Activism (see also Eco-activism)

, 2, 10, 35–36, 66, 87, 124, 142

building base and soliciting support

, 111

dictating demands

, 112–114

escalating pressure

, 114–115

and NFL wives for change

, 110–115

in South Indian regional sports

, 135–137

in sports

, 125

Activist athletes

, 25

African players

, 126–127

Altruism theory

, 94–95

Alzheimer’s disease

, 109

American exceptionalism

, 8–9

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

, 109

Angry black athlete

, 22–23

Anti-Black oppression

, 32–33

Anti-Black racism

, 107

Anti-Blackness

, 35

Anti-Vietnam War movements

, 5

Art

, 191

Athlete migration

, 131–134

Athletes

, 1, 22

environmental activism among

, 91–92

environmental impacts of

, 89–90

“Athletes-As-Stoic” narratives

, 144

Athletic/athlete activism

, 90–91, 125

activism

, 1–3, 9, 12, 190

Erin Go Bragh

, 67–69

Long 1968 Moment

, 69–72

at Olympics

, 67–78

political opportunity structure

, 73–76

protest during Us National Anthem

, 3–9

twenty-first century athlete activism at games

, 76–78

Authentic love for football

, 125–126

Authoritarianism

, 1

Baseball fields

, 2–3

Basketball courts

, 2–3, 191

conversation

, 193–207

Basketball limitations

, 180–184

Basketball successes

, 178–180

“Bates Must Play” campaign

, 23–24

Bates Seven

, 24

Beijing Olympics

, 66

Bisexuality

, 56–57

Black athletes

, 9, 19–20

Black communities

, 1

Black Feminism

, 9–10

Black Feminist Future

, 41–42

Black feminist thought

, 32–33

foundations of

, 33–34

Black feminists

, 33–34, 36

Black folx

, 39, 42–43

Black Lives Matter (BLM)

, 1, 18, 37–38, 191

Black Panther Party

, 71

Black Power

, 22–23

Black Power Movement

, 5

Blackgirlwomen

, 32–34, 36, 40–41

as athlete activists

, 35–42

Brittney Griner

, 40–42

Calls to action messages

, 100

Care labor

, 137

Care/caregiver

, 110

Caregiver activism

, 107

Centrality of race

, 168

Cheerleaders

, 5

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)

, 109

Civic Center

, 3–4

Civil rights movements

, 27, 75

Clash with modern sporting paradigm

, 51

Club basketball teams

, 173–178

attempts at gender equality

, 176–177

collaborative decision-making

, 174–175

commitment to affordability

, 175–176

conflict of coaching styles

, 177–178

Club coaches

, 171–172

Coaching

basketball limitations

, 180–184

basketball successes

, 178–180

successes, limitations, and consequences of

, 178–184

Cognitive tests

, 108

Colin Kaepernick

, 1–2, 19, 142

Collaborative decision-making

, 174–175

Collective care

, 124

activism in South Indian regional sports

, 135–137

migration, economy, and football

, 131–134

networks of care at time of covid

, 134–135

Sudani from Nigeria (movie)

, 127–131

Colonialism

, 2

Combahee River Collective

, 41–42

Communications

, 97–98

Complex identity development

, 54–55

Concussion

, 106

Congress of Racial Equality

, 71

Constructive patriots

, 4, 6–8

Contracting

, 51

Counterculture movements

, 5

Critical race theory

, 168

Culture

, 191–192

Czechoslovak National Olympic Committee

, 70

Deficit models

, 93

Deviance

, 181

Dialectical counter-discourse

, 66

Double consciousness

, 32–33

Early dementia

, 109

Eco Athletes

, 92, 97

Eco-activism

barriers to athlete environmental activism

, 90–91

effective messages

, 97–100

environmental activism among athletes

, 91–92

environmental activism among sport organizations

, 92–93

environmental impact of sport

, 88–90

escalation of commitment

, 95–97

history of environmental activism in United States

, 87–88

theoretical perspectives

, 93–95

11th Hour Racing

, 92

Environmental activism

, 86

among athletes

, 91–92

among sport organizations

, 92–93

history of environmental activism in United States

, 87–88

at sporting events

, 87–88

Environmental involvement

, 96

Environmental law

, 85–86

Environmental movement

, 87

Environmental organizations

, 97

Environmental policy

, 85–86

Environmental protection

, 85–86

Environmental sustainability

, 90–91

Environmentalism

, 86

Environmentally significant behavior

, 96

Equal Justice Initiative (EJI)

