Endnotes

Personal interview with Don Thompson with transcript, June 28, 2017.

E.L. Plambeck and L. Denend, “The greening of Wal-Mart”, Stanford Social Innovation Review (Spring 2008). Available at: https://ssir.org/articles/entry/the_greening_of_wal_mart.

M. Friedman, “The social responsibility of business is to increase its profit”, The New York Times Magazine (1970, 13 September). Available at: https://www.colorado.edu/studentgroups/libertarians/issues/friedman-soc-resp-business.html.

A. Pasternack, “The most watched load of garbage in the memory of man”, Motherboard (2013, 13 May). Available at: https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/nzzppg/the-mobro-4000.

L. Gibbs, blog “McDonald’s Decades Later Eliminates Foam Everywhere, Center for Health, Environment & Justice”. Available at: http://chej.org/2018/01/11/mcdonalds-decades-later-eliminates-foam-everywhere/.

Office of Solid Waste, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “The Solid Waste Dilemma: An Agenda for Action/Final Report of the Municipal Solid Waste Task.” Force, Office of Solid Waste, United States Environmental Protection Agency, 1989.

Personal interview with Ed Rensi with transcript, December 28, 2016.

B. Handwerk, “Whatever happened to the ozone hole?”, National Geographic News (2010, 7 May). Available at: https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/05/100505-science-environment-ozone-hole-25-years/.

Personal interview with Mike Roberts with transcript, January 6, 2017.

Two sources for Shelby Yastrow: Personal interview with transcript, September 30, 2016; Yastrow’s unpublished notes entitled Shelby Stories, October 8, 2016.

Personal interview with Fred Krupp with transcript, June 24, 2017.

F.D. Krupp, “New Environmentalism factors in economic needs”, Wall Street Journal (1986, 20 November). Available at: https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB117269353475022375.

William “Bill” Gifford, “McDonald’s: the greening of the golden arches”, Rolling Stone (1991, 22 August).

Personal interview with Jackie Prince (Roberts) with transcript, August 15, 2017.

Personal interview with Ellen Silbergeld with transcript, October 20, 2016.

M. Parrish, “McDonald’s to do away with foam packages”, The Los Angeles Times (1990, 02 November). Available at: http://articles.latimes.com/1990-11-02/news/mn-3787_1_foam-packages.

J. Holusha, “Packaging and public image: McDonald’s fills a big order”, The New York Times (1990, 2 November). Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/1990/11/02/business/packaging-and-public-image-mcdonald-s-fills-a-big-order.html?pagewanted=all.

C.S. Clark, “Fast food shake-up”, CQ Researcher (1991, 8 November). Available at: http://library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/document.php?id=cqresrre1991110802.

M. Parrish, “McDonald’s to do away with foam packages”, The Los Angeles Times (1990, 02 November).

E.N. Berg, “McDonald’s plans to reduce it’s garbage”, The New York Times (1991, 17 April). Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/1991/04/17/business/mcdonald-s-planning-to-reduce-its-garbage.html.

G. Bush, President of the U.S., “Remarks on presentation of the president’s environment and conservation challenge awards”, (1991, 31 October). Available at: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=20169.

EDF, “McDonald’s and Environmental Defense Fund Mark 10th Anniversary of Landmark Alliance”. Available at: https://www.edf.org/news/mcdonalds-environmental-defense-fund-mark-10th-anniversary-landmark-alliance.

Guardian staff, “McDonald’s two win partial appeal victory”, The Guardian (1999, 31 March).

N. Klein, from “No Logo”, chapter, “The Arches: The Fight for Choice”, 1999. Available at: http://www.mcspotlight.org/media/books/mclibel_excerpt.html.

Patricia Wynn Davies, “What a judge said about McDonald’s: They take advantage of animals, children and their workforce”, UK Independent (1997, 19 June).

Personal interview with Peter Singer with transcript, April 5, 2014.

Personal interview with Shelby Yastrow, September 30, 2016.

Personal interview with Temple Grandin with transcript, March 8, 2014.

