Half Title Page

Social Entrepreneurship

Series Title Page

Business and Society 360

Series Editors: David M. Wasieleski and James Weber

Recent Volumes:

The Business and Society (BAS) 360 book series is an annual publication targeting cutting-edge developments in the broad business and society field, such as stakeholder management, corporate social responsibility and citizenship, business ethics, sustainability, corporate governance and others. Each volume will feature a comprehensive discussion and review of the current ‘state’ of the research and theoretical developments in a specific business and society area. As business and society is an inherently multi-disciplinary scholarly area, the book series will draw from work in areas outside of business and management, such as psychology, sociology, philosophy, religious studies, economics and other related fields, as well as the natural sciences, education and other professional areas of study.

Endorsements

This volume presents insightful case studies and adds important new knowledge to the social entrepreneurship conversation. It is well worth reading.

–Tom Lumpkin, Michael F. Price Chair and Professor of Entrepreneurship, University of Oklahoma

The chapters in this volume on social entrepreneurship offer readers an insightful and complex reflection on an emerging and increasingly important area of research to academics and practitioners. Various and unique insights are provided by expert international scholars and lay out intriguing pathways for future work that address gaps in the academic literature providing insights to business executives and academics.

–Gideon D. Markman, PhD, Professor of Strategy, Entrepreneurship and Sustainable Enterprise, Colorado State University

This year’s Business and Society 360 book series by Drs. Wasieleski and Weber are very timely. Their focus on social entrepreneurship is needed now more than ever. Not only is there a growing gap between the rich and the poor, but also the middle class continues to shrink. Traditional business models aren’t effectively addressing these complex problems. In far too many instances they are making them worse. Successful social entrepreneurship models and paradigms can help bridge those gaps.

–William Generett Jr., Esq., Senior Vice President, Duquesne University, Entrepreneur in Residence Duquesne School of Business and Social Entrepreneur

Title Page

Business and Society 360 Volume 5

Social Entrepreneurship

Edited by

David M. Wasieleski

Duquesne University, USA and ICN Business School, France

And

James Weber

Duquesne University, USA

United Kingdom – North America – Japan – India – Malaysia – China

Copyright Page

Emerald Publishing Limited

Howard House, Wagon Lane, Bingley BD16 1WA, UK

First edition 2022

Copyright © 2022 by Emerald Publishing Limited

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No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without either the prior written permission of the publisher or a licence permitting restricted copying issued in the UK by The Copyright Licensing Agency and in the USA by The Copyright Clearance Center. Any opinions expressed in the chapters are those of the authors. Whilst Emerald makes every effort to ensure the quality and accuracy of its content, Emerald makes no representation implied or otherwise, as to the chapters' suitability and application and disclaims any warranties, express or implied, to their use.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN: 978-1-80043-791-3 (Print)

ISBN: 978-1-80043-790-6 (Online)

ISBN: 978-1-80043-792-0 (Epub)

ISSN: 2514-1759 (Series)

About the Editors

David M. Wasieleski (PhD, University of Pittsburgh) is the Albert P. Viragh Professor of Business Ethics in the Palumbo-Donahue School of Business at Duquesne University and the Executive Director of the Institute for Ethics in Business at Duquesne. David also is an Affiliate Research Professor at the ICN Business School in Nancy, France. His academic research focuses on natural science approaches to understanding ethical decision-making and the formation of social contracts within organizational contexts. He also studies the effects of cognitive biases and moral intensity on perceptions of ethical issues. His work has been published in Business & Society, Business Ethics Quarterly, Organization & Environment, Journal of Applied and Behavioral Sciences, and the Journal of Business Ethics. At Duquesne, he teaches business ethics, organizational behavior, management, and sustainability. Currently, David M. Wasieleski is the Editor-in-Chief of Business and Society Review.

James Weber is the Rev. Martin Hehir, C.S.Sp. Endowed Chair in Scholarly Excellence, and a Professor of Business Ethics and Management in the Palumbo-Donahue School of Business at Duquesne University. He is currently the Managing Director of the Institute of Ethics in Business at Duquesne University and Managing Editor of Business and Society Review. He received the Sumner Marcus award for outstanding contribution of service to the field in 2013 from the Academy of Management's SIM division. A prolific author with publications in major academic journals and co-author of a market-leading textbook, Dr. Weber also served on the editorial boards of Business Ethics: A European Review, Journal of Moral Psychology, International Journal of Ethics Education, Encyclopedia for Business Ethics and Society (SAGE Publications), and Business Ethics Quarterly.

