Index
ISBN: 978-1-78441-616-4, eISBN: 978-1-78441-615-7
ISSN: 2044-9941
Publication date: 13 May 2015
This content is currently only available as a PDF
Citation
(2015), "Index", Sustainable Urban Transport (Transport and Sustainability, Vol. 7), Emerald Group Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 261-271. https://doi.org/10.1108/S2044-994120150000007009
Publisher
:Emerald Group Publishing Limited
Copyright © 2015 Emerald Group Publishing Limited
INDEX
Active transport see Cycling; Walking
Advanced driver assistant systems (ADAS)
, 229, 232–3, 236, 244, 245–6
Air pollution
, 178, 216
active transport and
, 5, 6, 7
Malta
, 94
see also CO2 emissions
Air travel
, 152
American Public Transportation Association (APTA)
, 124–5
Australia
active transport
children
, 45
economic impacts
, 4–5
health benefits
, 5, 7, 8
car sharing
, 213
Autolib
, 213
Avoid-Shift-Improve (ASI)
, 153–4
BahnCard
, 25, 189
Barcelona
public bicycle rental system
, 6–7
Barclaycard Cycle Hire
, 161
Belgium
car sharing
, 209–10
Bicycle sharing
, 150–1, 155–6, 160–1, 163, 180, 189
bicycle rental systems
, 6, 7, 160, 161
Call a Bike
, 160, 161
electric bikes (e-bikes)
, 161, 170, 171
France
, 7, 161
free-floating
, 160
Germany
, 160, 163, 189
integrated services see Integrated e-mobility services
mobile internet and
, 173–4
Multicity Carsharing
, 189
Netherlands
, 160
number of bicycles
, 161, 162
number of programmes
, 162
Seoul
, 161
Shanghai
, 161
United Kingdom
, 161
United States
, 161
vélo’v
, 161
see also Cycling
Blablacar
, 160
BMW
DriveNow
, 157, 159, 163, 189
Built environment
children’s travel modes and
, 45–6, 51, 61, 68–9
Bus services
age of users
, 95, 103
competitive tendering
, 97–8, 100
gender of users
, 95, 102–3
Malta see Malta
modal shift
, 96–7, 100
quality
European Committee for Standardisation
, 96, 102
Malta
, 100, 105–7, 108–10, 111
service reforms
, 97–8
Malta
, 93–4, 100–14
see also Public transport
Call a Bike
, 160, 161
Canada
car sharing
, 159, 210
Cancer
, 2
Car ownership
, 150, 171
car sharing compared
, 165–70
costs
, 208
developing countries
, 155
environmental impacts
, 152–3
impact of car sharing
, 158, 209–10, 211
increase in
, 152, 154–5
Israel
, 70
United States
, 209
see also Car use
Car pooling see Ride sharing
Car sharing
, 150–1, 154, 155, 156–9, 161, 164, 180, 189, 205–25
Australia
, 213
Autolib
, 213
Belgium
, 209–10
business members
, 208, 209, 215, 216
Canada
, 159, 210
car ownership compared
, 165–70
Car2Go
, 153, 154, 157, 159, 163, 189, 213
characterization of systems
, 212–14
City CarShare
, 209
CO2 emissions
, 206, 211, 218, 219, 221
cost-effectiveness
, 208–9, 222–3, 224
DriveNow
, 157, 159, 163, 189
eConnect project, Osnabrück
, 165–70, 172
electric cars (e-cars)
, 154, 170–1, 213–14
see also Integrated e-mobility services
energy consumption
, 206, 207, 211, 216, 218, 219, 221, 223
France
, 213
free-floating car sharing
, 157, 158, 197, 198, 200
fuel efficiency
, 211
Germany
, 154, 159, 163, 209, 210, 211, 213
greenhouse gases (GHG)
, 211
Hertz on demand
, 213
I-Go Car Share
, 209
impacts
, 208–12
on car ownership
, 158, 209–10, 211
on kilometers traveled
, 210, 211
on transport usage
, 210
individual members
, 208, 210, 215, 216
Ireland
, 211
kilometers travelled and
, 210, 211
literature
, 158
MobCarsharing, Lisbon
, 209, 214–25
mobile internet and
, 173–4
Multicity Carsharing
, 154, 157, 159, 163, 189
Netherlands
, 154, 210
parking and
, 211, 212, 213
peer-to-peer car sharing
, 157, 180
Portugal
, 209, 214–25
private car use compared
, 165–70
promotion policies
, 212, 224
public transport and
, 165–70, 210
purchase and running costs
, 217–18, 220, 222–3, 224
road accidents and
, 211
smartphone apps
, 157, 173
stationary car sharing
, 157, 158
Switzerland
, 209, 210, 211
