References

Digital Transformations of Illicit Drug Markets: Reconfiguration and Continuity

ISBN: 978-1-80043-869-9, eISBN: 978-1-80043-866-8

Publication date: 16 August 2023

Citation

(2023), "References", Tzanetakis, M. and South, N. (Ed.) Digital Transformations of Illicit Drug Markets: Reconfiguration and Continuity (Emerald Studies in Death and Culture), Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 155-174. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-80043-866-820231013

Publisher

:

Emerald Publishing Limited

Copyright © 2023 Meropi Tzanetakis and Nigel South

License

This work is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) licence. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of these works (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this licence may be seen at http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode


ACMD (Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs), 2011ACMD (Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs). 2011. Consideration of the novel psychoactive substances (‘legal highs’), Home Office, October, p. 70. Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/119139/acmdnps2011.pdf [Accessed 18 July 2022].

Adler, 1993Adler, P. 1993. Wheeling and Dealing: An Ethnography of an Upper-level Drug Dealing and Smuggling Community, 2nd ed., New York, NY, Columbia University Press.

Agar, 2011Agar, M. 2011. Making sense of one other for another: ethnography as translation, Language & Communication, 31, 3847.

Ahmed, Grace, Stelfox, Tomlinson, and Cheung, 2004Ahmed, S.B., Grace, S.L., Stelfox, H.T., Tomlinson, G. and Cheung, A.M. 2004. Gender bias in cardiovascular advertisements, Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 10(4), 531538.

Ahuvia, and Izberk-Bilgin, 2011Ahuvia, A. and Izberk-Bilgin, E. 2011. Limits of the McDonaldization thesis: eBayization and ascendant trends in post-industrial consumer culture, Consumption Markets & Culture, 14(4), 361384.

Akhtar, and South, 2000Akhtar, S. and South, N. 2000. Hidden from heroin’s history: heroin use and dealing within an English Asian community—a case study, Crime Prevention Studies, 11, 153178.

Aldridge, 2012Aldridge, J. 2012. Dealers in Disguise: The Virtualisation of Retail Level Drugs Markets, Centre International de Criminologie Comparée, University of Montreal. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q4ZsNuC2kqg [Accessed 18 July 2022].

Aldridge, and Askew, 2017Aldridge, J. and Askew, R. 2017. Delivery dilemmas: how drug cryptomarket users identify and seek to reduce their risk of detection by law enforcement, International Journal of Drug Policy, 41, 101109.

Aldridge, and Décary-Hétu, 2014Aldridge, J. and Décary-Hétu, D. 2014. Not an “Ebay for Drugs”: the cryptomarket “Silk Road” as a paradigm shifting criminal innovation. Available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2436643 [Accessed 18 July 2022].

Aldridge, and Décary-Hétu, 2016Aldridge, J. and Décary-Hétu, D. 2016. Cryptomarkets and the future of illicit drug markets. In Internet and Drug Markets (European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction: Insights 21), pp. 2330, Luxembourg, Publications Office of the European Union.

Aldridge, Stevens, and Barratt, 2017Aldridge, J., Stevens, A. and Barratt, M.J. 2017. Will growth in cryptomarket drug buying increase the harms of illicit drugs? Addiction, 113(5), 789796.

Amaral, and Andreolla, 2020Amaral, A.J.D. and Andreolla, A.H. 2020. Drugs, military urbanism and gentrification: the case of the São Paulo’s “Cracolândia”, Revista Direito e Práxis, 11(4), 21622187.

Andreas, and Nadelmann, 2006Andreas, P. and Nadelmann, E. 2006. Policing the globe: criminalisation and crime control in international relations, New York, NY, Oxford University Press.

Arber, Bote, and Meadows, 2009Arber, S., Bote, M. and Meadows, R. 2009. Gender and socio-economic patterning of self-reported sleep problems in Britain, Social Science & Medicine, 68(2), 281289.

Asberg, and Johnson, 2009Asberg, C. and Johnson, E. 2009. Viagra selfhood: pharmaceutical advertising and the visual formation of Swedish masculinity, Health Care Analysis, 17(2), 144157.

Askew, 2016Askew, R. 2016. Functional fun: legitimising adult recreational drug use, International Journal of Drug Policy, 36, 112119.

Aspers, and Beckert, 2008Aspers, P. and Beckert, J. 2008. Märkte. In Handbuch der Wirtschaftssoziologie, Ed. A. Maurer, pp. 225246, Wiesbaden, VS Verlag.

Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW), 2019Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW). 2019. National Drug Strategy Household Survey 2019, Canberra.

Autio, Lähteenmaa, Holmberg, and Kujala, 2016Autio, M., Lähteenmaa, J., Holmberg, U. and Kujala, J. 2016. Young consumer identity in a restrictive school environment—addictive substances, symbolic goods and consumer skills, Children and Youth Services Review, 68, 100106.

Bakken, and Demant, 2019Bakken, S.A. and Demant, J.J. 2019. Sellers’ risk perceptions in public and private social media drug markets, International Journal of Drug Policy, 73, 255262.

Bakken, Moeller, and Sandberg, 2018Bakken, S.A., Moeller, K. and Sandberg, S. 2018. Coordination problems in cryptomarkets: changes in cooperation, competition and valuation, European Journal of Criminology, 15(4), 442460.

Bancroft, 2017Bancroft, A. 2017. ‘Responsible use to responsible harm: illicit drug use and peer harm reduction in a darknet cryptomarket’, Health, Risk & Society, 19(7–8), 336350.

Bancroft, 2020Bancroft, A. 2020. The Darknet and Smarter Crime: Methods for Investigating Criminal Entrepreneurs and the Illicit Drug Economy, Cham, Palgrave Macmillan.

Bancroft, 2023Bancroft, A. 2023. ‘Waiting for the delivery man’: temporalities of addiction, withdrawal, and the pleasures of drug time in a darknet cryptomarket. In Digital Transformations of Illicit Drug Markets: Reconfiguration and Continuity, Eds M. Tzanetakis and N. South, pp. 6172, Bingley, Emerald.

Bancroft, and Scott Reid, 2016Bancroft, A. and Scott Reid, P. 2016. Concepts of illicit drug quality among darknet market users: purity, embodied experience, craft and chemical knowledge, International Journal of Drug Policy, 35, 4249.

Bancroft, Squirrell, Zaunseder, and Rafanell, 2020Bancroft, A., Squirrell, T., Zaunseder, A. and Rafanell, I. 2020. Producing trust among illicit actors: a techno-social approach to an online illicit market, Sociological Research Online, 25(3), 456472.

Barnard, Russell, McKeganey, and Hamilton-Barclay, 2016Barnard, M., Russell, C., McKeganey, N. and Hamilton-Barclay, T. 2016. The highs and lows of NPS/“Legal High” use: qualitative views from a UK online survey, Drugs: Education Prevention and Policy, 24(1), 96102.

Barratt, 2017Barratt, M.J. 2017. Bluelight.org: a harm-reduction community that supports public health research [letter to the editor], Journal of Substance Use, 22(1), 12.

Barratt, and Aldridge, 2016Barratt, M.J. and Aldridge, J. 2016. Everything you always wanted to know about drug cryptomarkets* (*but were afraid to ask), International Journal of Drug Policy, 35, 16.

Barratt, Ferris, and Winstock, 2014Barratt, M.J., Ferris, J.A. and Winstock A.R. 2014. Use of Silk Road, the online drug marketplace, in the United Kingdom, Australia and the United States, Addiction, 109(5), 774783.

Barratt, Ferris, and Winstock, 2016Barratt, M.J., Ferris, J.A. and Winstock, A.R. 2016. Safer scoring? Cryptomarkets, social supply and drug market violence, International Journal of Drug Policy, 35, 2431.

Barratt, Ferris, Zahnow, Palamar, Maier, and Winstock, 2017Barratt, M.J., Ferris, J.A., Zahnow, R., Palamar, J.J., Maier, L.J. and Winstock, A.R. 2017. Moving on from representativeness: testing the utility of the Global Drug Survey, Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment, 11, 117.

Barratt, Lamy, Engel, Davies, Puljević, Ferris, and Winstock, 2022Barratt, M.J., Lamy, F., Engel, L., Davies, E., Puljević, C., Ferris, J. and Winstock, A. 2022. Exploring Televend, an innovative combination of cryptomarket and messaging app technologies for trading prohibited drugs, Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 231, 109243.

Barratt, Lenton, Maddox, and Allen, 2016Barratt, M., Lenton, S., Maddox, A. and Allen, M. 2016. “What if you live on top of a bakery and you like cakes?”—drug use and harm trajectories before, during and after the emergence of Silk Road, International Journal of Drug Policy, 35, 5057.

Barratt, and Maddox, 2016Barratt, M.J. and Maddox, A. 2016. Active engagement with stigmatised communities through digital ethnography, Qualitative Research, 16(6), 701719.

Baym, 2009Baym, N.K. 2009. A call for grounding in the face of blurred boundaries, Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 14, 720723.

Beckert, and Dewey, 2017Beckert, J. and Dewey, M. (Eds). 2017. The Architecture of Illegal Markets: Towards an Economic Sociology of Illegality in the Economy, Oxford, Oxford University Press.

Beckert, and Wehinger, 2013Beckert, J. and Wehinger, F. 2013. In the shadow: illegal markets and economic sociology, Socio-Economic Review, 11(1), 530.

Belgische Kamer van Volksvertegenwoordigers en Senaat, 2001Belgische Kamer van Volksvertegenwoordigers en Senaat. 2001. Beleidsnota van de Federale Regering in Verband met de Drugproblematiek, Brussels, Kamer.

Bergeron, Décary-Hétu, Giommoni, and Villeneuve-Dubuc, 2022Bergeron, A., Décary-Hétu, D., Giommoni, L. and Villeneuve-Dubuc, M.P. 2022. The success rate of online illicit drug transactions during a global pandemic, International Journal of Drug Policy, 99, 103452.

Berman, and Dong, 2016Berman, B. and Dong, M. 2016. Gray markets: past, present, and future, The International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research, 26(1), 95111.

Bewley-Taylor, 2012Bewley-Taylor, D. 2012. International Drug Control: Consensus Fractured, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.

Bianca, 2018Bianca. 2018. Let’s talk smart drugs: user’s voice. Modafinil: a love affair, HED Matters, 1(2), 913.

Bilgrei, 2016Bilgrei, O.R. 2016. From “herbal highs” to the “heroin of cannabis”: exploring the evolving discourse on synthetic cannabinoid use in a Norwegian Internet drug forum, International Journal of Drug Policy, 29, 18.

Billiard, and Lubin, 2015Billiard, M. and Lubin, S. 2015. Modafinil: development and use of the compound. In Sleep Medicine, Eds S. Chokroverty and M. Billiard, pp. 541544, New York, NY, Springer.

Bleakley, 2019Bleakley, P. 2019. Watching the watchers: Taskforce Argos and the evidentiary issues involved with infiltrating dark web child exploitation networks, The Police Journal: Theory, Practice and Principles, 92(3), 221236.

Blum, R.H. and Associates, 1972Blum, R.H. and Associates. 1972. The Dream Sellers, San Francisco, CA, Jossey-Bass.

Bogenschultz, 2000Bogenschultz, M.P. 2000. Drug information libraries on the Internet, Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 32(3), 249258.

Boister, 2012Boister, N. 2012. An Introduction to Transnational Criminal Law, Oxford, Oxford University Press.

