Absolute poverty

, 2–3

Accounting

, 92

Active villagers

, 155–157

Adaptation, Goal-attainment, Integration and Latency scheme (AGIL scheme)

, 25

Adaptation function

, 25

Agriculture

, 172

agricultural products

, 179

agriculture-based tourism

, 12

Agritourism experiences, difference in

, 184

“All-for-one” tourism strategy

, 45, 198

Alternative development theory

, 18–19

An Isolated Island: Extreme Poverty

, 78–81

Archival records

, 66

Assets

, 23

asset-based community development approach

, 23

asset-based development approach

, 23

Axial coding

, 69

B&B Associations

, 129, 135, 190

Beijing Consensus

, 200

Beneficiaries, spectrum of villagers as

, 151–165

Blood transfusion poverty alleviation (1949–1978)

, 36

Bottom-up community development

, 20–21

Branding Project

, 99–100

British Department for International Development

, 11

Business of “playing”, The

, 82

Cambridge Dictionary

, 2

Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA)

, 169, 171

Capability

, 143

approach

, 196

poverty approach

, 3–5

Cause–effect approaches

, 54–55

Chamber of Commerce, The

, 178

China

economy

, 99

poverty alleviation work

, 40–41, 198

progress on poverty alleviation

, 36–40

rural community development as system

, 50–51

rural revitalization

, 40–41

tourism as strategy to reduce poverty

, 34–50

tourism-oriented alleviation and development

, 41–45

toward framework of research

, 37

China National Tourism Administration

, 58

Chinese Communist Party Central Committee

, 119

Chinese government

, 99

Chinese philosophies

, 167

Chitan Hydropower Station

, 77–78, 100–101

“Circle of accumulation causality” theory

, 8–9

Civil societies

, 48

Coding

, 69

Collective economy

, 199

Collective enterprises

, 195

Collective entities

, 190

Collective management, different attitudes toward

, 183–184

Collective rent dividends

, 195

Communication and information technologies

, 47–48

Community development

, 20, 23, 28

strategies

, 9–10

Community/communities

, 190–191

assets

, 23

community-based tourism

, 31

participation

, 21, 28

resources

, 144

tourism

, 11

Companies, from factions to

, 91–93

Competition through price and fists

, 88–91

Competitiveness

, 18

Complexity-based system hierarchy

, 24

Confucianism

, 187

Constructionism

, 56

Constructionist research

, 62–63

Constructivism

, 55–56

Constructivist approach of grounded theory

, 70–71

Consumption transformation

, 123

Continuous comparative analysis

, 70

Continuous process

, 133

Cooperative villagers

, 157–158

Critical theory

, 56

Cruise Associations

, 190

Cruise Branch of Taining Tourism Association

, 90–91

Cruise companies

, 155–156

Cusco, Peru

, 172–173

results

, 176–178

tourism development

, 176

Dajin Lake, villas by

, 104–106

Dajin Lake Administration Bureau of Taining County

, 85

Dajin Lake Attraction

, 161–162

Dajin Lake Chorography

, 85

Dajin Lake Comprehensive Development Leading Group

, 87

Dajin Lake Cruise Association

, 113, 115–116

game between government and

, 125–129

Dajin Lake Cruise Co., Ltd.

, 114, 121, 137

Dajin Lake Cruise Dispatching Center

, 92

Dajin Lake Fisheries Association

, 111–112, 115

limitations of

, 123–125

Dajin Lake Fishery Co., Ltd.

, 111, 137

Dajin Lake Organic Fish

, 125

Dajin Lake Planning Group

, 82

Dajin Lake Tourism Committee

, 113

Data collection

, 61–69

techniques

, 54

Data credibility

, 70–71

Dependency theory, the

, 17

Deprivation score

, 4–5

Development mode

, 47

Development process for pro-poor tourism

, 11

Development theories

, 17–18

Development-oriented poverty alleviation (1986–1993)

, 37

Dianshang Group

, 124

Direct observation

, 63

Division of labor

, 92

Documents

, 66

Double-cropping rice

, 75–76

Dual-sector model

, 8

Dual-track collaborative development model

, 201

Dual-track hypothesis

, 191

Dynamic equilibrium

, 25

Economic growth models

, 16–17

Economic systems

, 24

Ecosystems

, 24

Effective participation

, 9–10

Egalitarianism, problem of

, 129–130

Eight-point Regulations

, 119–121

“8–7 plan”

, 38

Elite groups

, 199

Elite villagers

, 151–155

Empowerment

, 21–22

Entire-village advancement poverty alleviation (20021–2012):

, 38

Entrepreneurs and first collective investment

, 93–96

Escaped villagers

, 159–161

Ethnographic case study

, 57

Etiquette society

, 20

Evaluation indexes

, 174–175

Expressway Connection Project, the

, 99–100

Factions

, 89

to companies

, 91–93

Facts

, 72

Family

, 89, 151

Farmers

, 151

Farming

, 145–146

Fengdong Storage Dam

, 102

Fengdong Villa

, 85

First collective investment

, 93–96

Fisheries Association, The

, 107, 113, 190, 193–194

Fishery Co., Ltd.

