Index

Citation

(2022), "Index", Grima, S., Özen, E. and Gonzi, R.E.D. (Ed.) Insurance and Risk Management for Disruptions in Social, Economic and Environmental Systems: Decision and Control Allocations within New Domains of Risk (Emerald Studies in Finance, Insurance, and Risk Management), Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 291-300. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-80117-139-720211014

Publisher

:

Emerald Publishing Limited

Copyright © 2022, Simon Grima, Ercan Özen and Rebecca Emily Dalli Gonzi

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INDEX

AA1000 Standard

, 199

Accountability

, 234

Ad hoc stress tests

, 35

Administrative Law principles

, 158

Agency cost theory

, 121

Agency theory

, 228

Agenda for Sustainable Development (2030)

, 167

Aggregation techiniques

, 156

“All or nothing” approach

, 51

Artificial intelligence (AI)

, 260

Autocorrelation

, 136

Bajada Carmel et al. v. Middle Sea Insurance Company Limited

, 53

Bank

, 236–237

markets

, 237

regulations

, 237–238

supervision during pandemic

, 34–35

Best-shot

, 156

BIST-100 index

, 84, 87, 90

Borg Alfio v. Fogg Insurance Agencies Limited

, 58–59

Borsa İstanbul (BIST)

, 125

Brand

recognition

, 200

strength

, 213

trust

, 110

value

, 229–230

#BREAKFREEFROMPLASTIC (BFFP movement)

, 5

British rule in Malta

, 40

Brotherton v. Aseguradora Colseguros SA

, 51

Bucharest Stock Exchange (BVB)

, 111

Business continuity

, 109

C. N. T. E. E. Trans Electrica

, 113

Camilleri Bertu v. Bartoli Harold Et Nomine

, 46

Capital movements

, 87

Capital structure decisions

, 119

autocorrelation tests results related to models

, 136

correlation coefficients of independent variables

, 133

data and methodology

, 125–130

descriptive statistics

, 146

empirical results

, 130

F-probability values

, 137

financial failure

, 118–119

and financial failure risk

, 119–122

financial failure score

, 140

literature review

, 122–124

models and hypotheses

, 131

panel data analysis results

, 139

panel unit root tests results

, 147–148

results of cross-sectional dependence and homogeneity tests

, 135

results of estimator selection tests

, 138

unit root tests for homogeneous series

, 134

Carter v. Boehm

, 50

Case law

, 42

Civil Code

, 40, 59

Civil Service Code (2010)

, 160

Classical approach

, 227

Classical capital structure theory

, 120

Climate change

, 5, 192, 208, 217–218, 222

Commercial Code

, 40

Communicative behavior

, 244, 248

Company sustainability

, 212, 225

Compilation of Federal Ethics Law (2021)

, 160

Computer Numerical Control (CNC)

, 258

Conpet S. A., 114

Consumer behavior in new economic reality

aim

, 68

economic aspects and perspectives

, 75–78

method

, 68–69

person-centered care model

, 72–75

personalized medicine and person-centered care

, 70–72

potential of PM

, 69–70

Consumer Confidence Index (CCI)

, 83

Consumer Insurance (Disclosure & Representations) Act

, 42, 51–52

Consumer Insurance Contracts Act

, 58

Consumer price index (CPI)

, 84

Content analysis

, 110

of official documentation

, 12–13

of selected documentation

, 1, 3

Control variable

, 125–126

Corporate governance approach

, 225

Corporate ignorance

, 213

Corporate philanthropy

, 200–201

Corporate social performance

, 198–201

Corporate social responsibility (CSR)

, 110, 258

application mechanisms

, 261

CSR 1.0

, 262

CSR 2.0

, 262

CSR 3.0

, 263

CSR 4.0

, 259

emergence

, 263

and reporting

, 114

research methodology

, 264–267

results

, 267–272

study

, 261

Corporate sustainability

, 186–190, 220–229

Cost of capital

, 214

Cost reduction

, 77

Countercyclical capital buffer to banks

, 35

Country governance indicators

, 237–238

COVID-19 pandemic

, 6, 30–31, 108, 150

crisis

, 238

and dilemmas in provision of public services in G20s

, 160–167

Credibility

, 234

Cross-sector collaboration (CSC)

, 2, 9–11

Cross-validation (CV)

, 93

Culture

, 242–243

Decision-making area of financial managers

, 119

Degiorgio Charles noe v. Austin Agius et

, 48

Deposit insurance

, 240

Descriptive statistics

, 130 146

Determinations coefficient (R²)