Boister, 2017Boister, N. 2017. Law enforcement cooperation between New Zealand and the United States: serving the Internet “pirate” Kim Dotcom up on a silver platter? In Trust in International Police and Justice Cooperation, Ed. S. Hufnagel and C. McCartney, pp. 193220, Oxford, Hart Publishing.

Bolton, Greiner, and Ockenfels, 2013Bolton, G., Greiner, B. and Ockenfels, A. 2013. Engineering trust: reciprocity in the production of reputation information, Management Science, 59(2), 265285.

Bonnecaze, O’Connor, and Aloi, 2020Bonnecaze, A.K., O’Connor, T. and Aloi, J.A. 2020. Characteristics and attitudes of men using anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS): a survey of 2385 men, American Journal of Men’s Health, 14(6), 112.

Bonß, 2011Bonß, W. 2011. Kritische Theorie und empirische Sozialforschung—ein Spannungsverhältnis. In Adorno Handbuch. Leben—Werk—Wirkung, Eds R. Klein, J. Kreuzer and S. Müller-Doohm, pp. 232248, Stuttgart, J.B. Metzler.

Bourdieu, 1986Bourdieu, P. 1986. The forms of capital. In Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education, Ed. J. Richardson, pp. 241258, New York, NY, Greenwood.

Bourgois, 1995Bourgois, P. 1995. In Search of Respect: Selling Crack in El Barrio, New York, NY, Cambridge University Press.

Bourgois, 2000Bourgois, P. 2000. Disciplining addictions: the bio-politics of methadone and heroin in the United States, Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 24(2), 165195.

Bowling, and Sheptycki, 2011Bowling, B. and Sheptycki, J. 2011. Global Policing, London, Sage.

Bowling, and Sheptycki, 2015Bowling, B. and Sheptycki, J. 2015. Global policing and transnational rule with law, Transnational Legal Theory, 6(1), 141173.

Brisman, and South, 2014Brisman, A. and South, N. 2014. Green Cultural Criminology. Constructions of Environmental Harm, Consumerism, and Resistance to Ecocide, London, Routledge.

Broséus, Rhumorbarbe, Mireault, Ouellette, Crispino, and Décary-Hétu, 2016Broséus, J., Rhumorbarbe, D., Mireault, C., Ouellette, V., Crispino, F. and Décary-Hétu, D. 2016. Studying illicit drug trafficking on darknet markets: structure and organisation from a Canadian perspective, Forensic Science International, 264, 714.

Brunt, Atkinson, Nefau, Martinez, Lahaie, Malzcewski, … Brandt, 2017Brunt, T.M., Atkinson, A.M., Nefau, T., Martinez, M., Lahaie, E., Malzcewski, A. … , Brandt, S.D. 2017. Online test purchased new psychoactive substances in 5 different European countries: a snapshot study of chemical composition and price, International Journal of Drug Policy, 44, 105114.

Burroughs, 1977Burroughs, W.S. 1977. Junky, London, Harmondsworth/Penguin.

Bushway, and Reuter, 2008Bushway, S. and Reuter, P. 2008. Economists’ contribution to the study of crime and the criminal justice system, Crime and Justice, 37, 389451.

Buxton, 2006Buxton, J. 2006. The Political Economy of Narcotics: Production, Consumption & Global Markets, London, Zed Books.

Cadwalladr, 2015Cadwalladr, C. 2015. Students used to take drugs to get high. Now they take them to get higher grades, The Guardian, 15 February.

Caesar, 2021Caesar, E. 2021. The takedown of a dark-web marketplace, The New Yorker, 23 January.

Carey, 2014Carey, E. 2014. Women Drug Traffickers: Mules, Bosses, and Organized Crime, Albuquerque, UNM Press.

Carnwath, and Smith, 2002Carnwath, T. and Smith, I. 2002. Heroin Century, London, Routledge.

Castells, 2010Castells, M. 2010. The Rise of the Network Society, 2nd ed., Vol. 1, The Information Age: Economy, Society, and Culture, West Sussex, Wiley-Blackwell.

Caudevilla, Ventura, Fornis, Barratt, Vidal, lladanosa, … Calzada, 2016Caudevilla, F., Ventura, M., Fornis, I., Barratt, M.J., Vidal, C., lladanosa, C.G.Calzada, N. 2016. Results of an international drug testing service for cryptomarket users, International Journal of Drug Policy, 35, 3841.

Chatterton, and Hollands, 2002Chatterton, P. and Hollands, R. 2002. Theorising urban playscapes: producing, regulating and consuming youthful nightlife city spaces, Urban Studies, 39(1), 95116.

Chatwin, and Potter, 2015Chatwin, C. and Potter G. 2015. Blurred boundaries: the artificial distinction between “use” and “supply” in the UK cannabis market, Contemporary Drug Problems, 41(4), 522535.

Chaudhry, 2014Chaudhry, P.E. 2014. Confronting the gray market problem, Business Economics, 49(4), 263270.

Chen, 2011Chen, A. 2011. The underground website where you can buy any drug imaginable, Gawker. Available at: https://gawker.com/the-underground-website-where-you-can-buy-any-drug-imag-30818160 [Accessed 18 July 2022].

Childs, Bull, and Coomber, 2021Childs, A., Bull, M. and Coomber, R. 2021. Beyond the dark web: navigating the risks of cannabis supply over the surface web, Drugs: Education Prevention and Policy, 112.

Childs, Coomber, and Bull, 2020Childs, A., Coomber, R. and Bull, M. 2020. Do online illicit drug market exchanges afford rationality?, Contemporary Drug Problems, 47(4), 302319.

Childs, Coomber, Bull, and Barratt, 2020Childs, A., Coomber, R., Bull, M. and Barratt, M.J. 2020. Evolving and diversifying selling practices on drug cryptomarkets: an exploration of off-platform “direct dealing”, Journal of Drug Issues, 50(2), 173190.

Christin, 2013Christin, N. 2013. Traveling the Silk Road: a measurement analysis of a large anonymous online marketplace. In WWW ’13 Companion: proceedings of the 22nd international conference on World Wide Web, pp. 213224, New York, NY, Association for Computing Machinery.

Christin, 2017Christin, N. 2017. An EU-Focused Analysis of Drug Supply on the AlphaBay Marketplace, Luxembourg, European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction Report.

Coe, Pillitteri, Sembower, Gerlach, and Henningfield, 2019Coe, M.A., Pillitteri, J.L., Sembower, M.A., Gerlach, K.K. and Henningfield, J.E. 2019. Kratom as a substitute for opioids: results from an online survey, Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 202, 2432.

Collier, Clayton, Hutchings, and Thomas, 2021Collier, B., Clayton, R., Hutchings, A. and Thomas, D. 2021. Cybercrime is (often) boring: infrastructure and alienation in a deviant subculture, The British Journal of Criminology (online early).

Collins, 2004Collins, R. 2004. Interaction Ritual Chains, Princeton, Princeton University Press.

Collins, 2011Collins, R. 2011. Drug consumption: a social ritual? The examples of tobacco and cocaine. In Drugs and Culture: Knowledge, Consumption and Policy, Eds M. Maitena, H. Bergeron and G. Hunt, pp. 113124, Farnham, Ashgate.

Colman, 2023Colman, C. 2023. When home delivery trumps a shady warehouse deal. An exploratory study of Belgian cryptomarket buyers’ profile and their motives to buy online. In Digital Transformations of Illicit Drug Markets: Reconfiguration and Continuity, Eds M. Tzanetakis and N. South, pp. 7392, Bingley, Emerald.

Colman, Bronselaer, Devresse, Slabbekoorn, Piron, and Timmerman, 2020Colman, C., Bronselaer, A., Devresse, M.S., Slabbekoorn, G., Piron, S. and Timmerman, Y. 2020. From the Alley to the Web: Belgian Involvement on Drug Cryptomarkets, Antwerp, Maklu.

Colman, De Middeleer, Spapens, Van Nimwegen, Ceulen, Gerbrands, … Roevens, 2018Colman, C., De Middeleer, F., Spapens, A., Van Nimwegen, S., Ceulen, R., Gerbrands, S., … , Roevens, E.. 2018. De grens voorbij—Belgische en Nederlandse drugsmarkten in beweging, The Hague, Boom Criminologie.

Colson, and Bergeron, 2017Colson, R. and Bergeron, H. (Eds). 2017. European Drug Policies. The Ways of Reform, New York, NY, Routledge.

Connell, and Pearse, 2014Connell, R. and Pearse, R. 2014. Gender: In World Perspective, Cambridge, Polity.

Coomber, Bacon, Spicer, & Moyle, 2022Coomber, R., Bacon, M., Spicer, J. & Moyle, L. 2022. The Symbolism of Drugs Policing. In Ending the Stalemate: Drug Law Enforcement, Policing and Harm Reduction. Eds M. Bacon and J. Spicer. London: Routledge.

Coomber, Childs, Moyle, and Barratt, 2023Coomber, R., Childs, A., Moyle, L. and Barratt, M. 2023. Social media applications and ‘surface web’ mediated supply of illicit drugs: emergent and established market risks and contradictions. In Digital Transformations of Illicit Drug Markets: Reconfiguration and Continuity, Eds M. Tzanetakis and N. South, pp. 1528, Bingley, Emerald.

Coomber, and Maher, 2006Coomber, R. and Maher, L. 2006. Street-level drug market activity in Sydney’s primary heroin markets: organization, adulteration practices, pricing, marketing and violence, Journal of Drug Issues, 36(3), 719753.

Coomber, and Moyle, 2014Coomber, R. and Moyle, L. 2014. Beyond drug dealing: developing and extending the concept of “social supply” of illicit drugs to “minimally commercial supply”, Drugs: Education Prevention and Policy, 21, 157164.

Coomber, 2003Coomber, R. 2003. There’s no such thing as a free lunch: how “freebies” and “credit” operate as part of rational drug market activity, Journal of Drug Issues, 33, 939962.

Coomber, 2004Coomber, R. 2004. Editorial: drug use and drug market intersections, Addiction Research & Theory, 12(6), 501505.

Coomber, 2006Coomber, R. 2006. Pusher Myths: Resituating the Drug Dealer, London, Free Association Books.

Coomber, 2015Coomber, R. 2015. A tale of two cities: understanding differences in levels of heroin/crack market-related violence—a two city comparison, Criminal Justice Review, 40(1), 731.

Coomber, (2023)Coomber, R. (2023). The changing shape of illicit drug markets: differentiation and its consequences for understanding and researching illicit drug markets. In Understanding Drug Dealing and Illicit Drug Markets in the 21st Century: National and International Perspectives, Eds T. Ayres and C. Ancrum, London, Routledge.

Coomber, Moyle, and South, 2016Coomber, R., Moyle, L. and South, N. 2016. The normalisation of drug supply: the social supply of drugs as the “other side” of the history of normalisation of use, Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy, 23(3), 255263.

Coomber, Pavlidis, Santos, Wilde, Schmidt, and Redshaw, 2014Coomber, R., Pavlidis, A., Santos, G.H., Wilde, M., Schmidt, W. and Redshaw, C. 2014. The supply of steroids and other performance and image enhancing drugs (PIEDs) in one English city: fakes, counterfeits, supplier trust, common beliefs and access, Performance Enhancement & Health, 3(3), 135144.

