CADF test. See Covariate augmented Dickey-Fuller test (CADF test)
Capita gaps
in CEECs vs. EU average
, 313
competitiveness gaps in CEECs
, 315–318
evolution of GDP/cap in CEECs
, 314
stage of development of non-euro countries
, 317
Capital and labour productivity
, 296
Capital expenditure
, 276, 277–278
Capital inflows
, 114, 117, 122
Catastrophic agglomeration
, 20
Catastrophic de-agglomeration
, 20
Catching-up process
, 7
five-year average real growth rates
in CEECs and southern member states
, 10
in groups of countries
, 11
GDP per capita in PPP
, 7, 8
measurement
, 12–13
transition and integration period
, 9
Causality
, 13, 155–156, 170, 344
CCC. See Circular cumulative causation (CCC)
CE. See Current expenditure (CE)
Central and Eastern Europe Countries (CEEC)
, 4, 7, 313
in DD
, 119–122
heterogeneous space
, 313
allocation vs. absorption capacity
, 322–325
GDP/capita gaps in CEECs vs. EU average
, 313–318
new regulatory framework in 2014–2020 programming period
, 325–329
Romania–national and regional disparities
, 318–322
integration
, 25, 26
competitiveness trends
, 36–38
economic trends
, 33
GDP per capita and labour productivity
, 27, 28
growth and productivity trends
, 33–36
market integration, specialisation and trade
, 38–40
theoretical background
, 28–33
social issues
, 40–45
Central Government
, 254, 271
Centre of gravity, shifting of
, 17–19
Centre-periphery
, 29
allocation of value-added shares
, 346
development model
, 45
differentiation
, 26, 33, 38
distinction/pattern
, 46, 50, 67
paradigm
, 28–30
See also Core-periphery; Eastern periphery
CEPAL. See United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America (CEPAL)
CF. See Cohesion Fund (CF)
Circular cumulative causation (CCC)
, 340
City–region relations
, 234, 239, 243, 245
Classical push–pull model
, 201
Cluster analysis
, 183, 185, 190, 224
Clusters of rural European regions
comparison of typologies
, 190–193
diversity of regions in enlargement European Union
, 178–180
methodological approach
, 181–185, 186
RUFUS typology and core-periphery description
, 194
rural types for different sets of European member states
, 185, 187–190
usability of typology
, 193
Cohesion Policy (CP)
, 25, 292
See also European Union Cohesion Policy (2014–2020) (EU CP)
Common Provisions Regulations (CPR)
, 306
Competitiveness
, 17, 18, 26, 52, 99–100, 102
of cities and regions in Poland
, 234–235
database and results
, 240–244
testing for polish urban competitiveness and growth poles
, 237–240
urban competitiveness and growth poles theory
, 235–237
deficits of EU13 economies
, 73
gaps in CEECs
, 315–318
problems
, 109
trends
, 36–38
Concentric ring theory
, 234
Conditional convergence process
, 25
Conditionalities
, 298–313
Constitution
, 262–263, 272, 279–280
Consumer preferences
, 340–341
Convergence
, 34, 104, 144, 224
in EU
, 5
hypothesis
, 91
of production structure
, 99
Convergence/divergence in EU
, 9
Core regions
, 203, 220, 223
Core-periphery
, 194
differentiation
, 26
CP
, 51
dynamics of institutional environment
, 47–49
institutional approach
, 45–52
institutional index EU13
, 50
institutional index EU15
, 50
levels of GDP/capita
, 46
role of institutions
, 52
division
, 19
gap
, 18
imagery
, 338, 347
models
, 234, 339
of diversified-relational space
, 345–347
of diversified-stylised space
, 342–344
theoretical frameworks
, 339–340
of uniform-abstract space
, 340–342
pattern
, 5–7, 26, 178
phenomenon
, 179
See also Centre-periphery; Eastern periphery
CORINE urban land use
, 181
Corrective arm
, 293n1, 307n9, 312
Country-specific recommendations (CSRs)
, 308n10
Covariate augmented Dickey-Fuller test (CADF test)
, 130
CP. See Cohesion Policy (CP)
CPR. See Common Provisions Regulations (CPR)
Credit markets imperfection approach
, 154–155
Crisis
, 9, 26, 28, 35, 46, 220, 299
impact of
, 53, 62
economic
, 25, 93, 292, 297, 308
EU’s
, 74
financial
, 17, 261–262, 313
CSRs. See Country-specific recommendations (CSRs)
Cultural peripherality
, 30
Current expenditure (CE)
, 123, 131–132
EACs. See Ex-ante conditionalities (EACs)
Eastern European countries (EEC)
, 93, 97, 104, 107, 158–159, 201
Eastern European economies
, 120
Eastern Neighbourhood (EN)
, 19, 72
Eastern periphery
, 5, 202, 205, 207–211, 218–226, 270
decentralisation and local self-government
in Poland
, 278–286
in Romania
, 270–278
of European Union
, 270
Southern EU periphery, vs.
