Abramoff lobbying scandal of 2005

, 32

Accountability measures

, 92–94

ActBlue

, 64

Actual and perceived corruption

, 118

Affordable Care Act

, 59

Alleged misconduct

, 106–108

American Dream Restoration Act, The

, 37

American Federation of Teachers

, 64

American Founding

, 14–15

American National Election Study (ANES)

, 118–120

American political system

, 56, 104

American political thought

, 15–16

Anti-Corruption Commission (ACC)

, 254

Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce (1990)

, 66–67

Bad behavior

, 222

Black Lives Matters protests

, 58

Boston Tea Party

, 56

“Bottom-up” corruption

, 20–21

Bribery and corruption

, 177

British tax policy

, 56

Buckley v. Valeo (1976)

, 63–64

“Build the Wall” chants

, 60

Burmese Way to Socialism

, 252

Cambodia, clientelism in

, 243–246

Cambodian People’s Party (CPP)

, 245

“Campaign and elections” misconduct

, 106–107, 177

Campaign finance

, 56

laws in United States

, 61–62

reform

, 62–63

Career trajectories

, 220–225

Censorship

, 38–39

Censure

, 174

Citizens United v FEC Supreme Court case

, 6–7

Citizens United v. FEC (2010) court decision

, 56, 61, 66–67, 115

Citizens’ perceptions of corruption

, 265–266

Classical “cycle of regimes” theory

, 16

Clientelism

, 240–241, 243

in Cambodia

, 243–246

Co-partisans

, 197–198

Committee staff

, 155

Common Sense Legal Reform Act, The

, 37

Comparative data

, 264–265

Conflict of interest

, 137

Congress

, 1, 37, 81–82, 87, 104, 152, 171–172

contemporary investigation of congressional corruption and scandal

, 6–7

horrible bosses in

, 156–159

scandals in

, 4–6

Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)

, 62

Congress Too group

, 92–93, 97

Congressional Accountability Act of 1995 (CAA)

, 87, 91, 94–95

Congressional Budget Office

, 36, 163–164

Congressional corruption

, 14–15, 32–33, 105, 239–240

consequences

, 33, 142, 147

ethics reforms

, 130–133

measuring

, 106–110

methodology

, 37–39

and public

, 117–121

public perceptions of

, 110–117

and reforms

, 33–37

results

, 40–42

scandals

, 128–130

unintended consequences

, 42–45

updating dataset

, 133–141

Congressional elections, impact of Super PACs on

, 67–68

Congressional Intern Protection Act of 2017

, 94–95

Congressional misconduct

, 172

Congressional offices

, 153–156

Congressional Post Office Scandal

, 6

Congressional punishments

analysis and findings

, 179–185

case selection and operationalization

, 175–179

history of

, 173–175

Congressional reform

, 163–164

Congressional Research Service

, 163–164

Congressional scandals

, 128

conception

, 129

Congressional sexual harassment and assault, scandal of

, 88–92

Congressional staff

, 155

Congresswoman

, 194–195

Consequences of congressional corruption

, 33

Constitutional corruption

, 16

Contract with America

, 36

Cooperative Congressional Election Study (CCES)

, 198

Corrupt Electoral Practices

, 250–256

Corruption

, 1–3, 14, 105, 175–176, 194–196, 222

citizens’ perceptions of

, 265–266

in democracies

, 214–215

expert evaluations

, 263–265

in history of political thought

, 15–19

in Madison’s notes and Federalist, The

, 19–26

measuring

, 263–266

and problems

, 1–4

reforms

, 33, 39, 116

results

, 266–273

scandals

, 32

sources

, 273–276

in United States

, 3

Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI)

, 113, 239–240, 250, 262–264

CQ Roll Call

, 91

Crédit Mobilier Scandal

, 4

Daniel Shays led Shays’ Rebellion (1786–1787)

, 56

Dating violence

, 82

Democratic Congressional Campaign Committees (DCCC)

, 136

Democratic governance, detrimental effects for

, 117–121

Democratic Kampuchea (DK)

, 244

Democratic National Committee (DNC)

, 34

Democrats

, 36–37, 39, 117

DISCLOSE Act

, 32

Disclosures

, 82

Disloyalty to the union

, 177

Domestic violence

, 82

“Drain the Swamp” campaign

, 1, 262

Economic inequality

, 57–58

Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU)