About the Contributors

Jesús Asín-Lafuente, PhD, is a Professor in the Department of Statistical Methods at the University of Saragossa (Spain). He teaches at the School of Engineering and Architecture. His research is based on the development of statistical methods to address environmental problems within the field of Engineering, as well as the analysis of databases related to social reality and social entrepreneurship.

James E. Austin is the Eliot I. Snider and Family Professor of Business Administration, Emeritus, at the Harvard Business School. He was the Co-Founder and Chairman of the HBS Social Enterprise Initiative. His doctorate and MBA degrees with distinction are from Harvard. His BBA with High Distinction is from the University of Michigan. He is widely published with over twenty books, dozens of articles, and hundreds of case studies. Professor Austin is recognized internationally as an expert on social enterprise, cross-sector collaboration, and management in developing countries.

Sophie Bacq, PhD, is an Associate Professor of Entrepreneurship and Institute for Entrepreneurship & Competitive Enterprise Faculty Fellow at The Kelley School of Business, Indiana University. In her research, published in top-tier academic journals, she investigates and theorizes about entrepreneurial action aiming to solve intractable social and environmental problems at the individual, organizational, and civic levels of analysis. A widely recognized leading scholar in social entrepreneurship, Sophie has taught and conducted empirical research on social entrepreneurship in Europe, the United States, and South Africa. She is a Field Editor at the Journal of Business Venturing, and member of the Editorial Review Boards of the Academy of Management Journal, Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice, and Journal of Management. Sophie enjoys assuming leadership roles at The Annual Social Entrepreneurship Conference, and teaching doctoral students at the Annual Social Entrepreneurship Doctoral Seminar.

Dr. Cyrine Ben-Hafaïedh is Associate Professor in Entrepreneurship & Strategy at IÉSEG School of Management and member of the LEM-CNRS research laboratory. She coordinates Social Entrepreneurship Master electives at IESEG (CREENSO in particular where students consult for social entrepreneurs). Her research focuses on collective entrepreneurship issues (e.g., entrepreneurial teams, collective governance, social entrepreneurship). Cyrine is a board member of the European Council for Small Business and Entrepreneurship (ECSB).

Gabriel Berger is a Professor at the School of Business of Universidad de San Andrés (UdeSA, Argentina), and he is the Director of UdeSA’s Center of Social Innovation. He is a former Dean of UdeSA’s School of Business (2013-2017). His research, publications, and teaching activities focus on corporate social responsibility, impact business models, social enterprises, philanthropy, and nonprofit organization management. He is the Founding Director of the Graduate Program in Nonprofit Management at UdeSA, the first of its kind in Latam and has been a member of Social Enterprise Knowledge Network (SEKN) since its creation. He holds a PhD from the Heller School of Social Policy and Management at Brandeis University (USA).

Imran Chowdhury, PhD, is the Diana Davis Spencer Chair of Social Entrepreneurship and Associate Professor of Business & Management at Wheaton College in Norton, Massachusetts (USA). He teaches courses in entrepreneurship, strategic management, and international management, and conducts research at the intersection of business and society, encompassing domains such as social entrepreneurship and innovation, corporate social responsibility, philanthropy, and community-focused organizations. Imran serves on the Editorial Board of Academy of Management Learning & Education and is a Term Member at the Council on Foreign Relations. He received his PhD from L’Ecole supérieure des sciences économiques et commerciales (ESSEC Business School) in France.

Dr. Wendy Chen is an Assistant Professor at Texas Tech University. Her research focuses on social entrepreneurship and sustainability, impact investing, corporate philanthropy, and strategic management in nonprofits. She is also a Senior Associate Editor for the Management Decision journal where she bridges management theories and practices. Having worked in media, small businesses, multinational corporations, and nonprofits from around the globe, Wendy’s research also aims to provide actionable managerial and policy implications to improve organizational efficiency and to better our communities.

