Isotherm and Kinetics of Cd(II) Adsorption by Durian (Durio zibethinus ) seed Immobilized into Ca-alginate
Abstract
Purpose – The purpose of this paper to immobilization provides biosorbent particle with density and mechanichal strength, immobilization can save the cost of separating from biomass, can be regeneration and to increase adsorption capacity for metal ions.
Design/Methodology/Approach – The parameters affecting the adsorption, such as initial metal ion concentration, pH, contact time, and temperature, were studied. The analysis of biosorbent functional group was carried out by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, SEM-EDX, for elemental analysis.
Findings – Optimum pH condition for biosorption Cd(II) was pH 5, contact time was 45 min, and initial concentration was 250 mg/L. Biosorbent analysis was characterized using SEM-EDX and FTIR analysis. Kinetics adsorption was studied and analyzed in terms of the pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and intraparticle diffusion kinetics models. The result showed that the biosorption for Cd(II) ion followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Biosorption data of Cd(II) ion at 300°K, 308°K, and 318°K was analyzed with Temkin, Langmuir, and Freundlich isotherms. Biosorption of Cd(II) by durian seed immobilization in alginate according to the Langmuir isotherm equation provided a coefficient correlation of r2 = 0.939 and maximum capacity biosorption of 25.05 mg/g.
Keywords
Citation
Lestari, I. (2018), "Isotherm and Kinetics of Cd(II) Adsorption by Durian (
Publisher
:Emerald Publishing Limited
Copyright © 2018, Intan Lestari.
License
Published in the Emerald Reach Proceedings Series. Published by Emerald Publishing Limited. This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) licence. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this licence may be seen at The full terms of this licence may be seen at http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode
1. Introduction
Contamination of aquatic environments by heavy metals is caused by the disposal of industrial wastewater. Some heavy metals are quite dangerous, such as Pb, Cd, and Hg. Cadmium is an unnecessary element for plants and animals, and is not degradable and transferable through the food chain. Waste stream from smelting, alloying, pigments, batteries, plastics, mining, and refining processes are the main sources of cadmium release into the environment. Cadmium is a toxic metal that contaminates the environment and does not degrade naturally, causing serious problems in the environment. Therefore, cadmium ion must be removed from the industrial waste.
There are several chemical and physical methods used to reduce cadmium, including precipitation method, membrane process, adsorption, ion-exchange floating, and others (Kefala et al., 1999; Selatnia et al., 2004). However, several methods have such limitations as being less efficient, resulting in further disposed secondary sludge and expensive operating costs (Ahluwalia et al., 2005). One alternative technique is biosorption (Volensky, 2007), in which some types of biomaterial can bind metals even at very dilute concentrations (Martinez et al., 2006).
Some biological materials have been studied in the biosorption of heavy metal ions in water, such as seaweed, algae, fungi, and microorganisms, both living cells and nonliving cells (Volensky, 2007).
Some of the agricultural waste used as heavy metal biosorbents include jackfruit seeds for Pb(II) (Okolo et al., 2012), soursop fruit (Annonamuricata) for Cd(II) and Zn(II) ions (Rahmadani et al., 2013), durian skin for Cd(II) (Saekaew, 2010), and durian seeds for Zn(II) biosorption (Lestari et al., 2015).
Durian seed was selected as a biosorbent because it is an agricultural waste present in abundance. Durian (Durio zibethinus) seed consists of holocellulose (26.4%), cellulose (60.5%), and hemiselose (13.1%) (Ahmad et al., 2014); these characteristics can be utilized as biosorbent metal ions.
Alginate is an anionic copolysaccharide consisting of residues of β-1-4-d-manuronate (M) and α-l-guluronate (G). Alginate is a natural polysaccharide commonly present in the cell walls of all species of brown algae (Phaeophyceae), nontoxic, degradable, and biocompatible (Verma et al., 2013). The purpose of this study was to immobilize durian seeds with Ca-alginate and use them for adsorption of Cd(II) ion from aqueous solutions by batch experiment and evaluate the effects of contact time, pH variable, initial concentration cadmium ions, and temperature of the solution.
