Prelims

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CREATIVE (AND CULTURAL) INDUSTRY ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN THE 21ST CENTURY

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CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN ENTREPRENEURSHIP RESEARCH

Series Editor: Volumes 1–6: Gerard McElwee; Volume 7 onward: Paul Jones

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CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN ENTREPRENEURSHIP RESEARCH - VOLUME 18A

CREATIVE (AND CULTURAL) INDUSTRY ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN THE 21ST CENTURY

EDITED BY

INGE HILL

The Open University, UK

SARA R. S. T. A. ELIAS

University of Victoria, Canada

STEPHEN DOBSON

University of Leeds, UK

and

PAUL JONES

Swansea University, UK

United Kingdom – North America – Japan – India – Malaysia – China

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Emerald Publishing Limited

Howard House, Wagon Lane, Bingley BD16 1WA, UK

First edition 2024

Editorial matter and selection © 2024 Inge Hill, Sara R. S. T. A. Elias, Stephen Dobson, and Paul Jones.

Individual chapters © 2024 The authors.

Published under exclusive licence by Emerald Publishing Limited.

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A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN: 978-1-80382-412-3 (Print)

ISBN: 978-1-80382-411-6 (Online)

ISBN: 978-1-80382-413-0 (Epub)

ISSN: 2040-7246 (Series)

Contents

About The Authors

Emmanuel Aboagye-Nimo is a Chartered Construction Manager (MCIOB) and a Senior Lecturer in Construction Management. He is a Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. He has a background in Quantity Surveying and Construction Management. He has researched and consulted on health and safety practices for numerous small and micro construction firms as well as safety groups. He has advocated for the acknowledgement of safety ideologies adopted by small teams on construction projects due to their overlooked and yet invaluable wealth of health and safety experience, which is often tacit. He is an Advocate for equality in the workplace and was the Former Chair for Race, Ethnicity, and Cultural Heritage at Nottingham Trent University. He has worked with a range of academic institutions and construction firms in implementing policies to enhance transparency and fair treatment of employees and also to improve employee well-being.

Doreen Adusei, MBE, FRSA, did a MA in Fashion from the Royal College of Art in London. She worked for Liberty of London, Harvey Nichols, and multinational companies including Courtaulds Textiles as a Designer and Trend Forecaster for many years. She has evolved to become an Educationalist and Creative Business Strategist. Her journey has involved many successful firsts within the UK including developing targeted programmes to win the UK Government’s National Skills Challenge Award competition. This led to the establishment of the Fashionworks’ programmes, which support employment and sustainable growth within the fashion and manufacturing sectors in London. In the last 20 years, Fashionworks has established an excellent track record and reputation within the wider creative industry for its inclusivity in delivery. In recognition of these high-impact programmes and initiatives, she was awarded an MBE in the Queen’s Birthday Honour List in 2006 for services to the Fashion industry.

Fiona Armstrong-Gibbs, PhD, is Programme Leader in Executive Education at Liverpool Business School and Chair of Baltic Creative Community Interest Company based in Liverpool. She combines her practice and research to explore how social enterprises and community-owned business models are a catalyst for responsible business growth, better ecosystems and contribute to sustainable local and regional economies.

Bhawana Bhardwaj, PhD, is Senior Assistant Professor at the School of Commerce and Management Studies, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, India. Her area of specialisation is HRM and OB. She has 17 years of teaching and research experience. She has been meritorious throughout her studies and has merit scholarships throughout her studies. As a Committed Academician and Prolific Writer, she has contributed by raising various social and organisational issues. She has also published two books on Organizational Effectiveness and Women Empowerment. She has published more than 34 research papers and book chapters in reputed refereed national and international journals. She has participated as well as acted as a resource person in different national and international conferences. She has also attended and organised numerous faculty development programmes along with workshops. As a resource person she has been immensely appreciated by the organisers for her pedagogy and content.

Jan Brown, PhD, is a Senior Lecturer in Marketing and Entrepreneurship at Liverpool Business School, Liverpool John Moores University (LJMU), UK. She obtained a PhD in Service Ecosystems and works collaboratively with a wide range of partners, from both academia and industry, who are willing to challenge boundaries to link theory to practice more creatively. Her current research includes social return on investment, creative ecosystems, and digital networking.

Eduardo P. B. Davel, PhD in Management from the École des Hautes Études Commerciales de Montreal (Canadá). Professor at the School of Management, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil. Leader of the research collective OCA – Organization, Culture, and Art (CNPq). Editor-in-chief of O&S – Organizations & Society Journal. He develops research and publishes on cultural entrepreneurship, management education, qualitative methods of research, learning, culture, creativity, art, and aesthetics in and around organisations.

