Index
Chinese Families: Tradition, Modernisation, and Change
ISBN: 978-1-80071-157-0, eISBN: 978-1-80071-156-3
ISSN: 1530-3535
Publication date: 25 January 2021
This content is currently only available as a PDF
Citation
(2021), "Index", Kan, M.-Y. and Blair, S.L. (Ed.) Chinese Families: Tradition, Modernisation, and Change (Contemporary Perspectives in Family Research, Vol. 16), Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 237-244. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1530-353520210000016012
Publisher
:Emerald Publishing Limited
Copyright © 2021 Emerald Publishing Limited
INDEX
Index
Note: Page numbers followed by “n” indicate endnotes.
Adult worker model
, 176
combinations of strategies
, 178
discussion
, 190–191
framework
, 178–180
Hong Kong Government’s Strategies
, 184
interview findings
, 186–190
MPF and alternatives
, 180–184
personal characteristics of participants
, 185
policy measures for supporting strategies
, 179
revising government’s approaches
, 191
study of young women
, 184–186
Age
, 148
hypergamy
, 112
Age at marriage
in China
, 211–212, 218–220
in United States
, 203, 218–220
Analytical plan
, 15
Anonymity
, 185
Arranged marriage in China
, 210
Asian countries
, 114
Asian culture
, 199
Attitudes towards marriage
, 216
Average within family birth order score (AWFBO)
, 41, 55n7
Average within family relative birth order score (RAWFBO)
, 41
Awareness of gender consciousness
, 158–159
‘Bread-winning’ role
, 5
Childcare
, 102
Children
, 148
China
, 198
age at marriage
, 211–212
arranged marriage
, 210
background of performance of household labour in
, 90–92
cohabitation in
, 2–4, 8–12, 213
divorce
, 212–213
education in
, 8–12, 23
in female education
, 108
fundamental inequality in
, 130
gender, education and labour market participation in
, 66
gender roles within marriage
, 214–215
history of family in
, 207–209
marriage culture
, 209–210
number of children
, 212
survey methods and questionnaire
, 215–223
theories about transformation of cultures
, 198–200
China Family Panel Studies (CFPS)
, 4, 11, 13–14, 40
Chinese cohabitors
, 4
Chinese Communist Party (CCP)
, 14, 20
Chinese society
, 6, 161
Chinese universities
, 36
Chore division
in China
, 214
in United States
, 205–206
Co-residence
, 4
Cohabitation
, 2–4, 8
analytical plan
, 15
in China
, 8–12, 213, 223
data
, 13–14
descriptive results
, 15–20
empirical evidence
, 7–8
explanatory variables by
, 19–20
logistic regression
, 20–25
measurement
, 14–15
theoretical framework
, 4–7
in United States
, 204–205, 223
College attainment
, 120
College students
, 211, 223
mean levels of demographic characteristics among
, 218
mean levels of marriage dimensions among
, 219
Comprehensive Social Security Assistance scheme (CSSA scheme)
, 183–184
Confidentiality
, 185
Control variables
, 71, 96, 148
Convergency theory
, 130
Conversion process
, 110
Corrected patriarchal family
, 171
County-level fixed effect results
, 61–62
Couple cohesiveness
, 109
Couple dissimilarity
, 108
Couple similarity
, 108, 111, 113
analytical results
, 118–121
data and measurement
, 114–117
heterogeneous impacts of
, 121
impacts on life satisfaction
, 119
methods and analytic strategy
, 117–118
Covariates
, 132
Credit-constrained families
, 39
Critical sociology
, 162–163
Cultural convergence
, 199–200, 226
Cultural differentialism
, 199–200
Data
, 13–14, 131
couple similarity
, 114–117
division of household labour
, 95
marital satisfaction
, 70
mother–daughter educational mobility
, 40
SDT
, 145
Daughter-in-law system in Taiwanese family culture
, 166–168
Daughters’ education in rural China
, 35
Declining fertility in East Asia
, 144
