Index

Authenticity & Tourism

ISBN: 978-1-78754-817-6, eISBN: 978-1-78754-816-9

ISSN: 1571-5043

Publication date: 14 September 2018

This content is currently only available as a PDF

Citation

(2018), "Index", Authenticity & Tourism (Tourism Social Science Series, Vol. 24), Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 327-338. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1571-504320180000024017

Publisher

:

Emerald Publishing Limited

Copyright © 2018 Emerald Publishing Limited


INDEX

“Abyss of authenticity”
, 242, 251

“Accumulative existential authenticity”
, 37

Activity-related authenticity. See Existential authenticity

Addiction
, 75

Adirondack Park State Land Master Plan
, 222–223

Adventure tourism
, 208, 209

Affectivity of light shows
, 194–196

African drum
, 95–96

Alienation
, 10–11, 219, 230, 231, 232

Altruism
, 246–247

American Oil Company (Amoco)
, 98

American wilderness
, 231

Amiens Chroma
, 193

“Amoco Renegades”
, 98

Angkor Wat
, 239

Animating monumental buildings
, 181

ANOVA tests
, 121

Anthropocentric wilderness
, 206

Antiquities Act (1906)
, 222

“Architectural agency”
, 182

Archival analysis
, 79

Arts
, 168

Atmosphere
, 66, 195

Attributes of experience
, 66

Augenblick
, 238

“Aura”
, 184

Aurora borealis
, 196

Authentic “Hot Dog”
, 159–160

Authentic ecotourism
, 203

activities
, 202, 212

Authentic encounters
, 38, 48–51

Authentic experiences
, 203

Authentic food
, 155

quotes from participants on authenticity of food
, 156

themes
, 158

Authentic inquiry
, 38, 41–43

Authentic production
, 38, 43–48

Authentic representations
, 35

Authentic resource
, 105

Authentic self
, 230

Authentic wilderness
, 206, 223, 232

of Bible
, 225

Authenticating mechanisms
, 222

Authentication
, 7–9, 170, 217

cool
, 23, 37–38, 72, 182, 219, 220, 222, 232

cool top-down
, 234

hot
, 9, 72, 182, 195, 219, 226, 228, 233

mechanism
, 230

place
, 20

process
, 9, 72, 182, 195, 219, 226–228, 233

psychological
, 233

turn
, 7–9

See also Wilderness authentication

Authenticity
, 2, 18–29, 103–106, 182, 202, 206, 217–218, 219, 231, 240, 246

constructive
, 3–4, 111, 229

cool
, 8

debate
, 206–208

of ecotourism philosophy
, 202

embodied subjective
, 72

emergent
, 72

existential
, 5–6, 37, 55, 111, 131, 161, 229–230

of food
, 152

in gastronomic experiences
, 148–152

in hospitality
, 152

hot
, 8

interpersonal
, 6–7

intrapersonal
, 6

negotiated
, 56

object
, 169

object centric
, 131

object-related
, 131

objective
, 3, 72, 111, 167–168, 229

perceived
, 151, 161, 177, 231

perceptions of
, 170

performative
, 195

in Portugal’s interior rural areas
, 111–112

postmodern
, 4–5

relationality of
, 9–10

staged
, 2, 5, 9, 37, 54, 182

subject of
, 166

subject-related
, 131

subjective
, 72

of transformational experiences
, 207

Wang’s definition of
, 157

wilderness and discourses
, 219–234

See also Marketing and authenticity in tourism

“Authentitypes”
, 182

“Authoritative” cook
, 150

Authority
, 217–218

Auto-driven photo-elicitation
, 146, 148

Autoethnographic reflection

altruism
, 246–247

Bayon Temple
, 238–239

Cambodia
, 240–241

egocentrism, egoism, and narcissism in tourists
, 247–248

looking-glass self
, 240

touring Angkor Wat
, 239

tourist identity
, 245–246

tourists
, 242–245

Awe-inspiring images
, 227

Barbados
, 90

Barbados Crop Over Festival
, 96

Barbados Pan Festival
, 97

Barbara
, 157

authenticity in food for
, 158

Barista, Cafetero to
, 24–26

Baroque spectacles
, 186

Barthes’ theory of mythologies
, 19

Bayon Temple
, 238

Behavioral loyalty
, 112

Bendix’s work on heritage studies
, 1–2

Blackpool illuminations