2. Methods
2.1. Biosorbent preparation
Durian seeds were collected from a local market durian located in the Padang City, West Sumatra, Indonesia. Durian seed sample was processed by washing with deionized water. The washed material was cut into small pieces (1–2 cm) and then dried in an oven at 60°C until it reached a constant weight. The dried sample was finely grounded using a grinder, saturated with a particle of 71 μm, and activated with HNO3 0.1 M for 2 h, filtered, and dried again.
2.2. Immobilization of durian seeds in Ca-alginate
The procedure used is based on the reference method of Lestari et al. (2016). Biosorbent durian seeds immobilized into Ca-alginate were characterized before and after sorption by FT-IR Spectrometer (Perkin Elmer System, 2000). Surface morphology of biosorbent was analyzed by a scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the photograph was taken using the JSM-JSM-5410 LV model.
2.3. Batch biosorption experiment
2.3.1. Effect of pH solution.
The effect of the pH solution was determined from a pH of 2 to 7, with agitation of 0.1 g biosorbent and 20 mL Cd(II) with a 10 mg/L concentration by using a shaker. Contact time of agitation was 60 min with an agitation rate of 150 rpm at 25°C. pH was adjusted by adding 0.1 N NaOH or 0.1 N HNO3.
2.3.2. Effect of contact time.
The contact time was determined by stirring 0.1 g biosorbent and 20 mL Cd(II) with a concentration of 10 mg/L by using a shaker at pH 5. The contact time of agitation was set to 5–120 min with a stirring speed of 150 rpm at 25oC.
2.4. Isotherm experiments
Equilibrium isotherm was determined by stirring 0.1 g biosorbent with Cd(II) at a concentration of 10–250 mg/L using a shaker at pH 5. The agitation contact time was 45 min, with a constant agitation rate of 150 rpm and a temperature of 25–45oC. The absorption capacity of Cd(II) was determined by using a mass balance. The adsorption capacity of Cd(II) can be calculated as:
where Qe = uptake capacity Cd(II) at the equilibrium (mg/g), V = volume of Cd(II) (mL) solution, m = biosorbent mass (g), Ci = initial concentration Cd(II) (mg/L), and Ce = concentration Cd(II) at equilibrium (mg/L).
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Result
3.1.1. Effect of pH.
pH is an important parameter in the biosorption process (Wan Ngah et al., 2002). Effects of pH on the uptake capacities of Cd(II) on alginate immobilized durian seed were investigated (Lestari et al., 2016).
3.1.2. Effect of contact time.
Speed of biosorption is an important process for design experiment designed in batch. The adsorption capacity of Cd(II) ion can increase with increasing time and can reach an equilibrium state at 45 min with an adsorption capacity, which is is 1,9108 mgg−1 (Figure 1).
3.1.3. Biosorption kinetics.
The adsorption kinetics depends on sorbent–sorbate interaction and the operating conditions. Some of the kinetics models are used to study the properties of the adsorbent and the adsorption mechanism (Subbaiah, 2011). Biosorption balance data were analyzed by using kinetic adsorption pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. The pseudo-first order can be written in the following linear form:
where Qe and Qt (mg/g) = the amount of Cd(II) ion at the equilibrium and at time t (min), and k1 = biosorption of speed constant.
Linear equations for pseudo-second order can be written in linear form:
where k2 (g/mg min) is the second-order constant, and Qe (mg/g) and Qt are the biosorption capacities at equilibrium and at time t.
Kinetics of Cd(II) ion can be seen in Figure 2. Kinetics of Cd(II) ion on biosorption of Ca-alginate can follow pseudo-second-order kinetics with r2 = 0.999.
3.1.4. Effect of concentration of Cd(II) ion.
Effect of concentration on adsorption capacity of Cd(II) ion on biosorption was studied with an initial concentration of 10–300 mg/L at 25°C. Effect of concentration on adsorption capacity of Cd(II) ion can be seen in Figure 2. The amount of metal ions adsorbed per unit of biosorbent mass increases with increasing solution concentration and is optimum at 250 mg/L. At a high concentration, the adsorption capacity increases due to of influence of the thrust force on metal ions toward the surface of cell wall (Fun et al.,2008). The maximum Cd(II) adsorption capacity was 25,05 mg/g.