, 4
See also Centre-periphery; Core-periphery
Eastern vs. Southern peripherality
, 53
confidence intervals
, 68
dynamics of peripherality
, 64–66
EP
, 62–66
indicators
, 54, 55
methodology and data
, 53
multivariate methods
, 59
PI
, 61, 63, 67
selection of indices
, 57, 58
SP
, 60, 67–71
system of structural equations
, 56
Eastward shift of economic dynamism and regional resilience
, 16
EC. See European Commission (EC)
Econometric analysis
, 160
Econometric models
, 130
GMM
, 132
models
for GDP growth rate
, 133–134
for real exchange rate
, 135
RER
, 131–132
Econometric strategy
, 211–213, 237–240
Economic
affairs
, 260, 267
crisis
, 25, 90, 93, 109, 120, 200, 206, 220, 224, 308
cycle
, 201, 208
geography
, 30–31
governance
, 293, 311
integration
, 20, 33, 91
performance
, 7, 13, 66, 69
Economic and Monetary Union (EMU)
, 292
Economic peripherality (EP)
, 53, 57
Economic/economy
, 151
crisis
, 200
delay
, 30
economies of scale
, 342
growth
, 145, 150, 152
comparative perspective on
, 146–150
empirical model and results
, 158–168
inequality and growth
, 154–156
structural change and growth
, 151–154
imbalance
, 354
mechanism
, 154–155
policy
, 165
sectors
, 191
space
, 343, 350
theory
, 157
EDP. See Excessive Deficit Procedure (EDP)
Education
, 22, 152
system
, 43, 223, 224, 227
Education(al)
, 152, 209
deficit
, 103
quality
, 210
EEC. See Eastern European countries (EEC)
Efficiency
efficiency-driven stage
, 316
enhancers
, 316
EFSI. See European Fund for Strategic Investments (EFSI)
EIB. See European Investment Bank (EIB)
EIP. See Excessive imbalances procedure (EIP)
Eleven new EU Member States (NMS)
, 120
EM. See Expenditures of municipalities per one inhabitant (EM)
EMFF. See European Maritime and Fisheries Fund (EMFF)
Emigrants remittances
, 120
Emigration
, 201–204, 208, 211, 213
emod. See Modern services employment ratio (emod)
Empirical analysis
, 122
evolution
of GDP growth rate
, 124
of GFCF
, 125
of government current expenditure
, 127
of real GDPpc
, 123
of short-run interest rate
, 126
GDP growth rate/RER
, 129
real exchange rate/structural funds
, 128
SF
, 122–123
Empirical model and results
, 158
inequality and output
, 161, 163, 164
panel unit-root tests
, 160–161, 162
potential transmission mechanism
, 159
structural change and inequality
, 164–168, 169
Employment
, 151
changes in structure
, 97
shares in GVA
, 98–99
shares in total employment
, 100–101
Southwestern economies
, 102
EMU. See Economic and Monetary Union (EMU)
EN. See Eastern Neighbourhood (EN)
Endogenous growth theories
, 295–296
Enlargement
, 33, 50–51, 120, 144
ENP. See European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP)
Environmental component
, 183, 184
EP. See Economic peripherality (EP)
ESIF. See European Structural and Investment Funds (ESIF)
ESPD. See European Spatial Development Policy (ESPD)
etrad. See Traditional services employment ratio (etrad)
EU. See European Union (EU)
EU Cohesion Policy
, 16–17
EU core-periphery division
catching-up process
, 7–11
CEECs
, 4
core-periphery pattern in Europe
, 5–7
GDP per capita in PPS
, 6
interpreting trends with NEG’s paradigm
, 19–21
shifting of centre of gravity
, 17–19
underlying factors
, 11
catching-up measurement
, 12–13
labour productivity and FDI inflows
, 13–16
policy and structural factors
, 11
EU CP. See European Union Cohesion Policy (2014–2020) (EU CP)
EU Funds
, 121, 136, 294, 323, 331
