Research Management and Administration in Brazil
The Emerald Handbook of Research Management and Administration Around the World
ISBN: 978-1-80382-702-5, eISBN: 978-1-80382-701-8
Publication date: 29 November 2023
Abstract
This chapter brings an overview of the history of research management in Brazil. Additionally, the main funding agencies for scientific research projects in Brazil are presented and the difficulties faced by researchers with the constant budget cuts for Research, Development and Innovation (RD&I) in the country were also addressed.
Since research management and administration are not yet fully recognised as a profession in Brazil, BRAMA has been working to become a consolidated association, seeking increased recognition by research management professionals through their training, benchmarking, and advocacy for the profession.
The RD&I scenario reinforces the importance of professional management to support researchers and shows the importance of BRAMA and the urgent need for actions to provide training and value to this professional category.
Keywords
Citation
Juk, J. and Baisch, R.B. (2023), "Research Management and Administration in Brazil", Kerridge, S., Poli, S. and Yang-Yoshihara, M. (Ed.) The Emerald Handbook of Research Management and Administration Around the World, Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 485-492. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-80382-701-820231041
Publisher
:Emerald Publishing Limited
Copyright © 2024 Juliana Juk and Renata Ben Baisch
License
These works are published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) licence. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of these works (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this licence may be seen at http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode
History of Research Management in Brazil
This chapter brings an overview about the history of research management in Brazil. As a starting point, it is important to observe the economic scenario. According to the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE, 2022a), the last decade is known as the ‘lost decade’, as the country’s GDP growth from 2011 to 2020 did not exceed 2.7% – an average growth of 0.26% per year.
Naturally, the budgets of all economic sectors suffered the impacts of the recession. It was no different for public institutions of research and innovation. The efficiency and optimisation of research management processes are at stake in times of budget reduction.
Financial aid institutions, directly or indirectly associated with the Ministries as well as research agencies that are run by the state, are the major stakeholders from which investment in research is made in Brazil. The main funding agencies for scientific research projects in Brazil are presented as follows:
- a)
National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq1) is a public foundation accountable to the Ministry of Science, Technology, and Innovations (MCTI2). Founded in 1951, its main roles are to foster scientific, technological, and innovative research and to promote the training of qualified human resources for research in any area.
- b)
Created at the same year of CNPq, 1951, the Brazilian Federal Agency for Evaluation and Support of Graduate Education (CAPES3) is a foundation accountable to the Ministry of Education (MEC4), playing a very important role in the expansion and consolidation of graduate studies (Master’s and PhD) in all states in the country, by awarding scholarships, grants, and other forms of financial aid.
- c)
The Funding Authority for Studies and Projects (FINEP5) is a Brazilian public company that promotes science, technology, and innovation in companies, universities, technology institutes, and other public or private institutions. FINEP, created by the government in 1967, selects and provides support to Science, Technology, and Innovation projects, presented by Institutes of Science and Technology (ICTs), with funding from the National Fund for Scientific and Technological Development (FNDCT), the Funds for Technological Development of Telecommunications (FUNTTEL6), and cooperation agreements with ministries, agencies, and institutions.
- d)
The State Research Foundations (FAPs) are state agencies that promote scientific, technological, and innovation research in Brazil, awarding financial aid in all areas. They also provide support to activities related to science, technology, and academia. Each of the 27 Brazilian states has a FAP, which is governed by its own bylaws and funded rules. The first Foundation to be created, in 1960, was the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP7). The FAPESP budget is guaranteed by 1% of all state taxes, and represents an annual budget of approximately R$2.2billion (around US$440million).
A study by the São Paulo University (USP), whose goal was to analyse documents published in Web of Science, shows that CNPq, CAPES, and FAPESP were the top-funding agencies for Brazilian research from 2011 to 2018 (Dudziak, 2012). This shows that Brazilian researchers tend to seek financial aid for their research from national or state funding agencies, but the relationship with companies, philanthropic foundations, and others, is still underexplored for this purpose and more research on these issues should be sought.