transport usage, influence on
, 210
United States
, 159, 209, 210, 211, 213
worldwide characterization of systems
, 212–14
Zipcar
, 213
see also Ride sharing
Car use
availability/quality of public transport and
, 46, 48, 51, 58–9, 60, 70, 95–6, 153–4, 155, 159
Malta
, 105–7, 108–10
modal shift
, 96–7, 100
distracted driving
, 138
habit and
, 35–6
Malta
, 104–5, 111
parking
, 152, 212, 213
peak car
, 179
see also Car ownership; Car sharing
Car2Go
, 153, 154, 157, 159, 163, 189, 213
Cardiovascular disease (CVD)
, 2, 7, 12, 18
Children’s independent mobility (CIM)
age of child
, 68, 73–5
definition
, 66, 86
gender differences
, 66, 68, 69, 83, 85, 86
Israeli Arab children
, 65–87
licences of independent mobility
, 73–5
loss of
, 66–7
non-school travel and activities
, 66, 72, 77–9, 84–5
obesity
, 67
road accidents
, 70, 80, 82, 86–7
safety, perceptions of
, 68, 86–7
children
, 80–2, 83
parents
, 66, 68, 69, 79–80, 82–3
school journey
, 67–9
mobility licences
, 73–5
Safe Route to School (SR2S) program
, 69
traffic congestion
, 67, 70
travel mode
, 75–7
social class
, 83–4, 85, 86
United States
, 67, 68
Children’s travel modes
Australia
, 45
built environment characteristics
, 45–6, 51, 61, 68–9
health and
, 44–5
independent mobility see Children’s independent mobility
Japan
, 45
parent’s perceptions and residential self-selection
, 43–62
children travel patterns
, 58
children’s independent mobility
, 66, 68, 69, 79–80, 82–3
data and sample profiles
, 47–51
estimated model results
, 54–61
impact of parents’ perceptions
, 68–9
impact of residential self-selection
, 46, 59–61
interactions of travel patterns between parents
, 54, 58
proposed model structure
, 51–4
public transport qualities
, 46, 48, 51, 58–9, 60
risk perceptions
, 66, 68, 69
school journey
, 44, 46, 67–9, 75–7
distance from school
, 45, 67
mobility licences
, 73–5
Safe Route to School (SR2S) program
, 69
traffic congestion
, 67, 70
single-parent families
, 43–62
United Kingdom
, 45, 67
National Travel Survey (NTS)
, 46, 47, 61
United States
, 45, 67, 68
walking school buses
, 171
Citroën
Multicity Carsharing
, 154, 157, 159, 163, 189
City CarShare
, 209
Climate change
, 152
CO2 emissions
, 206, 207
car sharing
, 206, 211, 218, 219, 221
fuel efficiency
, 234, 236, 238, 243–4
Cognitive dissonance theory
, 23, 24, 32–3, 37
Competitive tendering
, 97–8, 100
Congestion
, 152, 170, 244
reduction
, 5, 6, 211
school journeys
, 67, 70
Congestion charges
, 171, 179
Copenhagen
cycling
, 7, 10
Copenhagen Centre for Prospective Population Studies
, 10
Cycling
car sharing, impact of
, 210
children
, 43–62
United Kingdom
, 45
see also Children’s independent mobility
Denmark
, 7, 10
health benefits see Health benefits of active transport
Netherlands
, 7, 160, 210
see also Bicycle sharing
Daimler Benz
Car2Go
, 153, 154, 157, 159, 163, 189, 213
DB-Deutsche Bahn, Call a Bike
, 160, 161
Deaths
physical inactivity
, 3
road accidents
, xvi, 6, 7
Denmark
cycling
, 7, 10
Nordic Council
, 8
Diabetes
type 2 diabetes
, 2, 5, 7, 8
Distracted driving
, 138
DriveNow
, 157, 159, 163, 189
Driverless cars
, 174
Electric vehicles (EVs)
, 153, 206, 207, 209, 232
advantages
, 170–1
electric bikes (e-bikes)
, 161, 170, 171
electric cars (e-cars), sharing
, 154, 170–1, 213–14
electric delivery vehicles
, 170
Germany
, 170
integrated services see Integrated e-mobility services
plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs)
, 214
ELTISplus
, xx
Emissions see Air pollution; CO2 emissions
Energy consumption
, 5
car sharing and
, 206, 207, 211, 216, 218, 219, 221, 223
energy demand and
, 230–1
European Union
Commission’s transport appraisal guidelines
, 7–8
European Committee for Standardisation
, 96, 102
sustainable mobility
, xviii–xx
Flinc
, 159, 160, 163
France
bicycle sharing
, 7, 161