Coveney, Nerlich, and Martin, 2009Coveney, C.M., Nerlich, B. and Martin, P. 2009. Modafinil in the media: metaphors, medicalisation and the body, Social Science & Medicine, 68(3), 487495.

Craciunescu, and South, 2023Craciunescu, N. and South, N. 2023. Cultural politics, reciprocal relations, and operational agility in online drug markets. In Digital Transformations of Illicit Drug Markets: Reconfiguration and Continuity, Eds M. Tzanetakis and N. South, pp. 95107, Bingley, Emerald.

Craciunescu, 2020Craciunescu, N.E. 2020. Drugs, brands and consumer culture: the sign-value of the products sold on the darknet marketplaces, Drugs and Alcohol Today, 21(2), 124134.

Cunliffe, Décary-Hêtu, and Pollak, 2019Cunliffe, J., Décary-Hêtu, D. and Pollak, T.A. 2019. Nonmedical prescription psychiatric drug use and the darknet: a cryptomarket analysis, International Journal of Drug Policy, 73, 263272.

Curtis, and Wendel, 2000Curtis, R. and Wendel, T. 2000. Toward the development of a typology of illegal drug markets. In Illegal Drug Markets: From Research to Policy. Crime Prevention Studies, Vol. 11, pp. 121152, Eds M. Natarajan and M. Hough, New York, NY, Criminal Justice Press.

Curtis, Wendel, and Spunt, 2002Curtis, R., Wendel, T. and Spunt, B. 2002. We Deliver: The Gentrification of Drug Markets on Manhattan’s Lower East Side, Rockville, MD, National Institute of Justice.

Daly, 2016Daly, M. 2016. College professors are using smart drugs to grade your crappy essays, Vice, 6 July.

Daskal, 2019Daskal, J. 2019. Privacy and security across borders, The Yale Law Journal Forum, 128, 10291051.

Daub, 2020Daub, A. 2020. Was das Valley denken nennt, Berlin, Suhrkamp.

Décary-Hétu, and Aldridge, 2015Décary-Hétu, D. and Aldridge, J. 2015. Sifting through the net: monitoring of online offenders by researchers, European Review of Organised Crime, 2, 122141.

Décary-Hétu, and Giommoni, 2017Décary-Hétu, D. and Giommoni, L. 2017. Do police crackdowns disrupt drug cryptomarkets? A longitudinal analysis of the effects of Operation Onymous, Crime, Law and Social Change, 67(1), 5575.

Décary-Hétu, and Quessy-Doré, 2017Décary-Hétu, D. and Quessy-Doré, O. 2017. Are repeat buyers in cryptomarkets loyal customers? Repeat business between dyads of cryptomarket vendors and users, American Behavioral Scientist, 61(11), 13411357.

Décary-Hétu, Paquet-Clouston, and Aldridge, 2016Décary-Hétu, D., Paquet-Clouston, M. and Aldridge, J. 2016. Going international? Risk taking by cryptomarket drug vendors, International Journal of Drug Policy, 35, 6976.

Decker, Katz, and Webb, 2008Decker, S.H., Katz, C.M. and Webb, V.J. 2008. Understanding the black box of gang organization: implications for involvement in violent crime, drug sales, and violent victimization, Crime & Delinquency, 54(1), 153172.

Decorte, 2011Decorte, T. 2011. Blinding ourselves with science: the chronic infections of our thinking on psychoactive substances. In Drugs and Culture: Knowledge, Consumption and Policy, pp. 3352, Eds M. Maitena, H. Bergeron and G. Hunt Farnham, Ashgate.

Degenhardt, Hall, and Lynskey, 2001Degenhardt, L., Hall, W. and Lynskey, M. 2001. The relationship between cannabis use and other substance use in the general population, Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 64, 319327.

Delbaere, 2013Delbaere, M. 2013. Metaphors and myths in pharmaceutical advertising, Social Science & Medicine, 82, 2129.

Demant, Bakken, and Hall, 2020Demant, J., Bakken, S.A. and Hall, A. 2020. Social media markets for prescription drugs: platforms as virtual mortars for drug types and dealers, Drugs and Alcohol Today, 20(1), 3649.

Demant, Bakken, Oksanen, and Gunnlaugsson, 2019Demant, J., Bakken, S.A., Oksanen, A. and Gunnlaugsson, H. 2019. Drug dealing on Facebook, Snapchat and Instagram: a qualitative analysis of novel drug markets in the Nordic countries, Drug and Alcohol Review, 38(4), 377385.

Demant, Munksgaard, Décary-Hétu, and Aldridge, 2018Demant, J., Munksgaard, R., Décary-Hétu, D. and Aldridge, J. 2018. Going local on a global platform: a critical analysis of the transformative potential of cryptomarkets for organized illicit drug crime, International Criminal Justice Review, 28(3), 255274.

Demant, Munksgaard, and Houborg, 2018Demant, J., Munksgaard, R. and Houborg, E. 2018. Personal use, social supply or redistribution? Cryptomarket demand on Silk Road 2 and Agora, Trends in Organized Crime, 21(1), 4261.

den Boer, and Block, 2013den Boer, M. and Block, L. Eds. 2013. Liaison Officers: Essential Actors in Transnational Policing, The Hague, Eleven International Publishing.

Dennis, and Farrugia, 2017Dennis, F. and Farrugia, A. 2017. Materialising drugged pleasures: practice, politics, care, International Journal of Drug Policy, 49, 8691.

Dennis, 2019Dennis, F. 2019. Injecting bodies in more-than-human worlds, London, Routledge.

Department of Justice, 2019Department of Justice. 2019. Irish man who helped operate the “Silk Road” website sentenced in Manhattan federal court to over six years in prison. US Attorney’s Office, Southern District of New York, press release. Available at: https://www.justice.gov/usao-sdny/pr/irish-man-who-helped-operate-silk-road-website-sentenced-manhattan-federal-court-over [Accessed 19 July 2022].

Dertadian, and Tomsen, 2019Dertadian, G.C. and Tomsen, S. 2019. The case for a second safe injecting facility (SIF) in Sydney, Current Issues in Criminal Justice, 32(4), 113.

Desai, 2007Desai, A.C. 2007. Wiretapping before the wires: the Post Office and the birth of communications privacy, Stanford Law Review, 60(2), 553594.

Deutsch, 2007Deutsch, F.M. 2007. Undoing gender, Gender & Society, 21(1), 106127.

Diekmann, Jann, Przepiorka, and Wehrli, 2014Diekmann, A., Jann, B., Przepiorka, W. and Wehrli, S. 2014. Reputation formation and the evolution of cooperation in anonymous online markets, American Sociological Review, 79(1), 6585.

Digital Shadows, 2019Digital Shadows. 2019. DarkMarket’s feminist flight towards equality and the curious case of canaries, Digital Shadows, 19 November. Available at: https://www.digitalshadows.com/blog-and-research/darkmarkets-feminist-flight-towards-equality-and-the-curious-case-of-canaries/ [Accessed 19 July 2022].

Dixit, 2004Dixit, A. 2004. The Economics of Lawlessness, Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press.

Dorn, and South, 1990Dorn, N. and South N. 1990. Drug markets and law enforcement, British Journal of Criminology, 30(2), 171188.

Dorn, Murji, and South, 1992Dorn, N., Murji, K. and South, N. 1992. Traffickers: Drug Markets and Law Enforcement, London, Routledge.

Dourish, 2017Dourish, P. 2017. The Stuff of Bits: An Essay on the Materialities of Information, Cambridge, MA, MIT Press.

Duff, 2003Duff, C. 2003a. Drugs and youth cultures: is Australia experiencing the “normalization” of adolescent drug use?, Journal of Youth Studies, 6(4), 433446.

Duff, 2003Duff, C. 2003b. The importance of culture and context: rethinking risk and risk management in young drug using populations, Health, Risk and Society, 5(3), 285299.

Duff, 2011Duff, C. 2011. Reassembling (social) contexts: new directions for a sociology of drugs, International Journal of Drug Policy, 22(6), 404406.

Duff, 2014Duff, C. 2014. The place and time of drugs, International Journal of Drug Policy, 25(3), 633639.

Dunlap, Johnson, and Manwar, 1994Dunlap, E., Johnson, B.D. and Manwar, A. 1994. A successful female crack dealer: case study of a deviant career, Deviant Behavior, 15(1), 125.

Dursun, Dunn, and McKay, 2019Dursun, S., Dunn, M. and McKay, F.H. 2019. The availability and acquisition of modafinil on the Internet, Drug and Alcohol Review, 38(6), 699702.

Duxbury, and Haynie, 2018Duxbury, S.W. and Haynie, D.L. 2018a. The network structure of opioid distribution on a darknet cryptomarket, Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 34(4), 921941.

Duxbury, and Haynie, 2018Duxbury, S.W. and Haynie, D.L. 2018b. Building them up, breaking them down: topology, vendor selection patterns, and a digital drug market’s robustness to disruption, Social Networks, 52, 238250.

Dwyer, and Moore, 2010Dwyer, R. and Moore, D. 2010. Understanding illicit drug markets in Australia: notes towards a critical reconceptualization, The British Journal of Criminology, 50(1), 82101.

Elliott, and Wattanasuwan, 2017Elliott, R. and Wattanasuwan, K. 2017. Brands as symbolic resources for the construction of identity, International Journal of Advertising, 17(2), 131144.

EMCDDA and Europol, 2017EMCDDA and Europol. 2017. Drugs and the darknet: perspectives for enforcement, research and policy, EMCDDA-Europol Joint Publications, Luxembourg, Publications Office of the European Union.

EMCDDA, 2018EMCDDA. 2018. Belgium—Country Drug Report, Luxembourg, Publications Office of the European Union.

Eppler, 2002Eppler, E. 2002. Vom Gewaltmarkt zum Gewaltmonopol? Die Privatisierung und Kommerzialisierung der Gewalt, Berlin, Suhrkamp.

EMCDDA, 2017EMCDDA. 2017. Drugs and the Darknet, Luxembourg, Publications Office of the European Union. Available at: https://doi.org/10.2810/783427

EMCDDA, 2019EMCDDA. 2019. European Drug Report—Trends and Developments, Luxembourg, Publications Office of the European Union. doi:https://doi.org/10.2810/191370

Evetts, 2013Evetts, J. 2013. Professionalism: value and ideology, Current Sociology, 61(–6), 778796.

Evetts, 2003Evetts, J. 2003. The sociological analysis of professionalism: occupational change in the modern world, International Sociology, 18(2), 395415.

Evrard, Legleye, and Cadet-Tairou, 2010Evrard, I., Legleye, S. and Cadet-Tairou, A. 2010. Composition, purity and perceived quality of street cocaine in France, International Journal of Drug Policy, 21(5), 399406.

Fatsis, 2019Fatsis, L. 2019a. Grime: criminal subculture or public counterculture? A critical investigation into the criminalization of Black musical subcultures in the UK, Crime, Media, Culture, 15(3), 447461.

Faulkner-Gurstein, 2017Faulkner-Gurstein, R. 2017. The social logic of naloxone: peer administration, harm reduction, and the transformation of social policy, Social Science & Medicine, 180, 2027.

FBI, 2021FBI. 2021. With overdose deaths at a historic high, FBI and partners target online drug markets. Available at: https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/fbi-and-partners-target-online-drug-markets-102621 [Accessed 31 May 2022].