Demographic background comparisons
, 216–217, 218
Dependent variables
, 96, 145, 148
Descriptive statistics
of independent variables
, 115
of main predictors
, 59
for variables by gender
, 97
Diffusion theory
, 4, 6, 12
Distributive justice theory
, 69
Diversity
, 227n8
in marriage
, 223
Division of household labour
, 90
analytical strategy
, 96
background of performance
, 90–92
data
, 95
descriptive statistics for variables by gender
, 97
discussion
, 99–101
limitations and future research
, 102–103
measurement
, 95–96
results
, 96
satisfaction with
, 90, 98–99
weighted logistic regression models
, 98
Divorce
in China
, 212–213, 220–221
in United States
, 204, 220–221
Domestic chores
, 205
Domestic division of labour
in East Asian and Western countries
, 67
marital satisfaction and
, 68–69
theories of
, 67–68
Dual-earners model
, 7
East Asian countries
, 142
domestic division of labour in
, 67
gender inequality in
, 144
East Asian welfare regimes
, 177
Economic reforms
, 91
Economic theory
, 5
Education
analytical plan
, 15
case of china
, 8–12
in China
, 66
data
, 13–14
descriptive results
, 15–20
empirical evidence
, 7–8
logistic regression
, 20–25
measurement
, 14–15
theoretical framework
, 4–7
variable
, 148
of women in China
, 32
Educational achievement
, 38
Educational attainment
, 2, 15, 17–18, 20–22, 24, 110
Educational homogamy
, 112
Educational outcomes of Chinese women
, 32
Egalitarian familism
, 113
Egalitarian gender attitudes
, 128, 130–132, 134–136
Employees Retraining Board
, 193n7
Equity theory
, 68–69
Ethnic minority
, 42
Exploratory factor analysis
, 96
Familism
, 161, 163
Family
, 183
on decline or diversifying in United States
, 201–202
patterns
, 2
in Taiwanese family culture
, 163, 166, 168–169, 171–172
Family status satisfaction
, 72–80
husbands’
, 82, 84
wives’
, 81, 83
Family-oriented culture
, 183
Family–work compatibility
, 5
‘Fang’
, 161, 165, 172n2
Father–son bond
, 35
Female education
, 32
Feminism
, 227n3
Fertility
, 3
gender inequality link with
, 144
rates
, 142–143
Fertility intentions
, 142–145
conditional marginal effects
, 153
data
, 145
dependent variable
, 145, 148
independent and control variables
, 148
mean of main variables
, 146–147
models on
, 151–153
probit models of
, 152
Fixed-effect models for housework hours
, 150
Flexible egalitarianism
, 113
‘Four Virtues’
, 177, 193n2
Fudan Yangtze River Delta Social Transformation Survey (FYRST)
, 111, 116
life satisfaction in three waves of
, 118
Fundamental inequality in China
, 130
Gender
, 170
awareness and re-encountering
, 159–161
beliefs
, 90
in China
, 66
class in the patriarchal society
, 171
consciousness
, 158–159
descriptive statistics for variables by
, 97
differences on Satisfaction with division of household labour
, 99
egalitarianism
, 113, 145
equality
, 142, 171
experiences of women across generations
, 162
ideology
, 69, 80, 92–94
intersectional effects of
, 135–136
norms
, 68–69
relations
, 109
segregation
, 91
specialisation
, 67
specification
, 36–37
Gender Equality Education Act
, 159
Gender inequality
, 10, 129
in East Asia
, 144
Gender Inequality Index (GII)
, 162, 172n4
Gender roles
ideology
, 95–96
within marriage in China
, 214–215
within marriage in United States
, 205
specialisation
, 5–7
Gender-egalitarian welfare state
, 8
Globalisation
, 199
‘Good Old Days’
, 201
Gross domestic product (GDP)
, 15
Growth process in Taiwanese family culture
, 164–165
‘Han’
, 41–42
Higher education
, 32, 35–37, 40
Historical particularism
, 227n2
Hong Kong government
, 176–178, 183
double burden
, 191
importance in ensuring adequacy of individual pensions
, 190–191
response to male-breadwinner model