, 90

Dialectical systems theory

, 241

Discriminant analyses

, 122

Domestic retail oil price

, 84

Dow Jones Sustainability Indices

, 109

Duty on insurer

, 53

Earnings (ERN)

, 287

ECB

, 238–239

Eco-management and Auditing Scheme (EMAS)

, 192–193

Economic

factors

, 212–213

growth

, 82

power

, 5

risk

, 108

sustainability

, 190, 211, 220

Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU)

, 191

Elmo Insurance Services Ltd noe. v. Edwin Pace et

, 46

Elmo Insurance Services noe. v. Edwin Pace et

, 59

Energetica Electrica S. A., 114

English Law

, 42

of insurable interest

, 57

Enterprise

, 242

credibility strategy

, 243

governance

, 242

implications for financial institutions

, 247–249

policy

, 235, 240, 242–243

research

, 243–247

sustainability

, 212

Enterprise risk management (ERM), 108–109, 227 (see also Sustainability risk management (SRM))

literature review

, 109–111

methodology

, 111–112

results

, 112–114

Enterprise sustainability risk management (ESRM)

, 225, 228

Environment Resource Authority (ERA)

, 7

Environmental, social and governance (ESG)

, 108, 249

Environmental audit(ing)

, 193–194

Environmental concerns (EC)

, 210

Environmental management

system

, 192–193

tools

, 186, 191–196

Environmental risks

, 224

Environmental sustainability

, 188, 211, 220

Equity/total debt (E/TD)

, 122

Ernst & Young (EY)

, 197

Ethic(al)

, 242–243

behavior

, 234

culture

, 263

Ethical Standard for Providers of Public Services (ESPPS)

, 160

European insurance market development

data and methodology

, 280–284

literature review

, 279–280

results

, 284–287

European Ombudsman (EUO)

, 160

European Policy Framework

, 69

European Union (EU)

, 3, 278

Harmonization

, 41, 47, 61

interview responses

, 61–62

Excessive debt

financing

, 120

level

, 120

Exchange rate (INF)

, 82–83, 84

External equity (EXE)

, 121

F-test

, 137

Fair presentation

, 54–55

Finance firms

, 31

Financial crisis (2008)

, 125

Financial failure

, 118–119

capital structure and

, 119–122

models

, 121

representatives and formulas

, 127–128

risk

, 121

score

, 140

Financial Information News Network

, 129

Financial institutions

, 30

challenge and viewpoint

, 234–235

methodology

, 241–242

research of values, culture, ethics and norms

, 242–243

stimulates financial institutions to provide more credit

, 33

strategy of enterprise’s credibility

, 243–249

theoretical backgrounds

, 235–241

Financial managers

, 119, 121

Financial markets

, 30, 82

Financial reforms

, 237–238

Financial regulation

approach to bank supervision during pandemic

, 34–35

approach to financial regulation during pandemic

, 32

delay recognition of significant increase in credit risk

, 33

diversify financial system

, 32

literature review

, 30–32

lower reference interest rate to boost economic activities

, 33

maintaining adequate liquidity in financial system

, 32–33

providing stimulus packages to general economy

, 34

stimulate financial institutions to provide more credit

, 33

Financial risk

, 108, 223

Financial sector policy

, 31

Financial stability

, 238, 248

Financial statements

, 109

Financial system

, 31

diversify

, 32

maintaining adequate liquidity in

, 32–33

FinTech industry

, 236

First-mover advantage

, 235

Fiscal policy measures

, 31

Fisher hypothesis

, 83

Five-dimensional approach to sustainability assessment

, 219

Fixed effects model

, 130, 137

Flexible supervisory framework

, 34

Food

, 125

chain

, 2

companies

, 125, 141

companies and stock exchange codes

, 126

financial statement data of

, 141

Fossil fuels economy

, 5

Fraudulent claims, utmost good faith and

, 53

G20 countries

, 151

COVID-19 pandemic and dilemmas in provision of public services in

, 160–167

and provision of public goods and services

, 156–160

G250 code

, 197

G4 guidelines

, 110

GDP per capita (GDP_C)

, 287

General Electric (GE)

, 222

Generalized cross-validation criterion (GCV)

, 89

Genomic biomarker

, 69

Global Action Programme for Protection of Marine Environment from Land Based Activities (GAP)

, 7

Global financial crisis (2008)