, 135

Fishing

, 78, 145–146

Focused coding

, 69–70

Forest Travel Company

, 91–92

Four Unifications principle

, 92

Fujian Tourism Group

, 126

Fund-raising enterprises

, 195

Gastronomy

, 176

Gemeinschaft society

, 20

General system theory

, 24

Generational transmission

, 40–41

Gesellschaft society

, 20

Glaser’s classical approach

, 69

Global Multidimensional Poverty Index

, 4–5

Goal-attainment function

, 25

Golden age, the

harmonious village

, 115–117

hug for warmth

, 107–117

pooling resources for tourism projects

, 100–104

regulating tourism for sustained growth

, 99–117

The Fisheries Association

, 107–113

the overlord of the lake

, 113–115

villas by Dajin Lake

, 104–106

Golden Cat Travel Company

, 91–92

Golden Lake Travel Consulting Company

, 91–92

Government

, 192–193, 199

game between Dajin Lake Cruise Association and

, 125–129

government-affiliated attraction management company

, 128

intervention

, 192–193

interventional strategies

, 9

system

, 190

traditional top-down management approach

, 107–108

Gross domestic product (GDP)

, 30, 34

Handicraft

, 176

Happiness

, 6

Harmonious village

, 115–117

Heritage-based tourism

, 12

Holistic system

, 20

Household Responsibility System

, 37, 191

Human Poverty Index (HPI)

, 3–4

HPI-1

, 3–4

HPI-2

, 3–4

Imbalanced development, spectrum of villagers as beneficiaries

, 151–165

In-depth interview

, 65

Inductive analysis

, 69

Inequality

, 40–41

“Influence” concept

, 27–28

Initial coding

, 69

Intangible resources

, 190–191

Integration function

, 25

Integrative tourism development

, 198

International associations

, 170–171

International Monetary Fund

, 18

International organizations

, 188

International tourism

, 17–18

Interviews

, 54, 62–63

Jade Dragon Snow Mountain

, 179

Jade Village

, 179–180

Jinxi river valley

, 76

Kakheti, Georgia

, 171–175

economy

, 172–173

results

, 173–174

tourism development

, 172–173

Kakheti Destination Management Organization (Kakheti DMO)

, 174

Lake Geneva in China

, 81–85

Land of Fish and Rice, The

, 76–78

Lashihai Village

, 183

Latency

, 25

Legal society

, 20

Light trap method

, 107

Lijiang River

, 85

Living systems

, 24

Local power

, 191–192

Local-based tourism development methods

, 19

Location-based PATpractices and experiences

, 45

Market consumption transformation

, 121

Market economy

, 187

system

, 91

Market system

, 190

Material well-being

, 135–138

Medical care

, 195

Meikou Town

, 61

Meikou Township Party Committee

, 164

Member-sharing enterprises

, 195

Migration

bureau dividends

, 195

subsidies

, 195

Millennium Development Goals

, 1–2

Ministry of Culture and Tourism

, 34–35

Ministry of Foreign Affairs

, 103–104

Ministry of Internal Affairs of Georgia

, 172

Modern society

, 25

Modernization theory, the

, 17

Multidisciplinary approach

, 16–17

Mutuality of overlapping governance

, 193–194

Nanhai Fishing Village project

, 121

National Administration for Rural Revitalization

, 35

National Bureau of Statistics of China (NBS)

, 37

National level strategy

, 42

Natural resources

, 58

Natural-based tourism

, 31

Nature-based tourism

, 12

Neoliberalism

, 18, 200

Neoliberalist theory, the

, 18

New villagers

, 161–164

Nongjiale

, 42–43

Nongovernment organizations (NGOs)

, 171

Nonlocal investors

, 161

Numerical measurements

, 54–55

Objective approaches

, 6

Observations

, 54, 62–63

Old Town Cruise Company

, 91–92

Online platforms

, 142

Open system theory

, 24

Organic agriculture

, 176

Overlapping governance, mutuality of

, 193–194

Overlord of the Lake, The

, 113–115

Pacific Asia Travel Association (PATA)