Felstead, 2018Felstead, M. 2018. Identifying factors that influence the use of dark web cryptomarkets: qualitative interviews with cryptomarket users, The Plymouth Law & Criminal Justice Review, 10, 84104.

Fisher, and Ronald, 2010Fisher, J.A. and Ronald, L.M. 2010. Sex, gender, and pharmaceutical politics: from drug development to marketing, Gender Medicine, 7(4), 357370.

Fleetwood, 2014Fleetwood, J. 2014. Keeping out of trouble: female crack cocaine dealers in England, European Journal of Criminology, 11(1), 91109.

Fleetwood, Aldridge, and Chatwin, 2020Fleetwood, J., Aldridge, J. and Chatwin, C. 2020. Gendering research on online illegal drug markets, Addiction, Research & Theory, 28(6), 457466.

Fleetwood, and Chatwin, 2023Fleetwood, J. and Chatwin, C. 2023. Gender representations in online modafinil markets. In Digital Transformations of Illicit Drug Markets: Reconfiguration and Continuity, Eds M. Tzanetakis and N. South, pp. 109126, Bingley, Emerald.

Fleetwood, and Leban, 2023Fleetwood, J. and Leban, L. 2023. Women’s Involvement in the Drug Trade: Revisiting the Emancipation Thesis in Global Perspective, Deviant Behavior, 44(2), 238258.

Fox, and Alldred, 2016Fox, N.J. and Alldred, P. 2016. Sociology and the New Materialism: Theory, Research, Action, London, Sage.

Franko Aas, 2019Franko Aas, K. 2019. Globalization and Crime, 3rd ed., London, Sage.

Fraser, 2006Fraser, S. 2006. The chronotype of the queue: methadone maintenance treatment and the production of time, space and subjects, International Journal of Drug Policy, 17, 192202.

Frömming, Köhn, Fox, and Terry, 2017Frömming U.U., Köhn, S., Fox, S. and Terry, M. Eds. 2017. Digital Environments. Ethnographic Perspectives Across Global Online and Offline Spaces, Bielefeld, Transcript.

Fuchs, 2019Fuchs, C. 2019. Soziale Medien und Kritische Theorie. Eine Einführung, Munich, UVK Verlag.

Gambetta, 1988Gambetta, D. Ed. 1988. Trust: Making and Breaking Cooperative Relations, Oxford, Blackwell.

Gehl, 2018Gehl, R.W. 2018. Weaving the Dark Web: Legitimacy on Freenet, Tor, and I2P, Cambridge, MA, MIT Press.

Ghappour, 2017Ghappour, A. 2017. Searching places unknown: law enforcement jurisdiction on the dark web, Stanford Law Review, 69(4), 10751136.

Gill, 2007Gill, R. 2007. Gender and the Media, Cambridge, Polity.

Gillespie, 2010Gillespie, T. 2010. The politics of “platforms”, New Media & Society, 12(3), 347364.

Gisle, 2019Gisle, L. 2019. Gezondheidsenquete 2018—Druggebruik, Brussels, Sciensano.

Glückler, and Armbrüster, 2003Glückler, J. and Armbrüster, T. 2003. Bridging uncertainty in management consulting: the mechanisms of trust and networked reputation, Organization Studies, 24(2), 269297.

Granovetter, 1985Granovetter, M. 1985. Economic action and social structure: the problem of embeddedness, American Journal of Sociology, 91(3), 481510.

Granovetter, 2018Granovetter, M. 2018. Society and Economy, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press.

Greaves, and Swire, 2020Greaves, P. and Swire, P. 2020. New developments for the UK and Australian executive agreements with the US under the CLOUD Act, Cross-Border Data Forum. Available at: https://www.crossborderdataforum.org/new-developments-for-the-u-k-and-australian-executive-agreements-with-the-u-s-under-the-cloud-act-2/ [Accessed 19 July 2022].

Greenberg, 2013Greenberg, A. 2013a. An interview with a digital drug lord: the Silk Road’s Dread Pirate Roberts, Forbes Magazine. Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/andygreenberg/2013/08/14/an-interview-with-a-digital-drug-lord-the-silk-roads-dread-pirate-roberts-qa/?sh=54522ae75732 [Accessed 19 July 2022].

Greenberg, 2013Greenberg, A. 2013b. Collected quotations of the Dread Pirate Roberts, founder of underground drug site Silk Road and radical libertarian, Forbes Magazine. Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/andygreenberg/2013/04/29/collected-quotations-of-the-dread-pirate-roberts-founder-of-the-drug-site-silk-road-and-radical-libertarian/?sh=42d7a4ac1b0c [Accessed 19 July 2022].

Greenberg, 2013Greenberg, A. 2013c. Alleged Silk Road boss Ross Ulbricht now accused of six murders-for-hire, denied bail, Forbes Magazine. Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/andygreenberg/2013/11/21/alleged-silk-road-ross-ulbricht-creator-now-accused-of-six-murder-for-hires-denied-bail/?sh=30d8d0574812 [Accessed 19 July 2022].

Grundetjern, and Sandberg, 2012Grundetjern, H. and Sandberg, S. 2012. Dealing with a gendered economy: female drug dealers and street capital, European Journal of Criminology, 9(6), 621635.

Hall, and Antonopoulos, 2016Hall, A. and Antonopoulos, G. 2016. Fake Meds Online: The Internet and the Transnational Market in Illicit Pharmaceuticals, London, Palgrave Macmillan.

Halpern, and Pope, 2001Halpern, J.H. and Pope, H.G. 2001. Hallucinogens on the Internet: a vast new source of underground drug information, The American Journal of Psychiatry, 158(3), 481483.

Hämäläinen, 2019Hämäläinen, L. 2019. User names of illegal drug vendors on a darknet cryptomarket, Onoma, 50, 4368.

Harvey, 2018aHarvey, D. 2018a. The Limits to Capital, London, Verso.

Harvey, 2018bHarvey, D. 2018b. A Companion to Marx’s Capital, London, Verso.

Helmond, 2015Helmond, A. 2015. The platformization of the web: making web data platform ready, Social Media + Society, 1(2), 111.

Hockenhull, Wood, and Dargan, 2020Hockenhull, J., Wood, D.M. and Dargan, P.I. 2020. The availability of modafinil and methylphenidate purchased from the Internet in the United Kingdom without a prescription, Substance Use & Misuse, 55(1), 5665.

Holt, Smirnova, and Hutchings, 2016Holt, T.J., Smirnova, O. and Hutchings, A. 2016. Examining signals of trust in criminal markets online, Journal of Cybersecurity, 2(2), 137145.

Home Office, 2019Home Office. 2019. Guidance: List of Most Commonly Encountered Drugs Currently Controlled Under the Misuse of Drugs Legislation, London, Home Office.

Horton, 2015Horton, J. 2015. Rogue Internet pharmacy shipping analysis: how do illegal drugs get into U.S. commerce and delivered to customers, 9 September, blog post. Available at: https://www.legitscript.com/blog/2015/09/rogue-internet-pharmacy-shipping-analysis-how-do-illegal-drugs-get-into-u-s-commerce-and-delivered-to-customers/

Hough, and Natarajan, 2000Hough, M. and Natarajan, M. 2000. Introduction: illegal drug markets, research and policy. In Illegal Drug Markets: From Research to Prevention Policy, Vol. 11, Eds M. Natarajan and M. Hough, pp. 117, New York, NY, Criminal Justice Press.

Hoyle, 2018Hoyle, A. 2018. “I try to take it twice a week—I’d have a breakdown if I took it every day”: why are so many women taking brain boosting pills at work and risking their health and sanity?, The Daily Mail, 6 September.

Humphreys, 2018Humphreys, L. 2018. The Qualified Self: Social Media and the Accounting of Everyday Life, Cambridge, MA, MIT Press.

Hunt, Joe-Laidler, Loloney, Poel, and van de Mheen, 2011Hunt, G., Joe-Laidler, K., Loloney, M., Poel, A. van der and van de Mheen, D. 2011. Dance drug scenes: a global perspective. In Drugs and Culture: Knowledge, Consumption and Policy, pp. 125148, Eds M. Maitena, H. Bergeron & G. Hunt, Farnham, Ashgate.

Hurley, 2020Hurley, S. 2020. Kim Dotcom’s US extradition case stalls, Supreme Court calls for further arguments over copyright allegations, New Zealand Herald, 3 November. Available at: https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/kim-dotcoms-us-extradition-case-stalls-supreme-court-calls-for-further-arguments-over-copyright-allegations/EBZGWLCUKAL5XR5VCB2CN5MIQY/ [Accessed 19 July 2022].

Hutchby, 2001Hutchby, I. 2001. Technologies, texts and affordances, Sociology, 35(2), 441456.

Hyland, 2013Hyland, M.J. 2013. The drugs do work: my life on brain enhancers, The Guardian, 3 May, 2013, pp. 1418.

Ilan, 2020Ilan, J. 2020. Digital street culture decoded: why criminalizing drill music is street illiterate and counterproductive, The British Journal of Criminology, 60(4), 9941013.

Jacob, and Thiel, 2017Jacob, D. and Thiel, T. 2017. Einleitung: Digitalisierung als politisches Phänomen. In Politische Theorie und Digitalisierung, pp. 725, Eds D. Jacob and T. Thiel, Baden-Baden, Nomos.

Jacobs, 2000Jacobs, B.A. 2000. Robbing Drug Dealers: Violence Beyond the Law, New York, NY, Walter de Gruyter, Inc.

Jacques, and Allen, 2013Jacques, S. and Allen, A. 2013. Bentham’s sanction typology and restrictive deterrence: a study of young, suburban, middle-class drug dealers, Journal of Drug Issues, 44, 212230.

Jacques, Allen, and Wright, 2014Jacques, S., Allen, A. and Wright, R. 2014. Drug dealers’ rational choices on which customers to rip-off, International Journal of Drug Policy, 25(2), 251256.

Jaeggi, 2009Jaeggi, R. 2009. Was ist Ideologiekritik? In Was ist Kritik?, pp. 266299, Eds R. Jaeggi and T. Wesche, Frankfurt, Suhrkamp.

Jeong, 2015Jeong, S. 2015. Could the crimes of two corrupt agents free Ross Ulbricht?, Forbes Magazine, 17 April.

Johnson, 2017Johnson, E. 2017a. Introduction. In Gendering Drugs: Feminist Studies of Pharmaceuticals, pp. 112, Ed. E. Johnson, Cham, Palgrave Macmillan.

Johnson, 2017Johnson, E. 2017b. Sexing drugs: refracting discourses. In Gendering Drugs: Feminist Studies of Pharmaceuticals, pp. 211222, Eds E. Johnson, Cham, Palgrave Macmillan.

Johnson, and Asberg, 2017Johnson, E. and Asberg, C. 2017. Prescribing relational subjectivities. In Gendering Drugs: Feminist Studies of Pharmaceuticals, pp. 87105, Eds E. Johnson, Cham, Palgrave Macmillan.

Kalo, Moro, Demetrovics, and Felvinczi, 2017Kalo, Z., Moro, L., Demetrovics, Z. and Felvinczi, K. 2017. A mixed-methods analysis of online NPS user discussion in Hungary, Drugs: Education Prevention and Policy, 24(4), 340347.

Kamphausen, and Werse, 2019Kamphausen, G. and Werse, B. 2019. Digital figurations in the online trade of illicit drugs: a qualitative content analysis of darknet forums, International Journal of Drug Policy, 73, 281287.