Nikolay A. Dentchev is Associate Professor of Entrepreneurship and Corporate Social Responsibility at Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium. He holds the Solvay Business School Chair of Social Entrepreneurship at VUB, and serves as an executive board member of the International Association for Business and Society, the International New Business Model Conference Series, and the Social Entrepreneurship Summit. Nikolay has (co)authored more than 45 scientific publications, realized in various indexed journals such as Business & Society, Journal of Business Ethics, and Business Ethics: A European Review. He serves as associate editor of Business and Society Review, and occasionally leads special issues in journals such as Business & Society and Journal of Cleaner Production.

Frédéric Dufays is an Organization scholar with an interest in atypical organizations: cooperatives, social enterprises, hybrid organizations. He currently coordinates the Centre of Expertise for Cooperative Entrepreneurship (Kenniscentrum voor Coöperatief Ondernemen) as an Assistant Professor at KU Leuven. His current research deals with the democratic governance of cooperatives and the framing of cooperatives in the public discourse.

Philippe Eiselein is a PhD Candidate at the Department of Business at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB). His doctoral dissertation focuses on the management of social Enterprises: scaling, conflicting objectives, and finance. His ongoing research has been presented at international conferences in Austria, Belgium, Bolivia, Bulgaria, Denmark, Hong Kong, the United States, and the Netherlands. He has actively supported the VUB Chair of Social Entrepreneurship as a coach, event organizer, and webmaster. His teaching activities cover the areas of (Social) Entrepreneurship and Project Management. Since 2019, he is the coordinator of Belgium Impact. This national platform acts as a catalysator of the Ecosystem and supports more than 300 inspiring and impactful social entrepreneurs.

Esperanza García-Uceda, PhD, is a Professor in the Department of Business Management and Organization of the University of Saragossa (Spain). She teaches at the Faculty of Social Sciences and Work. The research field in which she works is developed within the framework of social entrepreneurship.

Peter T. Gianiodis is the inaugural holder of the Merle E. Gilliand Professorship in Entrepreneurial Finance. He received his PhD from the Terry College of Business at the University of Georgia, and has spent the past 10 years at Clemson University. He researches at the intersection of entrepreneurship, technology management, and strategy. His scholarly work appears in the Academy of Management Review, Organization Science, Journal of Management Studies, Journal of Management, Journal of Business Venturing, Academy of Management Perspectives, and recently in the California Management Review. Dr. Gianiodis' research has explored market entry across several contexts, including new venture entry into mature markets, and technology commercialization from university start-ups. In addition to his scholarly work, he serves on the board of several journals, including the Academy of Management Perspectives. He has taught capstone courses in entrepreneurship and strategic management at both undergraduate and graduate students, as well as courses on innovation management.

Rosa Amelia González holds a PhD in Political Science from the Universidad Simón Bolívar and is a Full Professor at IESA, where she has also served as Academic Director. She has published academic articles on business ethics, the informing process occurring during case production and discussion, and inclusive business in journals such as the Journal of Education for Business, Informing Science: the International Journal of an Emerging Transdiscipline, and Harvard Business Review América Latina. She has also written several case studies dealing with contemporary challenges in corporate social responsibility, social enterprises, and inclusive business.

Jeffrey de Groot is an undergraduate student at Emory University studying Business Administration and Quantitative Sciences. He is interested in data analytics and its applications in business. Mr. de Groot is also a member of Emory’s varsity men’s swimming team and earned the College Swimming & Diving Coaches Association of America First Team Scholar All-America honors in the 2019–2020 season.

Roberto Gutiérrez, PhD in Sociology from Johns Hopkins University, is Associate Professor at the School of Management of Universidad de los Andes (Bogotá, Colombia) since 1995. Currently, Roberto is Editor of the CLADEA BALAS Case Consortium (CBCC). His articles have been published in the American Sociological Review, Review of Educational Research, Journal of Management Education, Stanford Social Innovation Review, Harvard Business Review Latin America, Journal of Business Ethics, Organization & Environment, Journal of Cleaner Production and Long Range Planning. Roberto has been a consultant for the Family Ministry in Nicaragua, the National Planning Department in Colombia, and different trade unions in other Latin American nations.

