Index
Disadvantaged Entrepreneurship and the Entrepreneurial Ecosystem
ISBN: 978-1-80071-451-9, eISBN: 978-1-80071-450-2
ISSN: 2040-7246
Publication date: 17 January 2022
This content is currently only available as a PDF
Citation
(2022), "Index", Pickernell, D.G., Battisti, M., Dann, Z. and Ekinsmyth, C. (Ed.) Disadvantaged Entrepreneurship and the Entrepreneurial Ecosystem (Contemporary Issues in Entrepreneurship Research, Vol. 14), Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 225-231. https://doi.org/10.1108/S2040-724620220000014014
Publisher
:Emerald Publishing Limited
Copyright © 2022 Emerald Publishing Limited
INDEX
Note: Page numbers followed by “n” indicate notes.
Absorptive capacity
, 205
Accelerators
, 91, 148–149
ActionAid Sierra Leone (AASL)
, 181–185
Africa Development Bank
, 174
Anchoring approach
, 130, 138–139
to navigate institutional voids
, 133–135
Asylum-seekers
, 127
Bartlett test
, 75
Black and ethnic minority (BAEM)
, 195
‘Boundary spanners’
, 200
‘Bourgeoisification’
, 206
‘Buddies’
, 157–158
Business creation
, 28
Business incubators
, 7, 149, 151–152
expectation gaps between refugee entrepreneurs and
, 161
Capacity building, entrepreneurial
, 88
Capitals
deficits
, 24
financial
, 24
role of
, 24
social
, 24, 163
Centre for Coordination of Youth Activities (CCYA)
, 180
Civil society organisations (CSOs)
, 7, 173–174, 222
relationships between CSOs and disadvantaged EE in Sierra Leone
, 176
Classic entrepreneurial intention models
, 41–43
Codes, categories and concepts technique (three Cs’ technique)
, 98
Coding scheme
, 119
Colleagues
, 156
Commercialisation
, 201, 206, 207
‘Commodity’-orientated structures
, 206
Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR)
, 165n1
Community mutual housing association (CMHA)
, 198, 201–203
Community-based organisations (CBOs)
, 127, 140
Constructive grounded theory
, 152
Constructive mechanisms
, 159–160
Corporate social responsibility (CSR)
, 201, 203
Critical literature review
entrepreneurship and innovation
, 2
existing literature
, 3–5
relational dynamics within refugee business incubators
, 6–7
spatial contexts
, 5–6
young entrepreneurs
, 2–3
Cultural/culture
, 105–106
capital
, 151
clash
, 161, 163–164
enterprise
, 205
norms
, 3, 67, 71, 76
Cybersecurity
, 203–205
Data
explanation
, 19
presentation
, 19
reduction
, 19, 32
Deprivation
, 199
Deprived areas
literature on barriers to entrepreneurship in
, 37–39
neighbourhood contexts, self-efficacy and self-regulatory focus in
, 51–52
neighbourhood contexts and human capital development in
, 48–51
Deprived urban neighbourhoods (DUNs)
, 34
Disadvantaged entrepreneurs
, 2, 3, 5, 175, 220
EEs
, 222
entrepreneurship of
, 222
supply of
, 222
Disadvantaged entrepreneurship development
, 178
cases descriptions
, 180–181
contextual overview
, 174
EE in Sierra Leone
, 175–176
findings
, 181–185
methodology
, 178–180
relationships between CSOs and disadvantaged EE in Sierra Leone
, 176–178
prior research
, 174–175
‘Disadvantaged group’ of businesswomen
, 88
Disruptive mechanisms
, 160–163
‘Double disadvantage’ thesis
, 95
Ebola outbreak
, 173
Ecosystems
, 92
spatial aspects of migration and
, 92–93
Enterprise
, 12
creation and operation
, 11–12
culture
, 205
motivations
, 12, 13–16
Entrepreneur
, 92
Entrepreneurial activity
, 150, 194
Entrepreneurial capacity building
, 88
Entrepreneurial ecosystem (EE)
, 2, 4, 64, 89–90, 90–93, 148, 172–173, 194, 220 (see also Latin American entrepreneurial ecosystems; UK social entrepreneurship ecosystem)
contingencies
, 108
disadvantaged entrepreneurs
, 222
of Finland
, 96–97
goals and outcomes
, 108–109
processes
, 107–108
processes associated with and relational dynamics of
, 5
relationships between CSOs and disadvantaged EE in Sierra Leone
, 176
in Sierra Leone
, 175–176
and women’s entrepreneurship
, 65–66
Entrepreneurial Framework Conditions (EFCs)
, 65–67, 69
Entrepreneurial intention and approach
, 39–41
Entrepreneurial intentions
, 12, 40, 43–45
Entrepreneurial migrants
, 92
