Access, equitable

, 142, 143, 154

Advice, non-partisan

, 294–295

Agencies, public independent

, xxx

Alberta

, 63, 64

Allocation of power

concentrated; diffused, separated

, 203, 217

Assets; wealth, comprehensive

, 162

Assumptions, ethical

, 134, 137–140

Asymmetry

accounting

, 88–89

cost benefit

, 87

interest group

, 88

voting

, 87

Bias, cognitive

, 68, 72–77, 78, 96, 98n4

Biodiversity

, 57, 59

maintenance of

, 145

“Black swans’’

, 387

“Blocking’’ coalitions, minimizing of

options

, 450

Boundaries, planetary

, 145

Capital, natural

, 55, 56, 63; see

also wealth

Causes

, 466–467

Central bank, independence of

, 297, 299, 300, 301, 312, 313n1

Child poverty

strategies [against]; plans [against]; effectiveness [against]

, 260–263

Choice – constraints

, 310–312

Citizens, current

, 21, 24, 25, 41

Climate change

, xvii, xxxivn11, 14, 17, 25, 49, 59, 80, 88, 113, 115, 129, 149, 150, 153, 155, 158, 162, 357, 362

mitigation of

, 303, 308, 310

negative framing of

, 449

positive framing of

, 449

Commitment devices

, 76, 84, 206, 222, 223, 285, 287, 288, 303, 306, 311

bindingness, soft, weak; hard, strong

, 242–243

designing of

relevance, utility of; selection criteria; design features

, 249–257

fiscal; multiple

, 279–281

non-constitutional

, xxx, 423

types

, 241–248

Communication strategy

benchmarks for measuring

, 444

credible experts for authoritative evidence

, 444–445

distributional impacts of problems

, 444

information, current & reliable

, 443

warning signals

, 443

Complexity

, 356

causal

policy

, 68, 81–82, 85

Conflicts, distributional; non-distributional

, xxiii, xxvi

Consensus, political

, 92

Constitutional reforms

motives; incentives; constraints

, 203–204

Constitutions

protection of future generations

, 202, 206–216

provisions for future generations

, 202

rights, general; specific, 204, 228, 345

various; interests; needs; goods of, 85, 286, 450, 468

Constraints

, 31, 32

biophysical

, xxvi, xxviii

economic

, xxviii

political

, xxviii, xxxi

Coordination, international

, 85, 86

Countervailing forces

, 467–468

Culture, political

, 357

Debt, prudent

, 272

Debt, public

, 55, 57, 58, 62

Decision makers

, 203, 204, 212, 213, 216

Decision making, context

, 100

Decision-making, democratic

intertemporal

, xxix, xxix, 42n20, 46, 54, 64, 72, 73, 77, 217, 354, 469, 472, 477, 495

Decision rights

, 203, 204, 218, 219, 221, 222, 223, 233

Decisions

, 4, 6, 7, 10, 19, 22, 24, 25, 28, 29, 33, 37, 52, 57, 62, 72, 75, 77, 81, 85, 87, 89, 96, 121, 123, 136, 141, 190, 192, 193, 194, 211, 212, 215, 234, 243, 255, 287, 288, 289, 293, 296, 302, 305, 307, 314n4, 336, 434

Decisions, intertemporal/ intertemporal decisions

, 46

Decisions, partisan

, 294–295

Deliberative commissions

, 438

Deliberative processes, models of

Sweden

, 437, 438

Democracies, advanced

, xxiii, xxv, xxvi, xxviii, xxxi–xxxiii, 3–43, 46, 51, 52, 55, 58, 59, 63, 64, 65, 67, 94, 95, 99, 105, 106, 110, 119, 124, 125, 129, 169, 183, 194, 201, 202, 205, 213, 216, 220, 221, 222, 223, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 236, 238n14, 246, 251, 252, 253, 255, 257, 262, 264, 266, 268, 270, 275, 276, 279, 283, 285, 290, 292, 294, 295, 298, 303, 307, 311, 313, 314n4, 318, 319, 321, 330, 339, 344, 345, 347, 351, 357, 367, 369, 373, 375, 378n4, 402, 403, 418, 421n5, 421n9, 423, 426, 427, 428, 429, 430, 431, 433, 434, 437, 439, 443, 448, 450, 453, 455, 463–490

