Alternative work arrangements

, 62

Anglo-Saxon countries

, 81, 96

Anglo-Saxon deregulatory employment practices

, 36

Blue-collar workers

, 39

Boundaryless careers

, 59

Bureau of Labor Statistics

, 62

Capitalist accumulation

, 5

Conservative light

, 81

Contingent Worker Survey

, 62

Contract precariousness

, 75

Core workforce

, 82

Corporatist policy-making

, 6

Corrosion

, 13

Cost-cutting strategies

, 190

Country-level Labour Force Surveys

, 61

Decentralisation

, 22

collective bargaining

, 35

company-level agreements

, 33

sectoral and company agreements

, 34

wage-setting mechanisms

, 35

Deliveroo

, 189

El Khomri reforms

, 43

Employment levels

, 50

Employment Precariousness Scale

, 70

Employment protection legislation (EPL)

, 4

Belgium

, 39

EU governance framework

, 39

open-ended contracts

, 37

public sectors

, 40

severance pay

, 38

Employment relationship

employment levels

, 50

Employment Precariousness Scale

, 70

individual choice approach

, 64–65

individual contracts approach

, 62–65

individual risk of precariousness

, 66

“lack of choice” element

, 72

quality of work approach

, 65–66

EU-10 countries

, 81

EU-15 countries

, 81

European Union

employment protection legislation

, 37–40

flexible employment

, 40–47

higher education mismatch

, 113

income

, 110

insecurity

, 111

involuntary part-time

, 97

involuntary temporary

, 99

labour market developments

, 32–37

long usual hours of work

, 105

night/shift work

, 101

PES involvement

, 109

precarious score (See Precarious score)

Saturday/Sunday work

, 103

unpaid overtime

, 106

working conditions dissatisfaction

, 114

European Union Labour Force Survey (EU LFS)

, 61, 74

European workforce

, 11

EUROSTAT

, 74

Exclusion

, 23

Expansion of higher education

, 50

External flexibility

, 7

Female labour market participation rates

, 50

Financialisation

, 13

Fixed-term employment contract

, 55

Flexibilisation of production

, 50

Flexible contracts

, 54, 57–59

Flexible employment

, 8

employers commitment

, 40

EU labour markets

, 40

Greece

, 43

health risks

, 42

internal devaluation policies

, 43

in-work poverty

, 42

Italy

, 42–43

labour market entry barriers

, 41

liberalisation

, 44

long-term effectiveness

, 44

low-pay

, 42

non-standard work

, 42

Portugal

, 43

proliferation

, 12

risk of poverty

, 42

segmentation

, 40

Spanish labour market reforms

, 43

Swedish reform

, 44

temporary contracts

, 41

temporary employment

, 44

temporary employment contracts

, 40

zero-hours contract

, 42–43

Fordist Standard Employment model

, 49

Frictions

, 59

Grouping of countries

, 80–82

Human Capital Theory

, 58

Income levels

, 191

Income precariousness

, 76

Individual choice approach

, 64–65

Individual contracts approach

, 62–63

Insecurity

growing levels

, 188

job

, 7, 108, 191

precariousness

, 76

insecurity

, 7

Institutional avoidance

, 5

Institutional context precariousness

, 75–76

Institutional framework

, 191

International Labour Organisation (ILOs)

, 11, 65

Involuntary non-standard employment (INE)

, 64, 73, 89, 93

Job context

, 191

working conditions precariousness

, 76–80

Job insecurity

, 7, 108, 191

Job security

, 4

Keynesian policies

, 6

Labour Force Survey

, 54, 64

Labour market developments

, 32–33

Labour market reforms

, 45

Labour market (de)regulation

, 50

Lay-offs

, 11

Legal-institutionalist framework

, 16

Liberalisation

, 44

Low-income jobs

, 52

Low-paid jobs

, 4

Low-skilled workers

, 7, 8

Low-wage sectors

, 14

Marginality

, 23

Mediterranean countries

, 81, 96

Minimum wage (MW)

