“Ad-hoc” categories

, 76

Africa Venture Capital Association (AVCA)

, 120, 122

African Agricultural Capital

, 120

Analog technologies, First wave

, 234–236

Analysts categorization

, 79

Analytic method

, 371–373

Analytical approach

, 124–125

“Anonymous currency”

, 190, 196, 199, 208

Antecedents of category spanning

, 356–357, 371–372

Apple Company

, 71–72, 253–254

Audience’s theory of value

, 7, 8–9, 10, 328

B2B e-commerce software company

, 155

Bank Charter Act

, 192

Biotechnology

, 12, 172–173

Bitcoin

, 188

history of

, 193–194

Body Mass Index (BMI)

, 313

Breusch–Pagan Lagrange multiplier test

, 342

Candidate identity, caveats on

, 57–58

Carbon 60 (C60)

, 365, 366

Categor(ies)

, 4, 22, 72, 84, 114, 115–116, 194–195, 260, 299, 328, 356

agreement

, 301

authority

, 301, 314–315, 318

boundaries

, 169–170

category-level influences on spanning

, 360–361

central tendency

, 333

creation

, 298–299

decay

, 172–174

durability

, 299, 320

proof

, 312–313

truce

, 315–316

emergence

, 299

formation

, 262, 263, 264

imprinting

, 306–309, 311

knowledge base

, 309–310

label

, 34, 79–80, 164–166, 190

misalignment

, 195–196

promoters

, 22

schemes

, 49–51

spanning

, 362–364

symbolic boundaries

, 167–169

taken-for-grantedness

, 170–172

translation

, 226

Categorical contrast

, 340

Categorical imperative

, 19, 32, 33, 45–47, 298, 356

Categorical membership

, 33

Categorical purity

, 33, 34, 37, 47, 51

Categorization

, 4, 19, 33, 152, 328, 356

consistency

, 43–44

customer segmentation

, 42–43

limits of

, 208–210

principles

, 44

as theoretical tool

, 33, 42, 60, 328–329, 334–336, 349

vertical differentiation imperative

, 44

volume contributions

, 14–23

Category spanning

, 22–23, 328–329, 330, 333, 339, 341

antecedents of

, 356–357

USPTO patent

, 357–358

Causal view of categories

, 334

Citizens United v. First Election Commission

, 189

Cluster analysis

, 201

Cognitive approach

, 4, 13

audience’s theory of value

, 8–9

categorization as

, 6

characteristics of

, 8

empirical results

, 6–7

Cognitive map

, 79–80, 93, 103

Cognitive psychology

, 4, 333, 360

Commitment, social risks from

, 45, 53–55

“Commodity” label

, 189

Communication technologies

, 224

Communities

, 165

Consensus

, 22, 299, 301–303, 307, 312, 314, 320

Consumer(s)

, 168

categorical purity in markets

, 39–40

marketplace metacognition

, 262

Contextualizing category development

, 160–161

Coordination, social risks from

, 53–55

Corporate social responsibility (CSR)

, 12, 126, 128

Customer segmentation

, 42–43

Decay, category

, 172–174

Decentralization

, 210–211

“Decentralized” label

, 215

Demand-side imperatives

, 35–36

Demand-side principles

, 52

“Density” variable

, 371

Development finance institutions (DFIs)

, 119–120

Differentiation imperatives

, 35

See also Categorical imperative

Discourse analysis

, 154–155

approach

, 168

contributions of

, 157

Discursive approaches

, 177–178

“Dynamic capabilities”

, 169

Economic sociology

, 32

Empirical analyses

, 198

macro level

cluster analysis

, 201

within-cluster inconsistencies

, 201–203

meso level

, 203–205

micro level

, 205, 206

Enactment

, 11

Ethereum

, 189

Ethical investing

, 118

European Central Bank (ECB)

, 203

European Investment Bank (EIB)

, 119–120

European Union (EU)

, 239

Expertise

, 7, 197, 383

home category expertise

, 362–363

knowledge-based

, 320

scientific expertise

, 367

Extraprofessional status

, 38–39

Fair Information Practices Principles framework

, 237

Federal Electronic Communications Privacy Act

, 237–238

Federal Trade Commission (FTC)

, 239, 251, 252

Fiat

, 299, 307, 312, 314–315

mechanism

, 22

process

, 304–305

Financial intermediaries

, 120

Firm’s tenure calculation

, 340–341

Foreign direct investment (FDI)

, 118–119

Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)

, 129, 133

Framing techniques

, 75, 103

Full-service law firms

, 335, 337, 348

Fullerene

, 365, 366

Fund

, 117–118, 120, 126

“Futurist” community

, 166

Fuzziness

, 92–93

Genetic engineering

, 172–173

Global impact investing network (GIIN)

, 121–124

Global impact investing rating system (GIIRS)

, 134–135

Goal-based approach

, 7

Goal-derived categories

, 75–76

Government record keeping and digital data banks

, 236–238

Hannan et al.’s theory of organization forms

, 39–40

Hazard rate models

competing

, 358, 373, 380

continuous

, 88, 90, 96

Heterogeneity

, 157–158

High-status professionals

, 41, 57, 61

“Home category”