, 182
revising government’s approaches to two models
, 191
roles in tackling difficulties faced by women
, 187–188
strategies
, 178–179, 184
Hong Kong SAR Government (HKSAR Government)
, 180
House Registration System
, 3
Household
division of labour in United States
, 205–206
registration status
, 109
specialisation theory
, 111
‘Housewife’ generation
, 201
Housework
, 128
time
, 76–78, 80, 83–84
Housework hours
fixed-effect models for
, 150
models on
, 149–151
Housework participation
, 142, 145
fixed-effect models for housework hours
, 150
models
, 148–149
models on housework hours
, 149–151
Hukou dengji tiaoli
, 109
Hukou hypergamy
, 122
Hukou leibie
, 109
Hukou status
, 80, 109
non-agricultural
, 110
Hukou suozaidi
, 109
Hukou system
, 3, 26n1
Hukou-based stratification
, 122
Human capital
, 37
Human Development Index (HDI)
, 162, 172n4
Husband’s decision-making power
, 116–117, 122
Ideological theory
, 6
‘Inaction’ strategy
, 179–180
Income hypergamy
, 112
Independent variables
, 96, 148
descriptive statistics of
, 115
Intergenerational
exchanges
, 94
household assistance
, 96
mobility
, 34
relationships
, 90–91, 94, 100–103
transmission
, 33–35
Intersectional effects of urban–rural and gender
, 135–136
Intra-family factors
, 38
J-curve
, 145
Labour force participation rate
, 193n8
Labour market participation in China
, 66
Later-born daughters
, 40, 51
Liberal egalitarianism
, 113
Life satisfaction
, 110
analytical results
, 118–121
data and measurement
, 114–117
methods and analytic strategy
, 117–118
in three waves of FYRST
, 118
Linear regression models
, 132
Logistic regression
, 14–15, 20–25
results of children’s college attainment
, 48–49
results of daughters’ college attainment
, 52–53
Macroanalysis of patriarchal society from personal microexperiences
, 170–172
Mainland China
, 129–130
Male-breadwinner model
, 176
combinations of strategies
, 178
discussion
, 190–191
framework
, 178–180
Hong Kong government’s strategies
, 184
interview findings
, 186–190
MPF and alternatives
, 180–184
personal characteristics of participants
, 185
policy measures for supporting strategies
, 179
revising government’s approaches
, 191
study of young women
, 184–186
Mandatory Provident Fund (MPF)
, 177–178, 180–184, 191, 193n3
saving pension incomes through
, 186
Marital gender roles
in China
, 221–222
in United States
, 221–222
Marital outcomes
, 110
Marital satisfaction
, 66, 128–129
analytical strategies
, 71–72
control variables
, 71
data
, 70
descriptive statistics
, 72, 73
and domestic labour
, 68–69
hypotheses
, 69–70
measurement
, 71
OLS regression of family status satisfaction
, 72–80
SEM of housework time
, 83–84
SEM of relative housework contribution
, 81–82
structuring equation models
, 76
Marital stability
, 109
Marriage
, 2–4
diversity in
, 223
and family comparisons
, 217
Marriage homogamy
, 111, 116
money and power in China
, 214–215
money and power in United States
, 206–207
system in Taiwanese family culture
, 165–166
visions of
, 223
Marriage culture
in China
, 209–210, 217, 218
in United States
, 202–203, 217, 218
Marriage Law (1980)
, 13, 16
Means tests
, 183
Measurement
, 14–15
couple similarity
, 114–117
division of household labour
, 95–96
marital satisfaction
, 71
Men dang hu dui
, 122
Men–women comparison
, 135
Models
, 148–149
on fertility intentions
, 151–153
on housework hours
, 149–151
Modern countries
, 128
Modern marriage in China
, 101
Modern societies
, 142
Modernisation
, 198–199, 207, 212, 222
theory
, 112
Money in marriage
in China
, 214–215
in United States
, 206–207
Mother–daughter educational mobility
data
, 40
mother–daughter educational association