, 31

Global impasses

, 150

COVID-19 pandemic and dilemmas in provision of public services in G20s

, 160–167

G20 countries and provision of public goods and services

, 156–160

history and theory of public goods

, 152–154

provision of public goods and services

, 154–156

Global plastic crisis

, 5

Global Reporting Initiative (GRI)

, 110, 197–198

Globalization

, 150

Gold

, 83

Gold prices (GOLD)

, 82

Granger causality test

, 85–86

Great Depression

, 4

Green marketing

, 195–196

Greenhouse gas emissions (GHG emissions)

, 218

Gross domestic product (GDP)

, 84, 278–279

Health

, 150, 162

care

, 68

system sustainability

, 68

Health 2020

, 70

Healthcare Information Technologies

, 77

Honolulu Strategy

, 7

Human development

, 282

Human Development Index (HDI)

, 278, 281–282

components

, 286

Human factor

, 278

Hypotheses testing

, 19–21

India’s Coca-Cola beverage factories

, 213

Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT)

, 258, 264

Industrial production index (IPI)

, 82

Industrialization

, 258

industrialization 4. 0

, 260

Industry 1.0

, 262

Industry 2.0

, 263

Industry 3.0

, 263

Industry 4.0

, 258, 264

advantages

, 259

literature review

, 260–264

Movement

, 259

perspective

, 258–259

transition from automated industry to

, 261

Inflation (Inf)

, 82, 285

Innovation

, 235–236

Innovation 25

, 258

Innovative behavior

, 246–247, 249

Institutional sustainability

, 187

Institutional theory

, 228

Institutionalised collaboratives

, 9

Insurable interest

, 42–43, 45–47, 57

application of principle in Malta

, 58–59

English Law

, 57

interview responses

, 60–61

life and other non-indemnity insurance

, 59–60

other jurisdictions

, 57–58

Insurance

, 40, 278

market indicators

, 280–281

Insurance Act

, 52–53, 54, 58

Insurance Business Act

, 40–41

Insurance contracts

, 42

aims and research questions

, 41

analysis and results

, 48–62

EU Harmonization

, 41, 47

insurable interest

, 42–43, 45–47

Insurance Business Act

, 40–41

literature review

, 43

methodology

, 47–48

questionnaire

, 65

significance and originality of research

, 43

utmost good faith

, 41–42, 44–45

Insurance Distribution Directive

, 53

Insurance Law Reform Act

, 58

Insurer, duty on

, 53

Interest rates (IR)

, 82

International Convention for Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL)

, 7

International Monetary Fund

, 30

Internet of Things (IoT)

, 258, 264

Investors

, 82

Involvement

, 14

Irish Financial Services and Pensions Ombudsman award

, 56

ISO 14001

, 192

Japan Corporate Governance Code (2015)

, 159

Kazakhstan Stock Exchange Index

, 85

Lambert v. Co-operative Insurance Society Ltd

, 51

Law 25/2009

, 158

Law 37/2008

, 158

Law No. 129 (1999)

, 159

Legal liability

, 214

Life and other non-indemnity insurance

, 59–60

Life Assurance Act (1774)

, 57

Life expectancy index (LE_I)

, 287

Life insurance in Tunisia

, 280

Liquidity injection programs

, 31

Logistic regression

, 122

Logit analyses

, 122

London insurance market

, 40

London Inter Bank Offering Rate (LIBOR)

, 33

Long-term and short-term IRs

, 84

Long-term debts to total assets (LTD/TA)

, 123

Long-term financing options (LTFO)

, 123

Lucena v. Craufurd

, 57

Machine learning technique

, 91

Macroeconomic variables

, 82

Macropanels

, 129

Macuara v. Northern Assurance

, 57, 59

Made in China 2025

, 258

Malta

application of principle in

, 58–59

British rule in

, 40

case

, 11–12

wholesale adoption of UK Principle

, 48–50

Maltese Civil Code

, 47

Maltese insurance market

, 40

Marginal rates of substitution (MRS)

, 155

Marine convention

, 7

Marine Insurance Act

, 42, 45, 47, 57

Market

price index

, 86

risk

, 108

Mass production

, 186

Maturity structure of debts (MSD)

, 123

Mean absolute percentage error (MAPE)

, 90

Mean square error (MSE)

, 88

Member States (MS)

, 278

Microfinance providers (MFPs)

, 31

Micropanels

, 129

Modern capital structure theory

, 121

Modi operandi

, 9

Modigliani-Miller theory

, 120

Monetary policy measures

, 31

Money supply (M1)

, 84

Multi-dimensional regulatory context

, 6–8

Multi-level governance (MLG)