3.1.5. Isotherms adsorption ion Cd(II)
The biosorption isotherm adsorption of Cd(II) is fundamental providing the essential information needed to design the adsorption process. In this research, we use the isotherm adsorption analysis by Langmuir and the Freundlich model.
3.1.6. Isotherm langmuir.
Adsorption isotherm Langmuir assumes that biosorption occurs in the monolayer and can be written with the following equation:
where KL is the Langmuir constant associated with the adsorption energy, and Qe and Qmax are the adsorption capacities at the equilibrium and the maximum state.
3.1.7. Freundlich isotherm.
Freundlich’s isotherm model describes that adsorption occurs in heterogeneous layers with interactions between adsorbate molecules. Freundlich’s equation suggests that the adsorption exponential energy decreases at the adsorption center side. Freundlich isotherm empirical equation in linear form can be written as follows:
where KF is the Freundlich related with the bond energy and n is the degree of adsorption linearity. Freundlich’s isotherm is determined from the plot of linear log Qe versus log Ce. The value n denotes the degree of nonlinearity between the concentration of the solution and the adsorption as follows: if n = 1, then linear adsorption; if n <1, then chemical adsorption process; and if n> 1, then adsorption process occurs physically.
3.1.8. Characterization of biosorbent.
The FT-IR spectrum shows wave number of peaks, indicating the properties of the adsorbent. Spectra are seen at the following bands: 3424.25 cm–1 (OH stretching vibration), 2925.51 cm–1 (OH stretching vibration), 1636.91 cm–1 (C = O stretching of carboxylic acid vibration), 1420 cm–1 (C = C vibration stretch), and 1158, 1023.5 (COH stretching).
4. Conclusion
Durian seed was immobilized in Ca-alginate as a potential biosorbent Cd(II) ion in aqueous solution. Adsorption properties of a biosorbent are influenced by pH, concentration, contact time, and temperature of the solution. Isotherm adsorption at equilibrium fitted well in the Langmuir isotherm model with a maximum adsorption capacity of 25.05 mg/g. Adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second-order model. Characterization of the biosorbent with FT-IR spectra showed that functional groups involved in biosorption are carboxyl, hydroxyl, and carboxyl and amine groups. Durian seed immobilized in Ca-alginate can be a potential candidate for Cd(II) biosorption and further research is needed to study the biosorption process dynamically.
References
Ahluwalia, S.S. and Goyal, D. (2005), “Removal of heavy metals from waste tea leaves from aqueous solution,” Eng Life Sci, Vol. 5, pp. 158–162.
Ahmad, M.A., Ahmad, A., and Bello, O.S. (2015), “Modified durian seed as adsorbent for the removal of methyl red dye from aqueous solution,” Appl Water Sci, Vol. 5, pp. 407–423.
Banerjee, K., Ramesh, S.T., Gandhimati, R., Nidheesh, P.V., and Barathi, K.S. (2012), “A novel agricultural waste adsorbent, watermelon shell for the removal of copper from aqueous solution,” IJEE, Vol. 3(2), pp. 143–156.
Fan, T., Liu, Y., Feng, B., Zeng, G., Yang, C., and Zhou, M. (2008), “Biosorption of cadmium(II), zinc(II) and lead(II) by Penicillium simplicissimum: Isotherms, kinetics, and thermodynamics,” J Hazard Mater, Vol. 160, pp. 655–661.
Kefala, M.L., Zouboulis, A.L., and Matis, K.A. (1999), “Biosorption of cadmium ions by actinomycetes and separation by flotation,” Environ Pollut, Vol. 104, pp. 283–293.
Lestari, I., Sy, S., Harmiwati, Kurniawati, D., Alif, A., Munaf, E., Zein, R., and Hermansyah, A. (2015), “Equilibrium and kinetics modeling biosorption of Zn(II) in aqueous solution using durian (Duriozibethinus) seed as low cost biosorbent,” JOCPR, Vol. 7(9S), pp. 111–122.