, 36–37
mother–daughter relationship
, 35
results
, 42–51
sibling effects and mothers’ education as mediators
, 38
variables
, 40–42
Mother–daughter pair/relationship
, 34–35, 170
Multigenerational experiences of women (see also Taiwanese family culture)
awareness of gender consciousness
, 158–159
gender awareness and re-encountering
, 159–161
macroanalysis of patriarchal society from personal microexperiences
, 170–172
patriarchal family culture
, 161–162
Mutual egalitarianism
, 163
Negative economic theory
, 5–6
Nine Year Compulsory Education Policy
, 32
Non-agricultural hukou status
, 110
Number of Children
in China
, 212, 220
in United States
, 203, 220
Oilseeds
, 166, 172n6
Old Age Allowance Scheme
, 193n4
OLS regression of family status satisfaction
on housework time
, 76–78, 80
on relative housework contribution
, 72–76, 79
One-child policy
, 109
One-size-fits-all approach
, 143
Ordered logistic regression models
, 119
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries (OECD countries)
, 142
Paid leave benefits
, 179
Paid work time
, 148
Parental education
, 33–34, 40, 42, 45, 49, 61–62
Parental preference
, 38
Parental pressure to marry
in China
, 210
in United States
, 202–203
Parents-in-law
, 101
Participants
personal characteristics of
, 185
preferences in family and/or work economy
, 189–190
views on government’s role
, 187
Particularism
, 199
Patriarchal family culture
, 161–162
macroanalysis of patriarchal society from personal microexperiences
, 170–172
research approach and processes
, 162–164
Patriarchal tradition
, 122
Personal well-being
, 128–129
Policy measures for supporting strategies
, 179
Positive economic theory
, 5
Post-80s generation
, 111
Post-reform China
, 2, 4, 7, 9–10, 12–13, 15, 21–23, 25
Power in marriage
in China
, 214–215
in United States
, 206–207
Pregnancy in Taiwanese family culture
, 169
Premarital cohabitation
, 15, 17–18, 20–22
Public childcare services
, 179
Public housing
, 183
Pursuit of upward mobility
, 212
Quality–quantity trade off theory
, 38
Questionnaire in China
, 215–223
Random effects estimation
, 149
Rational choice frameworks
, 33
Re-encountering, gender awareness and
, 159–161
Reciprocity
, 163
Relative housework contribution
, 72–76, 79, 81–82
Relative resources perspective
, 92, 95
Resource-bargaining approach
, 67
Revised Marriage Law
, 9
Rooster
, 172n5
Routine housework
, 132, 136
Rural China
college education in
, 51
daughters’ chance
, 37
daughters’ education in
, 35
girls from
, 32–33
higher household spending on education
, 33
intergenerational transmission of education in
, 34
rigid gender norms in
, 34
Rural women
, 130
Satisfaction with division of household labour
, 90, 98–99
gender differences on satisfaction
, 99
perspectives on satisfaction with
, 92–94
Saving pension incomes
individual efforts in
, 189
through MPF
, 186
Second Demographic Transition (SDT)
, 142
data
, 145
dependent variable
, 145, 148
gender inequality in East Asia and link with fertility
, 144
hypotheses
, 144–145
independent and control variables
, 148
mean of main variables
, 146–147
theoretical perspectives
, 143–144
Seemingly unrelated regression models (SUR models)
, 42–43
results of daughter’s and son’s college-level educational attainment
, 60, 63–64
SEM of housework time
and husbands’ family status satisfaction
, 84
and wives’ family status satisfaction
, 83
SEM of relative housework contribution
and husbands’ family status satisfaction
, 82
and wives’ family status satisfaction
, 81
Sexism
, 128
Sexual activity
, 4
Shanghai
, 109, 111, 114, 116
Sibling effects and mothers’ education as mediators
, 38
sibling birth orders