Personal interview with Janet Riley with transcript, March 12, 2014.

Personal interview with Gary Platt with transcript, March 8, 2014.

Personal interview with Paul Simmons with transcript, March 8, 2014.

Personal interview with Erika Voogd with transcript, March 5, 2014.

http://www.cpr.org/news/story/temple-grandin-why-slaughterhouses-have-gotten-so-good.

From PETA’s Website, Seeking Permission to Use. Available at: https://www.peta.org/blog/question-mccruelty/.

PETA Website. Available at: https://www.peta.org/issues/animals-used-for-food/factory-farming/chickens/egg-industry/.

“McDonald’s targeted with ‘Unhappy Meals’”, USA Today (2000, 20 June).

Personal interview with transcript with Bruce Feinberg, June 17, 2014.

Personal interview with transcript with Dr. Jeff Armstrong , April 14, 2014.

Personal interview with transcript with Dr. Joy Mench, April 14, 2014.

United Poultry Concerns Website. Available at: http://www.upc-online.org

M. Kaufman, “McDonald’s taking steps to improve care of hens”, The Washington Post (2000, 23 August). Available at: https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2000/08/23/mcdonalds-tells-farmers-to-treat-chickens-better/e03b291a-d563-4321-b14e-57ec73338952/?utm_term=.cc2d6a1a3fdd.

M. Kaufman, “McDonald’s taking steps to improve care of hens”, The Washington Post (2000, 23 August) and Jennifer Ordonez, “McDonald’s hen-care guidelines lead egg producers to warn of higher prices”, The Wall Street Journal (2000, 24 August).

This article is an excellent read about McDonald’s decision to commit to cage free eggs: Kowitt, Fortune, “Inside McDonald’s Bold Decision to Go Cage Free”, August 18, 2016.

Personal interview with Walt Riker, January 10, 2018.

“McDonald’s targeted with ‘Unhappy Meals’”, USA Today (2000, 20 June).

T. Rowe, “PETA takes on McDonald’s”, The Lakeland (Fl) Ledger (2000, 15 June).

J. Hood, “Dogged determination helps PETA in the PR jungle”, PR Week (2001, 26 February) Available at: https://www.prweek.com/article/1238120/analysis-client-profile-dogged-determination-helps-peta-pr-jungle-20-years-peta-fought-against-cruel-treatment-animals-julia-hood-reports-how.

M. Spector, “The extremist”, The New Yorker (2003, 14 April). Available at: https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2003/04/14/the-extremist

Paul Simmons personal interview with transcript, March 8, 2014.

Temple Grandin personal interview with transcript, March 8, 2014.

Center for Disease Control and Prevention, “Phthalates Factsheet”. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/biomonitoring/Phthalates_FactSheet.html.

Brian Bienkowski, “United Nations Panel Call Hormone Disrupters a ‘Global Threat,’” Scientific American (2013, 19 February). Available at: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/united-nations-panel-calls-hormone-dispruptors-global-threat/.

Personal interview with Mike Donahue with transcript, April 4, 2017.

D.D. Anderson, Ph.D., “Key concepts in anticipatory issues management”, Corporate Environmental Strategy, 5, no. 1 (Autumn 1997): 6–17.

From McSpotlight Website. Available at: http://www.mcspotlight.org/case/pretrial/defence/environment.html.

M. Marriott, “Koch faults McDonald’s packaging”, The New York Times (1987, 30 December). Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/1987/12/30/nyregion/koch-faults-mcdonald-s-packaging.html.

W. Saxon, “Phil Sokolof, 82, a Crusader Against Cholesterol, Is Dead”, The New York Times (2004, 17 April). Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2004/04/17/us/phil-sokolof-82-a-crusader-against-cholesterol-is-dead.html.

Personal interview with Joe Beckwith, January 12, 2018.