In recent years in Brazil, the budget for investments in RD&I has been constantly cut. MCTI, for instance, has seen a drastic budget reduction since 2014 (Escobar, 2021). As the search for funding for the development of scientific research becomes quite competitive, an alternative for Brazilian researchers is to seek funding overseas (Andrade, 2021). According to FAPESP annual reports, São Paulo Foundation signed 169 collaboration agreements with international institutions in 2016. In 2012, this number was only 22 (FAPESP, 2012, 2016).
Within this context, Research Management and Administration (RMA) in Brazil can be regarded at its early-stage development and the role of those in this profession is still undervalued or poorly known by Brazilian Universities or funding agencies. In most cases, grant opportunities cannot support management and administration costs. Special for public funds (federal and state) RMAs cost are considered a university or an institution investment.
In very few occasions, this role of RMAs is understood as a highlight in the quest for public resources. Nevertheless, several RMAs work in support activities for scientific, academic, and innovative research, in several sectors; their work is carried out primarily in an effort to operationalise the ideas proposed by researchers in view of the institutions’ norms and rules. This allows research managers to operate in universities, research institutions, and funding agencies, playing very different roles, from more operational to more strategic positions. However, in most institutions, researchers and research managers do not have at their disposal the support they need for work development, such as proper training, management software or legal and accounting support.
Despite the fact Brazil had participated in the Research Administration as a Profession Survey – RAAAP, the third edition of an international research survey that provides information about the profession worldwide (Kerridge, Dutta, et al., 2023), the responders’ number (n = 11) in Brazil was not sufficient to give reliable information regarding RMA formation, possible certification, and specific training.
History of Brazilian Association
Research management in Brazil was still a very embryonic activity, when Prof Dr Carlos Graeff-Teixeira participated in a meeting of the International Network of Research Managers Associations (INORMS) in 2012. This meeting motivated him to create an association of research managers in the country. In the following years, on 24 July 2013, at the Annual Meeting of the Brazilian Society for the Advancement of Science (SBPC), an assembly was held on the premises of the Ageu Magalhães Research Center (FIOCRUZ-Pernambuco) to officiate the creation of the Brazilian Research Administration and Management Association (it was ABGEPq at the beginning, and later on renamed to BRAMA8). It was only in June 2015 that the Bylaws and Articles of Incorporation took effect, which culminated in the creation of the Association.
According to BRAMA’s statement, the objectives of the association are to:
- a)
promote development and recognition of the research manager and administrator activities, bringing together different areas of knowledge and different backgrounds individuals;
- b)
encourage studies about RMA, such as: project management; accountability; financial reports; evaluation; good practice; ethics and integrity; interdisciplinary studies; intellectual property and technology transfer; interpersonal relationships;
- c)
disseminate the importance of RMA profession;
- d)
encourage the exchange of knowledge and experience between research managers, the scientific community, and the community in general;
- e)
promote national and regional meetings;
- f)
promote exchanges of knowledge with other RMA associations worldwide;
- g)
promote consulting services and trainings; and
- h)
advise private or public agencies on research management best practices.
In a field of practice that still lacks the offer of training all throughout the country, the association strives to fill the gap. Since its creation, BRAMA has worked in collaboration with other associations in the world on a variety of businesses and also as a disseminator of research management practices to other Latin American countries. In 2014, BRAMA officially joined INORMS9 (INORMS Council Member) to align with international references, establish a high level of development and play a decisive role in research management discussion in the world. Some BRAMA’s members have been attending international annual meetings and congresses of distinct associations and societies as one of the strategies to develop individual and institutional knowledge.
BRAMA’s members and audience include stakeholders working for universities, research institutions, and funding agencies. However, these professionals are often not recognised as research managers as they lack specific training, which reinforces the need for support from the association (Oliveira & Bonacelli, 2019). In addition, a major challenge for BRAMA is to establish an active association in a country as big as Brazil. With 27 states, Brazil is the 5th largest country in the world and, within this complex scenario, the socio-economic development between regions shows a great level of disparity. The Southeast region, for instance, represents approximately 45% of the country’s GDP (IBGE, 2022b) and naturally concentrates the largest investments in research, innovation, and development.