, 17

Nearly conservative

, 81

Neighbouring countries

, 81

Neoclassical economics

, 6

Neoliberalism

, 19

neoliberal analysis

, 19

neoliberal politics

, 6

neoliberal thinking

, 19, 20

Non-permanent contract

, 57

Non-standard contracts

, 54

Non-standard employment

involuntary non-standard employment (INE)

, 73, 93

“job quality” characteristics

, 66

Non-standard jobs

, 62

Non-traditional employment

, 59

Non-willing temporary employment

, 60

Nordic countries

, 81

Optimal employment contracts

, 54

Opt-out clauses

, 35

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

, 66

Outsourcing

, 189

Part-time employment

, 15

Permanent (less risky) contracts

, 60

Permanent employment contract

, 43

Permanent temporaries

, 60

Policy-making

, 16

Precarious employment

age groups

, 86, 87

atypical contracts

, 63

Austria

, 124–125

Begium

, 126–127

Bulgaria

, 128–129

country group

, 93, 94–95

Croatia

, 150–151

Cyprus

, 132–133

Czech Republic

, 134–135

definition

, 53

Denmark

, 138–139

Estonia

, 140–141

Finland

, 144–145

France

, 146–147

gender

, 88

Germany

, 136–137

Greece

, 148–149

Hungary

, 152–153

Iceland

, 156–157

institutional setting

, 63

Ireland

, 154–155

Italy

, 158–159

job-based indicators

, 70

Latvia

, 160–161

level of education

, 90

Lithuania

, 162–163

long expected duration of unemployment

, 72

low pay

, 70

Luxembourg

, 164–165

Malta

, 166–167

nationality

, 91, 92

Netherlands

, 168–169

non-permanent contract

, 72

non-standard employment

, 66

Norway

, 170–171

outcomes

, 67–69

“plug-in and play,” 61

Poland

, 172–173

Portugal

, 174–175

Romania

, 176–177

Slovakia

, 182–183

Slovenia

, 180–181

snowball effect

, 69

Spain

, 142–143

Sweden

, 178–179

Switzerland

, 130–131

temporary contacts

, 70

three-category scale

, 71

UK

, 184–185

unsociable hours

, 75

very short or long working hours

, 70

Precariousness

, 53–60

contract

, 75

income

, 76

individual risk

, 66–67

insecurity

, 76

institutional context

, 75–76

intensification

, 59

job context/working conditions

, 76–80

unsociable hours

, 75

Precarious score

age

, 116

education

, 116

employment strictness

, 121

EU countries

, 117

GDP

, 123

gender

, 116

level of unemployment

, 120

nationality

, 116

size

, 119

Precarious work concept

, 51–53

Precarity

causes

, 4

definitions

, 22–26

employment protection

, 5

Fordist systems

, 5

Germany

, 5

institutionalist perspective

, 12–17

Marxist perspective

, 9–12

neoliberal perspective

, 17–22

new social class

, 26–27

nonstandard jobs

, 8

theoretical perspectives

, 9

trade union membership

, 5

wage–productivity deals

, 6

Probation periods

, 56

Proletarisation

, 27

Psychosocial Work Environment Survey

, 70

Public Employment Services (PES)

, 39, 75, 108

Public-sector reforms

, 7

Quality of work approach

, 65–66

RAND American Life Panel

, 62

Recession

, 188

Rising educational levels

, 50

“Risk society system of underemployment,” 51

Screening mechanism

, 56–57

Second World War

, 188

Self-employment

, 6

Severance pay

, 38

‘Shadow’ economy

, 61

Societal problems

, 20

Stable employment relationship

, 50

Standard employment relationship

, 49

“Stepping-stone” interpretation

, 55

Strain

, 68

Surplus value

, 9, 10

Survival strategy

, 7

Temporary employment

, 44

flexible contract

, 57–59

friction of the market

, 59–60

screening mechanism

, 56–57

signal

, 54–56

Traditional working-class occupations

, 11

Uber

, 189

Uncertainty

, 68

Unsociable hours precariousness

, 75

Vulnerability

, 71

Vulnerable workers

, 192

White-collar workers

, 27, 39

Working Conditions Survey

, 54

Zero-hours contracts

, 26, 61, 190