Kerr, and Murphy, 2017Kerr, O. and Murphy S.D. 2017. Government hacking to light the dark web: risks to international relations and international law? Stanford Law Review, 70(1), 5869.

Kleiman, 1988Kleiman, M.A.R. 1988. Crackdowns: the effects of intensive enforcement on retail heroin dealing. In Street Level Drug Enforcement: Examining the Issues, pp. 234, Ed. M.R. Chaiken, Washington, DC, National Institute of Justice.

Koenraadt, and van de Ven, 2018Koenraadt, R. and van de Ven, K. 2018. The Internet and lifestyle drugs: an analysis of demographic characteristics, methods, and motives of online purchasers of illicit lifestyle drugs in the Netherlands, Drugs: Education Prevention and Policy, 25(4), 345355.

Kontorovich, 2009Kontorovich, E. 2009. Beyond the Article 1 horizon: Congress’s enumerated powers and universal jurisdiction over drug crimes, Minnesota Law Review, 93(4), 11911252.

Kowalski, Hooker, and Barratt, 2019Kowalski, M., Hooker, C. and Barratt, M. J. 2019. Should we smoke it for you as well? An ethnographic analysis of a drug cryptomarket environment, International Journal of Drug Policy, 73, 245254.

Kraska, Bussard, and Brent, 2010Kraska, P.B., Bussard, C.R. and Brent, J.J. 2010. Trafficking in bodily perfection: examining the late-modern steroid marketplace and its criminalization, Justice Quarterly, 27(2), 159185.

Kremez, and Carter, 2021Kremez, V. and Carter, B. 2021. Crime laundering primer: inside Ryuk crime (crypto) ledger & risky Asian crypto traders, Advanced Intelligence, 7 October.

Kruithof, Aldridge, Décary-Hétu, Sim, Dujso, and Hoorens, 2016Kruithof, K., Aldridge, J., Décary-Hétu, D., Sim, M., Dujso, E. and Hoorens, S. 2016. Internet-facilitated Drugs Trade: An Analysis of the Size, Scope and the Role of the Netherlands, Santa Monica, CA, RAND Corporation.

Krupka, and Vener, 1992Krupka, L.R. and Vener, A.M. 1992. Gender differences in drug (prescription, non-prescription, alcohol and tobacco) advertising: trends and implications, Journal of Drug Issues, 22(2), 339360.

Ladegaard, 2017Ladegaard, I. 2017. “I pray that we will find a way to carry on this dream”: how a law enforcement crackdown united an online community, Critical Sociology, 45(4–5), 631646.

Ladegaard, 2018Ladegaard, I. 2018. Instantly hooked? Freebies and samples of opioids, cannabis, MDMA, and other drugs in an illicit e-commerce market, Journal of Drug Issues, 48(2), 226245.

Ladegaard, 2019Ladegaard, I. 2019. Crime displacement in digital drug markets, International Journal of Drug Policy, 63(1), 113121.

Ladegaard, 2020Ladegaard, I. 2020. Open secrecy: how police crackdowns and creative problem-solving brought illegal markets out of the shadows, Social Forces, 99(2), 532559.

Lavorgna, 2020Lavorgna, A. 2020. Cybercrimes: Critical Issues in a Global Context, London, Palgrave Macmillan.

Lee, 2018Lee, D. 2018. Anxious teenagers buy dark web tranquilisers. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/society/2018/jan/14/xanax-anxious-teenagers-buy-dark-web-tranquillisers [Accessed 19 July 2022].

Lees, Slater, and Wyly, 2013Lees, L., Slater, T. and Wyly, E. 2013. Gentrification, New York, NY, Routledge.

Lenton, and Single, 1998Lenton, S. and Single, E. 1998. The definition of harm reduction, Drug and Alcohol Review, 17(2), 213220.

Leppard, Ogletree, and Wallen, 1993Leppard, W., Ogletree, S.M. and Wallen, E. 1993. Gender stereotyping in medical advertising: much ado about something?, Sex Roles, 29(11–12), 829838.

Lewins, 2018Lewins, H. 2018. How British teens got hooked on Xanax. Available at: https://www.vice.com/en/article/ne4mvb/how-british-teens-got-hooked-on-xanax [Accessed 19 July 2022].

Liu, and Bharadwaj, 2020Liu, J. and Bharadwaj, A. 2020. Drug abuse and the Internet: evidence from Craigslist, Management Science, 66(5), 20402049.

Loomes, 2019Loomes, P. 2019. Major online retailer selling crack pipes and drug paraphernalia. Available at: https://www.news.com.au/national/major-online-retailer-selling-crack-pipes-and-drug-paraphernalia/news-story/03b85afd09b94825083bee1c8e273ff2 [Accessed 19 July 2022].

Lorenzo-Dus, and Di Cristofaro, 2018Lorenzo-Dus, N. and Di Cristofaro, M. 2018. “I know this whole market is based on the trust you put in me and I don’t take that lightly”: trust, community and discourse in crypto-drug markets, Discourse & Communication, 12(6), 608626.

Lövdahl, Riska, and Riska, 1999Lövdahl, U., Riska, Å. and Riska, E. 1999. Gender display in Scandinavian and American advertising for antidepressants, Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 27(4), 306310.

Luhmann, 2002Luhmann, N. 2002. Die Politik der Gesellschaft, Frankfurt, Suhrkamp.

Lupton, 2015Lupton, D. 2015. Digital Sociology, London, Routledge.

Lupton, 2016Lupton, D. 2016. The Quantified Self: A Sociology of Self-Tracking Cultures, Cambridge, Polity.

Lusthaus, 2012Lusthaus, J. 2012. Trust in the world of cybercrime, Global Crime, 13(2), 7194.

MacCoun, Kilmer, and Reuter, 2003MacCoun, R., Kilmer, B. and Reuter, P. 2003. Research on drugs-crime linkages: the next generation. In Toward a Drugs and Crime Research Agenda for the 21st Century, National Institute of Justice Special Report, pp. 6595.

MacCoun, and Reuter, 2011MacCoun, R. and Reuter, P. 2011. Assessing drug prohibition and its alternatives: a guide for agnostics, Annual Review of Law & Social Science, 7, 6178.

MacDonald, and Marsh, 2002MacDonald, R. and Marsh, J. 2002. Crossing the Rubicon: youth transitions, poverty, drugs and social exclusion, International Journal of Drug Policy, 13, 2738.

Maddox, Barratt, Allen, and Lenton, 2016Maddox, A., Barratt, M. J., Allen, M. and Lenton, S. 2016. Constructive activism in the dark web: cryptomarkets and illicit drugs in the digital “demimonde”, Information Communication and Society, 19(1), 111126.

Maier, Ferris, and Winstock, 2018Maier, L.J., Ferris, J.A. and Winstock, A.R. 2018. Pharmacological cognitive enhancement among non-ADHD individuals—a cross-sectional study in 15 countries, International Journal of Drug Policy, 58, 104112.

Maitena, Moloney, Bergeron, and Hunt, 2011Maitena, M., Moloney, M., Bergeron, H. and Hunt, G. 2011. Introduction—drugs and culture. In Drugs and Culture: Knowledge, Consumption and Policy, pp. 114. Eds M. Maitena, H. Bergeron and G. Hunt, Farnham, Ashgate.

Mamo, and Fosket, 2009Mamo, L. and Fosket, J.R. 2009. Scripting the body: pharmaceuticals and the (re)making of menstruation, Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 34(4), 925949.

Mann, and Warren, 2018Mann, M. and Warren, I. 2018. The digital and legal divide: Silk Road, transnational online policing and southern criminology. In The Palgrave Handbook of Criminology and the Global South, pp. 245260. Eds K. Carrington, R. Hogg, J. Scott and M. Sozzo, Cham, Palgrave Macmillan.

Mao, Jones, Li, Wei, and Lyu, 2020Mao, Z.E., Jones, M.F., Li, M., Wei, W. and Lyu, J. 2020. Sleeping in a stranger’s home: a trust formation model for Airbnb, Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 42, 6776.

Markoff, 2005Markoff, J. 2005. What the Dormouse Said. How the Sixties Counter-Culture Shaped the Personal Computer Industry, London, Penguin Books.

Martin, 2014Martin, J. 2014a. Drugs on the Dark Net: How Cryptomarkets are Transforming the Global Trade in Illicit Drugs, Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan.

Martin, 2014Martin, J. 2014b. Lost on the Silk Road: online drug distribution and the “cryptomarket”, Criminology and Criminal Justice, 14(3), 351367.

Martin, 2018Martin, J. 2018. Cryptomarkets, systemic violence and the “gentrification hypothesis”, Addiction, 113(5), 797798.

Martin, 2019Martin, J. 2019. Revisiting drugs on the darknet: key issues and debates in the cryptomarket drugs trade. In Drogen, Darknet und Organisierte Kriminalität, pp. 209228. Eds M. Tzanetakis and H. Stöver, Baden-Baden, Nomos.

Martin, 2023Martin, J. 2023. Cryptomarkets and drug market gentrification. In Digital Transformations of Illicit Drug Markets: Reconfiguration and Continuity, Eds M. Tzanetakis and N. South, pp. 127140, Bingley, Emerald.

Martin, Cunliffe, and Munksgaard, 2019Martin, J., Cunliffe, J. and Munksgaard, R. 2019. Cryptomarkets: A Research Companion, Bingley, Emerald.

Martin, Munksgaard, Coomber, Demant, and Barratt, 2020Martin, J., Munksgaard, R., Coomber, R., Demant, J. and Barratt, M. J. 2020. Selling drugs on darkweb cryptomarkets: differentiated pathways, risks and rewards, The British Journal of Criminology, 60(3), 559578.

Martin, Warren, and Mann, 2023Martin, J., Warren, I., and Mann, M. 2023. Policing cryptomarkets and the digital war on drugs. In Drug Law Enforcement, Policing and Harm Reduction. Ending the Stalemate, Eds M. Bacon and J. Spicer, London, Routledge.

Martinez, Kmetonyová, and Belácková, 2016Martinez, M., Kmetonyová, D. and Belácková, V.. 2016. A method for exploring the number of online shops selling new psychoactive substances: initial I-TREND results. In The Internet and Drug Markets, pp. 97104, Eds EMCDDA, Lisbon, European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction.

Marx, 1980Marx, K. 1980. Das Kapital. Kritik der politischen Ökonomie, 24th ed., Vol. 1 (MEW 23), (original 1867), Berlin, Dietz.

Massachusetts General Hospital Centre for Women’s Mental Health, 2018Massachusetts General Hospital Centre for Women’s Mental Health. 2018. You asked: can modafinil (Provigil) be used to treat menopausal fatigue?, 27 April. Available at: https://womensmentalhealth.org/posts/you-asked-can-modafinil-provigil-be-used-to-treat-menopausal-fatigue/ [Accessed 21 July 2022].

Masson, and Bancroft, 2018Masson, K. and Bancroft, A. 2018. “Nice people doing shady things”: drugs and the morality of exchange in the darknet cryptomarkets, International Journal of Drug Policy, 58, 7884.

Matthews, 2011Matthews, R. 2011. Marxist criminology. In Routledge Handbook of Critical Criminology, pp. 93104, Eds W.S. DeKeseredy and M. Dragiewicz, Abingdon, Routledge.

Mau, 2019Mau, S. 2019. The Metric Society. The Quantification of the Social World, Cambridge, Polity.