EU integration and centre periphery divide
changes in structure of production, employment and trade
, 97–102
European periphery
, 90
productivity trends in
, 92–97
MFP
, 91–92
R&D and technology change within industries
, 105–108
skill and technology biased structural change
, 102–105
EU’s Eastern periphery, mapping migration transition in
, 218
convergence process
, 224
highly attractive regions
, 220–223
NUTS2 regional classification
, 222
southern states
, 224
total net migration share
, 219, 221
transition drivers
, 218–220
‘unconventional’ measures
, 226
Euro area
, 90–91, 122, 292, 313
Europe of the Regions
, 253, 278
European Charter of Local Self-Government
, 252, 283
European Commission (EC)
, 120, 237, 293
European Fund for Strategic Investments (EFSI)
, 293, 306–309, 313
European integration
, 24, 55, 90, 115, 313, 344
European Investment Bank (EIB)
, 306–307
European Maritime and Fisheries Fund (EMFF)
, 299
European member states, rural types of
, 185
Typology A
, 185, 187–188
Typology C
, 185, 189–190
European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP)
, 19
European periphery
, 90
productivity trends in
, 92–97
European policy and programming
, 178
European Regional policy
, 121
European Spatial Development Policy (ESPD)
, 32
European Structural and Investment Funds (ESIF)
, 293, 299, 306, 308, 309, 325–326
European structural funds
, 113, 137, 276
European Union (EU)
, 4, 24, 115, 144, 178, 200, 252, 292
average
capita gaps in CEECs vs.
, 313–317
national and regional economic gaps with
, 318–322
economy
, 23
competitiveness deficits of EU13 economies
, 73
CP
, 25
Eastern vs. Southern peripherality
, 53–71
integration of Central and Eastern European Countries
, 26–52
EU-28
, 9
legal framework on EU economic, social and territorial cohesion
, 297–298
low-skilled immigration threat
, 200
Member States
, 12, 146, 211, 292
obsessive problem of EU funds’ absorption
, 322–325
regions
, 12–13, 213, 220, 300
European Union Cohesion Policy (2014–2020) (EU CP)
, 292, 293–294
CEEC
, 313–329
new strategic framework, objectives, regions, conditionalities
, 298
new categories of regions, new objectives
, 299–306
new conditionalities
, 310–313
new financial instrument and new conditionalities
, 306–309
‘spatially-blind’ and ‘place-based’ growth theories
, 294
from theoretical to normative background
, 294
legal framework on EU economic, social and territorial cohesion
, 297–298
theoretical background of EU cohesion policy
, 295–297
Europeanisation
, 33, 51, 224
Evolutionary-historical geographical political economy
, 354
Ex-ante conditionalities (EACs)
, 294, 310, 327
Excessive Deficit Procedure (EDP)
, 299, 311
Excessive imbalances procedure (EIP)
, 311
Expenditures of municipalities per one inhabitant (EM)
, 241
Export-led growth
, 16, 109, 110
Exporting capacities
, 110
External shocks
, 120, 220
GCI. See Global Competitiveness Index (GCI)
GDP. See Gross domestic product (GDP)
GDPGR. See Real GDP growth rate (GDPGR)
General ex-ante conditionalities
, 310
General Method of Moments (GMM)
, 132
Geographical agglomeration effects
, 292
Geographical periphery
, 292
GFCF. See Gross fixed capital formation (GFCF)
Gini coefficient
, 149, 156, 158
Global Competitiveness Index (GCI)
, 37, 315
Global value chains (GVC)
, 345
positioning of industries within
, 346–347
Glocalisation
, 251, 253, 285
GMM. See General Method of Moments (GMM)
