Accessibility of healthcare

, 4

Accident and Emergency hospital departments (A&E hospital departments)

, 50

Accord National Interprofessionnel (ANI)

, 179

Activity-based funding

, 88–89

Activity-based reimbursement of hospitals

, 108–111

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI)

, 49

Adult Social Care (ASC)

, 44, 51, 53

future challenges

, 53–55

Age profiles

, 36–37

Agence Nationale d’Accreditation et d’Evaluation en Santé (ANAES)

, 171–172

Agences Régionales d’Hospitalisation (ARH)

, 171–172

Aide Compl´ementaire Santé (ACS)

, 179

Alcohol

, 158–159

Ambulatory care, sustainability in

, 172–174

Annual co-payment caps

, 147

Antibiotics

, 177

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR)

, 177

Association of Directors of Adult Social Services (ADASS)

, 52

Assurance Maladie (SHI)

, 168, 184

Austria

, 153–155

Austrian Health Targets

, 155

Austrian healthcare system

, 154–155

challenges

, 158–164

healthcare interventions and efficacy

, 155–158

Bed blockers

, 94

Best practice tariffs (BPT)

, 50

Bismarck model

, 120–121

Bismarckian model

, 141, 190

Budget capping

, 201–203

Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM)

, 85

Cancer plan

, 15

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs)

, 25, 29

by Eastern countries

, 30

frequencies by cohorts

, 32, 35

Care Act (2014)

, 51

Care Quality Commission (CQC)

, 44–45

Catalan autonomous region (CCAA)

, 196

Catch-up programmes

, 95–96

Central Statistics Office (CSO)

, 68–69

Centralisation reform

, 110

Challenges

, 83

Clinical Commissioning Groups (CCGs)

, 44–45

Coefficient of variation (CV)

, 196–197

Cohort analysis

, 26

Collective contracts

, 178–179

Colorectal cancer

, 8

Commercialisation

, 123–124

Commission d’évaluation économique et de santé publique (CEESP)

, 172, 177

Commissioning for Quality and Innovation framework (CQUIN framework)

, 50

Community public health objectives

, 3

Complementary health insurance (CHI)

, 168, 170

‘employers’ provision of

, 178–179

sustainability in

, 178–181

Conditional order-m FDH approach

, 148–149

Coordination between sub-sectors of health care

, 94–95

Coordination Reform (2012)

, 94–95

Copayments

, 82

Corruption

, 133–134

Cost sharing

measures

, 146–147

policy

, 12–13

Country-specific recommendations (CSR)

, 6

Couverture Maladie Universelle Complémentaire (CMU-C)

, 179–180

COVID-19

, 61–62, 75, 232

challenges from

, 16–17

and future pandemics

, 162–164

pandemic

, 3, 23–24

Cultural changes

, 133–134

CZ-DRG project

, 149

Czech health care system

, 139–140

features

, 140–144

payment mechanisms

, 143–144

provision of health care

, 143

reforms and challenges toward sustainability

, 144–150

SHI system

, 141–142

Czech Republic

, 139–140

Czech statutory health insurance scheme

, 141

Danish GPs

, 105

Danish Health Care system

, 104–106

Data envelope analysis (DEA)

, 88

Decentralisation of health-care spending

, 195–198

Denmark

, 104

evidence and possibilities of future research

, 113–115

health care expenditure in

, 107

reforms to improving quality of care

, 110–113

reforms to increasing activity and reducing waiting time

, 107–110

Dental consultations

, 210

Department of Health (DH)

, 45–46

Department of Health and Social Care

, 44–45

Deprivation

, 47

Diagnosis-related groups (DRGs)

, 76–77, 83, 88–89, 108–109, 144, 174

DRG-based funding

, 174

DRG-Restart project

, 149

prices

, 109–110

system

, 149

Diagnostic services

, 210

Disease Management Programs (DMP)