car sharing
, 213
Fuel efficiency
, 152
advanced driver assistant systems (ADAS)
, 229, 232–3, 236, 244, 245–6
car sharing
, 211
CO2 emissions
, 234, 236, 238, 243–4
definition
, 232
effect on travel demand, Berlin
, 229–45
efficient driving
, 230, 232–3
fuel prices and
, 229, 230, 232–4
network levels
, 242–4
rebound effects
, 230–1, 234–7, 242–5
Travel-Activity PAttern Simulation (TAPAS)
, 230, 238–42
Fuel prices
fuel efficiency and
, 229, 230, 232–4
United States
, 122, 130–1
Gehl, Jan
, 171
Gender
children’s independent mobility
, 66, 68, 69, 83, 85, 86
HEAT and
, 19
public transport use
, 95, 102–3, 198
transport choices
, 240
travel time
, 54, 58
Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
, 87, 121–2, 123, 124, 130, 144, 145
Germany
BahnCard
, 25, 189
bicycle sharing
, 160, 163, 189
car sharing
, 154, 159, 163, 209, 210, 211, 213
diesel vehicles
, 234
eConnect project, Osnabrück
, 165–70, 172
electric mobility
, 170
flinc
, 159, 160, 163
fuel efficiency study
, 229–45
integrated e-mobility services (IeMS)
, 177–200
public transport
, 165–70, 172
ride sharing
, 159, 160, 163
Greenhouse gases (GHG)
, 152, 161, 164, 232
car sharing
, 211
Hangzhou Public Bicycle
, 161
Health benefits of active transport
, 1–19
air pollution
, 5, 6, 7
Australia
, 4–5, 7, 8
Barcelona
, 6–7
benefits and costs of active transport
, 4–6
cancer
, 2
cardiovascular disease (CVD)
, 2, 7, 12, 18
children
, 44–5
Copenhagen
, 7, 10
cost-benefit analysis (CBA)
, 3, 8
social cost-benefit analysis (SCBA)
, 5–6, 8, 10–11, 18
costs of walking/cycling infrastructures
, 5, 8–9
economic impacts of active transport
, 4–6
heart disease
, 5, 8
inclusion of health benefits in active transport appraisal
, 7–9
magnitude of health effects
, 6–7
mental health
, 2, 8
New Zealand
, 8–9
Nordic Council
, 8
obesity
, 3, 67
Paris
, 7
Stockholm
, 7
transport appraisal practice
, 7–9
type 2 diabetes
, 2, 5, 7, 8
United Kingdom
, 9
valuation methods
Disability-Adjusted-Life Years (DALYs)
, 9
Quality-Adjusted-Life Years (QALYs)
, 9
value of a statistical life (FSL)
, 10
WHO HEAT
, 1, 2, 3–4, 6, 9, 10–11, 14, 16–18, 19
willingness-to-pay (WTP)
, 9
years lost to premature disability (YLD)
, 9
years lost to premature mortality (YLL)
, 9
Viana do Castelo, Portugal
, 1, 3, 4, 11
alternative scenarios
, 16–18
data collection and analysis
, 14–16
transport, health and mobility policies
, 11–12
WHO
HEAT
, 1, 2, 3–4, 6, 9, 10–11, 14, 16–18, 19
recommended levels of physical activity
, 3
Health Economic Assessment Tool (HEAT)
, 1, 2, 3–4, 6, 9, 10–11, 14, 16–18, 19
Heart disease
, 5, 8
HEPA Europe/Healthy Cities sub-network project
, 3, 11
Hertz on demand
, 213
High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) lanes
, 159, 171
Hydrogen fuels
, 207
I-Go Car Share
, 209
Integrated e-mobility services (IeMS), potential users
, 177–200
conventional bicycle-lovers
, 192, 196, 197
ecological public transport- and bicycle lovers
, 192, 194, 195, 196, 197, 200
flexible car-lovers
, 192, 194, 196
innovative technology-loving multioptionals
, 192, 196, 197, 200
living/lifestyle preferences
, 194–5
market segmentation approach
, 180–90, 191, 199
smartphone apps
, 198, 199
traditional car-lovers
, 192, 194, 195, 197
urban-oriented public transport-lovers
, 192, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198
Intermodal mobility
, 149–74, 179
definition of intermodal travelling
, 151, 155
driverless cars
, 174
eConnect project, Osnabrück
, 165–70, 172
future of
, 172–4
information on connections between modes
, 173
mobile internet
, 159–60, 173–4
networks of shared, individual and public transport
, 161, 164
planning car-independent cities
, 170–2
rise of intermodal mobility networks
, 155–6, 172–4
smartphone apps
, 157, 160, 171, 173, 174, 198, 199