Good governance
, 7, 25, 45, 51, 74, 285, 353
Governance space
, 352–353
Greece
, 4, 6, 9, 13, 33, 41, 44, 46, 62, 126, 146, 149, 201, 256, 292, 315, 318
Gross domestic product (GDP)
, 146, 234
evolution of GDP growth rate
, 124
GDP/capita gaps in CEECs vs. EU average
, 313
competitiveness gaps
, 315–318
evolution of GDP/cap
, 314
stage of development of non-euro countries
, 317
growth rate/RER
, 129
local government revenues as percentage
, 259
models for
, 130–131, 133–134
Gross fixed capital formation (GFCF)
, 35, 123, 125
Gross value added (GVA)
, 55, 97
shares in
, 98–99
Growth
, 24, 25, 31, 33–36, 38, 40–44, 52, 62, 66, 71
Growth multifactor productivity (MFP)
, 96
Growth pole
, 19, 28, 234, 235, 236, 238, 244, 246, 321
Growth poles theory
, 235–237
testing for polish
, 237–240
Growth rates
, 5, 9–11, 13, 34, 62, 66, 94, 95, 153, 207, 208, 314
Growth theories
, 45, 294, 295–297
GVA. See Gross value added (GVA)
GVC. See Global value chains (GVC)
ICT. See Information and communication technology (ICT)
Ideological peripherality
, 30
IIT typology. See Intra-industry trade typology (IIT typology)
IM. See Incomes of municipalities per one inhabitant (IM)
Immigration
, 200, 202, 203, 208, 213
Income
inequality
, 44, 146
variable
, 209
Incomes of municipalities per one inhabitant (IM)
, 240–241
Increasing returns to scale (IRS)
, 342
Independent Auditing Committee
, 262
Indicators
, 146, 158, 178, 275, 282
Industrial policy
, 90, 110
Industries, R&D and technology change within
, 105–108
Industry VA excluding Construction and Building (VAIECB)
, 123
Inequality
, 145, 150, 159
comparative perspective on
, 146–150
empirical model and results
, 158–168, 169
and growth
, 154–156
hampers growth
, 160
of income distribution
, 43, 44
and output
, 161, 163
structural change and
, 156–158
Information and communication technology (ICT)
, 151–152
Infrastructure
, 16, 31, 69, 72, 118, 121, 245, 277, 300, 316, 318, 345
Innovation
, 316
capacity
, 25, 237
Innovation driven stage
, 316
Integration
, 24, 36, 38, 45, 55, 71
process
, 26, 46, 50, 53, 55, 113, 297
Integrative approach
, 53
See also Eastern vS. Southern peripherality
Internal market
, 24, 25, 35, 41, 52, 61, 74, 298
Intra-industry trade typology (IIT typology)
, 39
IRS. See Increasing returns to scale (IRS)
Italy
decentralisation and self-government in
, 256–262
overall and local government revenues as percentage of GDP
, 259
structure of budgetary revenues
, 260
Labour
force
, 24, 55, 60, 72, 120, 206, 223, 227
frontiers
, 203
market
dualism theory
, 207
segmentation
, 213–214
productivity
, 13
by country in 2015
, 14
growth in
, 14
growth rate in
, 15
Lagging sector (L sector)
, 117
Lagrange multiplier test (LM test)
, 212
Less-developed countries
, 292, 294–295
Level of specialization
, 13
Lisbon Treaty (LT)
, 297–298
Living standard
, 213, 236
LM test. See Lagrange multiplier test (LM test)
Loans
, 254, 260, 270, 272, 277, 285, 293
Local authorities
, 236, 255, 257, 259, 260, 269, 272, 275, 277, 280, 283, 287
Local Communities
Revenue Act
, 283
in Spain
, 267
Local development
, 252, 255, 354
Local governments
, 258
division of responsibility among local governments in Spain
, 264
general share on Eastern Periphery of Europe Union
, 271
indicators of local revenues and expenditures in Poland
, 282
revenues as percentage of GDP in Italy
, 259
Local identity
