley Business Incubator
, 64
Cognitive ambidexterity
, 75
data collection, analysis, and results
, 76–81
new venture, nature of
, 78
predominance of action over planning
, 79–81
selling and manufacturing
, 81
venture creation, reasons for
, 77–78
limitations of
, 81–82
Cohen, Carol Fishman
, 179
Collectivist culture
, 138–139
Collegiate Entrepreneurs Organization (CEO)
, 86
Community builders
, 240, 247, 249–255, 258
Community startup resources
, 91
Confidence Code, The
, 231
Corporate social responsibility (CSR)
, 208, 209
Creation logic
, 75–76, 80, 81–82
Creativity
, 46–47, 48–49, 52
Crowdfunding, advantage of
, 69–70
Cultural variability
, 111
Customer connection, by leveraging social media
, 70–72
brand awareness, building
, 70–71
feedback from customers, obtaining
, 71–72
Daughters, in family firms
, 188–189
Desire for independence
, 158, 160, 161–162, 165–166, 167
Differentiated narrative
, 262
Digital mediums, Indian women entrepreneurs in
, 147
Digital technology
, 128–129
Digitalundivided (DID)
, 62, 63–64
Direct selling
, 195
distribution channel
, 200
empowering women through
, 196–202
women entrepreneurs
, 200–202
women micro-entrepreneurs
, 197–200
as entrepreneurialism
, 203
Direct Selling Association (DSA)
, 198
Women’s Leadership Retreat
, 200–201
Doheny, Bea
, 87–88, 90–92
Dolphin Tank Pitch Competition, Michigan Women’s Foundation
, 87
Dove
“Real Beauty” campaign
, 30
Ecosystem
, 221–223
of support, extending
, 224
Elevator Pitch Competition, Saginaw Valley State University
, 86–87
Empowerment
, 21–23
components of
, 196–197
Entrepreneurial ecosystem
, 126, 127, 240
Entrepreneurial engagement
, 109–110, 111–112
Entrepreneurial glass ceiling, through social media
, 67
accessing funding through intentional social media networking
, 68–70
crowdfunding, advantage of
, 69–70
networking with female angel investors
, 69
customer connection by leveraging social media
, 70–72
brand awareness, building
, 70–71
feedback from customers, obtaining
, 71–72
entrepreneurial success
, 72
mentorship development
, 72
Entrepreneurialism, direct selling as
, 203
Entrepreneurial motivation, in Lebanese women entrepreneurs
, 158, 160, 166
Entrepreneurial Scholars and Interns Program (ESIP)
, 88, 90–91
Entrepreneurial self-efficacy
, 132–133
Entrepreneurial success, via social media
, 72
Entrepreneurship
, 2, 77, 82, 85–86
ambition problem and
, 235–236
customer acquisition
, 75
education programs
, 86
gendered biases in
, 47–48
in higher education
, 86
as masculine domain
, 45–46
necessity versus opportunity
, 255
women
, 117–118
Entrepreneurship Alliance (EA)
, 87–88, 90–91
Extracurricular programs
, 90–91
Extrinsic motivations
, 160
Fair Game from PRI with Faith Salie
, 36–37
Family Caregiver Alliance
, 179
Feedback from customers, obtaining
, 71–72
Female angel investors, social media networking with
, 69
Female entrepreneurs
, 241–243
Female-owned firms, self-perceived performance of
, 95
Female underperformance hypothesis
, 47–48
Financial security
, 179–180
Financial success on firm performance
, 158, 162–163, 165–166
Firm performance of Lebanese women entrepreneurs
, 158, 160, 161–162, 163–166
Gender composition of incubators
, 61, 62
Gender differences, perceived versus actual
, 52–53
Gender disparity
, 2–3, 51–52, 188
Gendered entrepreneurial biases
, 47–48
Gender gap
, 234
in access to capital
, 67–68
in entrepreneurship
, 68
See also Gender–performance gap
Gender inequality
, 126–127
Gender–performance gap
, 95–96, 96–98, 102, 102–103, 103, 103–104
exploring
, 99
prior research limitations
, 97–98
See also Gender gap
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor report (2016/2017)
, 127
Global Organizing Committee for Fashion Revolution
, 211
Gobodo, Nonkululeko
, 128–130
