Abuse

, 46, 55, 76, 101, 170

Accountability

, 111

Activists

, 145, 171, 172

Adolescents

, 79, 115

Advocates

, 4, 5, 18, 22–24, 71, 97, 103, 140, 153, 156, 168

Affiliated sport organizations

, 51

Aggression

, 9, 87

Ahmed, Sara

, 153, 155

Alliance Defending Freedom

, 18, 103, 142

Allyship

, 95

American

, 4, 11, 18, 19, 76, 78, 96, 103

American Civil Liberties Union

, 18

Anatomists

, 11, 34–38

as philosophical essentialists

, 35–36

Androgynous, androgyny

, 51

Anti-doping

, 32, 37, 65

Anti-gender movements

, 49–50, 53–54

Anti-LGBTQ2S+ conservative political organizations

, 18, 115

Anti-LGBTQ2S+ bills

, 115

Anti-trans campaigns/movements

, 47–51

Anti-trans sport bills

, 115–118

Applied responses

, 171–172

Assali, Jennifer

, 99

Asia, Asian

, 139

Athlete Ally

, 17, 53, 160

Athletic ability

, 21–22, 160

Australian Football League (AFL)

, 83–84

Backlash

, 6, 49, 52–55

Baeth, Anna

, 13

Bans

, 9, 23, 37, 84, 88, 141

Basketball

, 90, 169

Ben-Yehuda, N.

, 48, 138

Berg, Adam

, 79, 111, 113–114

Biden, Joe

, 145

Billard, Thomas J.

, 158

Bills

, 9, 18–19, 47, 50, 109, 115–118, 144, 148

Binary thinking

, 3, 6, 170

Biofeminism

, 12, 96–97, 99, 103, 171

‘Biological females’

, 140, 142

‘Biological males’

, 11, 22, 50, 117, 140, 142, 145, 167

Biological sex

, 9, 50, 116–117, 171

Black athletes

, 18, 52, 139–140, 142–144

Body image

, 7, 12, 21, 41, 48, 86–88, 90, 99, 100, 156, 158

Bostock v. Clayton County

, 20, 69, 70

Boxing

, 9–10, 56, 74

British Journal of Sports Medicine (BJSM)

, 170

British Medical Journal (BMJ)

, 170

Brown, Oliver

, 158

Butler, Judith

, 53

Canada, Canadian

, 3, 9, 10, 75–90

Canadian Women and Sport

, 78–79, 81

‘Cap tied’ concept

, 41

Center for American Progress

, 19, 55

Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

, 76

Children

, 8, 46, 76–77, 79, 83, 90, 103, 115, 118, 143–145, 147

China, Chinese

, 37

Chromosomes

, 7, 41

Cisgender

, 9–13, 18–20, 22, 46, 49–55, 75–76, 81–82, 84, 89, 95, 98–99, 101–103, 110, 116, 137–149, 152, 157–158, 169

Ciswomen

, 5, 6, 49, 83, 110, 112, 114, 116

Civil Rights Act

, 70

Coaches, coaching

, 12, 21, 55, 70, 75, 77, 100, 101, 168, 171

Cohen, Stanley

, 141

Colorado Anti-Discrimination Act

, 69

Competitive fairness

, 63–74, 96, 109–133, 171

Compulsory heterosexuality

, 169

Conceptual responses

, 170–172

Consensus Statement (2015)

, 66

Conservatives

, 13, 18, 137, 138, 145

Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)

, 68

Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS)

, 34, 40, 65

COVID-19 controversies

, 170

Critical discourse analysis

, 153–154

Critical race theory

, 5–6, 54

Critical sport scholars

, 166

Critical trans politics

, 6

Cultural imperialism

, 115–116

Cycling

, 66, 74, 101

Davies, Sharron

, 102

Deadnaming

, 154, 157–158, 160

Democracy

, 166

Denison, Erik

, 12

Digital capitalism

, 167

Discipline specific regulations

, 40–41

Discrimination

, 6–7, 11–12, 20–21, 24, 32, 38–39, 41, 64–66, 69–70, 85, 97, 113, 142

Diversity

, 4, 21, 156

Dreger, Alice

, 34

Drug testing

, 37, 47

Education

, 20, 115, 161, 168

Eligibility

, 5–7, 21, 36, 51–53, 64–71, 83, 102

Elite athletes

, 22, 36, 46, 53, 155–156, 160

Endocrinology

, 29

England

, 71, 78–79, 83

English, Colleen

, 13

Epistemic work of biofeminism

, 97

Equality Act (2010)