, 252, 253, 255, 270
Local revenues
, 272, 274, 282, 287
Local self-government
, 253–255
on Eastern Periphery of European Union
, 270
in Poland
, 278–286
in Romania
, 270–278
on Southern Periphery of European Union
, 255
in Italy
, 256–262
in Spain
, 262–270
Local taxes
, 255, 258, 272
Long-run interest rate (LRIR)
, 123, 131–132
evolution of
, 126
Long-term growth of labour productivity
, 92–93
Low and medium-high technology
, 24, 104
LRIR. See Long-run interest rate (LRIR)
LT. See Lisbon Treaty (LT)
Macroeconomic conditionality
, 294, 311–313
imbalances
, 108, 305
policies
, 29
stability
, 36, 293, 307
Macroeconomic Imbalance Procedure (MIP)
, 19, 299
Manufacturing
, 39, 97–99, 104, 109, 119, 152, 343–344
sectors
, 97, 115–116, 117–118, 150–151, 156, 185
Market
, 5, 7, 9, 16, 20, 30, 38–40, 54, 60, 71, 74, 153, 206, 292, 297, 352
integration
, 292
Marketplace
, 340, 342–343, 347
Medium-term budgetary objective (MTO)
, 312
Metropolitan regions
, 3, 18, 179
MFP. See Multifactor productivity (MFP)
Migration
cycle
, 204, 226
policy
, 226, 228
Migration process
, 200, 205, 208, 209
hump
, 204
migration-development nexus
, 203–205
turnaround in Southern Europe
, 205–207
Migration transition
, 201, 202
data overview and econometric strategy
, 211–213
descriptive statistics of variables
, 232
drivers
, 206
estimation results and discussions
, 213
income
, 217–218
interaction regressors
, 218
labour market segmentation
, 213–214
regression results for fixed-effects models
, 214, 215–216
two-way fixed effects
, 214–217
EU enlargements
, 200–201
large scale migration
, 201–202
mapping migration transition in EU’s Eastern periphery
, 218–226
measuring drivers of migration transition model
, 207–211
migration-development nexus
, 203–205
pattern
, 205
transitional path
, 205–207
MIP. See Macroeconomic Imbalance Procedure (MIP)
Mobility
, 203–204, 208, 295
form
, 205
of labour
, 20
population
, 245
Modern progressive
sectors
, 145
services
, 157
Modern services
, 145, 149n1, 150, 160, 164, 165, 166, 168, 170
Modern services employment ratio (emod)
, 159, 161, 161n5, 162, 164, 167
Modernisation process
, 203
MTO. See Medium-term budgetary objective (MTO)
Multi-core integration environment
, 353
Multi-dimensional space
case for modern spatial account of development
, 347
lessons from three interpretations of space
, 348–349
policy and economic space
, 350
socio-cultural space
, 350–351
core-periphery model revisited
, 339
diversified-relational space models
, 345–347
diversified-stylised space models
, 342–344
theoretical frameworks
, 339–340
uniform-abstract space models
, 340–342
policy implications in
, 351
governance space
, 352–353
policy-mix of ‘big processes’, local and global
, 353–354
Multifactor productivity (MFP)
, 91–92, 97
growth
, 93, 96
Multivariate statistical techniques
, 183, 184
Municipalities
, 257–260, 263–266, 279, 282
National and regional economic gaps with EU average
, 318–322
National Ordinary Fund for Investment
, 260
Natural resource sector
, 117–118
ND1000. See Number of dwellings (ND1000)
NEG. See New Economic Geography (NEG)
Neoclassical growth accounting framework
, 93
Neoclassical growth theory
, 235, 295
Net lending variables (NL variables)
, 123, 131–132
Net migration balance
, 224, 227
New Economic Geography (NEG)
, 5, 20, 29, 91, 296, 343, 344
New member states (NMS)
, 5, 34, 40, 144–145, 147–148, 192