Consumer Product Safety Commission Website, “CPSC, McDonald’s Corp. Announce Agreement for Firm to Pay $4 Million Damage Settlement”, (1999, 29 June). Available at: https://www.cpsc.gov/content/cpsc-mcdonalds-corp-announce-agreement-for-firm-to-pay-4-million-damage-settlement.

Adapted from Dr. Deborah Anderson with permission.

C.E. Mayer, “Mattel seeking alternative to plastic”, The Washington Post (1999, 10 December). Available at: http://articles.latimes.com/1999/dec/09/business/fi-42151.

M. Warner, “Would you like a gas guzzler with that?”, The New York Times (2006, 10 August). Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/10/business/media/10adco.html.

Environmental Working Group Website, “McDonald’s responds to hummer protest”. Available at: https://www.ewg.org/enviroblog/2006/09/mcdonaldâ荤™s-responds-hummer-protest#.WoQwAzaYbdk.

Fortune’s “Most powerful women”, (2010, 30 September). Available at: http://archive.fortune.com/galleries/2010/fortune/1009/gallery.most_powerful_women.fortune/25.html.

Personal interview with Jan Fields with transcript, January 25, 2017.

Unfortunately, Mike Donahue left the company in 2006 and the structure and momentum for the AIM process broke up.

B. Tuttle, “Why we’re eating fewer happy meals”, Time (2012, 23 April). Available at: http://business.time.com/2012/04/23/why-were-eating-fewer-happy-meals/.

http://www.foxnews.com/story/2002/09/21/fat-teens-sue-mcdonald.html.

https://www.surgeongeneral.gov/news/testimony/obesity07162003.html.

https://www.nytimes.com/2005/02/12/business/mcdonalds-settles-trans-fats-lawsuits.html

http://www.nationalacademies.org/hmd/∼/media/Files/Report%20Files/2005/Food-Marketing-to-Children-and-Youth-Threat-or-Opportunity/KFMOverviewfinal2906.pdf.

https://letsmove.obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/white-house-task-force-childhood-obesity-report-president.

“McDonald’s hamburger hell”, Bloomberg Businessweek (2003, 3 March). Available at: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2003-03-02/mcdonalds-hamburger-hell.

Personal interview with Steve Levigne, February 2, 2017.

Personal interview with Neil Golden, February 16, 2017.

R. Jaslow, “McDonald’s bows to happy meal critics, cutting fries and adding fruit”, CBS News (2011, 27 July). Available at: http://www.cbsnews.com/news/mcdonalds-bows-to-happy-meal-critics-cutting-fries-and-adding-fruit/.

D. Jackson, “Michelle Obama Praises McDonald’s”, USA Today (2011, 26 July). Available at: http://content.usatoday.com/communities/theoval/post/2011/07/michelle-obama-praises-mcdonalds/1#.WQ3MVTaud0t.

R. Jaslow, “McDonald’s bows to happy meal critics, cutting fries and adding fruit”, CBS News (2011, 27 July). Available at: http://www.cbsnews.com/news/mcdonalds-bows-to-happy-meal-critics-cutting-fries-and-adding-fruit/.

Email correspondence with Neil Golden, May 8, 2018.

http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs385/en/.

Clinton Foundation Website, “McDonald’s and Alliance for a Healthier Generation Announce Progress on Commitment to Promote Balanced Food and Beverage Choices”, (2005, 25 June). Available at: https://www.clintonfoundation.org/press-releases/mcdonalds-and-alliance-healthier-generation-announce-progress-commitment-promote.

P. Sellers, “Why McDonald’s U.S. boss Jan Fields is moving on”, Fortune (2012, 16 November). Available at: http://fortune.com/2012/11/16/why-mcdonalds-u-s-boss-jan-fields-is-moving-on/.

Personal interview Don Thompson with transcript, June 28, 2017.

https://www.blackrock.com/corporate/investor-relations/larry-fink-ceo-letter

Blackrock Website, “Larry Fink’s Annual Letter to CEOs: A Sense of Purpose”. Available at: https://www.blackrock.com/corporate/en-no/investor-relations/larry-fink-ceo-letter.