Good Morning America
, 21
Go-to-market strategy
, 138, 139, 140, 142, 143, 209–214
BuyMeOnce
, 210–211
Ethica
, 213–214
Follain
, 211–212
Futerra
, 211
Kindred Black
, 213
Rêve En Vert
, 212–213
Grand Valley State University (GVSU)
, 86, 87
MWest Challenge
, 86–87
Green enterprises
, 209, 210
Green entrepreneurship
, 209
Idea generation
, 46–47, 48–49, 52–53
Idea promotion
, 48, 49–50, 51, 52–53
Idea realization
, 46–47, 48, 50–51, 52–53
Immigrant business enterprises classification (IBEC) framework
, 141, 143
Income inequality
, 126–127
Incubation
, 57–58, 64, 65
India
women for women in entrepreneurship
, 246
See also Indian women entrepreneurs
Indian women entrepreneurs
, 147
observations and recommendations
, 153
online medium use by
, 150–153
ease of use
, 151
usefulness
, 152–153
social self-efficacy on online medium use, role of
, 149–150
Inequality
gender
, 126–127
income
, 126–127
Information and Communication Technology (ICT)
, 133
Innovation
, 46–51, 52–53
idea generation
, 48–49
idea promotion
, 49–50
idea realization
, 50–51
International Business Incubation Association (InBIA)
, 60–61
Intrinsic motivations
, 160
Investors
, 249, 254–255, 256–257
Iris Digital Communities
, 176
Leadership, entrepreneurial
, 75–76, 79, 81–82
Lebanese women entrepreneurs
, 157
conceptual framework and hypotheses development
, 161–163
motivational factors of
, 160
research methodology
, 163–166
results
, 165–166
sample
, 163, 164
survey instrument
, 163–165
Lebanon
entrepreneurial environment in
, 159–160
women entrepreneurship
, 159–160
See also Lebanese women entrepreneurs
Levy, Emily
, 88–89, 91–92, 93
Life Less Throwaway, A
, 210–211
Locus of control
, 158, 160, 161, 163, 165–166, 167
Longevity
, 175
aging marketplace
, 177–179
aging, navigation of
, 179–181
financial security
, 179–180
health and wellness
, 180
housing
, 180
legal planning
, 179
medical care
, 180
planning
, 180–181
non-passive aging woman
, 181–182
women taking charge and helping others
, 179
Male-owned firms, self-perceived performance of
, 95
Mary Kay Ash on People Management
, 14
Mary Kay Cosmetics
, 7–8, 9, 10, 13–14
Massachusetts Biomedical Initiatives (MBI)
, 62
Mentors
, 68, 72
community
, 91
faculty
, 91–92
Mentorship
, 21–22
development, through social media
, 72
Michigan Women’s Foundation
, 91
Dolphin Tank Pitch Competition
, 87
Micro-entrepreneurship
, 1
Minority business, self-perceived performance in
, 101, 102–103
Miracles Happen (Mary Kay Ash)
, 9–11
Motivation
, 158, 160, 166
Mumpreneurs
, 110, 112, 114–115, 116, 117, 118
MWest Challenge, Grand Valley State University
, 86–87
Parkinson’s Foundation
, 179
Passion
, 8, 12, 46, 158, 160, 161, 163, 165–166, 167, 202
Perceived behavioral control (PBC)
, 131–132
Perceived business performance, of female -and male-owned firms
, 95
gender–performance gap, exploring
, 99
methodology
, 99–101
prior gender–performance gap research limitations
, 97–98
results
, 101–102
Perceived versus actual gender differences
, 52–53
Perfect pitch, development of
, 264–266
strategic narrative, creation of
, 265–266
Personal branding
, 261
brand promise, importance and impact of
, 262–264
definition of
, 262
management of
, 266–268
brand channels, determination of
, 267–268
perfect pitch, development of
, 264–266
strategic narrative, creation of
, 265–266
Pitch competitions
, 90–91
Political economy of the Caribbean
, 112–113
Prediction logic
, 75–76, 80, 81–82
Predominance of action over planning
, 79–81
Push and pull motivational factors
, 160
Saginaw Valley State University
Elevator Pitch Competition
, 86–87
Salie, Faith
, 2, 35
personal branding
, 39–41
failure and failures
, 40–41
kind and gracious
, 41
relationship building
, 39–40
self-understanding
, 39
story of
, 35–38
Saunders, Vicki