Stephen Dobson, PhD, is Associate Professor in Creativity and Enterprise at the School of Performance and Cultural Industries, University of Leeds. His research interests span several areas relating to cultural and creative industries and entrepreneurship including entrepreneurial identity and creative enterprise, the creative workplace and leadership for fostering innovation and creativity, critical management, cross-disciplinary creativity, cultural and creative industries policy, and digital enterprise. At the wider scale he explores urbanism and especially the appropriation of degraded and abandoned spaces, fringe landscapes, and derelict space as opportunities for creativity, enterprise, and urban regeneration, creative clusters, and creative labs. He is also the Director of International Activities for the School of Performance and Cultural Industries.

Sara R. S. T. A. Elias, PhD, is an Associate Professor at the University of Victoria’s Peter B. Gustavson School of Business and a Research Associate of the Center for Psychosocial Organization Studies. Her research interests include creative entrepreneurial processes, entrepreneurial imagining, arts entrepreneurship, aesthetics in organisations and entrepreneurship, entrepreneurship as practice, and qualitative methodologies. These research interests stem from Sara’s background in Business, Engineering, and Music as well as from her experience as an Arts Entrepreneur, Music Manager, Performing Artist, and Managing Director of Associação CICO, an international centre for promoting the performing arts, headquartered in Portugal. She is Associate Editor of the Scandinavian Journal of Management and is a Member of the Editorial Boards of Art, Culture & Entrepreneurship and Organizações & Sociedade. She has published in Organization Studies, Organization Theory, Organization, Journal of Management Inquiry, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, Organizational Research Methods, among others.

Sandrine Emin, PhD in Management Science, is Senior Lecturer in Management and Entrepreneurship at the University of Angers (France) and Researcher at the laboratory GRANEM (Angevin Research Group in Economics and Management). Member of the Scientific Academy for Innovation and Entrepreneurship where she is the Co-director of Tracks on Cultural Entrepreneurship. Specialist of entrepreneurship, her research areas focus on collective entrepreneurship in economy solidarity and cultural industries – cultural clusters, local scenes – and on accompaniment of artist–entrepreneurs. She notably co-edited a special issue of the Review of Entrepreneurship/Revue de l’Entrepreneuriat on Cultural and Creative Entrepreneurship (2018, Vol. 18/1). Co-investigator of several research programs, currently the SCAENA project (Cultural Scenes, Atmospheres and urban transformations), a national program that aims to analyse the complex embeddedness between the cultural and artistic activities, presence of start-ups or creative entrepreneurs, and the socio-urban configuration of a territory.

Hannah Grannemann is an Assistant Professor and the Director of the Arts Administration Program at The University of North Carolina at Greensboro. She has published in the Journal of International Council on Small Business, Cultural Management: Science and Education, Arts Professional (UK), and Business Issues in the Arts (chapter) published by Routledge. Presentations include conferences for the Association of Arts Administration Educators (AAAE), Association of Theatre in Higher Education (ATHE), Hong Kong Academy for the Performing Arts, Society of Arts Entrepreneurship Educators (SAEE), the International Council on Small Business, and the Beijing Dance Academy Forum. She holds a BFA in Theatre from New York University/Tisch School of the Arts and an MFA/MBA in Theatre Management from Yale School of Drama/Yale School of Management. She was Executive Director of Children’s Theatre of Charlotte and Managing Director of PlayMakers Repertory Company. She writes about arts audiences on her blog Row X on ArtsJournal.com.

Inge Hill, PhD, FRSA, is a Lecturer in Entrepreneurship at The Open University. Her research investigates micro-exchange processes of SMEs and is rooted in process and practice theories. She investigates creative industry entrepreneurship, strategic business advice, and local economic development in urban and rural contexts and publishes on qualitative methodologies. She is an Associate Fellow with the Research England-funded cross-university National Innovation Centre of Rural Enterprise and co-leads the project’s research stream on rural creative enterprises. She has published widely including in Local Economy, Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, and the International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research, where she serves on the Editorial Review Board. She acts as Associate Editor for SN Business and Economics and regularly reviews AHRC/ESRC funding applications and for many journals including Cultural Trends and the European Journal of Management. She serves on the Council of the British Academy of Management and is the Lead Editor of this edited book.