, 187, 196

Bodhisattva. See Lokeśvara stone faces

“Bodily feelings”
, 6

Bolognese dish
, 155–156

Brand positioning
, 60

Branding
, 60

Brands
, 60

Brazil, cacao farm in
, 61–62

“Breadfruit tree”
, 94

British Museum
, 172

British Petroleum Trinidad and Tobago (bp/TT)
, 98

Buckingham Palace
, 181

Cacao farm in Brazil
, 11, 54, 57, 61–62

“Cacao honey”
, 64

Cafetero to Barista
, 24–26

Calypso
, 90, 96

Cambodia
, 241

“Can opener”
, 148

Canterbury Cathedral
, 191

Canterbury Christ Church “Golden Night” event
, 189

Capital
, 76

cultural and personal
, 76–78

social
, 76

Capitalism
, 107, 203, 243

Caribbean countries
, 96

Caribbean Industrial Research Institute project (CARIRI project)
, 101

Caribbean islands
, 96

Caribbean region
, 90

Carnival in Trinidad
, 90

Catch-and-release recreational fishing
, 210–212

Cathedrals
, 186, 192–193

Celebrating love
, 85

Certificates
, 170

Chaguanas
, 91

Chamars
, 100

Chocolate factory, authenticity of
, 66

Chroma show (2017)
, 192

“Chromolithe polychromatic illumination system”
, 192

“Cinematic mode”
, 195

“City of love”. See Verona

Citywide shows
, 187

Cochrane’s theories
, 196

Coconstruction model of culture
, 115

Coffea plants
, 24

Cognitivization
, 185

Collective discourse
, 221

Colombia-coffee coupling
, 29

Commodification
, 170

Communication
, 55–56, 67

efforts
, 55

marketing
, 60

Communitas
, 6, 48, 246

Community-based ecotourism
, 203

Constructive and symbolic modes of wilderness
, 223–229

Constructivism
, 4

Constructivists
, 168

Consumerism
, 203

Cooking process
, 150

Cool authentication
, 23, 37–38, 72, 182, 219, 220, 222, 232

“Cool” authenticity
, 8

Corporeal body
, 134

“Corrupting reality”
, 184

Cottage Rathbaun Farm Co. Galway
, 139

Country-of-origin
, 16

Country-of-origin effect (COE)
, 17

Crafts
, 168

Crop Over Festival
, 96, 97

Crumbling courtyard
, 238

Cuff boom
, 92

Culinary tourism
, 146–147

Cultural/culture

adaptations or development
, 105

appropriation
, 95

capital
, 76–78

coconstruction model of
, 115

decay
, 105

geography
, 241

heritage
, 110

landscape
, 45

mass
, 243

piracy
, 95

product
, 93

responses
, 196

“Cultural baggage” translocation
, 91

Cultural tourism
, 247

scholarship
, 242

Darkness
, 186, 195, 224, 235

Data collection and analysis
, 62–64

Day-visits
, 62–63

“De-reification”
, 233

“Deep Time” light show
, 194

Deontological ethics
, 211

Deontology
, 207

Destination

authenticity
, 27–29

image
, 18–29

Deuteronomy
, 225

Dhantal
, 100

Digital camera
, 148

Digital natives
, 172–173

Disney realism
, 194

Disney World
, 170

Disneyland Park in California
, 4

Distanciation
, 185

Drumming arts
, 98, 100

East Indians
, 100

Eco-fishing
, 210

Ecocentric wilderness
, 206

Ecotourism
, 202–204, 208

authenticity debate
, 206–208

NBT and ecotourism
, 208–215

organizational framework to incorporate ethics in
, 205

philosophy
, 207

Ecotourist Predisposition Scale
, 206–207

Educational tourism
, 208

Egocentrism in tourists
, 247–248

Egoism in tourists
, 247–248

Embodied performance of photography
, 130

Emotional/emotions
, 208

attachments
, 130

components
, 65

intensity
, 185

“Enchanted castles”
, 194

Engine room
, 93

Ethical use of animals
, 204

European Interreg project Cathedrales
, 191

Evaluation
, 120

Existential enactments of wilderness
, 229–234

Existentialism
, 207

Experience
, 56–57

attributes
, 66

to marketing studies
, 54

Experiential marketing
, 54, 55, 59

Extractive tourism
, 208

Extraordinary experience
, 57

Facebook
, 35

“Fake-to-real-to-fake” concept
, 196

Fantasmagorie of magic lantern
, 186