Personal interview with Ken Koziol with transcript, March 2, 2017.

D. Gilmore, “What took so long for Bangladesh and Pakistani apparel supply chain issues to rise to the surface?” Supply Chain Digest (2013, 18 June). Available at: http://www.scdigest.com/assets/Experts/13-06-18.php?cid=7160.

Personal interview with Mats Lederhausen with transcript, June 28, 2017.

B. Sawickim “See how many McDonald’s restaurants are located in your state”, Rare (2016, 5 September). Available at: http://rare.us/rare-life/food-and-drink/see-how-many-mcdonalds-restaurants-are-located-in-your-state/.

Personal interview with George Basile with transcript, February 27, 2017.

Personal interview with Gary Johnson with transcript, January 10 and 12, 2018.

Personal interview with Jim Cannon with transcript, January 7, 2017.

Email correspondence with Jon Safely, January 10, 2017.

Marine Stewardship Council Website, “McDonald’s USA first national restaurant chain to serve MSC certified sustainable fish at all U.S. locations”, (2013, 24 January). Available at: https://www.msc.org/newsroom/news/mcdonalds-usa-first-restaurant-chain-to-serve-msc-certified-sustainable-fish-nationwide.

R. Lindsay, “Robert F. Kennedy Jr. Statement on Smithfield’s Pig Factories”, Behind Highbrow (2009, 7 May). Available at: https://robertlindsay.wordpress.com/2009/05/07/robert-f-kennedy-jr-statement-on-smithfields-pig-factories/.

Personal interview with John Hayes with transcript, April 4, 2017.

US Justice Department, “Smithfield Foods Fined $12.6 Million, Largest Clean Water Act Fine Ever”, (1997, 8 August). Available at: https://www.justice.gov/archive/opa/pr/1997/August97/331enr.htm.

T. Conklin, “An animal welfare history lesson on the five freedoms”, Michigan State University Extension (2014, 25 February). Available at: http://msue.anr.msu.edu/news/an_animal_welfare_history_lesson_on_the_five_freedoms.

Personal interview with Dennis Treacy with transcript, April 13, 2015.

B. Nisson, “Critical Analysis of the report, Economic Impact: Tomatoes in Florida”, Research Institute on Social and Economic Policy (RISEP), Florida International University (2006, 30 April). Available at: http://ciw-online.org/blog/2006/04/nissen_report/.

Coalition of Immokalee Workers Website, “CIW Responds to McDonald’s Announcement of New Standards”, (January). Available at: http://ciw-online.org/blog/2006/01/ciw-responds-to-mcdonalds-announcement-of-new-standards/

Personal interview with Greg Asbed with transcript, August 26, 2016.

Email correspondence, Greg Asbed, June 11, 2018.

Coalition of Immokalee Workers Website, “McDonald’s USA and its produce suppliers to work with the coalition of immokalee workers”, (2007, 9 April). Available at: http://ciw-online.org/blog/2007/04/ciw_mcdonalds_release/.

Personal interview with Jerry Calabrese with transcript, August 8, 2016.

Personal interview with Jim Skinner with transcript, August 10, 2016.

E. Weinreb, “How Walmart associates put the ‘U’ and ‘I’ into sustainability”, (2013, 9 January). Available at: https://www.greenbiz.com/blog/2013/01/09/walmart-associates-u-i-sustainability.

Personal interview with Kathleen Bannan with transcript, January 17, 2017.

Extracted from Ed Freeman’s powerpoint presentation of Oct. 4, 2007 to McDonald’s entitled “Linking Values to Business”; personal interview with transcript with Ed Freeman, July 29, 2016.

https://www.inc.com/peter-economy/mcdonalds-just-made-a-stunning-announcement-that-will-completely-change-future-of-fast-food.html.

https://www.nass.usda.gov/Surveys/Guide_to_NASS_Surveys/Chemical_Use/2016_Corn_Potatoes/ChemUseHighlights_FallPotato_2016.

https://www.sec.gov/about.shtml.

http://www.proxymonitor.org/Results.aspx.

http://greenpalm.org/about-greenpalm/how-does-greenpalm-work.