Jacqueline Jenkins, PhD, is a Senior Lecturer at Nottingham Business School, Nottingham Trent University, UK. Her research is multidisciplinary as it encompasses creative disciplines/creative industries, gender, and entrepreneurship. Her research fits under four main themes: entrepreneurial identity, entrepreneurs in the creative industries, female entrepreneurship, and higher education shaping entrepreneurial outcomes. Her PhD thesis is entitled Creative Discipline Education Shaping Entrepreneurial Outcomes in the Creative Industries, a Gender Perspective. The research explored the role that higher education plays in shaping entrepreneurial outcomes in supporting students’ preparation for obtaining work in their chosen industry including working self-employed/freelance. She teaches on a variety of courses at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels with particular focus on management, project management, and entrepreneurship. She brings her research into her teaching by understanding the significance of situating academic theories and models into a business context and real-life business case studies.

Paul Jones, PhD, Professor, is Head of School and Professor of Entrepreneurship and Innovation at the School of Management, Swansea University. He is Editor-in-Chief on the International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research journal. He is also Associate Editor with the journal International Journal of Management Education and a Senior Editor on Information Technology and People. He is also Series Editor of the Contemporary Issues in Entrepreneurship Research book series published by Emerald Publishing. He is a prolific entrepreneurial researcher and has authored over 100 refereed journal articles in his career to date. In addition, he has co-edited 14 books to date on various contemporary entrepreneurial topics. His research predominantly explores entrepreneurial behaviour and small business management.

Rajeev Kamineni, PhD, started his working career in a bookstore almost three decades ago and then moved onto Area Sales Manager, Director, Executive Director, Chief Officer, Lecturer, and Head of Program positions. He is a multiple award-winning lecturer with lecturing stints in Australia, South Africa, Singapore, Japan, India, and Dubai. Currently Associate Head of accreditation at Adelaide Business School and teaching management for University of Adelaide’s students, he is an active Rotarian for many years and is currently the 100th President of Rotary Adelaide. He was actively involved in financing 35 movies and producing 14 movies in the Indian movie industry. With a PhD in movie entrepreneurship and a lifelong passion for cinema, he was also an Organiser and Executive Committee Member of the Chennai International Film Festival (CIFF) and with Ruth Rentschler published the renowned book Indian Movie Entrepreneurship: Not Just Song and Dance (Routledge, 2020). It was judged one of the top movie books of all time.

Ellen Loots, PhD in Applied Economics from Antwerp University, Belgium, is specialised in Arts Management, Cultural Organisations, and Creative Entrepreneurship, and has a special interest in the motivations and behaviours of individuals and organisations in the cultural and creative industries. Social challenges such as justice, community, and sustainability influence many of her choices in research and teaching. She currently works at Erasmus University Rotterdam, the Netherlands.

Simony R. Marins, PhD in Management at the School of Management, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil; Visiting Scholar at the Faculty of Business and Law of University of Portsmouth, UK; Master in Management at the State University of Ceará, Brazil; Bachelor of Tourism at the Fluminense Federal University, Brazil; and Researcher at the collective OCA – Organization, Culture, and Art (CNPq). Researches and publishes on cultural and arts entrepreneurship, tourism, learning, qualitative methods, aesthetics, and organisations.

Maggie Murphy is the Art & Design Librarian at The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, where she works with students, faculty, and curators in the School of Art, interdisciplinary Arts Administration Program, Department of Interior Architecture, and Weatherspoon Art Museum. She is also affiliated faculty in the Department of Religious Studies, teaching a course on fandom and popular culture through the analytic lens of religion. She previously worked as the Visual Resources Curator at Queens College (CUNY). Her research interests include artistic research practice, craft entrepreneurship, creative pedagogy, and contemporary engagement with print culture.

Ernestine Nnam Ning, PhD, is a Senior Lecturer in Entrepreneurship and Small Business Management, at the Faculty of Business and Law, University of Portsmouth Business School, UK. She was previously a Lecturer in Enterprise and Entrepreneurship at Coventry University, UK, a Teaching Assistant at the University of Edinburgh Business School, Scotland, UK, where she earned her PhD in Management (Entrepreneurship and Innovation). Prior to her PhD program, she was a full-time Assistant Lecturer at the University of Buea in Cameroon. Her research and expertise revolve in the broad areas of entrepreneurship, new venture creation and family business, with a special interest in the nature and role of family networks and their effects on the entrepreneurial performance of pluriactive entrepreneurs in Africa. She has authored book chapters and has published articles in leading entrepreneurship journals.