Burcin Kalabay Hatipoglu, PhD, is a Research Associate at the School of Business, Canberra, and Industrial Relations Research Group (IRRG), and Adjunct Lecturer at the School of Business, Sydney, the University of New South Wales (UNSW). She has worked on regional planning and development for 15 years, collaborating with small businesses and communities in less advantaged areas. Her research focuses on human capital, sustainable rural development, societal well-being, and women entrepreneurship.

Asiya K. Kazi is a Research Analyst in the Early Childhood Development area at Child Trends. She conducts research, provides technical assistance, and contributes to the design and evaluation of programs that address psychosocial determinants of health for children and families, including inequitable access to high-quality health care and child care, adverse childhood experiences, and early childhood education quality. Ms. Kazi’s interests focus on the interconnections between racial and ethnic inequality and mental health outcomes, as well as on the application of a trauma-responsive lens to health care provision. She completed an undergraduate degree in sociology with honors at Rice University and an MSPH from Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health in the Department of International Health with a concentration in Social and Behavioral Interventions.

Dr. Jill R. Kickul joined USC Marshall School of Business in August 2016 as a professor in the Lloyd Greif Center for Entrepreneurial Studies and Narayan Research Director in the Brittingham Social Enterprise Lab. Before joining USC, she was the Director of the social entrepreneurship program at New York University Stern School of Business. Dr. Kickul has published more than 100 publications in entrepreneurship and management journals.

Iván D. Lobo has a PhD in Development Studies from University College London and an MSc in Social Policy and Planning from the London School of Economics and Political Science. He is an Assistant Professor at the School of Management of Universidad de los Andes (Bogotá, Colombia). His current research is focused on the political economy of socioenvironmental conflicts. Previous research and teaching focused on four interrelated areas: social and environmental enterprises, socially inclusive business models, intersectoral partnerships between businesses and civil society organizations, and business contributions to society. Alongside his research and teaching experience, he has also participated in consultancy projects in Colombia and abroad.

Karen Maas is Endowed Professor of Accounting and Sustainability at the Open University and Academic Director of Impact Centre Erasmus (ICE). Karen conducts research in the fields of impact measurement, sustainability, social enterprises, and impact investing. Karen worked with many for-profit, nonprofit, and financial organizations to measure their impact. Her work has been published in academic journals like Business & Society, Journal of Business Ethics, and American Journal of Evaluation, newspapers, and online sources. Karen is a board member of the International association of Business in Society (IABS) and Sustainable and Environmental Management Accounting Network (EMAN).

Dr. Paulami Mitra is an Assistant Professor in Innovation and Entrepreneurship at IESEG School of Management, France. She conducted her PhD in social entrepreneurship. She has published research articles and case studies that mainly focus on different dynamics of social entrepreneurship at the micro-, meso-, and macro levels. Apart from social entrepreneurship, her teaching and research interests include sustainable entrepreneurship, eco-entrepreneurship, social responsibility, gender, and crowdfunding.

Malcolm Muhammad is a native of Inkster, MI, alum of Florida A&M University, and current PhD student of Entrepreneurship in the College of Business at the University of Louisville. My research focuses on the environment that surrounds entrepreneurs, and how it helps them generate and grow their business ideas. He has strived to identify and leverage the value of an entrepreneurial community in my research and teaching, in practice with my family business, and in community work in the Louisville area. His research projects explore the specific role of a strong community in fostering entrepreneurship that enhances collective well-being. He focuses on interdependence and collaboration as mechanisms for change through entrepreneurship. He strives to develop this type of collaborative environment in the classroom as well. He currently teaches the introductory course to the entrepreneurship minor in the College of Business, Creativity & Innovation, where we cover the generation and refinement of business ideas. I encourage students to talk through their ideas and engage each other in classroom discussions to create new ideas together.

Josefina L. Murillo-Luna, PhD, is a Professor in the Department of Business Management and Organization of the University of Saragossa (Spain). She teaches at the Faculty of Social Sciences and Work. The main research areas in which she works are related to the strategic environmental behavior of companies, corporate social responsibility, and social entrepreneurship.

Saheli Nath is an Assistant Professor of Management at the University of Central Oklahoma. She obtained her doctorate from the Kellogg School of Management at Northwestern University in the joint degree program in Management and Organizations and Sociology. Her primary research interests lie at the intersection of organizations and social problems. She has worked extensively on the different elements of a risk society that render certain groups and communities highly vulnerable to specific internal or environmental stressors. Applying a variety of theoretical perspectives, she has attempted to unpack the effectiveness of different interventions to address these vulnerabilities.