Democracy

, 289–291

Democratic government

, xxvi, xxvii, xxix

Development, sustainable

, 134, 141, 162n2

Dilemmas

ethical

, xxi

political

, xxi

Dilemmas, intertemporal

, 8–10, 16

Discount rate(s)

, 52, 54, 57, 58, 59, 134, 138, 141, 153, 154, 155, 156

Duty of care for Earth

guardianship

, 138

stewardship

, 138, 139

trusteeship

, 138

Electoral rules

, 204

Environment, preservationist model

, 146–147

Evidence, rejection of

, 357

Farsightedness, in business

, 454–457

and short-term focus

causes of

, 455

proposed reforms of

, 456

Farsightedness, political

difficulties of promoting

, 455

training for

policy tools

, 453

Foresight

, 49, 50, 51, 55, 56, 59

Finnish model

assessment of

, 412–415

Committee for the Future

, 407–411

reports

, 403–407

implications for countries

United States

, 415–417

international comparisons

Singapore, Sweden, Finland

, 398

intervention logics

capacity for intervention

, 391

constraints on

, 393

incentives for

, 393

magnifying devices

, 391

key challenges

demonstrating value

, 394–395

integration into policy

, 395–396

leadership engagement

, 396–398

methods/methodologies

Delphi method

, 385

horizon scanning

, 384

scenario analysis

, 385

timeframes

, 389–390

trend analysis

, 384–385

strategic

aim of

, 386

and futures studies

, 383

and public policy

, 382

assumptions of

, 386–388

defined

, 380, 382–383

history of

, 383–386

nature of

, 381–390

Future citizens’ surrogates

, 231–233

Future-focused institutions

, 165, 180

Future generations

, xxii, xxiii, xxxi, xxxiii, 4, 12, 22, 25, 28, 32, 33, 38, 40, 41, 57, 60, 63, 64n3, 68, 77, 87, 89, 93, 96, 110, 122, 124, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 139, 143, 144, 145, 149, 154, 155, 156, 161, 162n5, 165, 168, 179, 181, 182, 183, 184, 190, 191, 192, 194, 202, 203, 204, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 226, 228, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 242, 243, 268, 269, 293, 318, 320, 322, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331, 338, 346, 347–348, 360, 372, 390, 428, 433, 448, 457, 463, 466, 467, 470, 471, 480, 482, 483, 486, 487, 488, 492, 494

Future-oriented institutions

classification of; variations in/of

, 322–324

Generations, future

harm to

, 160

Global financial crisis (GFC)

, 53, 58, 62

Golden Rule

, 14

“goods’’, incommensurable

, 122

Governance

, xxi, xxiii, xxxii, 3, 13, 15–18, 20, 39, 42n9, 53, 146, 150, 185, 197, 217, 236, 295, 296, 318, 322, 324, 375, 464, 465, 478, 480, 485, 486, 495

anticipatory

, xxvii, xxxi

democratic

intertemporal

, 12

problems

, 31

long-term governance environment, fostering of

, 486–489

measures

, 478–479

problem management

, 471–473

proposals to mitigate bias

, 483–485

protection of future interests

, 485–486

scope for improvement

, 471

strategy for embedding

commitment devices

, 480–481

future-oriented institutions

, 481–483

metrics

, 481

reports

, 483

Government

divided [ = division of powers – US]

, 91, 92

parliamentary

, 92

Harm principle

, 27

Imagination, moral

, 50

Impacts, non-financial

, 100, 123

Implications

, 470–471

Improvements, planetary

, 148

Inconsistency, dynamic

, 75, 76, 84

Independent advising bodies

, 287, 306

Independent institutions, ends and means

, 304

Individuals, non-existing

, 207

Inequality (of income, wealth)