Samuel Osei-Nimo, PhD, is a Senior Lecturer in Business and a Higher Education Academy Fellow. His doctoral studies and previous research projects influenced his interests. He has studied organisational environments using Systems-thinking and Information Systems methodologies. He is interested in power, knowledge, and systems approaches. Utilising his background in business and information systems, he has also explored and successfully investigated the effectiveness of Soft Systems Methodology in assisting with Foucault’s poststructuralist approach to addressing problematic situations in Western culture. He uses systemic (holistic) methodologies to identify, classify, and contrast different discourses, practices, and organisational actors in the fashion and creative industries. He is a Course Director and Link Tutor at Birmingham City University’s Business, Law, and Social Sciences Research Ethics Committee. He has supervised doctoral research in entrepreneurship, organisational identities, and diversity.

Balkrishan is a PhD scholar at the HPKVBS, School of Commerce and Management Studies, at Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Dharamshala, India. He is three times UGC-NET (University Grant Commission – National Eligibility Test) qualified in the subject of Labour Welfare/Personnel Management/Industrial Relations/Labour and Social Welfare/Human Resource Management. He holds a Master’s of Business Administration postgraduate degree from the Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Dharamshala, India, with a specialisation in the field of Human Resource Management and Organisational Behaviour.

Ulrike Posselt writes a PhD thesis at the University of Gloucestershire, studies Philosophy/Sociology at the Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, and holds Diplomas in Communication Design and Business Administration. She is an Independent Researcher and has been a Visiting Lecturer. Her research focuses on intra-/interpersonal flow experiences in teams. She works as a communications consultant and helps entrepreneurial clients in Europe and North America to realise their business models and develop their organisations to meet their clients’ needs. She worked for private and public clients such as Deutsche Bank, AirLiquide, and the states of Hessen and Rhineland-Palatinate. She began her career with formal training as a Typographer and won State and National Awards.

Ruth Rentschler, PhD, OAM (BA Hons Melbourne PhD Monash) is Professor of Arts & Cultural Leadership at the University of South Australia. She has a strong interest in the creative and cultural industries, entrepreneurship, diversity, and inclusion. She serves the community as Chair of the Board of Australian Dance Theatre and No Strings Attached Theatre of Disability. She has published in top journals such as Journal of Business Ethics, British Journal of Management, Personnel Review, and European Journal of Marketing, to name a few. With Rajeev Kamineni she published the renowned book Indian Movie Entrepreneurship: Not Just Song and Dance (Routledge, 2020). It was judged one of the top movie books of all time.

Jennifer Reis, Assistant Professor of Arts Administration at The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, is a Creative Entrepreneur, Artist, Educator, and Curator with 25 years’ experience in Arts Business and Administration. Her earned degrees include a BFA from Columbus College of Art and Design and graduate degrees in Arts Management, Studio Art, and Arts Education from Syracuse University and Morehead State University. She is a Master Facilitator for adult learning initiatives such as the Kauffman Foundation’s FastTrac entrepreneurship education program and the AIR Institute’s courses in arts-based community and economic revitalisation. Through her consulting company Make Do Creative, she supports foundations invested in developing artist–entrepreneurs and with community and economic development, trade, governmental, and cultural organisations to design, manage, and deliver creative entrepreneurship curriculum.

Nathalie Schieb-Bienfait, PhD in Management Science, is Full Associate Professor and Director of Research in Management and Entrepreneurship at Nantes University. Researcher at the laboratory LEMNA, Associate Editor with the academic Journal Review of Entrepreneurship (Revue de l’Entrepreneuriat) and Member of the Board of AEI (Academy for Innovation and Entrepreneurship). Specialist of entrepreneurship in cultural and creative industries, accompaniment of artist–entrepreneurs, innovation process, and small business management, she has authored over 80 refereed journal articles in her career to date. Director for several multidisciplinary research programmes on the evaluation of cultural activities value, on the artistic work, and on the entrepreneurial competences. She notably co-edited a special issue of the Review of Entrepreneurship/Revue de l’Entrepreneuriat on Cultural and Creative Entrepreneurship (2018, Vol. 18/1), in the International Journal of Arts Management (2018, Vol. 20/1), in the book Entrepreneurship in Culture and Creatives Industries (2018, Springer). Her last book is entitled From the Entrepreneur to Entrepreneuring (Paris, EMS, 2022; https://www.univ-nantes.fr/nathalie-schieb-bienfait).