, 263–264

Election outcomes in scandal

, 229–231

Elections

, 146

Electoral punishment

, 194–195

EMILY’s List

, 64

Endogenous behaviors

, 37

Ethics

, 130

in Government Act of 1978

, 34–35, 41

reforms

, 130–133

violations

, 177, 179–180

Ethics Committee

, 131–133, 163, 172–173

European Union “plus” (EU+)

, 262

Exogenous behaviors

, 37

Expectancy violation

, 195–196

Expert surveys

, 270–272

Expulsion

, 173–174

Fair Labor Standards Act

, 87

Family Reinforcement Act, The

, 37

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)

, 106–107

Federal Campaign Act Amendments of 1974 and 1976

, 34–35, 41

Federal Election Campaign Act (FECA)

, 39, 62–65

Federal Election Commission (FEC)

, 56, 62–63, 75

Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)

, 222

Federal Home Loan Bank Board (FHLBB)

, 5

Federal-level scandals

, 214

Federalist, The

, 19–26

Financial scandals

, 127–128, 138, 141

Fiscal Responsibility Act, The

, 36–37

Formal reporting

, 82

Gallup poll

, 114

Gender stereotypes

, 195

General Social Survey (GSS)

, 119

Generic “sex scandals”

, 196–197

Gingrich reforms

, 44–45

Global Corruption Barometer (GCB)

, 262, 266

GovTrack. us

, 106

Graft scandals

, 135–137

Great Depression

, 61

Greenburg Quinlan Rosner 2018 poll

, 115

Grift scandals

, 134–135

History of political thought

, 15–19

Hold Accountable and Lend Transparency on Campus Sexual Violence Act

, 84

Honest Graft

, 136

Hostile sexists

, 195–196

House Bank scandal

, 130

House Committee on Ethics

, 109

House Resolution 632

, 84–85

House’s Committee of the Whole (COTW)

, 43

Identity politics

, 58

Incivility measure

, 38

Institutional corruption

, 16–18

Internal Revenue Service (IRS)

, 56, 64, 75

International Social Survey Program (ISSP)

, 262, 266

Interpersonal violence. See Power-based violence

Investigative Subcommittee (ISC)

, 107

Job Creation and Wage Enhancement Act

, 36–37

“Judiciary Accountability Act of 2021”

, 86

Kaiser Health Tracking poll

, 114–115

Keating Five in 1989

, 32, 156–157

Left-wing populism

, 60

Left-wing populist groups

, 59

Legislative corruption

, 17–18, 262–263

Legislative Reorganization Act (LRA)

, 43

Legislator Misconduct Database

, 39

Lexis Nexis

, 224

“Make America Great Again” campaign theme

, 60

McCain-Feingold Act of 2002

, 65–66

McConnell v. Federal Election Commission (2003)

, 65–66

Me Too Congress Act

, 83

Measurement of political corruption

, 105

Measuring corruption

, 263–266

Mechanical Turk platform (MTurk platform)

, 201

Medicare Prescription Drug plan

, 131–132

Members of Congress (MCs)

, 198, 215, 223

Members’ Representational Allowance (MRA)

, 154

#MeToo movement

, 7, 81–82, 97–98, 196–197

national momentum

, 82–84

scandal of congressional sexual harassment and assault

, 88–92

scandal’s consequences

, 94–98

survivor networks and accountability measures

, 92–94

#MeTooCongress movement

, 87, 92–93

Military Coup in Myanmar

, 250–256

Misconduct

, 106–107, 172

Misuse of office

, 138

Modern sexism

, 195–196, 200

Moral corruption

, 18

Moral scandals

, 129–130

Myanmar

, 250–256

Myanmar Economic Corporation (MEC)

, 254

Myanmar Economic Holdings Limited (MEHL)

, 254

National Commission to Combat Workplace Sexual Harassment Act

, 84

National Emergencies Act of 1976

, 35

National League for Democracy (NLD)

, 253–254

National Organization of Women (NOW)

, 75

National Rifle Association (NRA)

, 75

National Security Restoration Act, The

, 37

National unity in age of political tribalism

, 57–58

Nepotism

, 240

in Thailand

, 246–249

Newt Gingrich Era

, 35–37

Obamacare. See Affordable Care Act

Occupational Health and Safety Act

, 87

Occupy Wall Street Movement

, 59–61

Office of Compliance (OOC)

, 91

Other crimes

, 107, 177

Partisanship

, 157–158

Patronage

, 241–242

Patron–client relations. See Clientelism

Pendleton Act

, 104–105

Perception markers

, 110–113

Personal Responsibility Act, The

, 37

Personal scandals

, 223

Pew Research Center poll (2006)