, 112–113

Disease prevalence

, 23–24, 28

average marginal effects by region

, 36–37, 40, 42

cancer frequencies by cohorts

, 31, 34

data

, 24–26

descriptive statistics

, 27

diabetes frequencies by cohorts

, 32, 35

frequencies of observations

, 25–26

lung disease frequencies by cohorts

, 31, 34

by region and cohort

, 26–36

test for differences

, 33

Drug(s)

, 158–159

pricing

, 177–178

EC Initiative on Breast Cancer

, 8

Educational policy

, 132

Efficiency

, 148–150

‘Employers’ provision of complementary health insurance

, 178–179

Employment control framework (ECF)

, 76–77

England

, 44

English health and social care system

, 44–45

Epidemics

, 234–235

Ethnographic study

, 46

EuroHOPE project

, 89

Europe

, 3

European Economic Area (EEA)

, 92

European Fund for Strategic Investments

, 5

‘European Guide for Quality National Cancer Control Programmes’

, 8

European Partnership for Action Against Cancer

, 7

European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)

, 5

European regions

, 26, 29, 33, 36

European Semester

, 6, 11, 13

European Social Charter

, 12

European Social Fund (ESF)

, 5

European Travel Information and Authorisation System (ETIAS)

, 232

European Union (EU)

, 2, 199, 235

actions

, 2

actions through internal market

, 9–11

collaboration between member states

, 13–14

European Semester

, 11–13

evidence on selected EU actions

, 6–15

fighting cancer

, 7, 9

future EU actions on health

, 15–17

health information for evidence-based policy

, 14–15

health strategy

, 3–4

health systems

, 2

legal background

, 3

policy instruments

, 4–6

potential for externalities

, 13–15

role and actions of

, 3–6

Evidence-based policy

, 14–15

Exemptions

, 147

Family health units

, 213

Faster return to work scheme (FRW scheme)

, 84

Fee-for-service (FFS)

, 105, 144

payment mechanisms

, 71

Financial

resources for health sector

, 126–131

sustainability

, 214–215

Financing

health care in French health care system

, 168–170

issues

, 54

Fiscal space

, 219

Five Year Forward View (FYFV)

, 51

Fixed-effect models

, 88–89

Framework programmes (FPs)

, 4–5

France

, 168

French Health Authority

, 172

French health care system

, 168

financing health care in

, 168–170

key reforms in

, 170–172

sustainability in

, 172, 181, 183–184

French Medicines Agency

, 175–176

Full-time equivalent (FTE)

, 47

Funding

, 47–48

Gate-keeping system

, 173–174

General Health Insurance Fund (GHIF)

, 141

General Medical Services (GMS)

, 45–46

General Practice Forward View (GPFV)

, 47

General practitioners (GPs)

, 44–45, 62–63, 82, 86, 104–105, 156

Generic drugs

, 175–176

Government deficit

, 217–220

Gross domestic product (GDP)

, 44, 62, 202–203, 234

Gross national income (GNI)

, 64

Harmonisation of cancer screening

, 7–9

Haute Autorité de Santé (HAS)

, 171, 182

Health

economics

, 76

information for evidence-based policy

, 14–15

insurance

, 168

policy

, 3, 118, 235

screening and prevention

, 155–156

shocks

, 235

spending sustainability

, 217, 220–221, 223

strategy

, 3–4

systems

, 2

workforce

, 10–11

Health and Social Care Act (2012)

, 44–45

Health care expenditure (HCE)

, 62, 146–147, 168, 170

Health Programme (HP)

, 4–5

Health Service Executive (HSE)

, 76–77

Health technology assessment (HTA)

, 4, 10, 73, 171–172, 200

Health-care

, 235

access to healthcare in rural areas

, 159–162

coordination between sub-sectors of

, 94–95

financing

, 44–45

services

, 63

system in Poland

, 118

utilisation of refugees

, 162

Healthcare resource groups (HRGs). See also Diagnosis-related groups (DRGs)