, 70, 98

Equity

, 4, 12, 21, 24, 50, 69, 95, 97, 114, 146, 171

Estrogen treatment

, 7, 56

Ethics

, 113–114

Europe, European

, 36, 46, 48, 54, 64

European diaspora morality

, 46

Exclusion

, 5, 9, 12–13, 17, 19–22, 35–36, 47, 55, 65, 70, 83, 85, 89, 139–140, 146–147, 166, 168–169, 171

Exclusionary policy

, 12, 22, 35, 89

Exploitation

, 114, 142, 143, 155, 167

Fair Play for Female Athletes Act

, 110

Fair Play for Women (FPFW)

, 50, 53, 89, 96

Fairness

, 3, 7, 9–13, 24, 32, 40, 50, 63–74, 96, 103, 109–133, 140–141, 153–154, 156, 171–172

Fairness in Women’s Sports Act

, 18, 50, 110

Federal antidiscrimination laws

, 5–6, 12, 38, 68–71

Federal law

, 20–21, 69, 109

Female eligibility

, 46, 51–54

Feminism

, 5, 9, 12–13, 23, 46, 53, 55, 85, 95–107, 143–144, 151–163

Feminist content analysis

, 153–154

Folk devils

, 47–48, 141–143

Fuller, John

, 145

Gender critical feminists

, 12, 47, 53

Gender Recognition Act (GRA)

, 70, 98, 102

Gender recognition debates, United Kingdom

, 97–98

Gender testing

, 64–65

Gender verification

, 64, 67, 69

Gleaves and Lehrbach

, 3, 112

Goorevich, Anna

, 13

Gordon, Avery

, 143

Governance

, 40, 42, 63–74

Greey, Ali Durham

, 3–4, 8–9

Hegemony

, 89, 146–147, 172

Hellen, M.

, 46

Heritage Foundation

, 18, 103

Hermaphrodite

, 7

Heterosexism

, 5, 19, 46, 49, 54–55, 56, 100, 166–167, 169

Heterosexual, heterosexuality

, 5, 19, 46, 167, 169

Hilton, Emma

, 40, 99

Homophobia, homophobic

, 75, 85, 169

Hood, Victoria

, 101

Hormones, hormone therapy

, 7, 36, 116, 155, 159–160

Hubbard, Laurel

, 13, 52, 64, 151–163, 167–168

Human rights

, 6, 12, 23, 32, 36, 45, 47, 52, 63–74, 76, 115, 159–160, 166, 168

Human Rights Campaign

, 32, 115, 168

Human rights law

, 12, 63–74, 76

Human Rights Tribunal of Ontario (HRTO)

, 66

Human rights violations

, 64, 76

Hyperandrogenism (HG)

, 7, 51

Identifiers

, 11, 34–38

as philosophical constructivists

, 36–37

Identity delegitimizing

, 157–158

Ideology, ideological

, 5, 45, 48, 54

Inclusion, trans-inclusion policies

, 5–6, 12–13, 18–22, 24, 31, 34, 37, 39–40, 46, 53, 63–74, 85–87, 95–107, 110, 111, 113–115, 118, 139, 146, 152–154, 157, 159–161, 166, 170–172

Indigenous peoples

, 8

Injustice

, 100, 101, 110, 112–115, 118

International Amateur Athletic Federation (IAAF)

, 51–52, 64–65, 170

International federations (IFs)

, 7, 21, 36, 64, 66–68, 71

International Olympic Committee (IOC)