, 3, 6, 10

Multicollinearity

, 88

Multivariate Adaptive Regression Spline method (MARS method)

, 84, 88, 91, 94

basis functions and corresponding coefficients for

, 95

variables graph

, 96

Mutual funds

, 263

N100 code

, 197

Nation state-centric model

, 8

National Institutes of Health

, 68

National Public Service Act for Japan

, 159

National Strategy for Environment

, 12

Net income theory

, 120

Net operating income theory

, 120

Network governance

, 8–9

New Public Management

, 9

New York Stock Exchange (NYSE)

, 122

Next-generation sequencing technologies

, 77

Nolan principles

, 160

Non-financial information

, 113

Non-financial risks

, 227

management

, 110

Non-genomic biomarker

, 69

Non-governmental organizations (NGOs)

, 12

Non-indemnity insurance

, 59–60

Non-performing loans (NPLs)

, 33

Normative sustainability

, 211–212

Norms

, 242–243

NZSE 40 index of New Zealand Stock Exchange

, 84

Obligation

, 262

“One-for-all” therapy

, 68, 72

Online questionnaire

, 259–260

Operational burden and interference

, 214

Optimality in public goods

, 157

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)

, 279

Organizational culture

, 110

“Our Common Future”

, 186

Pan American Sanitary Bureaus (1902)

, 161

Pandemic

approach to financial regulation during

, 32–34

bank supervision during

, 34–35

of obesity

, 5

Panel data models

, 117, 129, 131

Panel unit root tests results

, 147–148

Paradigm management

, 187

Partnership

, 14

Pecking order theory

, 120

Pension funds

, 263

PepsiCo

, 213, 222

Person-centered care model (PCC model)

, 68, 70–75

Personalized care

, 73

Personalized consultations

, 68

Personalized health care

, 73

Personalized medicine (PM)

, 68, 70–72

potential of

, 69–70

PETI organization

, 159

Plastics

, 2

Policy histories

, 4

Polity-creating process

, 10

Pooled model

, 130

Positive sustainability

, 211–212

Precision medicine

, 69–70

Precision Medicine Initiative

, 70

Predictive, preventive, personalized, and participatory medicine approach (P4 medical approach)

, 75–76, 78

Prima facie

, 2

Private equity partnerships

, 263

Probit analyses

, 122

Production

, 258

Productivity

, 213–214

Products and services

, 213

Public Disclosure Platform

, 129

Public goods

history and theory of

, 152–154

provision of

, 154–156

and services

, 150

Public health measures

, 31

Public Service Act

, 158–159

Public Service Employment Act

, 158

Public Service Regulation on Procedures and Principles (PSRPP)

, 160

Public Services and Procurement Canada Code of Conduct

, 158

Public Social Partnerships

, 9

Qualitative method

, 68, 241

Questionnaire

, 65

online

, 259–260

Random effects model

, 130

Reference interest rate

, 33

Reform Commission

, 42

Regulation on the Principles of Ethical Behavior of the Public Officials and Application Procedures and Essentials (PEBPOAPE)

, 160

Regulatory forbearance

, 35

Reimbursement models

, 77

Reputation

, 213

Research and development (R&D)

, 161

Residual sum of squares (RSS)

, 96

Resource dependence theory

, 228

Respect for human rights

, 234

Respect for international norms

, 234

Respect for rule of law

, 234

‘Respect for stakeholders’ interests

, 234

Responsible behavior

, 246, 248–249

Restrictions

, 151

Restrictive measures

, 31

Results-based pricing

, 77

Return on assets (ROA)

, 225

Return on equity (ROE)

, 225

Risk

, 108, 208

analysis

, 215

assessment

, 109, 215

of bankruptcy

, 108

of corruption

, 108

identification

, 215

management

, 109, 209, 215–216

monitoring

, 216

reporting tool

, 109

of technological change

, 108

treatment

, 215–216

Robust regression models (RREG models)

, 284–286

Root mean square error (RMSE)

, 90

S-score models

, 124

S. N. Nuclearelectrica S. A., 114

S. N. T. G. N. Transgaz

, 114

SA8000 Standard

, 199–200

Seemingly Unrelated Regression-Panel Corrected Standard Errors (SUR-PCSE)

, 137

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)

, 30

pandemic of 2003

, 31

Shapiro Wilk’s test

, 19

Shared responsibilities

, 14

Signal effect theory

, 121

Signaling theory

, 121

Silo approach

, 215

Single Supervisory Mechanism

, 240

Single Use Plastic Strategy (2020–2030)