, 94, 96

Information

, 435, 441, 442, 443, 444, 445, 446, 453

Infrastructure

, 57, 58, 59, 62

Institutional design, problems of

, 344–347

Institutions, advisory

, 350, 351, 352, 372, 376, 377, 378n1

Institutions, global

, xxxii, 194

Insulating devices

decision rights; choice architecture; reasons for

, 287

Interest groups

, 432, 437, 438, 452, 454

Interests, financial

, 121, 123, 124

Interests, future; constitutional mechanisms for

, xxx, 201–238

Interests, transcending

future

, 66, 74, 77, 78, 89

societal

, 93

Intergenerational Fairness Index

, 53

Intergenerational justice

, 133, 134, 136, 144, 153, 154

Intervention logic

, 286, 288, 291–293

analytical capacity

, 192–193

coordination

, 195

decision rights, constraints

, 193–194

decisions, insulating of

, 194

deliberation

, 191

evidence based

, 351

motives

, 187, 190–191

political incentives

, 191–193

Interventions, regulatory

, 108

Israel

, 320, 326, 329, 330

Issue framing

future selves

, 447

investment language

risks of

, 448

personal identification with issues

neighbours; Good Samaritan

, 447

triple principle appeal

, 446–447

Knesset Commission for Future Generations

challenges of; political support factors

, 324–331

Leadership, political

, 79

Leadership, poor

, 47, 48

Legislative institutions

reform of

, 203, 227–233

Limits of understanding; limits of knowledge

, 355

Lobbyists

, 88

Long-term

, xvii, xxii, xxiv, xxv, xxvii, xxx

Long-term targets

signaling mechanisms; alignment; accountability

, 258–260

Loss aversion

, 73, 98n4

Metrics for judgement

availability heuristic

, 365

balance sheets, planetary

, 362

capital, natural

, 363–365

GDP, reliability of; & societal progress

, 359

human capital, measurement problems, 94

implications of [i.e., metrics]

, 367

indexes of intergeneration fairness

, 361

TEEB; SEEA; WAVES

, 363–365

wealth, comprehensive

, 362–363

Monetary policy

, 287, 296, 297–301

Needs, essential, fundamental

future

, 142

Neighbour, love of

, 139

Neo-liberalism

, 289, 290, 314n5

Non-partisans

, 289, 296, 305

Non-simultaneous exchange

, 29, 40

Norway

, 62, 63

NZ Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment

roles, mandate, commitment devices, sustainable development; policy acceptance; recommendations

, 338–343

Obesity pandemic

, 106

OECD countries

, 62, 63

Organizations

private; public

, 295–296

Organizations, corporatist

, 93

Overload [of issues to be dealt with]

, 50, 51

Parliamentary sovereignty

, 212

Partisans

, 296, 305

Patterns, behavioural

, 76

Pensions

, 108, 109, 113

Policy advice, quality of

, 351–354

Policy choices, timing of

, 27

Policy commitments

, xxv, 219

Policy frameworks

, 368–372

living standards framework

, 371

Policy instruments

credibility of

, 72, 79, 83, 84

Policy investments

, xxiv, xxv, xxviii, xxxi, 12, 13, 16, 29, 31, 32, 39, 40, 61, 65, 66, 72, 77, 78, 83, 84, 87, 88, 92, 93, 94, 96, 102, 103, 107–110, 110–120, 121, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 180, 193, 194, 196, 202, 203, 215, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 224, 225, 228, 229, 230, 233, 235, 239, 241, 245, 249, 256, 259, 262, 280, 281, 286, 291, 292, 294, 295, 296, 305, 307, 314n5, 317, 318, 331, 338, 342, 344, 345, 349, 350, 353, 365, 379, 393, 412, 413, 423–459, 465, 467, 468, 472, 474, 477, 485, 486, 487

and taxes

, 113

baselines

, 114

prudent, conditions for

, xvi, xxxi, 13, 16, 65, 128, 202, 217, 221, 239, 317, 344, 365, 428, 454

secondary

, 107

strategies for

, 450

Policy problems

attributes of

impacts of

, 100, 101

intertemporal dimensions

, 101

policy investments

, 102, 103, 111

solutions of

, 100, 101–103, 127

trade-offs, intertemporal

, 99, 103, 110, 122, 127, 128

wicked, tame

, 101, 102, 103–107, 127

distributional impacts

, 113

flexibility

, 120

focusing events

, 104, 106, 111, 112, 129

information generation [ = generation of information]