Fantasy of authenticity
, 232–233

Festivals of light
, 187, 189

“First effective settlement” concomitant
, 91

First-order simulacrum
, 193

First-order tourists
, 244

Fishing
, 206, 208

authenticity debate
, 206–208

as ecotourism
, 202–204

NBT and ecotourism
, 208–215

organizational framework to incorporate ethics in
, 205

Focus group conversation
, 154

Fondling
, 75

Food
, 42

authenticity
, 152

food-elicitation
, 146, 153, 160

tourism
, 146

“Foodies”
, 146, 151, 153, 162

Fortified historic cities
, 185

Fourth-order tourists
, 244

Freed Africans
, 92

From Congo Drum to Steelband
, 99

Frustration
, 241

Game Ranger
, 214

Gastronomic experiences

authentic Bolognese sauce themes
, 157

authentic food
, 155–158

authentic “Hot Dog”
, 159–160

authenticity
, 146, 148–152

benefits of photo-elicitation
, 149

interviews
, 154–155

qualities to framing authentic food
, 151

questioning authenticity
, 160–162

setting table
, 153–154

study methodology
, 147–148

Generated authenticity
, 34

Geographic specificity
, 151

Geography of tourism
, 16

GIS techniques
, 90

Global Ecotourism Network (GEN)
, 202

Globalization
, 150

Goldfish (Carassius auratus)
, 211

GPS techniques
, 90

Grenada
, 90

Héctor Serano’s Reduced Carbon Footprint Souvenirs
, 172

Heidegger’s theories
, 7

Heritage
, 103–106, 110

effect
, 182

Historic buildings
, 196

“Historical consciousness”
, 191

“Historical verisimilitude”
, 138

Historicism
, 151

Holetown and Oistins Fish Festival
, 97

Holograms
, 183, 196

Hospitality, authenticity in
, 152

“Hot” authentication process
, 9, 72, 182, 195, 219, 226, 228, 233

Human habitation
, 221

Hunting
, 206, 208

authenticity debate
, 206–208

as ecotourism
, 202–204

NBT and ecotourism
, 208–215

organizational framework to incorporate ethics in
, 205

organizations
, 213

safaris to ecotourism development in Zambia
, 212–215

Hydroformimg process
, 101

Hyperreal
, 5, 183, 185, 192

experience
, 188

phenomenon
, 194

Hyperreal light simulacra

Affectivity of Light Shows
, 194–196

illuminating hyperreality
, 182–185

light show evolution
, 186–188

monumental historic architecture
, 185–186

Son et Lumiére performances
, 188–194

Hyperreal-authenticity
, 196

Hyperreality
, 5, 182

illuminating
, 182–185

theories
, 182

“Illuminated interior” of spaces
, 186

Illumination of global landmarks
, 187

“Image texts”
, 136

Image-based studies
, 147

Imagineer authenticity
, 196

Implacement
, 20

“Implacing” wine mythologies in Napa valley
, 20–24

In situ production
, 177

In vivo production
, 177

Inauthenticity of tourism spaces
, 4

Indigenous community
, 206

Indigenous tourism
, 206, 209

Indo-Trinidadians
, 100

Information and appeal
, 35

Instinctive precognitive qualities
, 195

Institutional recognition
, 97

Instrumentalization
, 185

Intelligent tourists
, 75

Interaction
, 169

International Ecotourism Society
, 202

Internet search
, 227

Interrelated methods
, 79

“Invaders”
, 94

Iran
, 34

diverse landscapes
, 45

Ireland, experiences of
, 137–142

“The Isle of Spice”. See Grenada

“Italian Model” of coffee culture
, 24

Italian tomato sauce
, 158

Jamaica
, 96

Juliet’s balcony
, 72, 73, 76, 78, 79, 87

Juliet’s secretaries
, 84

Jura
, 101, 102

Kale Pacheh
, 42

Kissing
, 75, 77, 83

The Land of Steelband and Calypso
, 90, 94

“The Land of the Flying Fish”. See Barbados

Landscape
, 218

characteristics
, 220

posts
, 46

Laser illustrations
, 187

LED
, 188

Letters to Juliet
, 74

“Lichtarchitektur”
, 187

“Lichtdom”
, 187

Light displays
, 196

The Light of the Spirit
, 193

Light show(s)
, 184, 190

affectivity of
, 194–196

brilliance of Son et Lumière