Entrepreneurial motivation
, 35, 40–42
Entrepreneurial skills development
, 174
‘Entrepreneurial’ firms
, 12
Entrepreneurs
, 2–3, 64, 123 (see also Migrant women entrepreneurs (MWEs))
relationship between incubator and
, 155–157
Entrepreneurship
, 2, 5, 12, 13, 33–34, 40, 64, 106, 148, 172 (see also Refugee entrepreneurship)
education
, 174
education and training
, 35
literature on barriers to entrepreneurship in deprived areas
, 37–39
migration and
, 88–89
rate
, 15
European Union (EU)
, 176
Existing research
on entrepreneurial ecosystem of Finland
, 96–97
epistemological position of
, 94
on lower skilled female migrants
, 98
Expectancy theory
, 13
Expectation
of enterprise
, 25
gaps between refugee entrepreneurs and business incubators
, 161
Expert resources
, 200–201
Extrinsic motivations
, 19–20, 21–23
Factor analysis
, 75
Family
, 105–106
Female entrepreneurial capacity
, 88
Female entrepreneurs
, 2, 94
Female migrants
, 95
Feminisation of migration
, 88
Finance
, 106–107
Financial capital
, 24
Football club social programmes
, 205
fans and SE clubs
, 206–207
football
, 205–206
materialism
, 207
self-efficacy
, 207–208
self-esteem
, 207
socialisation
, 207
Forced displacement
, 149–150
Formal education
, 45–46
Friendship
, 156
Gaps
in existing research
, 16
expectation
, 163, 164
gender gaps in Latin American entrepreneurship
, 66–67
knowledge
, 88
potential perception
, 223
Gender gaps in Latin American entrepreneurship
, 66–67
Gig working
, 23
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM)
, 13, 64, 68
Global wireless telecommunications technology
, 89
Government-defined income top-up mechanism
, 17
Gross domestic product (GDP)
, 67
Grounded theory
, 198
Harbouring approach
, 123, 130
to navigate institutional voids
, 135–137
Home-based entrepreneurial activities
, 134–135
Human capital
, 24, 34–35, 104–105
appropriate entrepreneurial
, 54
classic entrepreneurial intention models
, 41–43
defining entrepreneurial intention and approach to understanding key relationships
, 39–41
entrepreneurs
, 52–53
entrepreneurship
, 33–35
literature on barriers to entrepreneurship in deprived areas
, 37–39
neighbourhood contexts, self-efficacy and self-regulatory focus in deprived areas
, 51–52
neighbourhood contexts and human capital development in deprived areas
, 48–51
new entrepreneurial intention model 53
research questions
, 36–37, 52
role of
, 45–48
self-efficacy, self-regulatory focus and entrepreneurial intention
, 43–45
“Illegal immigrants”
, 127
Immigrant(s)
, 92–93
entrepreneurs
, 124
women
, 88
Inclusivity
, 89, 90, 97
Incubator, relationship between entrepreneurs and
, 155–157
Information technology (IT)
, 92, 203
Innovation
, 2
Institutional voids
, 130
anchoring approach to navigate
, 133–135
harbouring approach to navigate
, 135–137
model of navigating institutional voids in market participation
, 131
and refugee entrepreneurship
, 125–126
International Convention on Status of Refugees (1951)
, 124
International Council for Small Business (ICSB)
, 89
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
, 173
Intersection of values, conditions and context in poverty enterprise
, 19–20
Intersectionality perspective on entrepreneurship
, 139
Intrinsic motivations
, 19–20, 20–21
Intrinsic–extrinsic motivations
, 15
Isenberg’s model of EE
, 176
Kaiser–Meyer–Olin test (KMO test)
, 75
‘KulturLeben Hamburg e. V.’ movement
, 154
Labour Force Survey data
, 14
Latin American entrepreneurial ecosystems (see also UK social entrepreneurship ecosystem)
data description
, 68–69
disadvantage of women entrepreneurship in developing countries
, 67–68
EEs and women’s entrepreneurship
, 65–66
gap between men and women’s entrepreneurship in
, 64–65
gender gaps in Latin American entrepreneurship
, 66–67
informative results
, 78, 80
literature review
, 65
macrolevel
, 76–78
Mann–Whitney U-test results between women experts in Chile and Mexico
, 79
measures
, 71–75
mesolevel
, 78
method
, 75–76
methodology
, 68
regional data analysis
, 80–81
results
, 76