story of
, 220–221
Science Goes to the Movies
, 36–37
Self-efficacy
, 3, 158, 160, 161, 163, 165–166, 167, 199–200
entrepreneurial
, 132–133
social self-efficacy on online medium use, role of
, 149–150
technology
, 133–134
Self-perceived performance, of female -and male-owned firms
, 95
gender–performance gap, exploring
, 99
methodology
, 99–101
prior gender–performance gap research limitations
, 97–98
results
, 101–102
SheEO
, 219
birth of
, 220–221
changing lives
, 226–228
expansion plans
, 228
future of
, 228–229
philosophy of
, 221, 222
ecosystem
, 221–223
ecosystem of support, extending
, 224
radical generosity
, 225
Signaling theory
, 58, 59–60, 65
Singapore
other women’s roles
enhanced or promoted due to bias
, 255
in urban entrepreneurial ecosystems
, 249–254
women for women in entrepreneurship
, 246–247, 256–258
Sizwe Ntsaluba Gobodo
, 128–129
Social capital
, 3, 67–68, 69–70, 72, 200
Social categorization
, 241–243
Social cognitive carer theory
, 129
Social comparison
, 241–242
Social identification
, 241–242
Social identity theory
, 241–243
unconscious bias
, 242–243
women entrepreneurs’ relationships with other women
, 242–243
Social impact
, 219–220, 221–223, 227
Social media
, 70, 267–268
accessing funding through
, 68–70
customer connection by leveraging
, 70–72
entrepreneurial success via
, 72
with female angel investors
, 69
glass ceiling through
, 67
mentorship development through
, 72
Social networks, of Hispanic American women entrepreneurs
, 142–143
Social self-efficacy on online medium use, role of
, 149–150
Society of Human Resource Management
, 177–178
South Africa
, 125
opportunities via entrepreneurship
, 127–128
challenges
, 128
job creation
, 127
women entrepreneurial intent in
, 128–134
attitude toward entrepreneurship
, 129–130
behavioral intention
, 131–134
subjective norms
, 130–131
women entrepreneurs, development of
, 126–127
women entrepreneurs, empowerment of
, 126–127
Spectrum Health Innovations
, 86–87
Stanford Center on Longevity
, 176
Star Trek: Deep Space Nine
, 36
State of Women-Owned Business Report (American Express)
, 68
Strategic narrative, creation of
, 265–266
Student entrepreneurs
, 85
Bruyn, Zoe
, 86–87
Doheny, Bea
, 87–88
experiences contributing to success
, 90–92
classroom experience
, 90
community startup resources and mentors
, 91
extracurricular programs and pitch competitions
, 90–91
faculty mentors
, 91–92
peer role models
, 92
Levy, Emily
, 88–89
peers, advice for
, 92–93
struggles, overcoming
, 89–90
Subjective norms
, 130–131
Sustainability
, 32, 208–210
Sustainable business, future of
, 214–215
Sustainable consumption
, 209
Wait, Wait Don’t Tell Me
, 36–37
Women entrepreneurs, definition of
, 157–158
Women for women in entrepreneurship
, 239
research design
, 243–248
country analysis
, 244–247
data analysis
, 247–248
social identity theory
, 241–243
unconscious bias
, 242–243
results
, 249–256
necessity versus opportunity entrepreneurship
, 255
other women’s roles in rural entrepreneurial ecosystems
, 249
other women’s roles in urban entrepreneurial ecosystems
, 249–255
roles for other women
, 249–254
roles for other women enhanced or promoted due to bias
, 255–256
Women in family firms
, 185
advice from our women interviewees
, 192
historical challenges
, 186–190
CEO wives
, 187–188
daughters
, 188–189
primogeniture
, 189–190
male-dominated traditions to women in family firms, breaking
, 190–192
Women Innovating Now (WIN) Lab
, 89, 90–91
Women micro-entrepreneurs
, 197–200
capitalization
, 198
formal structures
, 198
income
, 199
life skills
, 200
mentoring
, 198–199
self-efficacy
, 199–200
social capital
, 200
Women student entrepreneurs. See Student entrepreneurs
Work–family conflict
, 185–186
World Health Organization
, 175–176