, 188–194

evolution
, 186

experiential authenticity
, 186–187

static display
, 187–188

Lighting
, 184, 194–195

performances
, 182

Likert scale
, 120

Loach (Misgurnus fossilis)
, 211

Lobster Capital of Canada
, 146

Local authenticity
, 110

Localization
, 150

Lokeśvara stone faces
, 238

Lonely Planet
, 77

Looking-glass self
, 240–248

Love, romance, and behavior
, 73

cultural and personal capital
, 76–78

Juliet’s balcony
, 78, 79

research findings
, 80–85

study methodology
, 79–80

Lower races
, 96

Luangwa Game Park
, 213

Lumiere 2013” event
, 187

“Madness from the gods”
, 73

Madness mania
, 75

Magic lantern
, 184, 186, 194

“Maltese Scene”
, 131

Manufacturing Time: Global Competition in the Watch Industry
, 102

Maps
, 182, 220

Market share competition
, 102

Marketing and authenticity in tourism
, 53

cacao farm in Brazil
, 61–62

contributions from marketing to authenticity
, 56–67

data collection and analysis
, 62–64

experiential marketing and authenticity
, 59

farm photographed in
, 2017, 62

tourism destination branding and authenticity
, 60–61

tourists in cacao plantation
, 63

tourists in chocolate factory
, 63

See also Authenticity

Marketing communication
, 60

Mass culture
, 243

Mass customization service
, 171

“Mass hordes” of tourists
, 2

Mass tourists
, 244

Mass-production techniques
, 184

Material ideology
, 185

Memorable gastronomic experiences (MGEs)
, 146, 147, 153, 155, 160

See also Gastronomic experiences

Memory distortion types
, 185

Mentifact
, 99

Modern eye
, 192

Modern panoramas
, 187

Modernism
, 184

Moniliophth perniciosa
, 61

Monumental historic architecture
, 185–186

Multitude of associations
, 2

Museum-linked usage
, 3

My First Summer in the Sierra
, 228

Napa Valley
, 27

“implacing” wine mythologies in
, 20–24

“Napa-in-relation”
, 22

Narcissism
, 248

in tourists
, 247–248

Narrativization
, 185

National icon, authenticity of
, 90

Caribbean region
, 90

origins of Steelpan
, 91–106

Panyard Locations in Trinidad and Tobago
, 91

National Wilderness Preservation System
, 222

Native music-making
, 95

Natural History Museum
, 189

Nature retreats
, 208

Nature tourism
, 230

Nature tourists
, 233

Nature-based tourism (NBT)
, 202, 206, 208

activities
, 208–209

catch-and-release recreational fishing
, 210–212

and ecotourism
, 208

hunting safaris to ecotourism development in Zambia
, 212–215

organizational framework for NBT products
, 210

research on
, 209–210

See also Rural tourism in Portugal

New York’s Metropolitan museum
, 172

Newspaper media
, 46

9–15 Minutes Group
, 83–84

Non-conforming structure
, 223

Nsefu Game Reserve
, 214

NVIVO 10 qualitative data software
, 137

Object–place relationship
, 174

Object–place–person relationship
, 174–176

Ogun
, 99, 107

Olive Garden
, 154, 162

Oliver St. John Gogarty’s Bar in Temple Bar, Dublin
, 141

Omelet
, 100

1 or 2 Minutes Visits
, 81–82

Ordinary experience
, 57

“Pan Under the Trees”. See Barbados Pan Festival

PANYARD, INC. Company
, 102

Participant-Driven Photo-Elicitation
, 148

Passage Werk
, 186

Performative turn
, 7–9

Performativity
, 219

Perodicticus potto
, 213

Personal capital
, 76–78

Personal connections
, 151

Personalization
, 171–173

enhancement through
, 177–178

Person–place relationship
, 176–177

Photo-elicitation
, 146, 147, 160

benefits
, 149

Photographic safaris
, 215

Photographs/photography
, 135, 136, 147

Physical aspects
, 58, 66

Place

authentication
, 20

branding
, 54, 55–56

identity
, 55, 55–56

image
, 55–56

The Port of Spain Gazette
, 96

Portugal’s interior rural areas
, 110

authenticity in
, 111–112