sample characteristics
, 69–71
Local Enterprise Growth Initiative
, 34
Malaysia, refugees in
, 122
entrepreneurial ecosystems on
, 138
Male entrepreneurs
, 88
Mann–Whitney U test
, 75–76, 78
Markets
, 104
Master of Business Administration (MBA)
, 155
Materialism
, 207
Meta-analysis
, 198
Micro venturing
, 12
Microenterprises
, 179
Migrant women entrepreneurs (MWEs)
, 88, 89, 112
choice of research method
, 97–98
coding scheme
, 119
culture
, 105–106
data collection and research participants’ backgrounds
, 98
as disadvantaged group
, 93–96
disadvantages
, 110–111
EE contingencies
, 108
EE goals and outcomes
, 108–109
EE processes
, 107–108
EE structures of
, 103
entrepreneurial ecosystems
, 90–93
factors driving MWEs’ business venturing decisions
, 100–103
finance
, 106–107
findings
, 100
gender-specific challenges
, 111–112
human capital
, 104–105
literature review
, 90
markets
, 104
policy
, 103–104
research context
, 96–97
research design and data analysis
, 98–100
support
, 105
themes
, 109–110
Migration
and entrepreneurship
, 88–89
spatial aspects of ecosystems and migration
, 92–93
‘Mission partners’
, 159
Motivations
, 11–12, 25, 40
data reduction
, 32
enterprise
, 13–16
extrinsic
, 21–23
findings
, 19
implications for policy
, 27–28
implications for research
, 27
intersection of values, conditions and context in poverty enterprise
, 19–20
intrinsic motivations
, 20–21
methodology
, 16–19
poverty
, 26–27
refined theorised relationship between motives and outcomes
, 26
role of capitals
, 24
RQs
, 25
‘MoveOn’ project
, 152, 153–155
National Expert Survey (NES)
, 68–69, 71
National Youth Commission (NaYCom)
, 178
Necessity
, 13
Necessity-driven entrepreneurial activities
, 122
Neighbourhood contexts
and human capital development in deprived areas
, 48–51
self-efficacy and self-regulatory focus in deprived areas
, 51–52
‘New Economic Geography’
, 48
Nokia Corporation
, 108
Non-financial value
, 25
Non-governmental organisations (NGOs)
, 127, 155, 180
Normality tests
, 75
NVIVO software
, 179–180
One-size-fits-all approach
, 137–138
Opportunity
, 13
motivations
, 14
Organisations
, 148
Perceived desirability
, 42
Personal independence payment (PIP)
, 23
Petty trading
, 186
CSOs in
, 7, 181–182
disadvantaged entrepreneurs engage in
, 172
entrepreneurial ecosystem
, 172, 174, 177, 185
Sierra Leone petty trading EE
, 178
Phoenix Development Fund
, 34
‘Place’
, 199
Planned behaviour theory
, 41
Plurality
, 123
Policy
, 103–104
Policy-makers
, 53, 176
Political favouritism
, 172
Poverty
, 12–13
and enterprise
, 15–16
intersection of values, conditions and context in
, 19–20
Principal component analysis (PCA)
, 75
Priori coding method
, 100
Propositions
, 36
1967 Protocol
, 122, 124, 126, 139
Public leaders
, 176
Push–pull motivations
, 12, 15, 19–20
Qualitative research
, 16
Quality
control procedures
, 134
of entrepreneurship
, 34
Quantitative-orientated studies
, 16
Recruitment
, 17
Refugee
, 124
crisis
, 148
refugee-run businesses
, 122
refugee-run enterprises
, 125
Refugee business incubators
, 149, 151–152
‘buddies’
, 157–158
business incubators
, 151–152
case description
, 153–155
constructive mechanisms
, 159–160
data analysis
, 153
data selection and collection
, 152–153
disruptive mechanisms
, 160–163
limitations
, 165
literature review
, 149
methodology
, 152
‘mission partners’
, 159
practical implications
, 164–165
refugee entrepreneurship
, 149–151
research design
, 152
research outlook
, 165
results
, 155
‘trustful safeguard’
, 155–157
types of interpersonal relationships
, 163–164
1951 Refugee Convention
, 122, 126, 139
Refugee entrepreneurs
, 123, 129, 132, 150
expectation gaps between business incubators and
, 161
relationship between
, 157–158
Refugee entrepreneurship
, 122–123, 123–125, 148, 149–151, 152
anchoring approach to navigate institutional voids
, 133–135
data analysis
, 129–130
data collection and sources
, 128–129
findings
, 132
harbouring approach to navigate institutional voids
, 135–137
informal institutions