, 102

specificity of

, 112

support for

, 111

warning signals

, 102, 111, 112

winners & losers

, 113, 119, 126

Political pressures, short-term insulation from

, xxx

Political system, reforms of

, 3, 5, 16, 37

Politics, normative issues

, xxix, 11

Politics of hope

, 490

Precautionary principle

stronger versions

, 160

thresholds, transparent

, 160

weaker versions

, 146

Presentism

, 6, 7

Presentist bias

asymmetry of

, 20

attentional

, 46, 48, 49, 51

choice architecture

, xxx

complexity

, 46

consequences of

, 47, 48, 49, 56–60

counter arguments

, 27

countervailing forces

, 60–61

criticisms of

, 6

decision context

, xxx

desirability

, xxx

discount rate(s)

, 20, 21

discount rate trade-offs, intertemporal, 8, 11, 16, 20, 48, 71, 78

effectiveness

, xxx

evidence of

, 7, 23–32, 36, 40

factors

, 67, 90

feasibility (technical, political)

, xxx

future, discounting of

, 69–72

human condition

, 69–79, 85

index of

, 53

interests, future/long-term

, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 30, 36, 37

linkages

, 47

mitigation of

, xxviii, xxx, xxxi

moral criteria

, 27

motives for

, 19

nature of

, 19–23

persistence

, 19, 22

prevalence of

, 52

pro-elder

, 47, 48

remedies

, xxix

solutions to

, 33

time preference(s)

, 70

variability of

, 46, 52–56, 64

Presentist bias, solutions

causes of

, 165, 182

counter-measures

criteria for

, 183

desirability

, 186

effectiveness

attribution

, 184

durability

, 185

reforms for

, 185

sustainability

, 185

feasibility

, 183–184

Principles, ethical

, xxviii, xxix, 140, 141–152

Problems

slow

, 49

wicked

, 49

Prudence

, 32, 38

Public service, stewardship of

, 257, 274–276

Rationality, bounded

, 68, 72–77

Reports, fiscal

, 264–265

Resources

cultural

, 144–146

natural

, 144–146

Risk

, 134, 141, 144, 145, 151, 154, 155, 156–161, 162, 214, 216, 227, 264, 265, 308, 335, 336, 341, 348, 357, 362, 387, 390, 396, 411, 414, 422n16, 441, 444, 448, 449, 482, 493

management of

, 46, 55, 59

Risk/uncertainty

, 10, 40

Rules, fiscal

, 250, 269, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274

Scandinavia

, 95

Self/selves – ‘want’, ‘should’; future selves

, 75

Stewardship, New Zealand

, 276–278

Strategic planning

, 33

Strength and variability

, 468–469

Supermajority requirements

, 230–231

Supply & demand

, 67–69

Supply side measures

, 349

Support, public

persuasion, political

conditions influencing

, 440

Sustainability, legislation for

, 268–269

Sustainable development

, 320, 322, 323, 324, 327, 328, 331, 332, 333, 334, 335, 336, 337, 341

Sustainable Development Commission (SDC)

goals; guiding principles; policy wins; commitment devices

, 331–337

Term limits

, 228, 230, 235

Timeframe

, 134, 135, 149, 153

Trade-offs, intertemporal

, xxi, xxiii–xxvi, xxviii, xxix, 46, 47, 48, 52, 61

Trade-offs/intertemporal transfers

, 8, 11, 16, 20, 28, 37, 40

Trust, political

, 83, 84, 85, 92, 97

benefits of; factors affecting; levels of; and inequality

, 424–431

corruption

, 426, 427

deliberative processes

, 432–434

goals, shared

, 424–428

inequality

income

, 427

interests, future

, 434

negotiation, rules of

, 435

polarization, political/electoral/ideological

, 424, 427

policy investments

, 424, 425, 440

principles, normative

, 433, 435

rules of game

, 434–436

Uncertainty

, 101, 115, 124

general

deep

, 80, 98 n8

political

, 68, 81, 82–83, 95, 97

United Kingdom

, 320, 331

Value, human

intrinsic

, 137, 161

Values, ethical/moral

, 136

Values, other-regarding

, 96

Value systems/values

differing

, 103, 105, 122, 124, 127, 128

Vicious cycle

, 466

Voting rights

, 203, 224–227

Wealth – comprehensive; forms of

, 57, 58

Well-being

, 12, 38, 40–41, 70, 78, 95, 96, 136, 137, 140, 144, 149, 162, 190, 230, 281, 361, 363, 370, 463, 468

improvements in

, 137

Wicked problems

complex problem

, 37, 43n23, 101

differences among

, 101, 106