May, and Hough, 2004May, T. and Hough, M. 2004. Drug markets and distribution systems, Addiction Research & Theory, 12(6), 549563.

Mayer, Davis, and Schoorman, 1995Mayer, R.C., Davis, J.H. and Schoorman, F.D. 1995. An integrative model of organizational trust, Academy of Management Review, 20(3), 709734.

McBride, Carson, and Coward, 2018McBride, J.A., Carson, C.C. and Coward, R.M. 2018. The availability and acquisition of illicit anabolic androgenic steroids and testosterone preparations on the Internet, American Journal of Men’s Health, 12(5), 13521357.

McCulloch, and Furlong, 2019McCulloch, L. and Furlong, S. 2019. DM for Details: Selling Drugs in the Age of Social Media, London, Volteface.

McDermott, Lane, and Alonso, 2020McDermott, H., Lane, H. and Alonso, M. 2020. Working smart: the use of “cognitive enhancers” by UK university students, Journal of Further and Higher Education, 114.

McEvily, Perrone, and Zaheer, 2003McEvily, B., Perrone, V. and Zaheer, A. 2003. Trust as an organizing principle, Organization Science, 14(1), 91103.

McGuigan, 2014McGuigan, J., 2014. The neoliberal self, Culture Unbound, 6(1), 223240.

McKnight, and Chervany, 2001McKnight, D.H. and Chervany, N.L. 2001. What trust means in e-commerce customer relationships: an interdisciplinary conceptual typology, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 6(2), 3559.

Measham, and Moore, 2009Measham, F. and Moore, K. 2009. Repertoires of distinction: exploring patterns of weekend polydrug use within local leisure scenes across the English night time economy, Criminology and Criminal Justice, 9(4), 437464.

Measham, 2002Measham, F. 2002. “Doing gender”—“doing drugs”: conceptualizing the gendering of drugs cultures, Contemporary Drug Problems, 29(2), 335373.

Measham, and South, 2012Measham, F. and South, N. 2012. Drugs, alcohol and crime. In The Oxford Handbook of Criminology, 5th ed., pp. 686716, Eds M. Maguire, R. Morgan and R. Reiner, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Moeller, 2018Moeller, K. 2018. Drug market criminology: combining economic and criminological research on illicit drug markets, International Criminal Justice Review, 28(3), 191205.

Moeller, 2022Moeller, K. 2022. Hybrid governance in online drug distribution, Contemporary Drug Problems, 49(4), 491504.

Moeller, 2023Moeller, K. 2023. Trust in cryptomarkets for illicit drugs. In Digital Transformations of Illicit Drug Markets: Reconfiguration and Continuity, Eds M. Tzanetakis and N. South, pp. 2943, Bingley, Emerald.

Moeller, Copes, and Hochstetler, 2016Moeller, K., Copes, H. and Hochstetler, A. 2016. Advancing restrictive deterrence: a qualitative meta-synthesis, Journal of Criminal Justice, 46, 8293.

Moeller, Munksgaard, and Demant, 2017Moeller, K., Munksgaard, R. and Demant, J. 2017. Flow my FE the vendor said: exploring violent and fraudulent resource exchanges on cryptomarkets for illicit drugs, American Behavioral Scientist, 61(11), 14271450.

Moeller, and Sandberg, 2015Moeller, K. and Sandberg, S. 2015. Credit and trust: management of network ties in illicit drug distribution, Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 52(5), 691716.

Moeller, and Sandberg, 2017Moeller, K. and Sandberg, S. 2017. Debts and threats: managing inability to repay credits in illicit drug distribution, Justice Quarterly, 34(2), 272296.

Moeller, and Sandberg, 2019Moeller, K. and Sandberg, S. 2019. Putting a price on drugs: an economic sociological study of price formation in illegal drug markets, Criminology, 57(2), 289313.

Molnar, and Warren, 2020Molnar, A. and Warren, I. 2020. Governing liberty through accountability: surveillance reporting as technologies of governmentality, Critical Criminology, 28(1), 1326.

Moore, 2008Moore, D. 2008. Erasing pleasure from public discourse on illicit drugs: on the creation and reproduction of an absence, International Journal of Drug Policy, 19(5), 401409.

Morselli, Décary-Hétu, Paquet-Clouston, and Aldridge, 2017Morselli, C., Décary-Hétu, D., Paquet-Clouston, M. and Aldridge, J. 2017. Conflict management in illicit drug cryptomarkets, International Criminal Justice Review, 27(4), 237254.

Mosher, 1976Mosher, E.H. 1976. Portrayal of women in drug advertising: a medical betrayal, Journal of Drug Issues, 6(1), 7278.

Moyle, Childs, Coomber, and Barratt, 2019Moyle, L., Childs, A., Coomber, R. and Barratt, M.J. 2019. #Drugsforsale: an exploration of the use of social media and encrypted messaging apps to supply and access drugs, International Journal of Drug Policy, 63, 101110.

Munksgaard, 2020Munksgaard, R. 2020. Trust and Exchange: The Production of Trust in Illicit Online Drug Markets. PhD thesis, University of Montreal, Montreal.

Munksgaard, and Demant, 2016Munksgaard, R. and Demant, J. 2016. Mixing politics and crime—the prevalence and decline of political discourse on the cryptomarket, International Journal of Drug Policy, 35, 7783.

Munksgaard, and Martin, 2020aMunksgaard, R. and Martin, J. 2020a. Darknet drug traders: a qualitative exploration of the career trajectories and perceptions of risk and reward of online drug vendors, Report to the Criminology Research Advisory Council CRG 50/16–17, Australian Institute of Criminology, Canberra.

Munksgaard, and Martin, 2020bMunksgaard, R. and Martin, J. 2020b. How and why vendors sell on cryptomarkets, Trends & Issues in Crime & Criminal Justice, 608, 112.

Munn, 2018Munn, L. 2018. Ferocious logics. Unmaking algorithm, Lüneburg, Meson Press.

Munn, 1992Munn, N.D. 1992. The cultural anthropology of time: a critical essay, Annual Review of Anthropology, 21, 93123.

Murji, 2007Murji, K. 2007. Hierarchies, markets and networks: ethnicity/race and drug distribution, Journal of Drug Issues, 37(4), 781804.

Murphy, Waldorf, and Reinarman, 1990Murphy, S., Waldorf, D. and Reinarman, C. 1990. Drifting into dealing: becoming a cocaine seller, Qualitative Sociology, 13, 321343.

Nadelmann, 1993Nadelmann, E. 1993. Cops Across Borders: The Internationalization of US Criminal Law Enforcement, University Park, Pennsylvania State University Press.

Nakamoto, 2008Nakamoto, S. 2008. Bitcoin: a peer-to-peer electronic cash system. Available at: https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf [Accessed 21 July 2022].

Nassehi, 2019Nassehi, A. 2019. Muster. In Theorie der digitalen Gesellschaft, München, C.H. Beck.

Natarajan, Clarke, and Johnson, 1995Natarajan, M., Clarke, R.V. and Johnson, B.D. 1995. Telephones as facilitators of drug dealing, European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 3(3), 137153.

Noordegraaf, 2007Noordegraaf, M. 2007. From “pure” to “hybrid” professionalism: present-day professionalism in ambiguous public domains, Administration & Society, 39(6), 761785.

Nooteboom, 1996Nooteboom, B. 1996. Trust, opportunism and governance: a process and control model, Organization Studies, 17(6), 9851010.

Norbutas, Ruiter, and Corten, 2020Norbutas, L., Ruiter, S. and Corten, R. 2020a. Reputation transferability across contexts: maintaining cooperation among anonymous cryptomarket actors when moving between markets, International Journal of Drug Policy, 76, early online.

Norbutas, Ruiter, and Corten, 2020Norbutas, L., Ruiter, S. and Corten, R. 2020b. Believe it when you see it: dyadic embeddedness and reputation effects on trust in cryptomarkets for illegal drugs, Social Networks, 63, 150161.

O’Brien, Chatwin, Jenkins, and Measham, 2015O’Brien, K., Chatwin, C., Jenkins, C. and Measham, F. 2015. New psychoactive substances and British drug policy: a view from the cyber-psychonauts, Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy, 22(3), 217223.

Ormsby, 2016Ormsby, E. 2016. Silk Road: insights from interviews with users and vendors. In The Internet and Drug Markets: Shining a Light on These Complex and Dynamic Systems, pp. 6167, Eds J. Mounteney, A. Oteo and P. Griffiths, Luxembourg, Publications Office of the European Union.

Orsolini, Francesconi, Papanti, Giorgetti, and Schifano, 2015Orsolini, L., Francesconi, G., Papanti, D., Giorgetti, A. and Schifano, F. 2015. Profiling online recreational/prescription drugs’ customers and overview of drug vending virtual marketplaces, Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental, 30(4), 302318.

Palmer, and Warren, 2013Palmer, D. and Warren, I. 2013. Global policing and the case of Kim Dotcom, International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy, 2(3), 105119.

Paoli, 2002Paoli, L. 2002. “Flexible Hierarchies and Dynamic Disorder”: the drug distribution system in Frankfurt and Milan, Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy, 9(2), 143151.

Paquet-Clouston, Décary-Hétu, and Morselli, 2018Paquet-Clouston, M., Décary-Hétu, D. and Morselli, C. 2018. Assessing market competition and vendors’ size and scope on AlphaBay, International Journal of Drug Policy, 54, 8798.

Parker, Measham, and Aldridge, 1995Parker, H., Measham, F. and Aldridge, J. 1995. Drugs Futures. Changing Patterns of Drug Use Amongst English Youth, London, Institute for the Study of Drug Dependence.

Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia 2019–2020Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia 2019–2020, Surveillance Legislation Amendment (Identify and Disrupt) Bill 2020 Explanatory Memorandum, Canberra, Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia.

Pearson, 2001Pearson, G. 2001. Normal drug use: ethnographic fieldwork among an adult network of recreational drug users in Inner London, Substance Use and Misuse, 36, 167200

Pearson, and Bourgois, 1995Pearson, C. and Bourgois, P. 1995. Hope to die a dope fiend, Cultural Anthropology, 10(4), 587593.

Pearson, and Hobbs, 2001Pearson, G. and Hobbs, D. 2001. Middle Market Drug Distribution, London, Home Office.

Pennay, and Measham, 2016Pennay, A.E. and Measham, F.C. 2016. The normalisation thesis—20 years later, Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy, 23(3), 187189.

Pilkington, 2007Pilkington, H. 2007. Beyond “peer pressure”: rethinking drug use and “youth culture”, International Journal of Drug Policy, 18(3), 213224.

Poell, Nieborg, and van Dijck, 2019Poell, T., Nieborg, D. and van Dijck, J. 2019. Platformisation, Internet Policy Review, 8(4), 113.

Potter, and Chatwin, 2011Potter, G. and Chatwin, C. 2011. Researching cannabis markets online: some lessons from the virtual field. In Markets, Methods and Messages: Dynamics in European Drug Research. Eds J. Fountain, V.A. Frank, D. Korf, Lengerich, Pabst.

Polanyi, 2001Polanyi, K. 2001 [1944]. The Great Transformation, Boston, MA, Beacon Press.

Potter, and Chatwin, 2018Potter, G.R. and Chatwin, C. 2018. Not particularly special: critiquing “NPS” as a category of drugs, Drugs, Education Prevention and Policy, 25(4), 329336.