, 138–139
institutional voids and
, 125–126
intersectionality perspective on entrepreneurship
, 139
limitations and future research
, 140–141
methods
, 126
model of navigating institutional voids in market participation
, 131
one-size-fits-all approach
, 137–138
practical implications
, 139–140
research context
, 126–127
Research questions (RQs)
, 16, 25, 36–37
Retentive capacity
, 205
Sampling technique
, 178
Scopus databases
, 3
Self-efficacy
, 43, 207–208
in deprived areas
, 51–52
and entrepreneurial intention
, 43–45
Self-employed firms
, 12
Self-employment
, 12, 124
Self-esteem
, 207
Self-regulatory focus
, 43
in deprived areas
, 51–52
and entrepreneurial intention
, 43–45
Semi-structured interviews
, 16–17
Shapero and Sokol’s theory
, 42
Sierra Leone
, 173, 186
AASL key activities in
, 181
bureaucracy in
, 183
CSOs impact on disadvantaged entrepreneurs in
, 179
disadvantaged (petty trading) entrepreneurial ecosystem in
, 185
disadvantaged entrepreneurs in
, 181–182, 222
EE in
, 175–176
entrepreneurs in
, 173
petty trading activities in
, 179
relationships between CSOs and disadvantaged EE in
, 176–178
Silicon Valley
, 92
Skills development
, 172, 174, 178
Small-and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)
, 2, 88–89, 176
Social capital
, 24, 163
Social cognitive theory
, 43
Social Enterprise Places (SEP)
, 198, 200
initiative
, 199–200
Social enterprises (SEs)
, 194, 196, 199
Social entrepreneurs (SEnts)
, 194, 195
Social entrepreneurship
, 159, 195
Social incubators
, 151
‘Social Media for Business’
, 107
Social norms
, 42–43
Social-interactive mechanisms
, 49–50
Socialisation
, 49, 106, 207
Sole trading firms
, 12
Stakeholder partnership and engagement
, 202
Starting microbusiness
, 124
‘StartUp Chile’ programme
, 78
Sub-Saharan African (SSA)
, 173, 175
Support
, 105
Sustainable development goals (SDGs)
, 89
Traditional push–pull thinking
, 12
‘Trustful safeguard’
, 155–157
UK Social Entrepreneurship
, 7
UK social entrepreneurship ecosystem (see also Latin American entrepreneurial ecosystems)
analysis
, 199
Clink SE
, 194–195
community housing mutual association
, 201–203
cybersecurity
, 203–205
expert resources
, 200–201
football club social programmes
, 205–208
literature
, 195–197
method
, 197–198
professionalisation of resources
, 208–209
SEnts
, 210
SEP initiative
, 199–200
shifting conceptual landscape
, 209
Uncertainty
, 161
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
, 122, 127
Unsupportive entrepreneurial ecosystem
, 39
Web of Science (WoS)
, 3
Women
entrepreneurs
, 64, 66
refugees
, 123
women-owned enterprises
, 93–94
Women’s entrepreneurship (see also Refugee entrepreneurship)
disadvantage in developing countries
, 67–68
EEs and
, 65–66
Working Tax Credit (WTC)
, 17
Young entrepreneurs
, 2–3
- Prelims
- Chapter 1: Disadvantaged Entrepreneurship and the Entrepreneurial Ecosystem: A Critical Literature Review and Introduction
- Theme 1: Background and Theory
- Chapter 2: The (Mixed) Motivations of Those Engaged in Enterprise and Experiencing Poverty
- Chapter 3: The Influence of Human Capital in Entrepreneurial Intention in Deprived Areas: A Theoretical Framework
- Theme 2: Contexts
- Chapter 4: A Gendered Perspective Applied to Latin American Entrepreneurial Ecosystems
- Chapter 5: Migrant Women Entrepreneurship and The Entrepreneurial Ecosystem
- Chapter 6: How do Refugee Entrepreneurs Navigate Institutional Voids? Insights from Malaysia
- Theme 3: Ecosystem Substitutes and Compliments
- Chapter 7: Relational Dynamics within Refugee Business Incubators: Bridging Refugee Entrepreneurs to the Host-Country Entrepreneurial Ecosystem
- Chapter 8: Disadvantaged Entrepreneurship Development: The Role of Civil Society Organisations in the Sierra Leone Petty Trading Entrepreneurial Ecosystem
- Chapter 9: The Ecosystem of UK Social Entrepreneurship: A Meta-Analysis of Contemporary Studies
- Chapter 10: Disadvantaged Entrepreneurship and the Entrepreneurial Ecosystem: Conclusions and Areas for Future Research
- Index