NL variables. See Net lending variables (NL variables)
NMS. See New member states (NMS)
NNP100. See Number of population in non-productive age per 100 working-age persons (NNP100)
Nomenclature of Units for Territorial Statistics in 2010
level 2 (NUTS2 2010)
, 211
Non-parametric methods
, 127–129
Non-tradable goods (NTG)
, 117–118, 123, 132, 137
NPE100. See Number of private sector enterprises per 100 inhabitants (NPE100)
NPP. See Number of population in productive age (NPP)
NTG. See Non-tradable goods (NTG)
NTP. See Number of total population (NTP)
Null hypothesis (H0)
, 160–161
Number of dwellings (ND1000)
, 241
Number of population in non-productive age per 100 working-age persons (NNP100)
, 241
Number of population in productive age (NPP)
, 241
Number of private sector enterprises per 100 inhabitants (NPE100)
, 241
Number of readers in public libraries per 1000 inhabitants (RPL1000)
, 241
Number of total population (NTP)
, 241
NUTS2 2010. See Nomenclature of Units for Territorial Statistics in 2010
level 2 (NUTS2 2010)
NUTS3
level
, 180
regions
, 181
Panel
, 152–153, 155, 158–160, 240
analysis
, 211, 213, 239
data analysis
, 211, 213, 239
unit-root tests
, 160–161, 162
Partnership Agreements (PAs)
, 308n10, 310
PD. See Population density (PD)
Peripheral cities
, 178, 234
Peripheral countries
, 5, 7, 20, 31, 38, 50, 68, 144
Peripheral regions
, 28, 31, 71, 178, 193, 202, 223, 286, 292, 346
Peripherality
, 30, 178, 191–192
Peripherality index (PI)
, 61, 67
correlations matrix
, 85
for economies of European Union
, 63
EU states by groups depending on
, 70
maps of economic and spatial peripherality and topographic representation
, 84
variables used in analysis of
, 83
Periphery
centre-periphery
, 29, 346
core-periphery
, 194
Eastern periphery
, 207–211
European periphery
, 90
Southern periphery
, 207–211
Perroux’s growth pole theory
, 234
PI. See Peripherality index (PI)
Place-based approach
, 178, 294, 295
Poland
competitiveness of cities and regions in
, 234
database and results
, 240–244
testing for polish urban competitiveness and growth poles
, 237–240
urban competitiveness and growth poles theory
, 235–237
voivodships
, 234–235
decentralisation and local self-government in
, 278
advanced reformer
, 280–281
centralisation and decentralisation
, 286
distribution of government responsibility in
, 281
distribution of local expenditures in
, 284
evolution of regional GDP in
, 285
indicators of local revenues and expenditures in
, 282
Local Communities’ Revenue Act
, 283
regionalization
, 279
Supreme Audit Office
, 285–286
Policy
assessment
, 183
factors
, 11
implications in multi-dimensional space
, 351
governance space
, 352–353
policy-mix of ‘big processes’
, 353–354
policymakers
, 115
space
, 350
Polish cities
, 235, 239, 240–241, 243, 245
Political
mechanism
, 154–155
peripherality
, 30
political–economic constraints
, 351
risks
, 26
Pooled ordinary least squares (POLS)
, 212, 235, 240, 241–244
Population density (PD)
, 54, 181, 210, 240
Potential transmission mechanism
, 159
PPPs. See Public-private partnerships (PPPs)
PPS. See Purchasing power standard (PPS)
Prebisch-Singer hypothesis
, 29
Preventive arm
, 293n1, 307n9, 312
Product life cycle theory
, 234, 345
Production functions
, 295, 340
Productivity
, 18, 33, 55, 145, 151, 153, 237
Productivity trends in European periphery
, 92
GDP per capita
, 92
growth dynamics
, 96–97
labour productivity