Lestari, I., Sy, S., Harmiwati, Kurniawati, D., Alif, A., Zein, R., and Hermansyah, A. (2016), “Effect of pH on the biosorption of heavy metal by alginate immobilized durian (Duriozibethinus) seed,” Der PharmaChemica, Vol. 8(5), pp. 294–300.
Okolo, P.O., Irabor, E.E.I., and Abugu, T.P. (2012), “Artocarpusaltilis proving its worth in toxic metal removal from the environment,” Bayero J Pure Appl Sci, Vol. 5(2), pp. 104–109.
Ong, S.T., Yip, S.P., Lee, S., and Hung, Y.T. (2012), “Papaya (Carica Papaya) seed as a low cost adsorbent for zinc removal,” AJAR, Vol. 7(5), pp. 810–819.
Selatnia, A., Bakhti, M.Z., Madani, A., Kertous, L., and Mansouri, Y. (2004), “Biosorption Cd2+ from aqueous solution by a NaOH-treated bacterial dead Streptomycesrimosus biomass,” Hydrometallurgy, Vol. 75, pp. 11–24.
Volesky, B. (2007), “Review biosorption and me,” Water Res, Vol. 41, pp. 4017–4029.
Martinez, M., Miralles, N., Hidalgo, S., Niol, N., Villaescusa, I., and Poch, J. (2006), “Removal of lead(II) and cadmium(II) from aqueous solutions using grape stalk waste,” Hazard Maters, Vol. 133, pp. 203–211.
Verma, A., Singh, A., Bishnoi, N.R., and Gupta, A. (2013), “Biosorption of Cu(II) using free and immobilized biomass of Penicillium citrinum,” Ecologi Engineer, Vol. 61, pp. 486–490.
All papers within this proceedings volume have been peer reviewed by the scientific committee of the Malikussaleh International Conference on Multidisciplinary Studies (MICoMS 2017).
Corresponding author
- Prelims
- Introduction
- Acknowledgement I
- Acknowledgement II
- The Effect of Job Satisfaction and Work Motivation on Organizational Commitment and Organizational Citizenship Behavior in BNI in the Working Area of Bank Indonesia Lhokseumawe
- The Effect of Work Motivation on the Employee Performance with Organization Citizenship Behavior as Intervening Variable at Bank Aceh Syariah
- Life-Cycle Performance of a Bridge Subjected to Multiple Heavy Vehicle Impacts
- The Efforts of Improving the Professionalism of Lecturers towards the Presentation and Change of KKNI within the University Environment in Aceh
- Morphological Process of Devayan: An Analysis of Morphological Tipology
- Effect of Freight Transportation for Regional Development in the North Zone of Aceh
- The Roles of Digital Democracy on Political Education for Young Generation
- Disorders of Sex Development: Ambiguous Genitalia and Partial Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome
- Difference Analysis of the Autonomy of Extended Regencies in Aceh Province Indonesia
- An analysis of Service Quality on Mustahiq Satification using the Kano Model (Case Study on Baitul Mal)
- Exploration and Morphological Characterization of Vegetative Part of Avocado at Bebesan Subdistrict Central Aceh District, Indonesia
- Poverty Effectiveness for the Maisir (Contest) in the City of Indonesian Aceh Province
- Measurement of Study Productivity and Evaluation Analysis by using the American Productivity Center (APC) Model at a Palm Oil Factory (Pks PT. Syaukath Sejahtera)
- The Development of an Independent Entrepreneurship Model Through Creative Economy for Women in Lhokseumawe City
- Regionalism of Aceh’s Traditional Architecture at Bujang Salim Mosque at Krueng Geeukeuh, Aceh
- High Growth and Diameter of the Stem of Corn Plants (Zea May, S) with a Different Cropping Pattern
- Influence of Manufacture of Textiles, Clothing, and Leather and Manufacture of Paper, Printing, and Publishing on Economic Growth
- Land Erodibility and Land use Directions in Krueng Seulimum Watershed Aceh Province
- The Effect of Fermentation of the Peel of Arabica Coffee with Win Prob Probiotics on Crude Fiber Content and Fiber Fraction