sustainable mobility
, 152–5
users’ perspective
, 164–70
see also Bicycle sharing; Car sharing; Integrated e-mobility services; Multimodal mobility; Ride sharing
Internet
mobile internet
, 159–60, 173–4
Ireland
car sharing
, 211
Israel
car ownership
, 70
children’s independent mobility
, 65–87
Israeli Arab population
, 69–70
Japan
children’s travel modes
, 45
JCDecaux
, 161
Jevons, William
, 230–1
London congestion charge
, 171
Malta
bus service
competitive tendering
, 97–8, 100
future use
, 107–10
nationalisation
, 111
proposed policy measures
, 111–13
quality
, 100, 105–7, 108–10, 111
reform
, 93–4, 100–14
research methodology
, 101–2
car use
, 104–5, 111
geo-demographic characteristics
, 102–4
land transport policy
, 98–100, 113
mode choice
, 104–5
Mass transit see Public transport
Mental health
, 2, 8
MobCarsharing, Lisbon
, 209, 214–25
Mode choice
attitudes
attitude change
, 32, 37–8, 180
cognitive dissonance theory
, 23, 24, 32–3, 37
definition
, 30
key events and
, 34, 36–7
in mobility research
, 31–2
mode choice and
, 29–33
types
, 30
Avoid-Shift-Improve (ASI)
, 153–4
bus services
, 96–7, 100
children see Children’s travel modes
decisions
, 25
attitudes and
, 29–33
needs, opportunities and abilities (NOA) model
, 27–8
personal factors
, 26–7
requirements, opportunities and abilities (ROA) model
, 23, 24, 27–9, 37
situational factors
, 25–6
theory of planned behaviour (TPB)
, 27–9
habits
, 24, 34, 36–7
interaction with key events
, 34, 35–6
key events in life course
, 23, 24, 34–7
attitudes and
, 34, 36–7
context change
, 24, 34–5, 36
definition
, 34
interaction with habits
, 34, 35–6
Malta
, 104–5
travel behaviour change
, 23–38, 180
Multicity Carsharing
, 154, 157, 159, 163, 189
Multimodal mobility
, 149–74, 179
definition of multimodal travelling
, 151
future of
, 172–4
planning car-independent cities
, 170–2
sustainable mobility
, 152–5
see also Bicycle sharing; Car sharing; Integrated e-mobility services; Intermodal mobility; Ride sharing
Needs, opportunities and abilities (NOA) model
, 27–8
Netherlands
bicycle use
, 210
health benefits
, 7
sharing
, 160
car sharing
, 154, 210
New York City Fountain Ride
, 172
New Zealand
active transport
, 8–9
Nordic Council
, 8
Obesity
children
, 67
physical inactivity
, 3
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
, 232
Environmental Sustainable Transport (EST) project
, xvii
Paris
Autolib
, 213
bicycle rental system
, 7
Park and ride programmes
, 112, 125, 131, 133, 138, 171
Parking
, 152
car sharing and
, 211, 212, 213
on-street parking
, 212
Parking Day
, 172
Peak car
, 179
Personal car ownership see Car ownership
Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs)
, 214
Portugal
energy consumption
, 207
health benefits of active transport, Viana do Castelo
, 1, 3, 4, 11–18
MobCarsharing, Lisbon
, 209, 214–25
Private car ownership see Car ownership
Public transport
availability/quality of
car use and
, 46, 48, 51, 58–9, 60, 70, 95–6, 150, 153–4, 155, 159
European Committee for Standardisation
, 96, 102
Malta bus service
, 100, 105–7, 108–10, 111
modal shift
, 96–7, 100
parents’ perceptions of
, 46, 48, 51, 58–9, 60
car sharing and
, 165–70, 210
eConnect project, Osnabrück
, 165–70, 172
environmental impacts
, 152–3
gender of users
, 95, 102–3, 198
Germany
, 165–70, 172
integrated with e-vehicle sharing
, 177–200
mobile internet
, 173–4
modal shift
, 96–7, 100
Avoid-Shift-Improve (ASI) approach
, 153–4
tariff increases
, 152
United States
, 122–45
attitudes towards
, 124–30, 144
Census data
, 135–6, 144
costs
, 139
employment
, 125, 127–30, 133–5, 138–9
future planning based on economic growth
, 136–7
immigrants
, 139–44
induced density
, 133
innovation
, 137–8
mapped empirical data
, 133–5
micro-climates
, 122, 123
poverty levels
, 125, 130, 133, 136, 140