Personal interview with Mitch Smith with transcript, February 26, 2018.

Personal interview with Richard Liroff with transcript, July 18, 2016.

https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mcdonalds-pesticides/mcdonalds-to-take-steps-to-cut-potato-pesticides-idUSTRE52U6AN20090331.

Website: http://potatosustainabilityinitiative.org.

http://corporate.mcdonalds.com/content/dam/AboutMcDonalds/2.0/pdfs/2012_2013_csr_report.pdf

https://www.greenbiz.com/blog/2010/10/14/10-lessons-investor-engagement.

https://www.wsj.com/articles/how-much-do-you-know-about-ethical-investing-1499349815.

Personal interview with Karen van Bergen with transcript, October 21, 2016.

Greenpeace Website, “Eating up the Amazon”. Available at: http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/wp-content/uploads/legacy/Global/usa/report/2010/2/eating-up-the-amazon.pdf.

Personal interview with Paulo Adario with transcript, July 4, 2016.

Email correspondence with Dr. Thomas Henningsen, May 31, 2018.

Personal interview with Francesca DeBiase with transcript, April 5, 2017 and February 17, 2016.

Personal interview with Jessica Yagan with transcript, February 10, 2017.

K. Lehnardt,“96 Interesting facts about McDonald’s food”, Fact Retriever (2016, 19 August). Available at: https://www.factretriever.com/mcdonalds-food-facts.

AboutMcDonald’s Website. Available at: http://corporate.mcdonalds.com/content/dam/AboutMcDonalds/2.0/pdfs/2012_2013_csr_report.pdf.

Personal interview with Don Thompson with transcript, June 28, 2017.

Humane Society of the U.S. Website, “Scientists and Experts on Gestation Crates and Sow Welfare” (October 2012). Available at: http://www.humanesociety.org/assets/pdfs/farm/HSUS-Synopsis-of-Expert-Opinions-on-Gestation-Crates-and-Sow-Welfare.pdf.

T. Philpott, “You won’t believe what pork producers do to pregnant pigs”, Mother Jones (July/August 2013 issue). Available at: http://www.motherjones.com/environment/2013/06/pregnant-sows-gestation-crates-abuse.

Humane Society of the U.S. Website, “Statement on Farm Animals and Eating with Conscience”. Available at: http://www.humanesociety.org/about/policy_statements/statement_farm_animals_eating.html?credit=web_id94248401.

Personal interview with Jeff Hogue with transcript, October 19, 2017.

“McDonald’s USA Outlines 10-Year Plan For Ending Gestation Stall Use”, Southern Farm Network (2012, 1 June). Available at: http://sfntoday.com/mcdonalds-announces-end-to-gestation-stall-use-nppc-reaction/.

S. Wyant, “McDonald’s plans phase out of pork produced in gestation stalls”, Agri-Pulse (2012, 4 June). Available at: https://www.agri-pulse.com/articles/1853-mcdonald-s-plans-phase-out-of-pork-produced-in-gestation-stalls?iframe=1.

S. Strom, “McDonald’s set to phase out suppliers’ use of sow crates”, The New York Times (2012, 13 February). Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/14/business/mcdonalds-vows-to-help-end-use-of-sow-crates.html.

M. Brunker and M.C. White, “The big bucks of bacon: American meat by the number”, NBC News (2015, 26 October). Available at: https://www.nbcnews.com/business/economy/look-u-s-meat-industry-numbers-n451571.

Personal interview with Jason Clay with transcript, May 31, 2017.

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, “Livestock’s Long Shadow”, 2006. Available at: http://www.fao.org/docrep/010/a0701e/a0701e00.HTM.

American Cattlemen, “Cattle Carbon Footprint” (2010, 6 June). Available at: http://www.americancattlemen.com/articles/cattle-carbon-footprint.

Personal interview with Cameron Bruett with transcript, June 1, 2017.