Marie Segares, has launched or expanded programs in every full-time job she has held during her career in the non-profit health and education industries. She has earned her AB in Sociology from Barnard College, her MPH in Sociomedical Sciences from Columbia University, her MBA in Entrepreneurship & Innovation and Leadership & Change Management from New York University, and her EdD in Organizational Leadership Studies from Northeastern University. She has taught business, entrepreneurship and social entrepreneurship, human resources, management and organisational behaviour, marketing, health education and public health, and health care management courses at the undergraduate, post-baccalaureate, and graduate levels in face-to-face, online, and hybrid learning environments. She is an Associate Professor and the Founding Director of the MS in Management at St. Francis College. Her areas of research interest include artisan entrepreneurship, creative business, microenterprise, leadership, small business marketing, and gender and diversity in entrepreneurship and organisations.

Dipanker Sharma is Professor at Central University of Himachal Pradesh in the School of Commerce and Management Studies and teaches Human Resource Management and Organisational Behaviour. Specialised in Human Resource Management, he has total work experience of 17 years. He carries rich industrial exposure and has conducted extensive research. With an illustrious industrial experience for more than a decade as a Corporate Trainer with many renowned MNCs, his contribution to academia becomes unparalleled. He has received several national and international awards for capacity building and patents. He has done short assignments in Asian countries like Hong Kong, Dubai, Bhutan, and Singapore and has taken up many research projects on women empowerment and related issues. His area of research includes Entrepreneurship, Brain Circulation of Human Capital, Leadership, Work-life Balance, Workforce Diversity, and Knowledge Management.

David Sharpe is a Business Consultant specialising in digital and creative industries. Based in Wollongong, Australia, he undertakes strategic research and analysis for government agencies and provides management and operational advice to companies and not-for-profit organisations working across the full range of cultural and creative industries. He is completing a PhD at the University of Wollongong focusing on narrative accounts of creative industries entrepreneurs. He blogs about the process at https://creativebusinessleadership.com/. He has taught at the University of Technology, Sydney and the Australian Film Television and Radio School. His seminar paper on narrative accounts of careers within the cultural and creative industries is available at https://pathwaysbeyondeconomicgrowth.wordpress.com/.

Foreword

The cultural and creative activities are perhaps the Cinderella of the industrial policy, business and the entrepreneurship and innovation worlds. However, in the last decade they have not only ‘come to the ball’ but are also being proposed as the great hope of the future. This should give us caution as well as hope. The hope of course is that the field of the cultural and creative industries is given its appropriate moment in the spotlight and more research is encouraged; however, the concern is that simplistic and erroneous lessons will be proposed. As the contributors to this volume demonstrate, there are a vast wealth of experiences, contexts, processes, and outcomes to absorb, let alone draw lessons from. I particularly welcome the breath of authorial origin, gender, and generation: something that reflects the economy studied. These contributions will repay careful consideration both in terms of their variety and their unique response to (social, cultural, economic, and regulatory) embeddedness.

Sadly, much of the scholarship in this field has been nationally or locally based; the challenges and opportunities of learning through comparison and contrast are so seldom taken. This collection is a welcome exception to that rule. Moreover, it is a reminder that the creative economy is a feature of ALL economies and societies, not just those of the Global North, or of World Cities. This collection is expansive in its selection of context and contrast. We are reminded by UNCTAD in its regular creative economy report updates that the growth rate of the creative economy is greater in the Global South than the Global North.

It is a further welcome aspect of this collection that it takes a more ‘open’ view of what economies and entrepreneurship is and whom it is ‘for’. The expansion of the Creative economy to embrace both, the for- and the not-for profit as well as the formal and informal, and the social and the economic echoes that of the wider understanding of business organisations. To be sure, it is a complex challenge for researchers; but it is also one that is ‘resolved’ each and every day by practitioners.

In the light of the (hopefully) post-COVID world we have been given a strong reminder of the challenge of sustainability for those working in the creative economy. Sustainability can be seen from two dimensions here, both are picked up in the collection. First, sustainability, as in resilience and the ability of ‘go on’. It is notable that many creative businesses are past masters in dealing with crisis and risk. In fact, the degree to which these businesses do not just survive, but thrive, indicates that there are lessons to be learned. Second, sustainability in the environmental sense. We have been too slow to recognise the impacts that cultural and creative activities can have on the environment; we seem to have assumed them to be benign. However, the lessons of struggling to understand the experiences of working in the creative economy have encouraged more relational ideas of co-dependency and more generally circular and heuristic thinking. We will certainly need them in the coming years.

Andy Pratt

UNESCO Chair for Global Creative Economy

Professor of Cultural Economy and Director of the Centre for Culture, and the Creative Industries

City University, University of London