local authenticity
, 110

Post-fieldwork conversations
, 245

Post-tourists
, 168

Postmodern authenticity
, 4–5

Postmodern tourism
, 168

Postmodernism
, 182

The Precession of the Simulacra
, 182

Product

categories
, 20, 24

customization
, 171

mythologies
, 27–29

personalization
, 171

product-based destination
, 23

Product Country Image (PCI)
, 18

Product geography
, 16

authenticity
, 18–29

Cafetero to Barista
, 24–26

destination image
, 18–29

“implacing” wine mythologies in Napa valley
, 20–24

product mythologies and destination authenticity
, 27–29

Projection mapping

software
, 188

techniques
, 196

Promotion efforts
, 55

“Provincial expectations”
, 132

“Proximity and in-between-ness” of performative authenticity
, 182

Pseudo-events
, 54, 182, 194

alienation
, 10–11

to authentic experiences
, 1

authentication and performative turn
, 7–9

authenticity
, 2–11

tourism studies
, 2–11

Psychological authentication processes
, 233

Psychological enactments of wilderness
, 229–234

Psychologists
, 74

Rainbow trout
, 211

Reanimating fortified buildings
, 186

Rebellion
, 95–101

Reconstructive mania
, 183

Recreational fishing
, 212

Redfoot’s second-order tourist
, 246

Religion, history of
, 95–101

Representations
, 35

Reproduction jeopardize aura
, 184

Resistance
, 95–101

Rhythm section of steelband
, 93

Rivalry
, 95–101

“Rivers of Light” show
, 194

Rocket science
, 94

Romantic love
, 74, 75, 77

Romeo and Juliet (Shakespeare)
, 74

Romeo and Juliet effect
, 74–76, 85

Rosy-colored resurrection
, 192

Rules of appearances
, 189

Rural heritage
, 110

Rural tourism in Portugal
, 112

economic operators
, 119

entity respondents
, 120

evolution of indicators
, 114

evolution of indicators of national tourism
, 113

interior rural areas
, 110–112

research design
, 115–116

residents respondents
, 119

sample characteristics
, 117–120

stakeholders’ perceptions of Schist villages network
, 120–123

study methodology
, 116–117

test of significance among stakeholder groups
, 122

tourist respondents
, 118

Scheffe test
, 122

Schist Villages in Central Portugal
, 115

Schist Villages Network
, 114–116

stakeholders’ perceptions
, 120–123

Schist Villages Shops
, 114–115

Second-order tourists
, 244

“See You in Iran” (SYI) Facebook page
, 34, 36

authenticity and
, 35–38

authenticating UGC on
, 38–51

top 10 commented posts
, 39

liked posts
, 40

posts by category of interpreted authenticity
, 39

Self-awareness
, 240

Self-destructive methods
, 247

Self-making
, 6

Service-dominant logic
, 56

Shack-shack
, 96

Shango
, 99

Shediac
, 146

Signs of inauthenticity
, 245

Silk-screen print and dot technique
, 192

“Simplicity”
, 151

“Simulacra”
, 5, 184, 187

Simulacrum
, 184, 188, 189

Slap bass
, 92

Sleeping Beauty
, 194

Slow food movement
, 152

Slow Tourism
, 152

Social capital
, 76

Social codes
, 58

Social media
, 34

platforms
, 41

sites
, 35

Social scientists
, 74

Social world
, 243

Sociological concept of looking-glass self
, 240

Son et lumière performances
, 181

brilliance of
, 188–194

Sound and light show. See Son et lumière performances

Soundscape
, 102

Souvenir authenticity
, 171–173

Souvenir sellers
, 169

“Souvenir” objects
, 166

“Spatialized time”
, 218

Spectacle of electricity
, 187

Spectacle society
, 54

Spectrum of light experiences
, 196

Sponsorship
, 98

Stakeholders’ perceptions of Schist villages network
, 120–123

“State of mind”
, 159–160

Steel band
, 90, 92, 93

music
, 93

Steel drum
, 94

Steelpan
, 90

authenticity
, 103–106

events and locations in Trinidad and Tobago
, 104

heritage
, 103–106