, 6–7, 11, 12, 21, 32–34, 36–37, 40, 42, 51–54, 63–69, 71, 78, 84, 99, 154, 156, 159–161

framework

, 7, 21, 32–42, 66, 159

guidelines

, 64, 68–69, 78, 99

policy

, 52–53, 65, 67, 74, 159–161

International Rugby League

, 83

Intersectional analysis

, 5–6

Intersex

, 7, 21, 65, 82

Journalism

, 156, 159–161

Jurisprudence

, 40

Justice

, 5, 10, 11, 22, 54, 56, 96, 103, 109–133, 146, 154, 170–172

King, Billie Jean

, 23

Koyama, Emi

, 5

Ladies Professional Golf Association (LPGA)

, 69

Lambrechs, Tracey

, 158

Law, legislation

, 4, 6, 13, 18, 19, 23, 64–65, 71, 98, 115, 117, 139–141, 143, 146–147

Lawless, Lana

, 69

Leeper, Blake

, 40

Legal challenges to transgender participation policies

, 67–68, 74

Legal protection

, 20, 63, 70

Lenskyj, Helen Jefferson

, 7, 100, 114, 170

LGBTQ/LGBTQ2S+

, 8, 18, 19, 23, 68, 78, 89, 98, 138, 147, 154, 160

Little, Brad

, 115

Male superiority

, 46, 152

Marginalization

, 101, 114–115, 117–118

Masculinities

, 46, 101

McCoy, Lauren

, 12

Medals

, 33, 142, 160, 167

Media

, 13–14, 18, 47, 53, 55, 66, 78, 79, 82–83, 101, 137–149, 151–163, 167–170

Michigan Womyn’s Music Festival

, 5, 96

Misgendering

, 154, 157–158, 160

Misogynoir

, 18, 50, 52, 139–140, 143–144

Moral entrepreneurs

, 137–149

Moral panics

, 13, 46, 47–49, 54, 55, 77, 111–112, 114, 137–149, 166–167

Muscles, muscular

, 9, 34, 66, 86

Narrative framing

, 153, 156–157

National Center for Lesbian Rights

, 78–79

National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA)

, 21, 23, 51–53, 69–70, 168–169

National governing bodies

, 53, 56, 67–68, 71

National Organization for Women

, 22, 96

NCAA. See National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA)

Nelson, Monica

, 13

Neo-liberal approaches

, 6

New Zealand Olympic Committee (NZOC)

, 151, 156

Non-binary

, 3, 8–9, 20, 46, 64, 138–140, 143, 147

Olympics

, 31–43, 63–74, 84, 100, 153–160, 168

Othering

, 152–153, 156–157

Pape, Madeleine

, 12

Paralympic Games

, 33, 39, 56, 172

Penis panics

, 48–49

Physiological equivalency

, 3, 10–11, 51, 112, 171–172

Physiology

, 33, 110, 116, 118

Pielke, Roger-

, 11, 170

Pieper, Lindsay

, 13

Pike, Jon

, 35, 111

Pistorius, Oscar

, 40

Politics, political

, 6, 33–34, 152–153, 155, 166

Pragmatists

, 11, 34–38

Prejudice

, 19, 22, 83, 159

Pringle, Richard

, 12

Pronger, Brian

, 3–4

Propaganda model

, 167

Public health

, 76–77, 90

Quinn

, 64

Race

, 3, 5–6, 23, 46, 50, 54, 70, 138–139, 141, 168, 172

Racism, racist

, 5, 18, 168

Rehm, Marcus

, 40

Resistance

, 48, 54, 95–107, 147

Rugby

, 12, 35, 41, 52, 53, 67–68, 71, 75–94

Safety

, 13, 31, 34, 40, 70–71, 82–84, 87–89, 96, 111, 141, 143, 145

Save Women’s Sports Act

, 55, 110, 112, 145

School sport

, 19, 109–133

Schultz, Jaime

, 11

Science

, 7, 11–13, 21–22, 33, 42, 51–52, 75, 77, 82–84, 97, 99, 100–101, 103, 156, 170–172

Science and Technology Studies (STS)

, 97

Scovel, Shannon

, 13

Self-identification

, 37, 96

Semenya, Caster

, 7

Sex testing

, 45, 52, 65, 67, 118

Sexual abuse

, 17, 46, 55, 76, 101, 171

Sexual harassment

, 12, 17, 55, 75, 85, 101, 171

Sharrow, E. A.