residential density
, 124–5
reverse commuting
, 125, 130
see also Bus services
Rebound effects
fuel efficiency
, 230–1, 234–7, 242–5
Requirements, opportunities and abilities (ROA) model
, 23, 24, 27–9, 37
Ride sharing
, 150–1, 155–6, 159–60, 161
Blablacar
, 160
flinc
, 159, 160, 163
Germany
, 159, 160, 163
internet
, 159–60
Ridejoy
, 160
smartphone apps
, 160
see also Car sharing
Ridejoy
, 160
Road accidents
car sharing
, 211
children’s independent mobility
, 70, 80, 82, 86–7
deaths
, xvi, 6, 7
impact of increased active transport
, 5
Road tolls
, 245–6
Safe Route to School (SR2S) program
, 69
Seoul
bicycle sharing
, 161
Shanghai
bicycle sharing
, 161
Shared mobility see Bicycle sharing; Car sharing; Ride sharing
Smartphone apps
, 171, 173, 174
car sharing
, 157, 173
integrated e-mobility services
, 198, 199
ride sharing
, 160
Smith, Adam
, 137
Spain
public bicycle rental system
, 6–7
Stockholm
cycling
, 7
Suburbanisation
, 130, 152
Sustainable mobility
, 152–5
definitions
, xvii–xviii
European context
, xviii–xx
Sweden
cycling
, 7
Nordic Council
, 8
Switzerland
car sharing
, 209, 210, 211
Theory of planned behaviour (TPB)
, 27–9
Toll roads
, 245–6
Travel-Activity PAttern Simulation (TAPAS)
, 230, 238–42
Type 2 diabetes
, 2, 5, 7, 8
United Kingdom
bicycle sharing
, 161
children’s travel modes
, 45, 67
congestion charges
, 171
health benefits of active transport
, 9
National Travel Survey (NTS)
, 46, 47, 61
Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution
, xvii
transport appraisal guidelines
, 9
United States
bicycle sharing
, 161
car ownership
, 209
car sharing
, 159, 209, 210, 211, 213
children
independent mobility
, 67, 68
travel modes
, 45
distracted driving
, 138
fuel prices
, 122, 130–1
parking
, 152
public transport see Public transport
transport costs
, 139
white flight
, 129–30
Urban planning
planning car-independent cities
, 170–2
Vélo’v
, 161
Viana do Castelo, Portugal
, 1, 3, 4, 11–18
Walking
car sharing, impact of
, 210
children
, 43–62
Japan
, 45
United Kingdom
, 45
United States
, 45, 67
walking school buses
, 171
see also Children’s independent mobility
health benefits see Health benefits of active transport
walking school buses
, 171
World Health Organization (WHO)
health benefits of active transport, Viana do Castelo
, 1, 3, 4, 11–18
Health Economic Assessment Tool (HEAT)
, 1, 2, 3–4, 6, 9, 10–11, 14, 16–18, 19
HEPA Europe/Healthy Cities sub-network project
, 3, 11
obesity
, 3, 67
recommended levels of physical activity
, 3
Zipcar
, 213
- Sustainable Urban Transport
- Transport and Sustainability
- Sustainable Urban Transport
- Copyright Page
- List of Contributors
- Transport and Sustainability Editorial Board
- Acknowledgements
- Preface
- Sustainable Urban Transport – An Introduction
- The Economic Assessment of Health Benefits of Active Transport
- Mode Decisions and Context Change – What About the Attitudes? A Conceptual Framework
- The Influence of Parent’s Perceptions and Residential Self-Selection to the Children’s Travel Modes at Single Parent Households
- Children’s Independent Mobility in Israel: Case Study of the Arab Population Group
- The Malta Bus Service Reform: Implications for Policy from a ‘Natural Experiment’ of Attitudes towards Bus Service Quality and Modal Shift
- Further Research into Using Geographic Principles to Analyze Public Transportation in the USA and Maximize the Concept of Induced Transit
- Understanding Multimodal and Intermodal Mobility
- Who Would Use Integrated Sustainable Mobility Services – And Why?
- Car Sharing Systems as a Sustainable Transport Policy: A Case Study from Lisbon, Portugal
- Analysis of Effects Resulting from Improved Vehicle Fuel Efficiency and Fuel Price Changes Applied to the Berlin City Network
- About the Authors
- Index