, 23, 358, 361

Horizontally differentiated category

, 34

Hybrid categories

, 114, 125

creating new knowledge and new collective identity

, 126–128

data analysis

, 124–125

data sources and data collection

, 121–124

emergence of impact investing

, 125–126

events

, 126

market category

, 114

membership for legitimacy transfer

, 134–137

membership for political advantage

, 132–134

political actions and outcomes

, 138

as political devices

, 114–115, 137

research context

, 117–121

theoretical foundation

, 115

politics, power, and categories

, 115–116

and power relations

, 116–117

weak institutional setting

, 130–132

Identity

change in identity consensus level

, 339

consensus

, 339

implications for identity research

, 350

politics

, 55

“Impact investing” category

, 126–127

emergence of

, 125–126

Industry-based categorical imperative

, 60–61

Information technology (IT)

, 85

Informational privacy

, 226–227, 231, 234

first wave

, 234–236

second wave

, 236–238

third wave

, 239–241

Innovations

, 32, 33, 190

Bitcoin

, 192–193

Institutional context

, 13

Institutional embeddedness of categories

, 230

“Institutional entrepreneurs”

, 300

Institutional translation

, 246–252

Insurance industry

, 158

“Intelligent e-business solutions”

, 155

Intermediaries

, 260

case of Sundance Institute

, 285

in category creation

, 261

category formation

, 287–288

in maintenance of market categories

, 260

theoretical foundations

, 262–266

International corporate law market

, 336–338

International Finance Corporation (IFC)

, 119

Internet

, 213–214, 239–241

Interpretive process

, 158

Interview records

, 234

Intraprofessional status

, 37–39

Invariant behavioral tendency

, 40–42

Involuntary resettlement

, 133

Irrationality

, 44–45

Labeling

persistence of labeling inconsistencies

, 205, 207–208

process

, 12

Labels

, 194–195

exploring

, 196

function

, 92

misalignment between categories and

, 195–196

Law firms

, 337, 338–339

Legitimate commentary

, 264

Leniency

, 92–93

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT)

, 115

Magic quadrant reports

, 86–87

issue

, 98–100

logit models on

, 102

negative binomial models on

, 101

“Manufacturing” category

, 190

Market

categorization

, 4–5, 72–75, 81–82

as activation of cognitive processes

, 6–9

perspectives

, 5–6

research on

, 5

as social process

, 9–14

category

, 114, 153, 281–282

intermediaries in maintenance of

, 260

systems

, 300

for cultural goods

, 263

intermediaries

, 83, 84–85

label

, 194

makers

, 32

participants

, 153

power dynamics among market participants

, 159–160

stakeholders

, 164

“Meso-physics” labels

, 166

Metadata repository

, 87

Money-related innovation in United Kingdom

, 191

barter to electronic payments

, 191–192

Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA)

, 267

Nanotechnology

, 364–365

category

, 166

label

, 159–160

National Forestry Agency (NFA)

, 130, 131

National Nanotechnology Initiative

, 160

“Natural categories”

, 225

New Forests Company (NFC)

, 20, 114–115

New market

, 260–261, 263

category

, 261, 262, 264

Nominally differentiated category

, 34

Nonintersecting knowledge domains

, 211

Orders of worth

, 230, 246–252

Organization theory

, 4, 32, 39

Organizational identity

, 331

Parametric models

, 372

Peer-to-peer electronic cash system

, 188

Politics

, 115–116

Power

, 115–116

dynamics

, 20, 159–160

relations

, 116–117

Privacy category

, 231

Producer market category

, 96–98

Producers categorization

, 76–78

Proof process

, 299, 303–304, 307, 312–313

Protocategory creation

, 164–166

Prototype approach

, 4

Prototype theory

, 40

Radical innovation

, 210

Relational similarity

, 363–364

variable

, 367–369

Rhetorical contestation

, 246

Rhetorical elements

, 158

Semi-structured interviews

, 124, 266–267

Signaling

, 12

“Single-layer depositioning” labels

, 166

Social

boundaries

, 169–170

categorization

, 317

cognition

, 309–311

mechanisms

, 36

movements

, 115

negotiation

, 11

Social process

, 4–5

actors

, 9–11

acts of categorization

, 12–13

categorization as

, 9

context characteristics

, 13

entity

, 11

temporality aspects

, 14

Social risks

, 53–55

Socially responsible investing (SRI)

, 118

Sociology of markets

, 4

Software producers

, 94–96

Speculative markets

, 60

Stakeholders

, 153

Status

, 33, 57

extraprofessional

, 38–39

hierarchy

, 57

high-status professionals

, 41, 57

intraprofessional

, 37–39

Stinchcombe’s imprinting

, 307

Stock market

, 60

analysts

, 80

Strategic categorization

, 72–74

goal-derived categories

, 75–76

producers

, 73–74, 76–78

software

, 94–96

Sundance Institute

, 261, 266, 272

Superordinate category

, 211–213

Symbolic boundaries

, 167–169

Taken-for-grantedness

, 170–172

Technology sector

, 85

Temporality aspects

, 14

Theories of moral sentiments

, 314

Theory of value

, 33, 45, 331

variation in

, 48–49

Translation processes

, 241

OECD

, 242

Truce process

, 299, 305–307, 312, 315–316

“Typicality judgment” approach

, 329, 331–334

Valuations process

, 32–33, 45–46

Venture capitalists (VC)

, 32, 214

Vertical differentiation imperative

, 44

Vertically differentiated category

, 34

Virtual currency

, 189, 203

World Health Organization (WHO)

, 313