Powell, Straton, and Cameron, 2018Powell, A., Straton, G. and Cameron, R. 2018. Digital Criminology. Crime and Justice in Digital Society, London, Routledge.

Przepiorka, Norbutas, and Corten, 2017Przepiorka, W., Norbutas, L. and Corten, R. 2017. Order without law: reputation promotes cooperation in a cryptomarket for illegal drugs, European Sociological Review, 33(6), 752764.

Rambert, Hermant, and Schweizer, 2006Rambert, F.A., Hermant, J.F. and Schweizer, D. 2006. Modafinil, A unique wake-promoting drug: a serendipitous discovery in search of a mechanism of action. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B0-08-045044-X/00300-X

Rauchs, and Hileman, 2017Rauchs, M. and Hileman, G. 2017. Global Cryptocurrency Benchmarking Study, Cambridge, Cambridge Centre for Alternative Finance. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2965436

Reich, 1970Reich, C. 1970. The Greening of America, New York, NY, Random House.

Renton, 2016Renton, S. 2016. We asked students what drugs they take to study, Vice, 19 May.

Resnick, and Zeckhauser, 2002Resnick, P. and Zeckhauser, R. 2002. Trust among strangers in Internet transactions: empirical analysis of eBay’s reputation system, The Economics of the Internet and E-commerce, 11(2), 2325.

Reuter, 1983Reuter, P. 1983. Disorganized Crime, London, England, MIT Press.

Reuter, 2009Reuter, P. 2009. Systemic violence in drug markets, Crime, Law and Social Change, 52(3), 275284.

Reuter, and Caulkins, 2004Reuter, P. and Caulkins, J.P. 2004. Illegal “lemons”: price dispersion in cocaine and heroin markets, Bulletin on Narcotics, 56(1–2), 141165.

Reuter, and Kleiman, 1986Reuter, P. and Kleiman, M.A.R. 1986. Risks and prices: an economic analysis of drug enforcement, Crime and Justice, 7, 289340.

Reuter, and Trautmann, 2009Reuter, P. and Trautmann, F. Eds. 2009. Report on Global Illicit Drug Markets 1998–2007, Brussels, European Commission.

Rhumorbarbe, Werner, Gilliéron, Staehli, Broséus, and Rossy, 2018Rhumorbarbe, D., Werner, D., Gilliéron, Q., Staehli, L., Broséus, J. and Rossy, Q. 2018. Characterising the online weapons trafficking on cryptomarkets, Forensic Science International, 283, 1620.

Riska, and Heikell, 2007Riska, E. and Heikell, T. 2007. Gender and images of heart disease in Scandinavian drug advertising, Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 35(6), 585590.

Ritter, 2006Ritter, A. 2006. Studying illicit drug markets: disciplinary contributions, International Journal of Drug Policy, 17, 453463

Ritzer, 2019Ritzer, G. 2019. The McDonaldization of Society: Into the Digital Age, Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage.

Rousseau, Sitkin, Burt, and Camerer, 1998Rousseau, D.M., Sitkin, S.B., Burt, R.S. and Camerer, C. 1998. Not so different after all: a cross-discipline view of trust, Academy of Management Review, 23(3), 393404.

Ruggiero, and South, 1995Ruggiero, V. and South, N. 1995. Eurodrugs: Drug Use, Markets and Trafficking in Europe, London, UCL Press.

Ruggiero, and South, 1997Ruggiero, V. and South, N. 1997. The late-modern city as a bazaar: drug markets, illegal enterprise and the “barricades”, British Journal of Sociology, 48, 5470.

Sandberg, 2008Sandberg, S. 2008. Street capital: ethnicity and violence on the streets of Oslo, Theoretical Criminology, 12(2), 153171.

Sandberg, 2012Sandberg, S. 2012. The importance of culture for cannabis markets, British Journal of Criminology, 52(6), 11331151.

Sandberg, 2013aSandberg, S. 2013a. Cannabis culture: a stable subculture in a changing world, Criminology and Criminal Justice, 13(1), 6379.

Sandberg, 2013bSandberg, S. 2013b. Lean in: Women, Work and the Will to Lead, London, WH Allen.

Sandberg, and Fleetwood, 2017Sandberg, S. and Fleetwood, J. 2017. Street talk and Bourdieusian criminology: bringing narrative to field theory, Criminology and Criminal Justice, 17(4), 365381.

Sandberg, and Pedersen, 2009Sandberg, S. and Pedersen, W. 2009. Street Capital. Black Cannabis Dealers in a White Welfare State, Bristol, Policy Press.

Santos, and Coomber, 2017Santos, G.H. and Coomber, R. 2017. The risk environment of anabolic–androgenic steroid users in the UK: examining motivations, practices and accounts of use, International Journal of Drug Policy, 40, 3543.

Schor, Attwood-Charles, Cansoy, Ladegaard, and Wengronowitz, 2020Schor, J.B., Attwood-Charles, W., Cansoy, M., Ladegaard, I. and Wengronowitz, R. 2020. Dependence and precarity in the platform economy, Theory and Society, 49, 833861.

Schneider, 2003Schneider, J.L. 2003. Hiding in plain sight: an exploration of the illegal(?) activities of a drug newsgroup, Howard Journal, 42, 374389.

Secades-Villa, Garcia-Rodríguez, Jin, Wang, and Blanco, 2015Secades-Villa, R., Garcia-Rodríguez, O., Jin, C.J., Wang, S. and Blanco, C. 2015. Probability and predictors of the cannabis gateway effect: a national study, International Journal of Drug Policy, 26, 135142.

Seemann, 2021Seemann, M. 2021. Die Macht der Plattformen. Politik in Zeiten der Internetgiganten, Berlin, Ch. Links Verlag.

Seddon, 2007Seddon, T. 2007. The regulation of heroin: drug policy and social change in early twentieth-century Britain, International Journal of the Sociology of Law, 35(3), 14356.

Seddon, 2010Seddon, T. 2010. A History of Drugs: Drugs and Freedom in the Liberal Age, Abingdon, Routledge.

Seddon, 2020Seddon, T. 2020. Markets, regulation and drug law reform: towards a constitutive approach, Social & Legal Studies, 29(3), 313333.

Shafi, Berry, Sumnall, Wood, and Tracy, 2020Shafi, A., Berry, A.J., Sumnall, H., Wood, D.M. and Tracy, D.K. 2020. New psychoactive substances: a review and updates, Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology, 10, 121.

Shapiro, 1999Shapiro, H. 1999. Dances with drugs: pop music, drugs and youth culture. In Drugs: Cultures, Controls & Everyday Life, Ed. N. South, London, SAGE Publications.

Shaw, 2021Shaw, M. 2021. Billionaire capitalists are designing humanity’s future. Don’t let them, The Guardian, 5 February. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/feb/05/jeff-bezos-elon-musk-spacex-blue-origin [Accessed 21 July 2022].

Smart, 1984Smart, C. 1984. Social policy and drug addiction: a critical study of policy development, British Journal of Addiction, 79(1), 3139.

Smit, de Hon, Venhuis, den Heijer, and de Ronde, 2020Smit, D.L., de Hon, O., Venhuis, B.J., den Heijer, M. and de Ronde, W. 2020. Baseline characteristics of the HAARLEM study: 100 male amateur athletes using anabolic androgenic steroids, Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 30(3), 531539.

Sorokin, and Merton, 1937Sorokin, P.A. and Merton, R.K. 1937. Social time: a methodological and functional analysis, American Journal of Sociology, 42(5), 615629.

South, 1999South, N. Ed. 1999a. Drugs: Cultures, Controls and Everyday Life, London, SAGE Publications.

South, 1999South, N. 1999b. Debating drugs and everyday life: normalisation, prohibition and “otherness”. In Drugs: Cultures, Controls and Everyday Life, pp. 115, Ed. N. South, London, SAGE Publications.

South, 2004South, N. 2004. Managing work, hedonism and “the borderline” between the legal and illegal markets: two case studies of recreational heavy drug users, Addiction Research and Theory, 12(6), 525538.

Srnicek, 2017Srnicek, N. 2017. Platform Capitalism, Cambridge, Polity.

Staab, 2018Staab, P. 2018. Exit-Kapitalismus revisited. Der Einfluss privaten Risikokapitals auf Unternehmensentscheidungen, Marktrisiken und Arbeitsqualität in technologieintensiven Jungunternehmen, Leviathan, 46(2), 212231.

Staab, 2019Staab, P. 2019. Digitaler Kapitalismus. Markt und Herrschaft in der Ökonomie der Unknappheit, Berlin, Suhrkamp.

Stanfill, 2015Stanfill, M. 2015. The interface as discourse: the production of norms through web design, New Media & Society, 17(7), 10591074.

Stevens, 2011Stevens, A. 2011. Drugs, Crime and Public Health: The Political Economy of Drug Policy, Abingdon, Routledge.

Stratton, Powell, and Cameron, 2017Stratton, G., Powell, A. and Cameron, R. 2017. Crime and justice in digital society: towards a “digital criminology”?, International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy, 6(2), 1733.

Susann, 1966Susann, J. 1966. Valley of the Dolls, New York, NY, Bernard Geis Associates.

Swedberg, 2009Swedberg, R. 2009. Principles of Economic Sociology, Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press.

Sztompka, 2006Sztompka, P. 2006. New perspectives on trust, American Journal of Sociology, 112(3), 905919.

The Daily Star, 2020The Daily Star. 2020. Narcolepsy drugs tied to increased risk for birth defects, The Daily Star, 25 October.

The Sun, 2016The Sun. 2016. Not so smart drug: modafinil side effects could include KIDS as “IQ drug” could stop birth control from working, The Sun, 25 August.

Thiel, 2009Thiel, P. 2009. The education of a libertarian. In Cato Unbound: A Journal of Debate, 13 April. Available at: https://www.cato-unbound.org/2009/04/13/peter-thiel/education-libertarian [Accessed 21 July 2022].

Thomas, and Treiber, 2000Thomas, M.E. and Treiber, L.A. 2000. Race, gender, and status: a content analysis of print advertisements in four popular magazines, Sociological Spectrum, 20(3), 357371.

Tofighi, Perna, Desai, Grov, and Lee, 2016Tofighi, B., Perna, M., Desai, A., Grov, C. and Lee, J.D. 2016. Craigslist as a source of heroin: a report of two cases, Journal of Substance Use, 21(5), 543546.

Topalli, Wright, and Fornango, 2002Topalli, V., Wright, R. and Fornango, R. 2002. Drug dealers, robbery and retaliation. Vulnerability, deterrence and the contagion of violence, British Journal of Criminology, 42(2), 337351.

Tor Project 2019Tor Project 2019. Tor: history. Available at: https://www.torproject.org/about/overview.html.en [Accessed 21 July 2022].

Turner, 2006Turner, F. 2006. From Counterculture to Cyberculture, Chicago, IL, University of Chicago Press.

Turnock, 2020Turnock, L.A. 2020. Inside a steroid “brewing” and supply operation in South-West England: an “ethnographic” narrative case study, Performance Enhancement and Health, 7(3–4), 100152.

Tzanetakis, 2015Tzanetakis, M. 2015. Online drug distribution. Alternatives to physical violence in conflict resolution. In Between Street and Screen. Traditions and Innovations in the Drugs Field, pp. 4156, Eds M. Wouters and J. Fountain, Lengerich, Pabst Science Publishers.