Tim Smith, “6 basic segments of beef cattle industry – all you need to know before raising beef cattle”, Matheson Farms (2011, 22 February). Available at: http://www.mathesonfarms.com/posts-and-comments/6-basic-segments-of-beef-cattle-industry-all-you-need-to-know-before-raising-beef-cattle/.

T. Phillips, “McDonald’s and target drop egg supplier”, Global Animal Website. Available at: https://www.globalanimal.org/2011/11/22/mcdonalds-and-target-drop-egg-supplier/59434/.

Personal interview with Gary Johnson with transcript, January 10, 2018.

A. Condra, “Rounding up better ways to raise world beef”, Food Safety News (2012, 14 March). Available at: http://www.foodsafetynews.com/2012/03/rounding-up-better-ways-to-raise-beef/#.WThryjaufUo.

World Wildlife Fund Website, “WWF and Beef Industry Leaders Advance Sustainable Beef Production Through Multi-Stakeholder Engagement” (2010, 4 November). Available at: https://www.worldwildlife.org/press-releases/wwf-and-beef-industry-leaders-advance-sustainable-beef-production-through-multi-stakeholder-engagement.

Personal interview with Michelle Banik-Rake with transcript, May 10, 2017.

Global Roundtable for Sustainable Beef Website, “GRSB Releases Global Principles and Criteria for Sustainable Beef”. Available at: http://www.grsbeef.org/Resources/Documents/News%20Releases/GRSB%20Releases%20Global%20Principles%20and%20Criteria%20for%20Sustainable%20Beef%20(WIth%20Links).pdf.

Personal interview with Suzanne Apple with transcript, February 8, 2016.

Email communication with Aron Cramer, June 19, 2017.

Personal interview with Don Thompson, June 28, 2017.

J. Makower, “Exclusive: Inside McDonald’s quest for sustainable beef”, GreenBiz (2017, 7 January). Available at: https://www.greenbiz.com/blog/2014/01/07/inside-mcdonalds-quest-sustainable-beef.

Ban Trans Fats Website, “The McDonald’s settlement”. Available at: http://www.bantransfats.com/mcdonalds.html.

Personal interview with Don Thompson with transcript, June 28, 2017.

Personal interview with Francesca DeBiase with transcript, April 5, 2017 and February 17, 2016.

See 2014 Starbucks Global Responsibility Report, pages 8–9.

Adapted from GlobeScan research with permission.

M.E. Porter and M.R. Kramer, “Creating shared value”, Harvard Business Review (January/February 2011).

Personal interview with J.C. Gonzalez-Mendez with transcript, June 6, 2017.

McDonald’s United Kingdom Website, “The history of RMHC”. Available at: http://www.rmhc.org.uk/who-we-are/history-of-rmhc/.

C. Zara, “McDonald’s Corp (MCD) Exploits Ronald McDonald House Despite Giving Scant Financial Support, Report Alleges”, International Business Times (2013, 29 October). Available at: http://www.ibtimes.com/mcdonalds-corp-mcd-exploits-ronald-mcdonald-house-despite-giving-scant-financial-support-report.

B. Hoffman, “Report finds McDonald’s skimps on charity donations”, Forbes (2013, 30 October). Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/bethhoffman/2013/10/30/report-finds-mcdonalds-skimps-on-charity-donations/#7ae49b7228b3.

Corporate Accountability Website, “Clowning around with charity: How McDonald’s exploits philanthropy and targets children”. Available at: https://www.corporateaccountability.org/resources/clowning-around-with-charity-how-mcdonalds-exploits-philanthropy-and-targets-children/.

S. Kim, “McDonald’s accused of being cheap toward its charitable arm”, ABC News (2013, 31 October). Available at: http://abcnews.go.com/Business/mcdonalds-accused-stiffing-ronald-mcdonald-house-charities/story?id=20720859.

Personal interview with Jeff Hogue with transcript, May 22, 2017.

Email correspondence, Carter Roberts, June 18, 2018.