history of religion, rebellion, resistance, and rivalry
, 95–101

Makeshift Pantent in Port of Spain with
, 105

origins
, 91–106

outside of Trinidad
, 101–103

true visage of Steelpan movement
, 97

Structures
, 185

Sustainable tourism
, 206, 209

Swiss watch
, 101

Symbolic authenticity
, 4, 111, 168

Symbolic colors of event
, 58

Symbols
, 182

Systematic lurking
, 79

Tamboo bamboo
, 92

“Technological uncanny”
, 187

Teleological ethics
, 211

Teleology
, 207

Terra incognita
, 46

Terroir
, 20, 21, 150

Theoplacity
, 9

Theoretical developments
, 54

Third-order

hird-order tourists
, 244

simulacrum
, 182, 184, 189, 196

30 Minutes or More Group
, 84–85

Three-dimension (3D)

creative consumers
, 172

designers
, 172

inventors
, 172

printed souvenir
, 174, 177

printers
, 172

printing
, 167, 172, 174

program
, 184

“3D: Printing the Future” exhibition
, 172

tinkerers
, 172

3D souvenirs, authenticity in
, 166

discourses on authenticity in tourist souvenirs
, 167–178

enhancement through personalization
, 177–178

object–place relationship
, 174

object–place–person relationship
, 174–176

personalization and souvenir authenticity
, 171–173

person–place relationship
, 176–177

(re)constructing authenticity in souvenirs
, 169–171

study findings
, 173–174

3–7 Minutes Group
, 82–83

Time-based groups
, 81

Tobago
, 91

Top-down authentication
, 234

Touching
, 75

Tour guide
, 65

Tourism
, 134, 207, 219, 230

destination branding
, 60–61

market
, 203

products
, 170

resource
, 90

Tourist, The
, 243–244, 248

Tourist(s)
, 183, 242–245

bubble
, 246

egocentrism, egoism, and narcissism in
, 247–248

flows distribution
, 117

gaze
, 182

identity
, 245–246

tourist/local contact
, 133

types
, 244

Tourists’ photographic constructions of place in Ireland
, 130

authentic experiences or staged realities
, 133–134

authenticity and
, 130, 131, 132

Cottage Rathbaun Farm Co. Galway
, 139

experiences of Ireland
, 137–142

Oliver St. John Gogarty’s Bar in Temple Bar, Dublin
, 141

“real” Ireland
, 137–139

“real” people
, 139–141

(re)producing place
, 134–136

Red-haired Young Man
, 140

research design
, 136–137

“simple” way of life
, 141–143

Thinking of Ireland
, 142

Traditional “craft”
, 169

Traditional roots
, 110

Transcendentalism
, 225

Travail
, 2

Travel
, 246

Travelers
, 242

Traveling
, 246

Travels in Hyperreality
, 183

Tree-to-bar chocolate
, 61

Triàngulo del Cafè in Southern Colombia
, 25

Trinidad
, 96

Steelpan outside
, 101–103

Trinidadian artifact
, 93

TripAdvisor
, 35

commentaries
, 80

Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
, 211

Trubek’s Taste of Place: A Cultural Journey into Terroir
, 150

Turistas vulgaris
, 2

Twitter
, 35

U2’s 360 World tour
, 187

Urry’s analysis
, 134

User-generated content (UGC)
, 34

“Validity of labels”
, 104

Vassoura-de-Bruxa plague
, 61

Venezuela, cocoa beans producers
, 25

Verona
, 77, 78

Vineyard
, 20, 21

“Virgin forests”
, 232

Visual signs and objects
, 168

Volunteer Employed Photography
, 137

Wang’s definition of constructive authenticity
, 157

Wang’s threefold typology of authenticity
, 111

“Wild land” experience
, 220

Wilderness
, 208, 218, 231

landscapes
, 228

of psyche
, 229

Wilderness Act (1964)
, 221–223

Wilderness authentication
, 218

authenticity
, 218–219

cherished traits
, 219

constructive and symbolic modes
, 223–229

existential and psychological enactments
, 229–234

objective notions of wilderness
, 220–224

sunrise from Bald Mountain, Adirondacks
, 227

wilderness and discourses of authenticity
, 219

Wildlife tourism
, 208

Wine region
, 23

Wine tourism
, 21

Word of mouth
, 56

World Bank
, 210