, 93
MFP growth in EU-15 countries
, 96
output growth and labour productivity growth
, 94–95
Programming Period (2007–2014)
, 322–325
Programming period
, 17, 293, 297, 313–315
Provinces
, 257, 259, 260, 263, 267, 282
Public policies
, 120, 275, 314
Public-private partnerships (PPPs)
, 33, 146
Purchasing power standard (PPS)
, 33, 283
R&D and technology change within industries
, 105–108
Random effects model
, 212
RCI. See Regional Competitiveness Index (RCI)
RE. See Regional economics (RE)
Re-allocation factors effect
, 117–118
Real exchange rate (RER)
, 114, 117n2, 123, 132–133, 136
appreciation
, 116
evolution of
, 125
models for
, 130–131, 135
Real GDP growth rate (GDPGR)
, 123
Real GDP per capita (RGDPpc)
, 123
conditional density
, 124
Region((s)
, 16, 20, 25, 31, 33, 52, 74, 212
Regional attractiveness
, 220
Regional authorities
, 280–281, 283
Regional budgets
, 253, 258–259, 285
Regional Competitiveness Index (RCI)
, 316
Regional development
, 13, 283, 285, 295, 339
EU
, 291
policies
, 32, 43, 69, 72
traditional target of
, 354
Regional economics (RE)
, 240, 339, 344
Regional government
, 253, 262
Regional heterogeneity
, 318
Regional level
, 5, 202, 246, 285, 316
Regionalisation
, 270
decentralisation and local self-government
in Poland
, 278–286
in Romania
, 270–278
RER. See Real exchange rate (RER)
Research and development (R&D)
, 153, 297
Resilience
, 5, 16, 69, 352–353
Resource(s)
, 24, 45, 55, 115, 119, 193, 257–258, 300
effect
, 118
movement effect
, 117–118
niche
, 203
Returns
, 91, 295, 315, 341
RGDPpc. See Real GDP per capita (RGDPpc)
Romania
, 313
allocation vs. absorption capacity
, 322–325
decentralisation and local self-government in
, 270
authorities
, 271–272
distribution of local expenditures in
, 277
distribution of responsibility in
, 273–274
general share of local government expenditures
, 271
indicators of fiscal decentralisation in
, 275
local budgetary decisions
, 278
Romanian health-care system
, 277
source of dysfunctionality
, 275–276
sources of local budgetary revenues in
, 274
GDP/capita gaps in CEECs vs. EU average
, 313–318
new regulatory framework in 2014–2020 programming period
, 325–329
Romania–national and regional disparities
, 318–322
Romanian Partnership Agreement (2014–2020)
, 321, 326
ROP. See Regional OP (ROP)
RPL1000. See Number of readers in public libraries per 1000 inhabitants (RPL1000)
RUFUS. See Rural Future Networks (RUFUS)
Rural
depopulation
, 206
methodological approach to diversity of rural areas in Europe
, 180
rural–urban migration
, 206
types for different sets of European member states
, 185, 187–190
Rural Future Networks (RUFUS)
, 179
types of rural regions in Europe
, 191–192
typology
, 183–184, 193, 194
Rural regions
, 179, 181, 188, 191–192
Saving
, 144, 159, 170, 315, 340–341
Scale economies
, 40, 52, 151–152
Schumpeterian growth approach
, 296
SE member states. See Southern EU member states (SE member states)
SEC. See Southern European countries/Southern periphery (SEC)
Segmentation variable
, 209
‘Segregation’ effect
, 262
Self-government practices
economic and social development
, 252
in EU
, 253
See also Local self-government
Services
, 237, 259, 280, 344
SF. See Structural Funds (SF)
SGP. See Stability and Growth Pact (SGP)
Short-run interest rate (SRIR)
, 131–132
evolution of
, 126
Skill-biased technical change
, 145
Social
peripherality
, 30
space
, 339