, 48

Heart attack

, 49

Horizon 2020 (H2020)

, 9

Hospital

, 170

cost containment

, 148–150

at home

, 175

Hospitalisation á domicile (HAD)

, 175

House of Lords

, 54–55

HPV vaccination

, 95–96

Human resources

, 131–133

Immunisation

, 157

Index price

, 92

Informal care

, 52

Information and Quality Authority (HIQA)

, 76–77

Integrated/coordinated health care

, 126

Interministerial Commission on Pharmaceutical Prices (ICPP)

, 201

International Classification of Primary Care system (ICPC system)

, 112–113

International co-ordination

, 235

International Non-proprietary Name (INN)

, 175–176

Investments in health workforce

, 147–148

Ireland

, 61–62

Ireland’s health care system

, 61–62

challenges to sustainability

, 68–72

features of Irish health care system

, 62–64

policy

, 72–74

recent trends in public health care expenditures

, 64–68

sustainability

, 62

Italy

avoiding mixed signals

, 233

doing policy announcements right

, 233–234

local chains of transmission

, 232–233

need for comprehensive policy packages

, 234

sub-optimality of flight bans

, 232–234

Linear probability model

, 36–37

Local health units

, 213

Loi de Financement de la Sécurité sociale (LFSS)

, 171

Long-term care (LTC)

, 82, 90–91

Long-term illnesses scheme

, 178

Maastricht Treaty (1992)

, 3

Mammography screening

, 96

Maternal and child health

, 156–157

Maternity leave

, 157

Maximum pharmacy retail price

, 93

Maximum price for drug

, 93

Means-tested medical care system

, 62–63

Medical devices

, 9–10

Ministry of Health (MoH)

, 201

Mother-Child-Pass programme

, 156

Multispecialty Community Provider

, 55

National Audit Office (NAO)

, 54

National Health and Hospital Plan (2016–19)

, 94

National Health Fund (NHF)

, 119–120

voivodships branches

, 122

National Health Insurance Systems (NHIS)

, 190

National Health Service (NHS) (See also Portuguese NHS)

, 44, 209

Constitution

, 50

future challenges

, 53–55

Improvement

, 44–45

primary care in

, 45–48

providers

, 48

National Insurance Scheme (NIS)

, 82

Networks of contracted providers

, 180–181

‘New Health Strategy’

, 3–4

New models of delivery

, 54–55

Norway

, 82, 84, 95

Norwegian health care system

, 82

coordination between sub-sectors of health care

, 94–95

LTC

, 90–91

pharmaceuticals

, 92–93

primary care

, 85–88

screening for cancer

, 95–96

specialist care

, 88–89

system of prioritisation of health services

, 84–85

Norwegian Medicines Agency (NOMA)

, 84–85

Norwegian Patient Register

, 88–89

Objectif national de dépenses d’assurance maladie (ONDAM)

, 171

Opposable Medical References

, 173

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)

, 190

Out-of-pocket (OOP)

, 168, 172

Parental leave

, 157

Patient Choice

, 45

Patient mobility

, 10–11

Payment by Results (PbR)

, 45, 48–49

Payment mechanisms

, 143–144

Personal care

, 52–53

Pharmaceutical(s)

, 9–10, 92–93

expenditure

, 70–71

roadmap

, 16

spending

, 200

sustainability in

, 175–178

Physiotherapists

, 133

Plan antibiotique

, 177

Plan Juppé

, 171–172

Points d’accueil pour soins immédiats (PASI)