- Teaching English International Lingua Franca (ELF) in ASEAN Economic Community Context: Teachers and Students Perspectives
- Animation as a Creative Industry: A Strategy to Build Creativity and Independence of Youth in Padang, West Sumatra
- Improving Production of Liquid Smoke from Candlenut Shell by Pyrolisis Process
- Interpersonal Communication of Commercial Sex Workers Transaction with Customers in Syariah Law Area in Indonesia
- Macrozoobentos Diversity Index as a Bioindicator in Krueng Cunda River to Support the Success of the Shrimp Agribusniness at Lhokseumawe City, Aceh
- The Examination Model of Aceh Commodity Export Firms’ Performance
- The Role of Fishing Techniques with Tuah Teng on Food Security in Facing the Asean Economic Community
- Reconstruction of Aceh Cultural Identity in the Discourse of Aceh Language Lesson Books in Elementary School
- The Effect of Monosodium Glutamate (Msg) Administration to Pyramidal Cells Necrosis on Cerebral Cortex of Wistar Male Rats (Rattus Norvegicus)
- Personal Construct Experience of Tionghoa Community in Aceh Reality
- Study of Mineralogy Composition, Total, and Exchangable Content of K, Ca, and Mg of Volcanic Ash from Sinabung Mountain Eruption in North Sumatera, Indonesia
- The Role of Law in Economic Development: To Develop a Special Economic Zone in Order to Build a National and Regional Economy
- Model Corporate Social Responsibility Based on Local Wisdom in West Aceh Regency
- Recurrence of Intravenous Leiomyomatosis: A Rare Cause of the Obstruction of the Right Heart
- Single Mother Role in The Success of Their Children (Phenomenological Study of Single Women in Makassar City)
- Optimal Lot-Sizing Algorithms on Stochastic Demand at the Retailer
- Predict Environmental Conditions Using Groundwater Interpretation in Subdistrict Hamparan Perak, Deli Serdang, North Sumatera
- Public Discovery of the Concept of Time Value ofMoney with Economic Value of Time
- Study on Impact Strength Against Welding Smaw on Hardening Steel AISI 1050
- What is the Determinant of Non-Performing Financing in Branch Sharia Regional Bank in Indonesia
- Spatial Stochastic Modeling of Adolescent and Under-Five Children Nutritional Status: A Case Study from Aceh, Sumatera Island, Indonesia
- Religious Tourism: Concept of Community-Based TourisminAceh Singkil, Indonesia
- The Contribution of Revenue and Consumption Cost of Soybean Farmers in Muara Batu Subdistrict Aceh Utara
- The Composition of Women Parliament Members Presence in Local Parliament in Aceh (A Case Study at Provincial Parliament of Aceh Province During the Period of 2014 to 2019)
- Personal Branding Tri Rismaharini the Provision in Media
- Analysis of Factors Affecting the Poverty Level of Farmers Post-Tsunami in Aceh
- Dimension of an Islamic Model Value on the Existence of Syariah Walmart
- Batik Jambi Promotion Based on Social Media in Asean Economics Community
- Islamic Banks in Indonesia: Analysis of Efficiency
- Design of Information Monitoring System Flood Based Internet of Things (IoT)
- Economic Development and Access to Fish Resources: A Review Sociology on Fisherman’s Production Access in Kuala Langsa, Aceh
- Dynamics and Prospect of Wali Nanggroe Institution Post-Conflict in Aceh: Analysis of Policy and Educational Development
- Learning Management of Bahasa in Senior High Schools
- The Difference in the Antimicrobial effect of Katuk Leaf Extract (Sauropus Androgynus (l.) Merr.) Concentration against Escherichia Coli
- City Branding of Denpasar City as a Creative City Through the Denpasar Festival Event
- Semantics Equivalence of Cultural Terms of Meurukon Texts Translated from Acehnese into Indonesian
- Preparation of Activated Carbon From Banana (Musa acuminate L.) peels for Carbon Monoxide Adsorption