Social and cultural activities
, 267, 277
Social assistance
, 207, 277
Socio-cultural
constraints
, 351
space
, 350–351
Socio-economic
component
, 183, 184
indicators
, 194
Solow–Swan model
, 29, 295
Southern development zone
, 18
Southern EU member states (SE member states)
, 146
Southern Europe
, 4, 146, 149, 191
migration turnaround in
, 205–207
Southern European countries/Southern periphery (SEC)
, 201
Southern periphery
, 207–211
decentralisation and local self-government
in Italy
, 256–262
in Spain
, 262–270
Southwestern countries
, 104
Southwestern economies
, 102
SP. See Spatial peripherality (SP)
Spain
decentralisation in
, 262–270
local self-government in
, 262–270
Spatial account of development, case for modern
, 347
lessons from three interpretations of space
, 348–349
policy and economic space
, 350
socio-cultural space
, 350–351
Spatial distribution
, 30, 339
Spatial peripherality (SP)
, 25, 60
Spatial representation
, 339
Spatial/geographic component
, 32
‘Spatially-blind’ theories
, 295
Special National Fund
, 260
‘Spending effect’
, 117–118
SRIR. See Short-run interest rate (SRIR)
Stability and Growth Pact (SGP)
, 293
preventive arm
, 312
Stagnant services
, 145, 153
Stagnation
, 24–25, 35, 45, 92, 205, 330, 344
Static panel estimation method, fixed effects
, 158
Static panel model estimators
, 239
Stationarity
, 128, 159, 160–161
Structural
component
, 107
factors
, 11
reforms clause
, 312
Structural change
, 145, 150
changes in structure of production, employment and trade
, 97–102
comparative perspective on
, 146–150
empirical model and results
, 158–169
and growth
, 151–154
and inequality
, 156–158
process
, 144
skill and technology biased
, 102–105
Structural deficiencies
, 5
Structural Funds (SF)
, 122–123, 131–132
Structural reforms
, 4, 26
Structural transformation
, 132, 224
Sub-regional
, 12, 75, 316
Subnational communities
, 254, 256, 262, 285
Subsidiarity, principle of
, 252, 254–255
TCR. See Total current revenue (TCR)
Technological change
, 97, 144–145, 151, 155, 157–158, 295–296, 340–341
Territorial development
, 338
Territory
, 52, 236, 254, 340
of variable geometry
, 352
Tertiarisation process
, 150
TEU. See Treaty on European Union (TEU)
TFEU. See Treaty on Functioning of EU (TFEU)
TG. See Tradable goods (TG)
Thematic conditionalities
, 310
Total current revenue (TCR)
, 123, 131–132
Total value added (TVA)
, 123
Tradable goods (TG)
, 115, 117, 122, 127, 132
Tradable knowledge-intensive services
, 157
Trade
balance
, 102
changes in structure
, 97–102
shares in technology classes
, 105
Traditional services
, 150, 157, 170
Traditional services employment ratio (etrad)
, 159, 161–167
Transfers
, 257, 258, 263, 272, 283
Transition(al)
drivers
, 218–220
economies of Central and Eastern Europe
, 144–145
path
, 205–207
period
, 9
personal services
, 151–152
services quantile estimates
, 167
theories
, 203–205
Treaty on European Union (TEU)
, 297n4
Treaty on Functioning of EU (TFEU)
, 97n4, 293n1, 307n9
TVA. See Total value added (TVA)
Typology
, 179
for rural areas in Europe
, 181
basic settings and data base
, 181
factor and cluster analysis
, 183–185, 186
indicator selection and derivation of rural types
, 181–183, 184
typology A
, 185, 187–188
typology C
, 188–190
usability of
, 193
Typology of European rural areas for spatial impact assessment of policies (TERA-SIAP approach) TERA-SIAP approach
, 193