Currently, BRAMA has more than 100 registered professionals who participate in the association’s discussions; of those 27 are active individual members (Fig. 5.8.1). BRAMA’s members are mostly females, concentrated in the Southeast, and the largest number of them being from universities.
Fig. 5.8.1.
BRAMA – Current Reality of the Active Individual Members. Source: Authors. Based on BRAMA data collected in May 2022. Charts created with www.visme.co.
Since its foundation, BRAMA has been working to become a consolidated association, seeking increased recognition by research management professionals through their training, benchmarking, and advocacy for the profession. For example, in the past two years, BRAMA has promoted seminars and meetings primarily focussed on individual skills and experiences, seeking to build and disseminate a network of knowledge. In a more political sphere, BRAMA still seeks to be recognised by strategic leaders, working closely with presidents of universities, research directors and funding agencies, in an effort to raise their awareness to the importance of managing research in a structured and professional way (Oliveira & Bonacelli, 2019).
Current Reality of Research Administrators and Managers in Brazil
As earlier mentioned, RMA is not yet fully recognised as a profession in Brazil, and professionals are more often organised in decentralised support services.
Expenses with management, administration, or indirect cost are not covered on federal and state public research agencies (i.e. FINEP, CNPq, and FAPs). That said, most universities and research institutions invest very little or nothing in research administrators’ offices.
Furthermore, the lack of specific training for the management of scientific research is one of the main issues at stake in Brazil; and this issue makes it difficult for researchers to understand the extent of the effective contribution of RMAs on their research.
One more issue refers to the circumstance that these support professionals would not describe themselves as research managers, but rather as accountants, lawyers, pharmacists, etc. This happens even because research managers work in different departments and serve different roles, involving administrative, financial, managerial, and strategic processes.
Additionally, it is not common to find researchers and graduate students vested in the role of administrators and managers. The point is that scientists are not trained to be managers so that they tend to run their research intuitively, and this can easily affect the performance of their projects. This overview of who RMAs are and of the current population of RMAs in Brazil reinforces the importance of BRAMA and the urgent need for actions to provide training and value to this professional category.
What happened in recent years on climate change and the pandemic proved that science cannot have borders and that collaborative research has never been so important. This also serves to say that to cope with all the issues above, RMAs have to put together a prepared team capable of managing budget, regulations, and compliance.
The points above show how the professionalisation of research management is a step forward in the attempt to bring Brazil side by side to developed countries, becoming recognised as a partner not only for scientific quality, but also for effective management, in line with each sponsor.
Trends
In summary, most agencies in Brazil encourage individual scientific performance in search for productivity, while researchers are responsible for the remaining technical, administrative, legal, and financial aspects of the process of their research projects. In addition, national and state funding agencies are of the opinion that the costs of research management should be paid by the housing institution and so they leave these expenses uncovered. As a consequence, expenses of this nature (on personnel) are not usually included in the project budget but paid by the host institutions, as an operational regular cost, in research and research support.
Thus, Brazilian researchers face a lot of bureaucracy and lack of administrative support, which strongly impacts their availability for research (CONFIES et al., 2012); additionally this lack of support is also a waste of public money and a delay for the whole society (Oliveira & Bonacelli, 2019). An article from USP online magazine suggests that the cost of the bureaucracy is R$9billions per year, the equivalent of approximately US$2.2billion, considering the exchange rate (in 2019) of the article (Escobar, 2019).
However, some Brazilian agencies have already begun changing this scenario. In fact, some institutions are already aware that the offer of professional support in research management is a strategy to attract researchers and financial resources. Thus, these two initiatives can strengthen and drive the development of the activity.
The first initiative refers to the FAPESP, one of the most important research agencies in Brazil, that in 2010 established a working group to provide training to the administrative staff of institutions to support researchers (Marques, 2011; Oliveira & Bonacelli, 2019). This initiative encouraged the opening of research support offices in the state of São Paulo, and supported the development of project management activities, related to the foundation rules and regulations, in a more professional feel, as it freed researchers from bureaucracy related to RMA potentially allowing them to dedicate more time to research and student advising (Marques, 2014).