, 116

Political Action Committees (PACs)

, 32, 62–63, 65, 136

in 2020 election

, 68–69

corrupting influence of leadership PACs and dark money

, 74–75

Political clientelism

, 241–242

Political conservatism

, 200

Political corruption

, 104–105, 240

standard

, 63–64

Political ideology, heterogeneous effects by

, 199–201

Political officials

, 220–225

Political parties

, 214

Political scandals

, 128, 194

analysis

, 205

argument and hypotheses

, 197–201

experimental design

, 201–204

findings

, 205–207

and women’s “double bind”

, 195–197

Political tribalism

, 57–58

Politicians careers after scandal

, 219

Post-Watergate reforms

, 34

Power-based violence

, 82

President Obama’s ethics reform

, 104–105

Privacy Act of 1974

, 35

Professional scandals

, 223

Public corruption

, 262

Public officials

, 214

Public perceptions of congressional corruption

, 110–117

Public trust

, 21, 119

Purple Campaign

, 94

Reactions to scandals

, 224–227

Reciprocity

, 242

Regime’s legitimacy

, 103–104

Regression coefficients

, 161

Reprimand

, 174–175

Republican Congressional Campaign Committees (RCCC)

, 136

Republican Revolution

, 36

Republicanism

, 16, 21–23, 27

Resignation

, 224

Right-wing populist groups

, 59

Saffron Revolution

, 253

Savings and loan (S&L)

, 136

Scandals

, 127–128, 130, 156, 198–199, 213–214, 220, 225, 227, 229

advancing study of scandals and members of congress’s careers

, 219–220

branch

, 225–229

consequences

, 142–147

in democracies

, 214–215

election outcomes in

, 229–231

individual level characteristics

, 223–224

politicians careers after

, 219

reactions to

, 224–227

effect of scandals on staffing

, 159–163

shape politicians career prospects

, 215–219

type matters

, 218–219

types

, 222–223

Senate Committee on Standards and Conduct

, 173

Senate Select Committee on Ethics

, 109

Senatorial staff

, 155

Senior Citizens Fairness Act, The

, 37

Separation of powers

, 17

Service Employees International Union (SEIU)

, 64

Sex

, 222

scandals

, 197, 222–223

Sexual assault

, 81–82

Sexual harassment

, 82, 88, 92, 197

and abuse

, 177

Sexual scandals

, 7

Sexual violence

, 81–82, 91–92

congressional oversight

, 84–88

legislation

, 84–88

Sexual violence

, 82

Smith-Connally Act (1943)

, 61–62

Social contract theory

, 57

Soft money

, 65–66

Sons of Liberty

, 56

Southeast Asia, corruption in

, 240

SpeechNow. org v. FEC (2010) court decision

, 56, 61

Staff experience

, 163–165

Stalking

, 82

State Harassment and Assault Prevention and Eradication Act (SHAPE)

, 85, 94

State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC)

, 252–253

State Peace and Development Council (SPDC)

, 253

“Stop the steal” rioters

, 56

Sunshine Act

, 44

Sunshine laws

, 43–44

Super PACs

, 56–57, 66–67

in 2020 election

, 68–69

Buckley v. Valeo (1976)

, 63–64

campaign finance laws in United States

, 61–62

campaign finance reform and Watergate scandal

, 62–63

Citizen’s United

, 66–67

on congressional elections

, 67–68

national unity in age of political tribalism

, 57–58

political corruption standard

, 63–64

roots of modern populism

, 59–61

soft money and McCain-Feingold Act of 2002

, 65–66

Survey experiment

, 194–195

Survivor networks

, 92–94

Taking Back Our Streets Act, The

, 37

Tax Reform Act of 1976

, 35

Tea Party Movement

, 59–61

Thailand, nepotism in

, 246–249

Tillman Act (1907)

, 62

TimesUp movement

, 81–82

Transgressions

, 129

Transparency International

, 2, 4, 262

Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP)

, 61

Union Solidarity and Development Party (USDP)

, 253

United States, issues of corruption in

, 256

US Capitol rebellion

, 56

US justice system

, 179

Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem)

, 262–264

Vietnam War

, 172

Violence Against Women Act (VAWA)

, 86–87

Voter backlash

, 195

War Powers Act of 1973

, 35

Watergate

, 33–35

reforms

, 42–44

scandal

, 1, 62–63, 172

Whiskey Rebellion (1794)

, 56

Women in politics

, 193–194

Women’s “double bind”

, 195–197

Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI)

, 262–264