Tzanetakis, 2018Tzanetakis, M. 2018a. Social order of anonymous digital markets: towards an economic sociology of cryptomarkets. In Place, Space and Time in European Drug Use, Markets and Policy, pp. 6180, Eds G. Potter, D. Korf and J. Fountain, Lengerich, Pabst.

Tzanetakis, 2018Tzanetakis, M. 2018b. Comparing cryptomarkets for drugs. A characterisation of sellers and buyers over time, International Journal of Drug Policy, 56, 176186.

Tzanetakis, 2018Tzanetakis, M. 2018c. The darknet’s anonymity dilemma. In Encore 2017. The Annual Magazine on Internet and Society Research, Vol. 5, pp. 118125, Ed. Alexander von Humboldt Institute for Internet and Society.

Tzanetakis, 2019Tzanetakis, M. 2019. Informal governance on cryptomarkets for illicit drugs. In Governance Beyond the Law: The Immoral, the Illegal, the Criminal, pp. 343361.

Tzanetakis, Kamphausen, Werse, and von Laufenberg, 2016Tzanetakis, M., Kamphausen, G., Werse, B. and von Laufenberg, R. 2016. The transparency paradox. Building trust, resolving disputes and optimising logistics on conventional and online drugs markets, International Journal of Drug Policy, 35, 5868.

Tzanetakis, and Marx, 2023Tzanetakis, M. and Marx, S.A. 2023. The dark side of cryptomarkets: towards a new dialectic of self-exploitation within platform capitalism. In Digital Transformations of Illicit Drug Markets: Reconfiguration and Continuity, Eds M. Tzanetakis and N. South, pp. 141154, Bingley, Emerald.

Tzanetakis, and Stöver, 2019Tzanetakis, M. and Stöver, H. Eds. 2019. Drogen, Darknet und Organisierte Kriminalität. Herausforderungen für Politik, Justiz und Drogenhilfe, Baden-Baden, Nomos.

Tzanetakis, and von Laufenberg, 2016Tzanetakis, M. and von Laufenberg, R. 2016. Harm Reduction durch anonyme Drogenmärkte und Diskussionsforen im Internet? In 3. Alternativer Drogen- und Suchtbericht 2016, pp. 189194, Eds H. Stöver and B. Werse, Lengerich, Pabst Science.

UNODC, 2020UNODC. 2020. World Drug Report 2020, Vienna, United Nations.

Van Buskirk, Naicker, Roxburgh, Bruno, and Burns, 2016Van Buskirk, J., Naicker, S., Roxburgh, A., Bruno, R. and Burns, L. 2016. Who sells what? Country specific differences in substance availability on the Agora cryptomarket, International Journal of Drug Policy, 35, 1623.

Van Buskirk, Roxburgh, Bruno, Naicker, Lenton, Sutherland, … Burns, 2016Van Buskirk, J., Roxburgh, A., Bruno, R., Naicker, S., Lenton, S., Sutherland, R., … Burns, L. 2016. Characterising dark net marketplace purchasers in a sample of regular psychostimulant users, International Journal of Drug Policy, 35, 3237.

Van Buskirk, Naicker, Bruno, Burns, Breen, and Roxburgh, 2016Van Buskirk, J., Naicker, S., Bruno, R., Burns, L., Breen, C. and Roxburgh, A. 2016. Drugs and the Internet, issue 7, National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre.

van de Ven, and Koenraadt, 2017van de Ven, K. and Koenraadt, R. 2017. Exploring the relationship between online buyers and sellers of image and performance enhancing drugs (IPEDs): quality issues, trust and self-regulation, International Journal of Drug Policy, 50, 4855.

van der Gouwe, Brunt, van Laar, and van der Pol, 2017van der Gouwe, D., Brunt, T. M., van Laar, M. and van der Pol, P. 2017. Purity, adulteration and price of drugs bought on-line versus off-line in the Netherlands, Addiction, 112(4), 640648.

Van Dijck, Poell, and De Waal, 2018Van Dijck, J., Poell, T. and De Waal, M. 2018. The platform society as a contested concept. In The Platform Society, pp. 730, Eds J. Van Dijck, T. Poell and M. De Waal, New York, NY, Oxford University Press.

Van Hout, and Bingham, 2013Van Hout, M.C. and Bingham, T. 2013a. “Silk Road”, the virtual drug marketplace: a single case study of user experiences, International Journal of Drug Policy, 24(5), 385391.

Van Hout, and Bingham, 2013Van Hout, M.C. and Bingham, T. 2013b. “Surfing the Silk Road”: a study of users’ experiences, International Journal of Drug Policy, 24(6), 524529.

Van Hout, and Bingham, 2014Van Hout, M.C. and Bingham, T. 2014. Responsible vendors, intelligent consumers: Silk Road, the online revolution in drug trading, International Journal of Drug Policy, 25(2), 183189.

Vida, Fittler, Mikulka, Abraham, Sandor, Kilar, and Botz, 2017Vida, R.G., Fittler, A., Mikulka, I., Abraham, E., Sandor, V., Kilar, F. and Botz, L. 2017. Availability and quality of illegitimate somatropin products obtained from the Internet, International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy, 39(1), 7887.

Von Lampe, and Johansen, 2004Von Lampe, K. and Johansen, O.P. 2004. Organized crime and trust: on the conceptualization and empirical relevance of trust in the context of criminal networks, Global Crime, 6(2), 159184.

Wadsworth, Drummond, and Deluca, 2018Wadsworth, E., Drummond, C. and Deluca, P. 2018. The adherence to UK legislation by online shops selling new psychoactive substances, Drugs: Education Prevention and Policy, 25(1), 97100.

Walmsley, 2016Walmsley, I. 2016. Coming off drugs: a critical history of the withdrawing body, Contemporary Drug Problems, 43(4), 38196.

Walsh, 2011Walsh, C. 2011. Drugs, the Internet and change, Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 43(1), 5563.

Wang, Law, Hung, and Guillet, 2014Wang, L., Law, R., Hung, K. and Guillet, B.D. 2014. Consumer trust in tourism and hospitality: a review of the literature, Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 21, 19.

Warren, 2011Warren, I. 2011. Drugs, crime and the law in Australia. In The Drug Effect: Health, Crime and Society, pp. 189208, Eds S. Fraser and D. Moore, Melbourne, Cambridge University Press.

Warren, 2015Warren, I. 2015. Surveillance, criminal law and sovereignty, Surveillance & Society, 13(2), 300305.

Warren, Mann, and Molnar, 2020Warren, I., Mann, M. and Molnar, A. 2020. Lawful illegality: authorising extraterritorial police surveillance, Surveillance & Society, 18(3), 357369.

Warren, and Palmer, 2015Warren, I. and Palmer, D. 2015. Global Criminology, Sydney, Thomson Reuters.

Warren, and Ryan, 2023Warren, I.J. and Ryan, E. 2023. Drugs and the dark web: the Americanisation of policing and online criminal law from an Australian perspective. In Digital Transformations of Illicit Drug Markets: Reconfiguration and Continuity, Eds M. Tzanetakis and N. South, pp. 4557, Bingley, Emerald.

Wehinger, 2011Wehinger, F. 2011. The dark net: self-regulation dynamics of illegal online markets for identities and related services, 2011 European Intelligence and Security Informatics Conference, pp. 209213.

Wendel, and Curtis, 2000Wendel, T. and Curtis, R. 2000. The heraldry of heroin: “dope stamps” and the dynamics of drug markets in New York City, Journal of Drug Issues, 30(2), 225259.

Whenua, 2017Whenua, M. 2017. Overview from Manaaki Whenua, Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education, 8096, 112.

White, and Comiskey, 2006White, E. and Comiskey, C. 2006. Heroin epidemics, treatment, and ODE modelling, Mathematical Biosciences, 208, 312324.

Whitehouse, 2016Whitehouse, H. 2016. In their own words: students share their views on smart drugs, The Guardian, 1 March.

Whittaker, 1998Whittaker, R. 1998. Re-framing the representation of women in advertisements for hormone replacement therapy, Nursing Inquiry, 5(2), 7786.

Williams, Seale, Boden, Lowe, and Steinberg, 2008Williams, S.J., Seale, C., Boden, S., Lowe, P. and Steinberg, D.L. 2008. Waking up to sleepiness: modafinil, the media and the pharmaceuticalisation of everyday/night life, Sociology of Health & Illness, 30(6), 839855.

Williamson, 1975Williamson, O.E. 1975. Markets and Hierarchies, New York, NY, Free Press.

Winstock, Barratt, Ferris, and Maier, 2016Winstock, A., Barratt, M., Ferris, J. and Maier, L. 2016. What we learned from GDS2016—an overview of our key findings. Available at: https://www.globaldrugsurvey.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/TASTER-KEY-FINDINGS-FROM-GDS2016.pdf

Winstock, Barratt, Maier, Aldridge, Zhuparris, Davies, Hughes, … Ferris, 2019Winstock, A., Barratt, M., Maier, L.J., Aldridge, J., Zhuparris A., Davies E., Hughes C.Ferris, J.A. 2019. Global Drug Survey (GDS) 2019 Key findings report. Available at: https://www.globaldrugsurvey.com/gds-2019/

Woolgar, 2002Woolgar, S. Ed. 2002. Virtual Society? Technology, Cyberbole, Reality, Oxford, Oxford University Press.

Wurtzel, 2003Wurtzel, E. 2003. More, Now, Again, London, Virago Press.

Yashawi, 2019Yashawi, P. 2019. People tell us about using “smart drugs” to max out their productivity, Vice, 16 December.

Young, 1971Young, J. 1971. The Drugtakers: The Social Meaning of Drug Use, London, MacGibbon and Kee.

Zuboff, 2015Zuboff, S. 2015. Big other: surveillance capitalism and the prospects of an information civilization, Journal of Information Technology, 30(1), 7589.

Zuboff, 2019Zuboff, S. 2019. The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power, London, Profile Books.

Legal Cases

Dotcom v. Attorney General, 2020Dotcom v. Attorney General [2020] NZCA 551.

DPP v. Noori, 2019DPP v. Noori [2019] VSC 172.

North v. DPP, 2020North v. DPP (Commonwealth) [2020] VSCA 1.

Edmonds v. R, 2019Edmonds v. R [2019] NTCCA 1.

Gallagher v. Western Australia, 2019Gallagher v. Western Australia [2019] WASCA 108.

Health Care Complaints Commission v. Holbrook, 2019Health Care Complaints Commission v. Holbrook [2019] NSWCATOD 146.

Kennedy v. R, 2018Kennedy v. R [2018] NSWCCA 43.

Ortmann et al. v. USA, 2020Ortmann et al. v. USA [2020] NZSC 120.

R v. Azabal, 2019R v. Azabal [2019] NSWDC 523.

R v. Grey, 2020R v. Grey [2020] QCA 77.

Re Abaker, 2018Re Abaker [2018] VSC 714.

State of NSW v. CT, 2019State of NSW v. CT (Final) [2019] NSWSC 847.

United States v. 2013 Lamborghini Aventador, 2018United States v. 2013 Lamborghini Aventador [2018] LP700-4 2018 US Dist. LEXIS 133880.

United States v. All monies, funds, & credits, 2020United States v. All monies, funds, & credits [2020] US Dist. LEXIS 114178.

USA v. Batato et al., 2016USA v. Batato et al. [2016] 833 F.3d 413.