, 39–40, 51–53
sibling sex composition
, 38–39, 51
Singlehood
in China
, 210
in United States
, 202
Social context
, 129
Social conventions
, 38
Social mobility
, 33
Social Welfare Advisory Committee
, 183
Socialisation frameworks
, 33
Special 4–2-1 problem
, 209
Specialisation
hypothesis
, 111
theory
, 68
Spousal similarity
, 111–112
Standardised regression
for intersectional effects of hukou and gender
, 134
on subjective well-being
, 134
STATA software version 14.0
, 132
Stay at home mom
in China
, 215
in United States
, 207
Stereotypical gender practice in household labours
, 129
‘Strong action’ strategy
, 179–180
Structural equation models (SEM)
, 71, 76, 80
Subjective well-being
, 131
standardised regression on
, 134
Succession
, 168–169
Survey methods in China
, 215–223
Survey on Chinese Women’s Social Status
, 90
Swedish Young Adult Panel Study
, 8
T-test
, 132, 134–135
Taiwan’s patriarchal family
, 161
Taiwan’s patriarchal society
, 158
Taiwanese family culture (see also Multigenerational experiences of women)
daughter-in-law system
, 166–168
growth process
, 164–165
marriage system
, 165–166
succession
, 168–169
value of daughter
, 169–170
Taiwanese Panel Study of Family Dynamics (PSFD)
, 145
Third Wave Survey
, 131
‘Three Types of Obedience’
, 177, 193n2
Time availability perspective
, 92–93, 95
Traditional family system
, 91
‘Two-to-one’ rule
, 91
Union formation
, 4
United States (US)
age at marriage
, 203
cohabitation
, 204–205
divorce
, 204
family on decline or diversifying
, 201–202
gender roles within marriage
, 205
history of family in
, 200–201
marriage culture
, 202–203
number of children
, 203
Universal breadwinner model
, 193n1
Urban elders
, 130
Urban women
, 131, 136
Urbanisation
, 212
Urban–rural
, 132
comparison
, 135
intersectional effects of
, 135–136
Value of daughter in Taiwanese family culture
, 169–170
Variables
, 40–42
descriptive statistics for
, 97
means and standard deviations of
, 133
mother–daughter educational mobility
, 40–42
Verbatim draft
, 163
Visions of marriage
, 223
Voluntary participation
, 185
‘Weak action’ strategy
, 179–180
Weighted logistic regression models
, 98
Weighted ordinal least square regression models
, 106
Western countries, domestic division of labour in
, 67
Western culture
, 227n2
Whole-content
, 164
Wide-ranging effects
, 171
Women
in East Asia and Western countries
, 67
economic independence
, 110
Hong Kong government’s roles in tackling difficulties faced by
, 187–188
with household assistance
, 94
labour force participation rate
, 66, 194n9
in rural places
, 130
in traditional countries
, 128
Women’s Status Survey (WSS)
, 70–71
- Prelims
- Chapter 1: Changes in the Association between Education and Cohabitation in Post-reform China
- Chapter 2: Like Mother, Like Daughter? Mother–Daughter Educational Mobility in Rural China
- Chapter 3: Satisfaction with Family Status and Housework Participation in Modern China
- Chapter 4: Satisfaction of Division of Household Labour in China
- Chapter 5: Couple Similarity and Life Satisfaction: A Study of Young Couples in Shanghai of Mainland China
- Chapter 6: Gender Egalitarianism and Subjective Well-being among Older Adults in China
- Chapter 7: Housework Participation and Fertility Intentions: Analysing the Gendered Division of Labour and Fertility in Taiwan
- Chapter 8: Multigenerational Experiences of Women in Taiwanese Families
- Chapter 9: The Policy Measures Used by the Hong Kong Government to Respond to the Adult Worker Model and the Male-breadwinner Model
- Chapter 10: Attitudes Towards Marriage among Chinese and American College Students: A Comparative Study
- Index