, 169, 171

Participant observation

, 63

Participation model

, 10, 27–28

Participation-in-poverty-alleviation method

, 9–10

Participatory governance approach, The

, 9

Participatory process of vulnerable groups

, 21–22

Partnerships

, 22

Passive villagers

, 158–159

Peruvian government, The

, 175

Planned economy

, 187

Pooling resources for tourism projects

, 100–104

Poor-oriented PAT strategy

, 41–42

Positivism

, 54–55

Postdevelopment

, 19–20

Postmodernism

, 19

Postpositivism

, 56

Poststructuralist approach

, 19–20

Poverty

, 2

absolute and relative poverty

, 2–3

analysis and interpretation

, 69–71

approaches

, 2–12

capability poverty approach

, 3–5

combating poverty through tourism

, 188–203

concepts

, 2–4, 12, 29

data collection and sampling

, 61–69

reduction

, 23, 57

reflections

, 71–72

research paradigm and qualitative inquiry

, 54–58

Shuiji Village

, 56–57

subjective well-being approach

, 5–6

termination

, 36

tourism as strategy to reduce

, 34–50

in tourism lens

, 54–72

Poverty alleviation

, 42–43, 135

methods

, 40–41

progress on

, 36–40

strategies

, 37–38

tackling key problems of

, 38

impact of tourism on

, 29–32

Poverty alleviation through tourism (PAT)

, 10, 12, 34, 41, 194, 200

A Tale of Two Villages in Yunnan Province, China

, 179–184

concept of

, 40

Cusco

, 172–173

economic impact

, 194–195

beyond economic impacts

, 195–196

impacts of PAT in China

, 43

Kakheti

, 171–175

poor people development and economic growth

, 41–42

postalleviation issues

, 199–200

rural revitalization strategy

, 198

Sa Pa Town

, 168–171

social stratification

, 197–198

stakeholder participation and involvement in

, 44

strategies and modes in China

, 41–42

subjective well-being

, 196–197

through tourism cases

, 167–184

Pro-poor tourism (PPT)

, 11–12, 15–16, 38, 188

development

, 171

Production method

, 151

Professional training workshops

, 169

Provincial-level poverty village, A

, 79–80

Qualitative approaches

, 5

Qualitative coding

, 69

Qualitative research

, 55–56, 71

Quantitative approaches

, 5

Quantitative estimation

, 5

Quantitative methodologies

, 54–55

Red Maple Travel Company

, 91–92

Red River Village, The

, 180–181

Regional Competitiveness Plan (2012–2021)

, 177

Regional development-oriented PAT strategy

, 41–42

Regional rebalancing process

, 26–27

Relative poverty

, 2–3

Reservoir Area Migration Bureau

, 137

Reservoir resources

, 107–108

Resident participation

, 21

Resources

, 23

Restaurants

, 135

Reticular systems

, 24

Rural community

, 188, 190

development

, 50–51, 111–112, 199

system

, 165

tourism

, 176

Rural Household Responsibility System

, 78, 95

Rural revitalization

, 40–41

poverty alleviation through

, 194–200

strategy

, 198

Rural social stratification

, 164–165

Rural society

, 192

Sa Pa Town, Vietnam

, 168–171

PATA Foundation and CIDA Project

, 169

results

, 170

tourism development

, 168–169

Sampling

, 61, 68–69

Selective coding

, 69

Self-referentiality concept

, 25

Semi-structured interviews

, 65–66

Sensemaking process

, 54

“Service Guarantee Deposit” system

, 92

Service system

, 24

Shanghai-Dajin Lake

, 100

Shareholding cooperative companies

, 137

Shuiji B&B Association

, 115, 117, 129

Shuiji Cruise Company

, 91–92

Shuiji model, the

characteristics of Shuiji experiences

, 188–194

combating poverty through tourism

, 188–203

government role

, 192–193

intangible resources

, 190–191

local power

, 191–192

mutuality of overlapping governance

, 193–194

poverty alleviation through tourism and rural revitalization

, 194–200

practical implications

, 202–203

theoretical contributions

, 200–202

Shuiji Village

, 56–57, 75, 158–159

An Isolated Island: Extreme Poverty

, 78–81

capability

, 143

early development of tourism in

, 75–85

impacts of tourism on

, 134–147

Lake Geneva in China

, 81–85

lifestyle

, 138–142

material well-being

, 135–138

The Land of Fish and Rice

, 76–78

topophilia

, 144–147

Shuiji Village Shareholding Economic Cooperative in Meikou Township

, 154

Smart systems

, 24

Social enterprises

, 31

Social income distribution process

, 8–9

Social resources

, 23

Social security insurance

, 195

Social stratification

, 197–198

Social subsystems

, 25

Social systems

, 24

dynamic equilibrium

, 194

theory

, 24

Souvenir shops

, 135

Soviet Union

, 172

Spectrum of villagers as beneficiaries

, 151–165

active villagers

, 155–157

cooperative villagers

, 157–158

elite villagers

, 151–155

escaped villagers

, 159–161

new villagers

, 161–164

passive villagers

, 158–159

rural social stratification

, 164–165

Stagnation of development

challenges and opportunities

, 120–130

game between Dajin Lake Cruise Association and government

, 125–129

limitations of Dajin Lake Fisheries Associations

, 123–125

problem of egalitarianism

, 129–130

trap of tourist numbers

, 121–123

Stakeholders

approaches and perspectives

, 48

governance theory

, 27–28

participation and involvement in PAT

, 44

participation concept

, 28

theories

, 27–28

Starving

, 78

Statistical analysis

, 54–55

Structural poverty elements

, 40–41

Structural reform poverty alleviation (1979–1985)