, 38–39

Escalation of commitment

, 95–97

Ethnonationalism

, 72

Fabricated identity development

, 55–56

Fedération Internationale dé Football Association (FIFA)

, 50–51

Feminist scholar mentors

, 168

Flag, American

, 6

Foafoa

, 148–149

Football

, 5, 11

Gaelic League

, 67–68

Gender

, 51

equality

, 176–177

participation

, 51

George Floyd

, 21–22, 40

Global Athlete

, 77

Global Muslim LGBTQ+ typology

, 58–59

Governance

, 51, 144

Harvard–Yale football game

, 87

Heaton norms (see Revised Comprehensive Norms)

Heritage, The

, 20, 25

Heroes

, 7–8

Heterosexuals

, 51

Hiking

, 51

History

, 9

Homosexuality

, 51–52

Identity coping

, 59

strategies

, 49

Identity theory

, 55, 93

Imperialism

, 2

Indian Penal Code (IPC)

, 52

Indigenous futures

, 142

Internal conflict identity

, 56–57

Internalized stigma

, 49

International Olympic Committee (IOC)

, 19, 66

International Rugby League (IRL)

, 146–147

Interpersonal care

, 124

John Carlos

, 3, 142

Just Stop Oil (climate activist organization)

, 87–88

Katta sevens

, 126

Kerala Football Association (KFA)

, 125–126

Kerala Sevens Football Association

, 124

Lat Critical Theory

, 168

Latinos

, 169

Latter-Day Saints (LDS)

, 5

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer athletes (LGBTQ+ athletes)

, 48

LGBTQ+ issues in sport

, 52–53

LGBTQIA

, 10

“Listen to athletes for a change”

, 20

Lou Gehrig’s disease

, 109

Malabar football fandom

, 125–126

Marketing

, 97–98

Martial arts

, 51

Masculinity

, 145

Maya Moore

, 38–40

Mental health initiative

, 143–144

Messages

, 97–100

#MeToo movement

, 76–77

Mexico City Olympic Games

, 20–21

Michael Brown

, 1, 3–4, 9–10

Moderate dementia

, 109

Moral panic

, 11

Multidimensional care

, 124

Multiple consciousness

, 32–33

Multiplication factor

, 107–108

Muslim community

, 48

Muslim gay athletes

, 55

Muslim lesbians

, 55–56

Muslim LGBTQ+ athletes

, 48

first author’s activism, research, and reflexivity

, 53–59

identity development and social activism

, 59–60

implications and future studies

, 59–60

Islam, Muslim LGBTQ+ community, and sport

, 50–52

LGBTQ+ issues in sport

, 52–53

Muslim LGBTQIA athletes

, 10

Natasha Cloud

, 40

Nation

, 3

National anthem

, 3–9

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

, 24, 71

Legal Defense and Educational Fund

, 71

National Basketball Association (NBA)

, 96, 159

National Football League (NFL)

, 1, 106, 142, 146

activism and NFL wives for change

, 110–115

evaluating wins and losses

, 116–117

race norming and settlement agreement

, 107–110

National Rugby League Women (NRLW)

, 149–150

National Urban League

, 71

National Women’s Soccer League (NWSL)

, 26–27

Nationalism

, 9–10

New South Wales Rugby League (NSWRL)

, 149

New York University (NYU)

, 23–24

New Zealand Rugby (NZR)

, 143–144

News media

, 2–3

NFL Concussion Settlement Player Advocacy Committee (PACNFLINFO)

, 116–117

NFL Players Association (NFLPA)

, 112

#NotNCAAProperty hashtag

, 20

Olympic Games

, 19

Olympic Project for Human Rights (OPHR)

, 19–20, 23, 25–26, 71

Olympics

, 2

Olympics Games

, 66

athlete activism at Olympics

, 67–78

Oppression

, 32–33

Pacific leadership

, 155–156

Pacific-Men-As-“Hypermasculine” narratives

, 144

Pacific-Men-As-“Natural/Merely Physical” narratives

, 144

Pakistani eSports Muslim women athletes

, 59

Pan American Games

, 26–27

Paralympics

, 2

Parkinson’s disease

, 109

“Pasifika and Māori Players Advisory Group”