, 184

Policy instruments

, 4–6

Polish health care system

, 118

ageing of polish population and health care system

, 119–122

cultural changes and corruption

, 133–134

expenses for health care in selected EU countries

, 129

financial resources for health sector

, 126–131

human resources

, 131–133

integrated care programs and pilots

, 127–128

misguided organisation of health sector and health care entities

, 122–126

Population ageing

, 158

Portugal health spending

, 210–212

Portuguese health system

, 210

Portuguese NHS

, 209–214

challenges for NHS and sustainability problem

, 214–216

forecasting expenditures in

, 216–223

health spending in Portugal

, 210–212

health spending sustainability and government deficit

, 217–220

health spending sustainability and public debt

, 221–223

new policies in

, 213–214

sustainability

, 224–227

Primary and Acute Care Systems

, 55

Primary care

, 45, 48, 82, 85, 88, 104–105, 171

units

, 213

Primary Care Reform (2015)

, 94

Primary Care Trusts (PCTs)

, 45

Primary healthcare

, 159

Primary Healthcare Act

, 126

Priorities

, 82

Private health insurance (PHI)

, 63, 106

Private spending in Spain

, 192–194

Proportionality principle

, 2

Public debt

, 221–223

Public Health and Social Policy

, 3

Public health care expenditures, recent trends in

, 64–68

Public health/preventative care

, 55

Public provision and production

, 190–192

Public spending in Spain

, 192–194

Quality and Outcomes Framework (QOF)

, 45–46, 112–113

Recovery plan for Europe

, 16

Reference pricing

, 92

Références Médicales Opposables (RMO)

, 173

Reforms

, 84, 168

Refugees, healthcare utilisation of

, 162

Regional financing of health care

, 198–199

Regional Health Authorities (RHA)

, 82–83

Rehabilitation

, 210

Reimbursement based on added therapeutic value

, 176

Research and innovation

, 5–6

Resilient health system

, 4

Responsible contracts

, 179

Risky behaviour

, 154

Screening for cancer

, 95–96

Secondary care. See also Primary care

, 48, 51, 105–106

Self-support principle

, 123–124

Semashko model

, 140–141

Service médical rendu (SMR)

, 176

Seventh Framework Programme (FP7)

, 9

Severe mental illness (SMI)

, 46

Sláintecare

, 73–74

Small and medium enterprises (SMEs)

, 234

Social health insurance system (SHI system)

, 140–142, 144, 146, 168

Social Security (1945)

, 182

Socio-economic status (SES)

, 23–24

Spanish Agency of Medicinal Products and Medical Devices (AEMPS)

, 201

Spanish Fiscal Authority

, 201

Spanish health-care system

, 190, 195, 199

in context of Western health care

, 190

decentralisation of health-care spending

, 195–198

pharmaceutical expenditure

, 199–203

public and private spending in Spain

, 192–194

public provision and production

, 190–192

regional financing of health care

, 198–199

Spanish decentralisation

, 196–198

traits

, 194–195

Spanish pharmaceutical sector, key trends in

, 199–201

Specialist care

, 82–83, 88–89

SPZOZs

, 123–124

Stability and Growth Pact

, 3

Stochastic frontier analysis

, 148–149

Structural funds

, 5

Structural modelling

, 92

Subsidiarity principle

, 2

Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement (SHARE)

, 24, 26, 29, 32

Sustainability

, 44, 83, 113, 118, 153–154

challenges to

, 68–72

in complementary health insurance

, 178–181

demand side factors

, 68–69

in French health care system

, 172, 181, 183–184

of health system

, 2, 4

at hospital

, 174–175

of Ireland’s health care system

, 62

in pharmaceuticals

, 175–178

supply side factors

, 69–72

Sustainability and transformation plans (STPs)

, 51

Tariff-based activity

, 174–175

Tertiary care

, 48–51

Tobacco

, 158–159

Total cost (TC)

, 104–105

Two-tier system

, 63

UK Parliament Select Committee

, 53

Universal complementary health insurance

, 179–180

Universal Health Coverage (UHC)

, 118

Urgent and Emergency Care Networks

, 55

User fees

, 146–147

Vaccinations

, 157–158

Velvet Revolution

, 139–141

Waiting time guarantee

, 109

‘What works’

, 2

Workforce/recruitment

, 54

World Health Organisation (WHO)

, 168