The second initiative refers to the State University of Rio de Janeiro that in 2017 established a Center of research support – Research Support Center at the Health Complex of the State University of Rio de Janeiro – CAPCS. Its aims include promoting, planning, guiding, elaborating procedures, and supporting the formalisation of projects; disseminating the culture of research and innovation in Health; strengthening the practice of innovative actions, and advising researchers regarding regulatory, economic-financial and contractual fields. Furthermore, they provide training, consulting, and infrastructure for projects developed at the university (CAPCS, 2022).
Like the FAPESP initiative, the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO10) promotes workshops to prepare researchers and administrators on how to manage PAHO funds.
Although a series of initiatives have already been identified in Brazil, regarding RMA offices in institutions (Oliveira, 2020), there is still room for development in the country, mainly North, Northeast, and Center regions. The professionalisation and organisation of the Brazilian workforce of RMAs shown in the examples above, widely encouraged by BRAMA, aim to support researchers and make them free from administrative workloads; thus, the efforts set above have drawn the attention of Brazilian institutions (Garcia et al., 2013). In view of the drastic reduction of national resources for research and innovation, the initiatives above reinforce the importance of professional management to support researchers in the design of well-structured and planned projects, They enable the projects to make good use of financial resources, to have adequate accountability, to rely on the publication of ethical and coherent results and, last but not least, to connect their research with society (Junqueira et al., 2015). Thus, the efforts depicted above seek not only efficient management, but also strive to attract international resources.
In addition, BRAMA’s efforts are in line with the trends that have been observed all over the world, as in recent decades, academic research management has become an attractive career prospect for researchers around the world (Kerridge & Scott, 2018a; Reardon, 2021). It is desirable that, in the near future, the offer of training programs for research managers will meet the demand for more qualified and resourceful professionals with experience in open science, equality and diversity, ethics, and public engagement.
National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) website: https://www.gov.br/cnpq.
Ministry of Science, Technology, and Innovations (MCTI) website: https://www.gov.br/mcti/pt-br.
Brazilian Federal Agency for Evaluation and Support of Graduate Education (CAPES) website: https://www.gov.br/capes.
Ministry of Education (MEC) website https://www.gov.br/mec/pt-br.
The Funding Authority for Studies and Projects (FINEP) website: http://www.finep.gov.br/.
Funds for Technological Development of Telecommunications (FUNTTEL) webite: https://www.gov.br/mcom/pt-br/acesso-a-informacao/acoes-e-programas/programas-projetos-acoes-obras-e-atividades/funttel.
São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) website: https://fapesp.br/.
Pan American Health Organization, https://www.paho.org/en.
References
Andrade 2021Andrade, R. O. (2021). Ciência à Míngua. PESQUISA FAPESP, 304(June), 34–40.
CAPCS – Research Support Center at the Health Complex of the State University of Rio de Janeiro 2022CAPCS – Research Support Center at the Health Complex of the State University of Rio de Janeiro. (2022, September 20). http://www.capcs.uerj.br/capcs/
CONFIES, MCTIC, & SEBRAE 2012CONFIES, MCTIC, & SEBRAE. (2012, May 27). O que pensa o pesquisador brasileiro sobre a burocracia? http://confies.org.br/institucional/relatorio-o-que-pensa-o-pesquisador-brasileiro-sobre-a-burocracia/
Dudziak 2012Dudziak, E. A. (2012, May 27). Quem financia a pesquisa brasileira? Um estudo InCites sobre o Brasil e a USP. SIBiUSP. Retrieved May 27, 2022, from https://www.aguia.usp.br/noticias/quem-financia-a-pesquisa-brasileira-um-estudo-incites-sobre-o-brasil-e-a-usp/
Escobar 2019Escobar, H. (2019, July 25). Quanto custa a burocracia na ciência? R$9 bilhões por ano. Jornal da USP. Retrieved September 20, 2022, from https://jornal.usp.br/universidade/politicas-cientificas/quanto-custa-a-burocracia-na-ciencia-r-9-bilhoes-por-ano/
Escobar 2021Escobar, H. (2021, May 27). Dados mostram que ciência brasileira é resiliente, mas está no limite. Jornal da USP. https://jornal.usp.br/?p=425214
FAPESP 2012FAPESP. (2012). 2012 Annual Report. https://fapesp.br/publicacoes/relat2012_sintese.pdf
FAPESP 2016FAPESP. (2016). 2016 Annual Report. https://fapesp.br/publicacoes/relat2016_sintese.pdf
Garcia, Visco, & Bernardes 2013Garcia, J. E. M., Visco, M. A. L., & Bernardes, R. C. (2013). Escritório de projetos aplicado a PD e I: O caso do hospital Albert Einstein. Gestão e Saúde, 4(3), 1063–1083.