, 149–150

Pasifika sports activism

, 142–143

activism in service

, 150–151

Foafoa

, 148–149

mental health initiative

, 143–144

in nonplaying roles

, 149–150

player eligibility

, 146–148

Talanoa on pacific activism in sports and emerging themes in Pacific

, 151–160

Tongan culture, patriarchy, and sport

, 144–146

Patriarchal patriotism

, 4

Patriarchal patriots

, 6–9

Patriotism

, 5–6, 190–191

Patriots

, 6–7

Performance

, 191–192

Performative nationalism

, 25

Players for the Planet

, 92

Players Tribune

, 26–27

Police brutality

, 20

Policies

, 85–86

Political engagement in sports

, 19

Political movements

, 71

Political opportunity structure

, 73–76

Politics

, 190

Prague Spring

, 69–70

Private sporting spaces

, 12

Pro-environmental behavior (PEB)

, 93

Pro-Pare

, 148

Protect Our Winters (POW)

, 92, 97

Protesters

, 6

Protests

, 20

Providence City Council

, 3–4

Race correction (see Race norming)

Race norming

, 106

practice

, 107–109

in settlement agreement

, 109–110

Race/racism

, 190–191

Racial and ethnic disparities

, 167

Rationalist models

, 93

Regional sports

, 135–137

Religion

, 51

Resistance

, 34–36

Revealing identity development

, 57–58

Revised Comprehensive Norms

, 106

Revolt of the Black Athlete, The

, 27

Risk aversion

, 51

Rugby Australia (RA)

, 149

Sacrifice

, 147

#SayHerName

, 32, 42–43

black girlwomen as athlete activists

, 35–42

foundations of black feminist thought

, 33–34

resistance

, 34–35

Settlement Agreement

, 106–107, 110

race norming in

, 109–110

Sevens football

, 125–126

Sevens Football Team Managers Association

, 124

Sexism

, 72

Sexual orientation

, 51

Sharia law

, 51–52

Sierra Club

, 87

Skate parks

, 2–3

Soccer

, 2–3, 11

Social acceptance

, 55–56

Social identity theory

, 55–57, 93

Social justice

, 12, 165–166

academic journey

, 167–169

approach

, 166–167

children’s early experiences

, 171–173

club basketball teams

, 173–178

decision to coach

, 167–173

growing up

, 169–171

successes, limitations, and consequences of coaching

, 178–184

Social media

, 92

Social movements

, 67

Social psychological paradigm

, 50

Sociological paradigms

, 50

Solidarność

, 75–76

Southern Christian Leadership Conference

, 71

Southern Regional Council

, 71

Speed City

, 26

Sport organizations

, 88

environmental activism among

, 92–93

Sporting

activism

, 12

goods chain stores

, 2–3

Sports

, 2–3, 11, 51, 86

academies

, 2–3

Blackgirlwomen in

, 33

environmental impact of

, 88–90

fans

, 88

history

, 20–21

labor

, 137

LGBTQ+ issues in

, 52–53

State violence

, 1

Struggle

, 35–36

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

, 22–23, 71

Sudani from Nigeria (movie)

, 127–131

Summer Olympic Games

, 35–36

Surfers Against Sewage

, 92

Sustainability

, 10–11

Sustainable Sport Consumer Evaluation Model (SSCEM)

, 98

Swimming

, 51

Symbolic interactionism

, 55

Talanoas

, 11

gender, equity, and importance of management and governance stakeholders

, 158–160

limitations of “bargaining power” and navigating “institutional barriers”

, 156–158

on pacific activism in sports and emerging themes in Pacific

, 151–160

respect, humility, relationality, and service

, 151–156

Theory of planned behavior

, 94

Tommie Smith

, 20, 35–36, 70–71

Tonga rugby ban

, 145

Tornado

, 148–149

Transgenders

, 56

Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs)

, 106

Twenty-first century athlete activism at games

, 76–78

Twenty-four-hour sport networks

, 2–3

United Arab Emirates (UAE)

, 50–51

United States Olympic and Paralympic Committee (USOPC)

, 77

United States Olympic Committee (USOC)

, 24, 71

United States Women’s National Team (USWNT)

, 21

US imperialism

, 8–9

Value-action gap

, 95

Value-belief-norm theory (VBN theory)

, 93–95

Vigilante violence

, 1

“W Wears Orange, The”, initiative

, 40

Whirlpool

, 148–149

Wives group

, 111

Women of WNBA

, 37–38

Women’s National Basketball Association (WNBA)

, 20–21, 37, 142

Wyomia Tyus

, 35–37

Youth development

, 143