- Thermal Behavior of Modified Thermoplastic Starch (TPS) Synthesized from Sago (Metroxylon Sagu) with Diphenylmethane Diisocyanate and Castor Oil
- Typhoid Fever Profiles at Cut Meutia Hospital, North Aceh, Indonesia, in 2016-2017
- Student Radicalism Ideology Prevention Strategy: A Study at an Islamic Boarding School in Jabal Nur, North Aceh, Indonesia
- Implementation of Task-Based Learning for Non-English Students: A Practice in Malikussaleh University
- Design of Wild Animal Detection and Rescue System with Passive Infrared and Ultrasonic Sensor based Microcontroller
- Policy of Educational Budget Aceh Regency
- Foreign Direct Investment Inflow into Aceh province of Indonesia After a Peace Agreement
- Design of Web Based Fire Warning System Using Ethernet Wiznet W5500
- Sari Cincau Ngrayun Equals with Modern Ready-to-Drink Beverage
- The Status of Conservation of Mangroves in the Krueng Reuleng River Area, Leupung, Aceh Besar Regency, Indonesia
- Analysis of Understanding the Level of Vibration and the Wave Concept with a Demonstration Method for Students in SMAN 1 Peureulak, Aceh
- Screening of Volatile Organic Compounds Using Gore-Sorber Method for Predicting Hydrocarbon Generation
- Incorporating Peace Education into Aqidah Akhlak Subject in East Aceh
- Learning Motivation of Peripheral University Students and its Relation with their English Grades
- Thermal Cracking of Low Temperature Conversion on Low Density Polyethylene Plastic Waste for Liquid Hydrocarbon
- Correlation of Lead and Zinc Contents in Sediments And Faunus Ater Against Faunus Ater Density in Reuleung River, Leupung, Aceh Besar
- The Correlation between Stress Level and Degree of Depression in the Elderly at a Nursing Home in Lhokseumawe in the Year 2017
- Effect of Palm Oil Bunches Microfiller on LDPE-recycled Composite Tensile Strength through Melt Blending Process
- CSR and Profitability in IDX Agricultural Subsectors
- The Crown Witness and the Protection of Human Rights in Criminal Law Verification
- Design and Implementation of SCADA Wireless Communication System for Monitoring the Performance of Microhydro Power Plant Based on Protocol AX.25
- Production of Lipid Biomass in Locally Isolated Microalga Cultivated in Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME)
- An Analysis and Design of a Virtual Collaboration Information System of the Jamu Supply Chain Network Based on a Fair Adaptive Contract
- Adsorption of Manganese (II) Ion in the Water Phase by Citric Acid Activated Carbon of Rice Husk
- Eco-informatics: The Encouragement of Ecological Data Management
- Challenges in Designing ESP Course for First Year Students of Engineering Faculty at Malikussaleh University
- Isotherm and Kinetics of Cd(II) Adsorption by Durian (Durio zibethinus) seed Immobilized into Ca-alginate
- Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Learning on Student’s Science Process Skills and Science Attitudes
- Effect of Perception of Facilities, Intensity of Conduct, and Satisfaction of Tax Payers to Submission of Letter by E-Filing Notice on Tax Service
- Aceh: Conflict Development after the Helsinki Agreement
- The Discretionary Accrual in the Financial Statement of a Public Company in Indonesia: A Literature Review
- Inventory and Morphological Characterization of Durian (Durio Zibethinus) in Langkahan and Sawang Sub-District of North Aceh Indonesia
- Model of Sustainable Electrical Power Management: Lamp Efficacy of the National Street Lighting in North Sumatera Province
- Hamming Index for Some Classes of Graphs with Respect to Edge-Vertex Incidence Matrix
- Electrical Automation of Solar Cell-Based Arduino Uno With 16 × LCD Display
- Concept Designs of Patient Information Security Using e-Health Sensor Shield Platform on Blockchain Infrastructure