IBGE 2022aIBGE. (2022a, May 27). Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. https://www.ibge.gov.br/estatisticas/economicas/contas-nacionais/9300-contas-nacionais-trimestrais.html?=&t=series-historicas&utm_source=landing&utm_medium=explica&utm_campaign=pib#evolucao-taxa
IBGE 2022bIBGE. (2022b, May 27). Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. https://www.ibge.gov.br/explica/pib.php
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to acknowledge the information provided by BRAMA, and all Fernanda Stringassi de Oliveira’s support.
- Prelims
- Introduction and Structure
- Introduction to Part 1
- Section 1: History
- Chapter 1.1: The Contribution of International Donors to African Research Management
- Chapter 1.2: History of Research Administration/Management in North America
- Chapter 1.3: Research Managers and Administrators in Asia: History and Future Expectations
- Chapter 1.4: History of Research Management in Australia and New Zealand
- Chapter 1.5: History of RMA in Central and Eastern European Countries
- Chapter 1.6: The Development of Research Management and Administration in Europe: A Short History
- Chapter 1.7: The Establishment and History of the International Network of Research Management Societies
- Section 2: Context
- Chapter 2.1: A Novel Definition of Professional Staff
- Chapter 2.2: The Research Administration as a Profession (RAAAP) Survey
- Chapter 2.3: Routes into Research Management and Administration
- Chapter 2.4: Research Management as Labyrinthine – How and Why People Become and Remain Research Managers and Administrators Around the World
- Chapter 2.5: Where Do RMAs Work?
- Chapter 2.6: The Establishment of a Research Project Management Office at a Medical School in University of São Paulo, FMRP-USP, Brazil
- Chapter 2.7: RMA Education, Training and Professional Development in North America and Europe
- Chapter 2.8: Pathways Towards the Creation of RMA Associations
- Section 3: Identity
- Chapter 3.1: From Conceptualisation to Action – The Quest for Understanding Attitudes of Research Managers and Administrators in the Wider World
- Chapter 3.2: Exploring Forms of Knowledge and Professionalism in RMA in a Global Context
- Chapter 3.3: Understanding Organisational Structures in RMA – An Overview of Structures and Cases in a Global Context
- Chapter 3.4: Research-related Information Management: Reflections from Southern African Practitioners
- Chapter 3.5: Empirical and Empathetic Approaches Taken by Science, Technology and Innovation Coordinators in Southeast Asia
- Chapter 3.6: The Influence of RMA Associations on Identity and Policymaking Internationally
- Chapter 3.7: Evolution of Professional Identity in Research Management and Administration
- Section 4: Professionalism
- Chapter 4.1: Professionalisation of Research Management and Administration in Southern Africa – A Case Study
- Chapter 4.2: Professionalisation of Research Support in Hungary Through the Lens of the Non-research Specific Requirements of Horizon Europe
- Chapter 4.3: Professional Staff in Support Services in Education and Research – How to Connect Research with Practice
- Chapter 4.4: Professional Associations and Professional Development Frameworks
- Chapter 4.5: RASPerS: Prevalence of Occupational Stress and Associated Factors in RMA Professionals
- Chapter 4.6: A Profession in the Making: Insights from Western Balkan Countries
- Chapter 4.7: Key Perspectives for a Long-term Career – Statistical Analysis of International Data for a New Profession
- Chapter 4.8: Diversity and Internationalisation: A New Core Competence for Research Managers?