, 37

Structured interviews

, 65–66

Subjective poverty

, 6

Subjective well-being approach

, 5–6, 196–197

Supplier system

, 190

Sustainable Development Goals

, 176

Sustainable tourism

, 11–12, 22, 168–169, 188

Sustainable Tourism–Eliminating Poverty (ST-EP)

, 16, 41

Sustained growth, regulating tourism for

, 99–117

System theories

, 24, 27, 115, 188, 190

in tourism

, 26

Taining Agricultural Bureau

, 110

Taining County Archives

, 76

Taining County Bureau of Statistics

, 78

Taining County Chorography (2015)

, 109

Taining County Chronicles (2005)

, 100

Taining County Government

, 82, 99–104, 121

Taining County Hospital

, 160

Taining County Party Committee

, 82

Taining County Tourism Bureau

, 90–91

Taining Naughty Festival

, 122

Taining Tourism Association

, 91

Taining tourism industry

, 120–121

Taining Tourism Management Committee

, 102–103

Tale of Two Villages in Yunnan Province, A, China

, 179–184

difference in agritourism experiences

, 184

different attitudes toward collective management

, 183–184

different attitudes toward tourism

, 181–182

Jade Village

, 179–180

The Red River Village

, 180–181

Taobao

, 142

Taoist relativism

, 1

Targeted poverty alleviation (2013–2020)

, 39

Theoretical coding

, 69

Ticket revenue distribution

, 128

TikTok

, 142

Top-down community development

, 20–21

Topophilia

, 144–147

Tourism

, 103, 168

alternative development

, 18–19

approaching poverty in tourism lens

, 54–72

attractions

, 58

combating poverty through

, 188–203

community development

, 20–23

concepts and approaches

, 16–32

development process

, 28, 31, 197

development theories

, 17–18

different attitudes toward

, 181–182

early development of tourism in Shuiji

, 75–85

impacts of tourism on Shuiji

, 134–147

management process

, 31

pooling resources for tourism projects

, 100–104

postdevelopment

, 19–20

poverty alleviation through

, 10, 12, 167, 184, 194, 200

regulating tourism for sustained growth

, 99–117

research

, 56

resources

, 23

stakeholder theories

, 27–28

as strategy to reduce poverty

, 34–50

system theories

, 24, 26–27

impact of tourism on poverty alleviation

, 29–32

tourism-oriented poverty reduction programs

, 41

tourism-related business

, 135

tourism-related companies

, 135–136

“Tourism+” strategy

, 45, 198

Tourist numbers, trap of

, 121–123

Tractor plowing

, 75–76

Traditional production methods

, 145–146

Transportation sector

, 30

Travel agencies

, 155–156

Travel-related companies

, 155–156

Trickle-down effect

, 18

Trickle-down theory

, 8

UNESCO

, 103

World Heritage Site

, 58

World Natural Heritage

, 102

United Nations Development Programme, The

, 3–4

United Nations Environment Program (UNEP)

, 170

United Nations Millennium Development Goals

, 16–17

United Nations World Summit on Social Development, The

, 1–2

United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)

, 11–12, 16, 41, 188

sustainable development goals

, 167

Unobtrusive document research

, 62–63

Unstructured/open-ended interviews

, 65–66

Vietnam government

, 168–169

Village committee

, 95

Villagers as beneficiaries, spectrum of

, 151–165

Villas by Dajin Lake

, 104–106

Vulnerability

, 79

WaterStorage Dam Project, the

, 99–100, 193

World Bank, The

, 2–4, 15–16, 18, 173–175

World Geopark, the

, 102, 193

application

, 102

World Natural Heritage designations

, 193

World Tourism Alliance (WTA)

, 45

World Tourism Organization (2005)

, 176

Wuyi Mountains

, 85

Xiafang Group

, 149–151

Xinhengji Co., Ltd.

, 113, 115

Yequyuan Attraction

, 137

Youke

competition through price and fists

, 88–91

entrepreneurs and first collective investment

, 93–96

from factions to companies

, 91–93

fighting for

, 88–96

Young apprentice

, 81

Youth Travel Company

, 91–92

Yulong Village

, 183

Yunnan Province

, 179