, 7

Single-use packaging

, 5

Single-use plastic policy

historical setting

, 4–6

hypotheses testing

, 19–21

Malta case

, 11–12

methodology

, 12–15

multi-dimensional regulatory context

, 6–8

research scope

, 3

results

, 15–19

theoretical underpinnings

, 8–11

“Six Growing Trends in Corporate Sustainability” survey

, 197

Smart factories

, 258

Smart Manufacturing

, 258

Social audit

, 199

Social capital

, 237

Social distancing

, 31

Social Management and Accounting Standards

, 199–200

Social performance

, 198

Social responsibility

, 111, 234, 236

Social sustainability

, 188–189, 211, 220

Spearman’s correlation analysis

, 130

Spearman’s rho correlation coefficient

, 267–268

Spillover effects

, 30

Stakeholder approach

, 227–228

Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS)

, 266

Stimulus packages to general economy

, 34

Stock

, 82

market

, 82

Stock exchanges

, 82

Stock index

, 90

basis functions and corresponding coefficients for MARS model

, 95

data, analysis, and findings

, 90

descriptive statistics

, 92

exchange rate

, 82–84

graphical representation of stock index and independent variables

, 93

importance levels of variables according to GCV and RSS

, 97

literature

, 84–88

MARS model variables graph

, 96

methodology

, 88–90

optimum degree and terms

, 94

training and testing data goodness of fit performance

, 99

variables

, 98

variables and abbreviation

, 91

Strong sustainability

, 212

Sub-premium funds

, 263

Subsidiarity

, 14

Summation

, 156

Supply chain costs

, 214

Sustainability

, 108, 186, 210–215, 236, 242

of health systems

, 68

indices

, 109

reporting

, 196–198

reports

, 196

Sustainability management (SM)

, 227

Sustainability risk management (SRM), 108, 110, 208–209, 216–229 (see also Enterprise risk management (ERM))

corporate sustainability

, 187–190

framework

, 216

implementation

, 186

integrating sustainability into business implementations

, 190–201

principles

, 224

risk management

, 215–216

sustainability

, 210–215

Sustainable design

, 194

Sustainable development

, 109, 186, 210

Sustainable development goals (SDGs)

, 8, 109

Sustainable product design

, 194–195

Sustainable waste management

, 12

“Take-make-waste” economy

, 7

Taxpayer-funded recycling programs

, 4

Technical sustainability

, 220

Technological revolution

, 263

Technology

, 259, 263

Total debt to total assets ratio (TD/TA)

, 122

Total debt/equity ratio (TD/E ratio)

, 121

Trade

, 214

Trade-off theory

, 120

Traditional management approach

, 188

Transdisciplinary research

, 69

Transnational packaging

, 4

Transparency

, 234

Triple Bottom Line concept (TBL concept)

, 188, 210, 212, 220–221

Trust

, 236

Trustworthiness

, 234

of banks

, 240

impact

, 237

Turkish Statistical Institute (TUIK)

, 100

UN Convention on Law of Sea (UNCLOS)

, 7

Unit root tests for homogeneous series

, 134

United Nations (UN)

, 4, 167, 194

United Nations Global Compact (UNGC)

, 197–198

US Department of the Interior (2021)

, 160

Utmost good faith

, 41–42, 44–45, 48

arguments for reform concerning duty of

, 50–51

Consumer Insurance (Disclosure & Representations) Act

, 52

duty on insurer

, 53

fair presentation

, 54–55

findings from interviews

, 55–56

and fraudulent claims

, 53

Insurance Act

, 52–53

Malta’s wholesale adoption of UK Principle

, 48–50

origins of law as stood till recently in UK

, 50

“Utopian” model

, 8

Value-based pricing

, 77

Values

, 242–243

Variance inflation factor (VIF)

, 130

Vietnam stock market index

, 86

VIX Fear Index (VIX)

, 83

Weak sustainability

, 212

Weakest-link

, 156

Weigthed summation

, 156

Welfare indicators

, 280, 282–283

Well-being model

, 68

Wellbeing

, 278

Western Trading Ltd. v. Great Lakes Reinsurance (UK) plc

, 57, 59

White period coefficient covariance methods

, 137

Wicked problems

, 9

World Bank

, 30

World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD)

, 222

World Economic Forum (WEF)

, 31, 218

World Health Organization (WHO)

, 68, 162

World War II

, 4

Z-score

, 124