- Part 2 - Section 5: Country Specific Chapters
- Chapter 5.1: Introduction to the RMA by Country Chapters
- Africa
- Chapter 5.2: Research Management and Administration in Kenya in a Challenging Research Environment
- Chapter 5.3: The Profession of Research Management and Administration in Nigeria
- Chapter 5.4: The Profession of Research Management and Administration in South Africa
- North America
- Chapter 5.5: The Profession of Research Management and Administration in Canada
- Chapter 5.6: The Profession of Research Management and Administration in the Caribbean Community
- Chapter 5.7: Research Administration in the United States
- South America
- Chapter 5.8: Research Management and Administration in Brazil
- Chapter 5.9: Maturity in the Professionalisation of the Research Managers and Administrators in Colombia
- Asia
- Chapter 5.10: Development of RMA in China
- Chapter 5.11: The Profession of Research Management and Administration in India
- Chapter 5.12: The Profession of Research Management and Administration in Japan
- Chapter 5.13: Development of Research Management in Malaysia
- Chapter 5.14: Research Management and Administration in Pakistan's Context
- Chapter 5.15: Research Management and Administration (RMA) in Singapore: Development of RMA Capability in Nanyang Technological University (NTU)
- Chapter 5.16: Research Management and Administration in Vietnam
- Australasia
- Chapter 5.17: The Emergence of the Research Management Profession in Australia
- Chapter 5.18: The Profession of Research Management and Administration in Aotearoa New Zealand
- Central and Eastern Europe
- Chapter 5.19: The Profession of Research Management and Administration in the Baltic Countries: Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania
- Chapter 5.20: RMA in Belarus: Not Yet a Full-Fledged Profession But an Important Part of R&D Activities
- Chapter 5.21: Research Management and Administration in Cyprus
- Chapter 5.22: The Profession of Research Management and Administration in Czechia
- Chapter 5.23: Research Management and Administration in Poland
- Chapter 5.24: The Profession of Research Management and Administration in Romania
- Chapter 5.25: Evolution of RMA in Slovenia
- Chapter 5.26: Research Management and Administration in the Western Balkans
- Western Europe
- Chapter 5.27: Areas of Research Management and Administration in Austria
- Chapter 5.28: The Profession of Research Management and Administration in Denmark
- Chapter 5.29: The Profession of Research Management and Administration in Finland
- Chapter 5.30: The Profession of Research Management and Administration in France
- Chapter 5.31: The Profession of Research Management and Administration in Germany
- Chapter 5.32: The Profession of Research Management and Administration in Iceland
- Chapter 5.33: The Profession of Research Management and Administration in Ireland
- Chapter 5.34: The Profession of Research Management and Administration in Italy
- Chapter 5.35: The Profession of Research Management and Administration in the Netherlands
- Chapter 5.36: The Profession of Research Management and Administration in Norway
- Chapter 5.37: The Profession of Research Management and Administration in Portugal
- Chapter 5.38: The Development of the RMA Profession in Catalonia (Spain)
- Chapter 5.39: The Profession of Research Management and Administration in Sweden
- Chapter 5.40: The Profession of Research Management and Administration in the UK
- Middle East
- Chapter 5.41: Research Management and Administration in Qatar
- Chapter 5.42: Research Management and Administration in Saudi Arabia: Transitioning From an Oil to a Knowledge-based Economy
- Chapter 5.43: Research Management and Administration: An Emerging Profession in the UAE
- Chapter 5.44: Reflections on Research Management and Administration in Various Countries Around the World
- Section 6: Reflections
- Chapter 6: Emerging Trends and Insights in Research Management and Administration
- Glossary
- References
- Index