, 50, 55

Social justice

, 3, 4, 5, 54, 56, 154, 172

Social media

, 11, 14, 31, 102, 106, 167–168

South Africa

, 7, 78

Spade, Dean

, 6

Spectres

, 13, 137–149

Sport Canada

, 75–94

Sport exceptionalism

, 114, 165–166

Sport organizations

, 5, 7, 20, 32, 37, 41, 51, 65, 71, 83–84, 88, 103, 161

Sport philosophy

, 110–112

State antidiscrimination laws

, 69–70

Stigma

, 77, 83, 90, 98

Stockholm Consensus

, 40, 65

Surgery

, 6, 65, 99

Surveilling athletes

, 117–118

Swimming, swimmers

, 33, 38, 69, 167–169

Sykes, H.

, 65

Terminology

, 6, 8, 160

Testosterone

, 7, 11, 22, 36, 45–60, 65, 66, 68, 78, 82–83, 99, 117, 139, 159–160

Testosterone panic

, 11, 45–60

Therapeutic use exemption (TUE)

, 65

Thomas, Lia

, 21, 53, 69, 167–168

Thorpe, Holly

, 13

Title IX–20–21

, 50, 55, 145, 146

Tokyo Summer Olympic Games (2020)

, 32, 64

Track and field

, 18, 33, 100

Trans (women) athletes, as spectres

, 137–149

Trans exclusion

, 12–13, 55, 112, 140, 166

Trans Exclusive Radical Feminists (TERFs)

, 5, 89, 96

Transgender eligibility

, 64, 66–68, 70–71

Transgender trickster discourse

, 157–158

Trans girls/women

, 4–6, 8–13, 15, 18, 22, 34, 38, 42, 47–53, 55, 75, 77–79, 82, 88–90, 96, 99, 101–102, 112, 115–118, 138, 140, 141–145, 147, 166–167, 170

Trans inclusion

, 5, 11, 13, 18, 23–24, 95–107, 111, 113–114, 146, 152, 167–168, 171–172

Transphobia, transphobic

, 5, 18–19, 168

Trans rights

, 4, 12, 96

Travers

, 11–12, 171–172

Trump, Donald

, 5, 49

Tucker, Ross.

, 82–83

Twitter, 102

, 169–170

Undeserving

, 13, 155, 158

Unfair advantage discourse

, 11, 41, 51–53, 84, 167

Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI)

, 66

United Kingdom (UK)

, 12, 50, 53, 64, 66, 67, 70–71, 79, 89, 96–98, 154

United Nations (UN)

, 23, 66, 76

UN Human Rights Council

, 23, 66

United States of America

, 8, 13, 37, 38, 46–47, 49–50, 64, 66, 68–71, 79, 82–83, 96, 98, 115, 137

US Federal and State Legal Protections

, 20

Victims

, 142, 147, 167–168

Violence

, 6, 19, 76, 102, 114–115, 117–118, 153

Waterman, Danielle

, 79

Weightlifting

, 52, 155, 157–159

Whittle, Simon

, 7

Williams, Nicola

, 101

Wolfe, Chelsea

, 64

Woman’s Place UK (WPUK)

, 98–102

Women’s sport

, 5, 9, 11–12, 17–29, 32, 35–37, 42, 49, 78–79, 89, 95–107, 144, 146, 166, 168, 171

Women’s Sport Policy Working Group (WSPWG)

, 18, 22, 168

Women’s Sports Foundation

, 23, 78–79, 96–97

World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA)

, 37, 65

World Athletics (WA)

, 6, 7, 51, 64, 66, 170

World Rugby (WR)

, 12, 41, 53, 67–68, 71

Young, Iris Marion

, 13, 109, 113–114

Youth

, 8, 18–20, 22, 24, 38, 47, 70, 76, 77, 103, 110, 115, 117, 137, 139