Michelle Ouimette is a Doctoral Student at Pace University’s Lubin School of Business Doctorate of Professional Studies in Management program. Her research interests include social entrepreneurship, entrepreneurial ecosystems, and entrepreneurial logics. She is also a Business Advisor for the Connecticut Small Business Development Center and Adjunct Faculty at the University of Connecticut. She teaches courses in entrepreneurship, management, and organizational behavior.

Dr. Colleen Robb currently serves as an Assistant Professor for Florida Gulf Coast University’s School of Entrepreneurship. Formerly, she was the Director for the Center for Entrepreneurship and an Assistant Professor of entrepreneurship for California State University, Chico (CSUC). She has taught entrepreneurship at multiple institutions since 2004. She has over fifteen years' experience working as a fundraising advisor to various start-ups in the athletic, cosmetic, manufacturing, nonprofit, retail, and technology sectors. She has nearly twenty years of experience in the nonprofit sector in various roles. Her research interests include social entrepreneurship, gender, entrepreneurial competencies, and innovation.

Tasneem Sadiq is Lecturer at the Rotterdam University of Applied Sciences and Doctoral Researcher (PhD student) at RSM Erasmus University Rotterdam. His main research focusses on understanding the hybrid nature of organizations in general and that of Social Enterprises in particular. Using an institutional approach, he investigates responses of hybrid organizations to institutional voids, and looks into the relationship between levels of problem complexity and categories of interventions.

Douglas A. Schuler is Associate Professor of Business and Public Policy at Rice University’s Jones School of Business. His primary scholarly and teaching activities focus upon corporate political activities, public policy, corporate social responsibility, and social entrepreneurship. Dr. Schuler serves as Associate Editor at Business & Society and is an editorial board member at Business & Society, Business Ethics Quarterly, and Business and Politics. He also is a former chair of the Social Issues in Management Division of the Academy of Management. With colleagues, Dr. Schuler wrote the 2019 Kinder Institute Report about food insecurity that has become a catalyst for the Health Equity Collective, a broad-based effort in Houston to link organizations to more effectively address food insecurity and other drivers of public health. He has a BS in Business Administration from the University of California at Berkeley and a PhD in Strategic Management and Organization from the University of Minnesota.

Rob van Tulder is Full Professor of International Business-Society Management at RSM Erasmus University Rotterdam and Academic Director of the Partnerships Resource Centre. He is cofounder of the department of Business-Society Management, one of the leading departments in the world organizing research and education on the way business can create value for society either alone or through cross-sector partnerships. He advises international organizations, governments, multinational enterprises, and international NGOs on issues of sustainability. His latest books include: Principles of Sustainable Business (2021); Getting all the motives right (2018; Skill Sheets: an integrated approach to research, study and management (2018).

Alfred Vernis is an Associate Professor at the Strategy Department and General Management at ESADE Business School (Ramon Llull University). His PhD is from the Robert F. Wagner School of Public Service at New York University (NYU). He is a member of the Center for Social Impact at ESADE and the Iberoamerican Social Enterprise Knowledge Network (SEKN). Previously he had founded the Momentum Project, Esade Alumni Social, Institute for Social Innovation, and the ESADE Courses for NGO Leadership. He has published several articles and books about public–private partnerships, nonprofit management, and social entrepreneurship.

Reginald Young is the Executive Director at the Alameda County Community Food Bank, an organization that passionately pursues a hunger-free community in Oakland and the East Bay in California. Mr. Young has over a decade of experience in food banking, including senior-level leadership positions at the Houston Food Bank, and is interested in developing strategies to address the fundamental causes and consequences of food insecurity. Previously, Feeding America selected Mr. Young to be in their first cohort of the Child Hunger Corps and subsequently he has served as an AmeriCorps VISTA member. Mr. Young is also a founding member of the Houston Food System Collaborative. He received a BA in Political Science from Millsaps College, an MA in Cross-Cultural Studies from the University of Houston-Clear Lake, and is currently pursuing an EdD in Organizational Leadership from Northeastern University.

Preface

Sophie Bacq, David M. Wasieleski and James Weber